# Wajah hitam

**Wajah hitam** (bahasa Inggris: *blackface*code: en is deprecated ) adalah sebuah bentuk tata rias teatrikal yang umum dipakai untuk pementas non-kulit hitam untuk mewakili karikatur orang kulit hitam. Praktik tersebut meraih ketenaran pada abad ke-19 dan berkontribusi pada merebaknya stereotipe rasial

## Bacaan tambahan

* Abbott, Lynn, & Seroff, Doug (2008). *Ragged but Right: Black Traveling Shows, "Coon Songs," and the Dark Pathway to Blues and Jazz. Diarsipkan 2009-05-14 di Wayback Machine.* Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
* Armstron-De Vreeze, Pamela (1997). "Surviving Zwarte Piet — a Black mother in the Netherlands copes with a racist institution in Dutch culture". Essence magazine.
* Bas, Marcel (2013). *Zwarte Piet: discriminerend of fascinerend?*. Aspekt Uitgeverij. ISBN 9789461534095.
* Chude-Sokei, Louis (2005). *The Last Darky: Bert Williams, Black-on-Black Minstrelsy and the African Diaspora*. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3643-X.
* Cockrell, Dale (1997). *Demons of Disorder: Early Blackface Minstrels and their World*. Cambridge Studies in American Theatre and Drama. ISBN 0-521-56828-5.
* Levinthal, David (1999). *Blackface*. Arena. ISBN 1-892041-06-5.
* Lhamon, Jr., W.T. (1998). *Raising Cain: Blackface Performance from Jim Crow to Hip Hop*. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-74711-9.
* Hughes, Langston; Meltzer, Milton (1967). *Black Magic: A Pictorial History of Black Entertainers in America*. New York: Bonanza Books. ISBN 0-306-80406-9.
* Lott, Eric (1993). *Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class*. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507832-2.   Pemeliharaan CS1: Postscript (link)
* Malik, Sarita. "The Black and White Minstrel Show". Museum of Broadcast Communications. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2013-05-14. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-08.
* Rogin, Michael (1998). *Blackface, White Noise: Jewish Immigrants in the Hollywood Melting Pot*. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21380-7.
* Sacks, Howard L., and Sacks, Judith (1993). *Way up North in Dixie: A Black Family's Claim to the Confederate Anthem*. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
* Sammond, Nicholas (2015). *Birth of an Industry: Blackface Minstrelsy and the Rise of American Animation.* Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
* Strausbaugh, John (2006). *Black Like You: Blackface, Whiteface, Insult and Imitation in American Popular Culture*. Jeremy P. Tarcher / Penguin. ISBN 1-58542-498-6.   Pemeliharaan CS1: Postscript (link)
* Toll, Robert C. (1974). *Blacking Up: The Minstrel Show in Nineteenth-century America*. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-8195-6300-5.   Pemeliharaan CS1: Postscript (link)
* Twain, Mark (1924). "XIX, dictated 1906-11-30". *Mark Twain's Autobiography*. New York: Albert Bigelow Paine. LCCN 24025122.
* Watkins, Mel (1999). *On the Real Side: A History of African American Comedy from Slavery to Chris Rock*. Chicago, Illinois: Lawrence Hill Books. ISBN 1-55652-351-3.

## Pranala luar

Umum
* "Blackface and other historic racial images from the Authentic History Center"
* "Bambizzoozled – Blackface in Movies and Television"
* "The Blackface Stereotype", Manthia Diawara
* "Cape Minstrel Festival Kaapse Klopse", *Cape Town Magazine*.
* Recent blackface stories in the news, from the Colorblind Society
* "Zulu Blackface: The Real Story!"
* "The New Era of Blackface," Louis Chude-Sokei
* "The History of Racist Blackface Stereotypes
* "Blacking Up: Hip-Hop's Remix of Race and Identity
* "From Blackface to Beulah: Subtle Subversion in Early Black Sitcoms"
* Video: Blackface: History of a Controversy; Blackface in modern society, especially related to school.

Zwarte Piet
* Zwarte Piet? – Boom Chicago rap video satire of Run DMC's "Christmas in Hollis"
* Expatica's Dutch News in English: Annual Zwarte Piet Debate Diarsipkan 2012-10-03 di Wayback Machine.
* "Who is Black Peter?" from Ferris State University
* Zwarte Piet film by Adwa Foundation, Rotterdam, and the Global Afrikan Congress
* Zwarte Piet (Belanda)

Balthazar di Spanyol
* WanafriKa's vídeo
* Press article "Real Madrid star upholds Spain's commitment to racism"