# Alkohol dalam Alkitab

Yesus digambarkan mengubah air menjadi anggur. Maerten de Vos, *Perkawinan di Kana*, ca 1597, Katedral Santa Maria, Antwerp, Belgia.
Minuman beralkohol muncul dalam Alkitab Ibrani, setelah Nuh menanam ladang anggur dan menjadi mabuk. Dalam Perjanjian Baru, Yesus secara ajaib membuat sejumlah anggur di perkawinan di Kana. Anggur adalah minuman beralkohol paling umum dalam kesusastraan biblikal, dimana anggur menjadi sumber simbolisme, dan merupakan sebuah bagian penting dari kehidupan sehari-hari pada zaman biblikal. Selain itu, para penduduk Israel kuno meminum bir, dan wine yang terbuat dari buah-buahan selain anggur.

## Catatan kaki

## Karya yang dikutip

* Magen Broshi (1984). "Wine in Ancient Palestine – Introductory Notes". *Israel Museum Journal*. **III**: 21–40.
* Magen Broshi (1986). "The Diet of Palestine in the Roman Period – Introductory Notes". *Israel Museum Journal*. **V**: 41–56.
* W. R. F. Browning (2004) [1996]. "Wine". *A Dictionary of the Bible*. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-860890-5.
* Ross, Thomas D., "And be not drunk with wine, but be filled with the Spirit," in *The Doctrine of Sanctification,* Ph. D. Dissertation, Great Plains Baptist Divinity School, 2014
* Teachout, Robert P., *The Use of "Wine" In the Old Testament.* Th. D. Dissertation, Dallas Theological Seminary, May 1979
* M. D. Coogan (1993). "Wine". Dalam Bruce Metzger and M. D. Coogan (ed.). *The Oxford Companion to the Bible*. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-504645-8.
* W. Dommershausen (1990). "Yayin". Dalam G. Johannes Botterweck; Helmer Ringgren (ed.). *Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament*. Vol. VI. trans. David E. Green. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-2330-0.
* Ralph Earle (1986). "1 Timothy 5:13". *Word Meanings in the New Testament*. Kansas City, Missouri: Beacon Hill Press. ISBN 0-8341-1176-4.
* Matthew George Easton (1897a). "Vinegar". *Easton's Bible Dictionary*. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-22.
* Matthew George Easton (1897b). "Wine". *Easton's Bible Dictionary*. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-22.
* F. S. Fitzsimmonds (1982). "Wine and Strong Drink". Dalam J. D. Douglas (ed.). *New Bible Dictionary* (Edisi 2nd). Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. ISBN 0-8308-1441-8.
* R. Laird Harris; Gleason Archer; Bruce Waltke (1980). *Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament*. Moody.
* Edwin Hatch; Henry Adeney Redpath (1998). *Concordance to the Septuagint*. with an extensive Hebrew index by Takamitsu Muraoka appended (Edisi 2nd). Baker Academic. ISBN 978-0-8010-2141-1.
* Hans Wolfgang Heidland (1967). "όξος". Dalam Gerhard Kittel and Ronald E. Pitkin (ed.). *Theological Dictionary of the New Testament*. Vol. V. trans. Geoffrey W. Bromiley. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-2247-9.
* William Kaiser; Duane Garrett, ed. (2006). "Wine and Alcoholic Beverages in the Ancient World". *Archaeological Study Bible*. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-92605-4.
* D. Kellermann (1986). "Chomets [et al.]". Dalam G. Johannes Botterweck; Helmer Ringgren (ed.). *Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament*. Vol. IV. trans. David E. Green. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-2328-9.
* Frederic Richard Lees; Dawson Burns (1870). "Appendix C-D". *The Temperance Bible-Commentary*. New York: National Temperance Society and Publication House. hlm. 431–446.
* Henry Liddell; Robert Scott; Henry Stuart Jones; Roderick McKenzie (1940). *A Greek-English Lexicon*. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-864226-1.
* Bruce Lincoln (2005). "Beverages". Dalam Lindsay Jones (ed.). *Encyclopedia of Religion*. Vol. 2 (Edisi 2nd). MacMillan Reference Books. ISBN 978-0-02-865733-2.
* Jill Maynard, ed. (1997a). "Drunkenness". *Illustrated Dictionary of Bible Life & Times*. Pleasantville, New York: The Reader's Digest Association.
* Jill Maynard, ed. (1997b). "Wine". *Illustrated Dictionary of Bible Life & Times*. Pleasantville, New York: The Reader's Digest Association.
* Jill Maynard, ed. (1997c). "Wine Making". *Illustrated Dictionary of Bible Life & Times*. Pleasantville, New York: The Reader's Digest Association.
* John McClintock; James Strong (1891). "Wine". *Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature*. Vol. X. New York: Harper and Brothers. hlm. 1010–1017.
* "The Life of the Farmer: Land Use and Crops". *Harper's Encyclopedia of Bible Life* (Edisi 3rd). Castle Books. 1996. ISBN 0-7858-0726-8.
* Leon Morris (1995). "Additional Note H: The Last Supper and the Passover". *The Gospel According to John*. New International Commentary on the New Testament (Edisi revised). Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2504-9.
* "*The New Testament Greek Lexicon* (based on *Thayer's* and *Smith's Bible Dictionary* plus others)". Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 21 January 2007. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-22.
* "The Old Testament Hebrew Lexicon (based on the Brown, Driver, Briggs, Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon)". Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 17 January 2007. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-22.
* R. V. Pierard (1984). "Alcohol, Drinking of". Dalam Walter A. Elwell (ed.). *Evangelical Dictionary of Theology*. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House. ISBN 0-8010-3413-2.
* Pratt, Richard L. (2003). *The Spirit of the Reformation Study Bible*. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-92360-2.
* I. W. Raymond (1970) [1927]. *The Teaching of the Early Church on the Use of Wine and Strong Drink*. AMS Press. ISBN 978-0-404-51286-6.
* Heinrich Seesemann (1967). "οινος". Dalam Gerhard Kittel and Ronald E. Pitkin (ed.). *Theological Dictionary of the New Testament*. Vol. V. trans. Geoffrey W. Bromiley. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-2247-9.
* Joseph Henry Thayer (1977) [1901]. *A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament*. Baker. ISBN 0-8010-8872-0.
* "Tractate Berakoth 6.1". Diakses tanggal 2007-03-15.
* Bruce Waltke (2004). *The Book Of Proverbs: Chapters 1–15*. New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2545-2.
* Bruce Waltke (2005). *The Book of Proverbs: Chapters 15–31*. New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2776-0.