# Sinema Hong Kong

| Sinema Hong Kong |
| --- |
| Replika dari piala Penghargaan Film Hong Kong di Avenue of Stars, Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong. |
| Jumlah layar | 204 (2011) |
|  • Per kapita | 3.1 per 100,000 (2011) |
| Film fitur yang diproduksi (2005-2009) |
| Total | 56 (rata-rata) |
| Jumlah admisi (2010) |
| Total | 22,500,000 |
|  • Per kapita | 3.2 (2010) |
| Keuntungan Box Office (2014) |
| Total | HK$1.65 miliar |

**Sinema Hong Kong** (Hanzi: 香港電影) adalah salah satu dari tiga bagian utama dalam sejarah sinema berbahasa Tionghoa, bersama dengan sinema Tiongkok, dan sinema Taiwan. Sebagai bekas koloni Inggris, Hong Kong memiliki peringkat yang besar dalam hal kebebasan politik dan ekonomi ketimbang Tiongkok Daratan dan Taiwan, dan berkembang menjadi pusat pembuatan film untuk negara-negara pemakai bahasa Tionghoa (termasuk diaspora-nya di seluruh dunia), dan untuk Asia Timur pada umumnya.

Selama bertahun-tahun, Hong Kong memiliki industri film terbesar ketiga di dunia (setelah sinema India dan Hollywood) dan eksportir terbesar kedua. Meskipun industri tersebut mengalami industri yang dimulai pada pertengahan 90an dan pengembalian Hong Kong ke kedaulatan Tiongkok pada Juli 1997, film Hong Kong masih memiliki identitas tersendiri dan tetap memainkan bagian penting pada panggung sinema dunia.

## Industri Hong Kong

Tidak seperti beberapa industri film, Hong Kong hanya menikmati sedikit atau tidak ada dukungan langsung dari pemerintah

## Referensi

* Bordwell, David. *Planet Hong Kong: Popular Cinema and the Art of Entertainment*. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-674-00214-8.
* Chan, Jackie, with Jeff Yang. *I Am Jackie Chan: My Life in Action*. New York: Ballantine Books, 1998. ISBN 0-345-41503-5.
* Cheuk, Pak Tong. *Hong Kong New Wave Cinema (1978–2000)*. Bristol: Intellect, 2008. ISBN 978-1-84150-148-2.
* Chute, David, and Cheng-Sim Lim, eds. *Heroic Grace: The Chinese Martial Arts Film*. Los Angeles: UCLA Film and Television Archive, 2003. *(Film series catalog; no ISBN.)*
* Dannen, Fredric, and Barry Long. *Hong Kong Babylon: The Insider's Guide to the Hollywood of the East*. New York: Miramax, 1997. ISBN 0-7868-6267-X. Biographies of film makers, as well as reviews.
* Fonoroff, Paul. *Silver Light: A Pictorial History of Hong Kong Cinema, 1920–1970*. Hong Kong: Joint Publishing, 1997. ISBN 962-04-1304-0.
* Leyda, Jay. *Dianying/Electric Shadows: An Account of Films and the Film Audience in China*. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1972.
* Li Cheuk-to. "Journal: Hong Kong". *Film Comment* September–October 2004: pp. 10–12.
* Logan, Bey. *Hong Kong Action Cinema*. Woodstock, N.Y.: The Overlook Press, 1995. ISBN 1-85286-540-7, ISBN 0-87951-663-1.
* McDonald, P. (2000) The Star System: The Production of Hollywood Stardom In The Post-Studio Era. The Contemporary Hollywood Film Industry. ISBN 978-1-4051-3388-3
* Stokes, Lisa Odham, and Michael Hoover. *City on Fire: Hong Kong Cinema*. London: Verso, 1999. ISBN 1-85984-716-1, ISBN 1-85984-203-8. Hong Kong cinema analyzed from a Marxist perspective.
* Teo, Stephen. *Hong Kong Cinema: The Extra Dimensions*. London: British Film Institute, 1997. ISBN 0-85170-514-6.
* Yang, Jeff, and Dina Gan, Terry Hong and the staff of *A.* magazine. *Eastern Standard Time: A Guide to Asian Influence on American Culture*. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997. ISBN 0-395-76341-X.
* Yang, Jeff. *Once Upon a Time in China: A Guide to Hong Kong, Taiwanese, and Mainland Chinese Cinema*. New York: Atria, 2003. ISBN 0-7434-4817-0.

## Bacaan tambahan

### Dalam bahasa Inggris

#### Sinema Hong Kong

* Baker, Rick, and Toby Russell; Lisa Baker (ed.). *The Essential Guide to Deadly China Dolls*. London: Eastern Heroes Publications, 1996. ISBN 1-899252-02-9. Biographies of Hong Kong action cinema actresses.
* Baker, Rick, and Toby Russell; Lisa Tilston (ed.). *The Essential Guide to Hong Kong Movies*. London: Eastern Heroes Publications, 1994. ISBN 1-899252-00-2. Contains reviews, but is best for its Hong Kong Film Personalities Directory.
* Baker, Rick, and Toby Russell; Lisa Tilston (ed.). *The Essential Guide to the Best of Eastern Heroes*. London: Eastern Heroes Publications, 1995. ISBN 1-899252-01-0.
* Charles, John. *The Hong Kong Filmography 1977–1997: A Complete Reference to 1,100 Films Produced by British Hong Kong Studios*. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 2000. ISBN 0-7864-0842-1. Very comprehensive.
* Cheung, Esther M. K., and Yaowei Zhu (eds.). *Between Home and World: A Reader in Hong Kong Cinema*. Xianggang du ben xi lie. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-19-592969-1.
* Chu, Yingchi. *Hong Kong Cinema: Coloniser, Motherland and Self*. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003. ISBN 0-7007-1746-3.
* Eberhard, Wolfram, *The Chinese silver screen; Hong Kong & Taiwanese motion pictures in the 1960s*, Taipei: Orient Cultural Service, 1972.
* Fitzgerald, Martin. *Hong Kong's Heroic Bloodshed*. North Pomfret, VT: Trafalgar Square, 2000. ISBN 1-903047-07-2.
* Fonoroff, Paul. *At the Hong Kong Movies: 600 Reviews from 1988 Till the Handover*. Hong Kong: Film Biweekly Publishing House, 1998; Odyssey Publications, 1999. ISBN 962-217-641-0, ISBN 962-8114-47-6.
* Fu, Poshek, and David Desser, eds. *The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity*. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, July 2000. ISBN 0-521-77235-4.
* Glaessner, Verina. *Kung Fu: Cinema of Vengeance*. London: Lorimer; New York: Bounty Books, 1974. ISBN 0-85647-045-7, ISBN 0-517-51831-7.
* Hammond, Stefan. *Hollywood East: Hong Kong Movies and the People Who Make Them*. Contemporary Books, 2000. ISBN 0-8092-2581-6.
* Hammond, Stefan, and Mike Wilkins. *Sex and Zen & A Bullet in the Head: The Essential Guide to Hong Kong's Mind-bending Films*. New York: Fireside Books, 1996. ISBN 0-684-80341-0, ISBN 1-85286-775-2.
* Jarvie, Ian C. *Window on Hong Kong: A Sociological Study of the Hong Kong Film Industry and Its Audience*, Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, 1977.
* Jarvie, Ian C. "The Social and Cultural Significance of the Decline of the Cantonese Movie", *Journal of Asian Affairs* (SUNY Buffalo), Vol. III, No. 2, Fall 1979, 40-50.
* Jarvie, Ian C. "Martial Arts Films", in Erik Barnouw, ed., *International Encyclopaedia of Communications*, 1989, vol. 2, pp. 472–475.
* Kar, Law, and Frank Bren. *Hong Kong Cinema: A Cross-Cultural View*. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8108-4986-0.
* Li, H. C. *Chinese Cinema: Five Bibliographies*. Hong Kong: Studio 8, 2003.
* Lo Che-ying (comp.). *A Selective Collection of Hong Kong Movie Posters: 1950s–1990s*. Hong Kong in Pictorials Series. Hong Kong: Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co., Ltd., 1992. ISBN 962-04-1013-0. Bilingual: (Tionghoa)
* O'Brien, Daniel. *Spooky Encounters: A Gwailo's Guide to Hong Kong Horror*. Manchester: Headpress, 2003. ISBN 1-900486-31-8.
* Pang, Laikwan, and Day Wong (eds.). *Masculinities and Hong Kong Cinema*. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2005. ISBN 962-209-737-5, ISBN 962-209-738-3.
* Stokes, Lisa Odham, Jean Lukitsh, Michael Hoover, and Tyler Stokes. *Historical Dictionary of Hong Kong Cinema*. Historical dictionaries of literature and the arts, no. 2. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2007. ISBN 0-8108-5520-8.
* Stringer, Julian. "Problems with the Treatment of Hong Kong Cinema as Camp". *Asian Cinema* 8, 2 (Winter 1996–97): 44–65.
* Stringer, Julian. *Blazing Passions: Contemporary Hong Kong Cinema*. London: Wallflower, 2008. ISBN 1-905674-30-9, ISBN 1-905674-29-5.
* Tobias, Mel C. *Flashbacks: Hong Kong Cinema After Bruce Lee*. Hong Kong: Gulliver Books, 1979. ISBN 962-7019-03-8.
* Wong, Ain-ling. *The Hong Kong-Guangdong Film Connection*. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Film Archive, 2005. ISBN 962-8050-33-8.
* Wong, Ain-ling. *The Shaw Screen: A Preliminary Study*. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Film Archive, 2003. ISBN 962-8050-21-4.
* Wood, Miles. *Cine East: Hong Kong Cinema Through the Looking Glass*. Guildford, Surrey: FAB Press, 1998. ISBN 0-9529260-2-4. Interviews with Hong Kong film makers.
* Yau, Esther C. M., ed. *At Full Speed: Hong Kong Cinema in a Borderless World*. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8166-3234-0, ISBN 0-8166-3235-9.
* Zhong, Baoxian. *"Hollywood of the East" in the Making: The Cathay Organization Vs. the Shaw Organization in Post-War Hong Kong*. [Hong Kong]: Centre for China Urban and Regional Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University, 2004. ISBN 962-8804-44-8.
* Zhong, Baoxian. *Moguls of the Chinese Cinema: The Story of the Shaw Brothers in Shanghai, Hong Kong and Singapore, 1924–2002*. Working paper series (David C. Lam Institute for East-West Studies); no. 44. Hong Kong: David C. Lam Institute for East-West Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University, 2005.

Note that "[e]very year, since 1978, the HKIFF has published both a catalog of films released that year and a retrospective book—and sometimes, special interest publication or two in the form of books and pamphlets. In 1996, a 10th Anniversary special was issued, and from 1997 onward, there have been yearly 'Panorama' special interest books in addition to the annual catalogs, retrospective books, and occasional pamphlets. In 2003, the HKIFF started carrying publications of the Hong Kong Film Archive, as well."— Bibliography of Hong Kong International Film Festival Retrospective Books Related to Hong Kong Action Cinema Diarsipkan 2015-07-12 di Wayback Machine.

#### Karya yang meliputi sinema Hong Kong

* Access Asia Limited. *Cinemas, Film Production & Distribution in China & Hong Kong: A Market Analysis*. Shanghai: Access Asia Ltd, 2004. ISBN 1-902815-62-9.
* Baskett, Michael (2008). *The Attractive Empire: Transnational Film Culture in Imperial Japan*. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3223-0.
* Berry, Chris (ed.). *Perspectives on Chinese Cinema*. London: British Film Institute, 1991. ISBN 0-85170-271-6, ISBN 0-85170-272-4.
* Berry, Michael. *Speaking in Images: Interviews with Contemporary Chinese Filmmakers*. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2004. ISBN 0-231-13330-8, ISBN 0-231-13331-6.
* Browne, Nick, et al. (eds.). *New Chinese Cinemas: Forms, Identities, Politics*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-521-44877-8.
* Eberhard, Wolfram. *The Chinese Silver Screen; Hong Kong & Taiwanese Motion Pictures in the 1960s*. Asian folklore and social life monographs, v. 23. [Taipei: Orient Cultural Service], 1972.
* Fu, Poshek. *Between Shanghai and Hong Kong: The Politics of Chinese Cinemas*. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8047-4517-X, ISBN 0-8047-4518-8.
* Hunt, Leon.  *Kung Fu Cult Masters: From Bruce Lee to Crouching Tiger*. Columbia University Press, 2003. ISBN 1-903364-63-9.
* Julius, Marshall. *Action!: The Action Movie A–Z*. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; London: Batsford, 1996. ISBN 0-253-33244-3, ISBN 0-253-21091-7, ISBN 0-7134-7851-9.
* Leung, Helen Hok-Sze. *Undercurrents: Queer Culture and Postcolonial Hong Kong*. Sexuality studies series. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2008. ISBN 0-7748-1469-1.
* Lu, Sheldon Hsiao-peng, ed. *Transnational Chinese Cinemas: Identity, Nationhood, Gender*. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8248-1845-8.
* Marchetti, Gina, and Tan See Kam (eds.). *Hong Kong Film, Hollywood and the New Global Cinema: No Film Is an Island*. London: Routledge, 2007. ISBN 0-415-38068-5, ISBN 0-203-96736-4.
* Meyers, Ric. *Great Martial Arts Movies: From Bruce Lee to Jackie Chan and More*. New York, NY: Citadel Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8065-2026-4.
* Meyers, Richard, Amy Harlib, Bill and Karen Palmer. *From Bruce Lee to the Ninjas: Martial Arts Movies*. Secaucus, N.J.: Citadel Press, 1985 (reprinted 1991). ISBN 0-8065-0950-3, ISBN 0-8065-1009-9.
* Mintz, Marilyn D. *The Martial Arts Film*. South Brunswick, N.J.: A.S. Barnes, 1978. ISBN 0-498-01775-3.
* Mintz, Marilyn D. *The Martial Arts Films*. Rutland, VT: C.E. Tuttle, 1983. ISBN 0-8048-1408-2.
* Palmer, Bill, Karen Palmer, and Ric Meyers. *The Encyclopedia of Martial Arts Movies*. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8108-3027-2.
* Read, Pete. *The Film and Television Market in Hong Kong*. [Ottawa]: Canadian Heritage, 2005. ISBN 0-662-43767-5.
* Server, Lee. *Asian Pop Cinema: Bombay to Tokyo*. Chronicle Books, 1999. ISBN 0-8118-2119-6.
* Tasker, Yvonne. *Spectacular Bodies: Gender, Genre and the Action Cinema*. London: Routledge, November 2003. ISBN 0-415-09223-X, ISBN 0-415-09224-8.
* Thomas, Brian. *Videohound's Dragon: Asian Action & Cult Flicks*. Visible Ink Press, 2003. ISBN 1-57859-141-4.
* Tobias, Mel C. *Memoirs of an Asian Moviegoer*. Quarry Bay, Hong Kong: South China Morning Post Ltd., 1982. "The book is actually an updated, enlarged and revised edition of 'Flashbacks' which was first published in 1979. I have decided to change the book's title because it now has widened its scope in the world of cinema."—from the book's introduction.
* Tombs, Pete. *Mondo Macabro: Weird and Wonderful Cinema Around the World*. London: Titan Books, 1997; New York, NY: Griffin Books, 1998. ISBN 1-85286-865-1, ISBN 0-312-18748-3.
* Weisser, Thomas. *Asian Cult Cinema*. New York: Boulevard Books, 1997. ISBN 1-57297-228-9. Updated and expanded version of both volumes of *Asian Trash Cinema: The Book*; reviews and filmographies.
* Weisser, Thomas. *Asian Trash Cinema: The Book (Part 2)*. Miami, Florida: Vital Sounds Inc./Asian Trash Cinema Publications, 1995.
* Weisser, Thomas. *Asian Trash Cinema: The Book*. Houston: Asian Trash Cinema/European Trash Cinema Publications, 1994.
* Weyn, Suzanne, and Ellen Steiber. *From Chuck Norris to the Karate Kid: Martial Arts in the Movies*. New York: Parachute Press, 1986. ISBN 0-938753-00-2. Juvenile audience.

### Dalam bahasa lainnya

#### Prancis

* Armanet, François, and Max Armanet. *Ciné Kung Fu*. France: Ramsay, 1988. ISBN 2-85956-699-6. (Prancis)
* Fonfrède, Julien. *Cinéma de Hong-Kong*. Les élémentaires - une encyclopédie vivante series. Montréal: L'Ile de la tortue, 1999. ISBN 2-922369-03-X. (Prancis)
* Glaessner, Verina. *Kung fu: La Violence au Cinéma*. Montreal: Presses Select, 1976. Translation of *Kung Fu: Cinema of Vengeance*. (Prancis)
* Glaessner, Verina. *Kung Fu: La Violence au Cinéma*. Paris: Edit. Minoutstchine, 1975. ISBN 2-85694-006-4. Translation of *Kung Fu: Cinema of Vengeance*. (Prancis)
* Reynaud, Bérénice. *Nouvelles Chines, nouveaux cinémas*. Paris, France: éditions des Cahiers du Cinéma, 1999. ISBN 2-86642-226-0. (Prancis)
* Seveon, Julien. *Category III, sexe, sang et politique à Hong Kong*. Paris: Bazaar & Compagnie, 2009. ISBN 978-2-917339-03-9. EAN 9782917339039 (Prancis)

#### Jerman

* Kuhn, Otto. *Der Eastern Film*. Ebersberg/Obb.: Edition 8½, 1983. ISBN 3-923979-02-9, ISBN 3-923979-02-9. (Jerman)
* Morgan, Jasper P. *Die Knochenbrecher mit der Todeskralle: Bruce Lee und der "Drunken Master" - Legenden des Eastern-Films*. ("The Bone Crushers with the Death Claw: Bruce Lee and the Drunken Master: Legends of the Eastern Film".) Der Eastern-Film, Bd. 1. Hille: MPW, 2003. ISBN 3-931608-56-5, ISBN 978-3-931608-56-9. (Jerman)
* Umard, Ralph. *Film Ohne Grenzen: Das Neue Hongkong Kino*. Lappersdorf, Germany: Kerschensteiner, 1996. ISBN 3-931954-02-1. (Jerman)

#### Italia

* Bedetti, Simone, and Massimo Mazzoni. *La Hollywood di Hong Kong Dalle Origini a John Woo* ("Hollywood of the East: the Cinema of Hong Kong from the Beginning to John Woo"). Bologna: PuntoZero, 1996. ISBN 88-86945-01-9. Book + computer disk (3½ inch) filmography. (Italia)
* Esposito, Riccardo F. *Il Cinema del Kung-fu: 1970–1975*. Rome, Italy: Fanucci Editore, March 1989. ISBN 88-347-0120-8. (Italia)
* Esposito, Riccardo F. *Il Drago Feroce Attraversa le Acque* ("The Fierce Dragon Swim Across the Waters"). Florence: Tarab Edizioni, 1998. A "little handbook" about (selected) kung-fu movies released in Italy. (Italia)
* Esposito, Riccardo, Max Dellamora and Massimo Monteleone. *Fant'Asia: Il Cinema Fantastico dell'estremo Oriente* ("The Fantastic Cinema of the Far East"). Italy: Grenade, 1994. ISBN 88-7248-100-7. (Italia)
* Nazzaro, Giona A., and Andrea Tagliacozzo. *Il Cinema di Hong Kong: Spade, Kung Fu, Pistole, Fantasmi* ("The Cinema of Hong Kong: Swords, Kung Fu, Guns, Ghosts"). Recco (Genova): Le Mani, 1997. ISBN 88-8012-053-0. (Italia)
* Parizzi, Roberta. *Hong Kong: Il Futuro del Cinema Abita Qui*. Parma: S. Sorbini, 1996. ISBN 88-86883-05-6. Notes: At head of title: Comune di Parma, Assessorato Alla Cultura, Ufficio Cinema; Cineclub Black Maria. (Italia)
* Pezzotta, Alberto. *Tutto il Cinema di Hong Kong: Stili, Caratteri, autori* ("All the Cinema of Hong Kong: Styles, Characters, Authors"). Milan: Baldini & Castoldi, 1999. ISBN 88-8089-620-2. (Italia)

#### Spanyol

* Escajedo, Javier, Carles Vila, and Julio Ángel Escajedo. *Honor, plomo y sangre: el cine de acción de Hong Kong*. [S.l.]: Camaleón, 1997. (Spanyol)
* (Tortosa,) Domingo López. *Made in Hong Kong: Las 1000 Películas que Desataron la Fiebre Amarilla*. Valencia: Midons Editorial, S.L.: 1997. ISBN 84-89240-34-5. (Spanyol)

## Pranala luar

Templat:Hong Kong topics

* Cinema of Hong Kong di Curlie (dari DMOZ)
* HKMDB.com—The largest and most comprehensive database of Hong Kong cinema in English and Chinese
* Hong Kong Cinema - celebrating Hongk Kong action cinema
* Hong Kong Movie Posters Diarsipkan 2012-10-24 di Wayback Machine.—Comprehensive collection of movie posters
* LoveHKFilm.com—Reviews the vast majority of the movies currently coming out of Hong Kong
* LoveAsianFilm.com—Celebrating Asian Films
* The Wonderful World of Hong Kong Action Cinema Diarsipkan 2005-01-29 di Wayback Machine.—includes an extensive bibliography on martial arts films.
* Chinese Film, Chinese Media, Print Culture 1—another extensive bibliography on Chinese film.
* Hong Kong Cinemagic is a database of films and people blend with an editorial content, in English and French.

Templat:Sinema Hong Kong
Templat:Sinema dunia