# Archeo

| Wikipedia:Uso de taxobox**Archeo**
Rango fossile: Paleoarchean o forsan Eoarchean – Recente |
| --- |
|  *Halobacteria* sp. stirpe NRC-1, cata cellula circa 5 μm longe |
| **Classification scientific** |
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| Dominio: | **Archaea** Woese, Kandler & Wheelis, 1990 |

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| Regnos e phylos: |
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Crenarchaeota
Euryarchaeota
Korarchaeota
Nanoarchaeota
Thaumarchaeota |

Le **archeos** constitue un dominio (nomine scientific: *Archaea*) de microorganismos unicellular. Iste microbios ha nulle nucleo cellular e nulle altere organellas membrana-ligate intra su cellulas.

In le passato, le archeos ha essite classificate con bacterios como procaryotes (o Monera) e essite appellate **archeobacterios**, ma iste classification es reguardate como obsolete. Actualmente, le archeos ha un independente historia evolutionari e monstra multe differentias in su biochimia ab altere formas vital, e assi illos es nunc classificate como un dominio separate in le systema de tres dominios. In iste systema, le phylogeneticamente distincte brancas de descendentia evolutionari es le archeos, bacterios, e eucaryotes. Le archeos nunc ha essite dividite plus a in quatro recognoscite phylos; plus phylos pote esser constatate per recerca in le futuro. De istes gruppos, le Crenarchaeota e le Euryarchaeota es le plus studiate intensivemente. Classification es ancora difficile, proque le majoritate grande ha nunquam essite studiate in le laboratorio e solmente ha essite detegite per analyse de lor acidos nucleic in monstras ab le ambiente.

Archeos e bacterios es multo similar in dimension e forma, ben que un pauc archeos ha formas estranie, tal como le cellulas platte e quadrate-formate de *Haloquadratum walsbyi*. Malgrado iste similaritate visual de bacterios, archeos possede genes e plure vias metabolic que es plus proximemente cognate a istos de eucaryotes, notabilemente le enzymas involvite in transcription e traduction. Altere aspectos de biochimia archeal es unic, tal como su dependentia sur lipidos etheric in su membranas cellular. Archeos usa un multo plus grande varietate de fontes de energia que eucaryotes: extendente ab familiar compositos organic como sucros, a ammonia, iones metallic, o gas hydrogenic. Sal-tolerante archeos (le *Haloarchaea*) usa lumine solar como un fonte energic, e altere species de archeos fixe carbon; tamen, dispare plantas e cyanobacterios, nulle species de archeos es sapite de exequer ambe. Archeos reproduce asexualmente per fission binari, fragmentation, o gemmation; dispare bacterios e eucaryotes, no specie cogoscite forma sporas.

A prime, archeos esseva vidite como extremophiles que viveva in ambientes sever, tal como fontanas calide e lacos salin, sed illos ha perque essite trovate in un selection large de habitates, includente solos, oceanos, paludes, e le human colon e umbilico. Archeos es particularmente numerose in le oceanos, e le archeos in plancton pote esser un del plus abundante gruppos de organismos supra Terra. Archeos es nunc recognoscite como un major parte de vita del Terra, con rolos e in le cyclo carbonic e in le cyclo nitrogenic. Nulle clar exemplos de archeal pathogenos o parasitos es cognoscite, ma illos es saepe mutualistas o commensales. Un exemplo es le
methanogenos que habita le intestino human e le de ruminantes, ubi su numeros grande adjuta digestion. Methanogenos es usate in le production de biogas e in le tractamento de aquas cloacal, e enzymas ab extremophile archeos que pote indura alte temperaturas e solventes organic es exploitate in biotechnologia.

## Phylogenia

Secundo Tom A. Williams *et al.*, 2017, Castelle & Banfield, 2018 (DPANN) et Eva F. Caceres, 2019 (Asgard=Eukaryomorpha) :

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| Neomura |

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| DPANN |

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Altiarchaeales |
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|  | *Diapherotrites* |
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Micrarchaeota |
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Aenigmarchaeota |
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Nanohaloarchaeota |
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Nanoarchaeota |
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Pavarchaeota |
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Mamarchaeota |
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Woesarchaeota |
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Pacearchaeota |
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| Euryarchaeota |

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Thermococci |
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Pyrococci |
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Methanococci |
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Methanobacteria |
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Methanopyri |
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Archaeoglobi |
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Methanocellales |
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Methanosarcinales |
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Methanomicrobiales |
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Halobacteria |
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Thermoplasmatales |
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Methanomassiliicoccales |
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|  | *Aciduliprofundum boonei* |
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|  | *Thermoplasma volcanium* |
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| Proteoarchaeota |

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Korarchaeota |
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Crenarchaeota |
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Aigarchaeota |
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Geoarchaeota |
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Thaumarchaeota |
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Bathyarchaeota |
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| Eukaryomorpha |

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Borrarchaeota |
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Helarchaeota |
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Lokiarchaeota |
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Baldrarchaeota |
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Odinarchaeota |
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Hermodarchaeota |
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Thorarchaeota |
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Wukongarchaeota |
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Hodarchaeota |
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Gerdarchaeota |
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Kariarchaeota |
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Heimdallarchaeota |
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Idunnarchaeota |
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Se pensa que Eukaryota se forma de un archeo con endosymbiose (fr) de un α─Proteobacteria (devenite su mitochondrio) ma le position precise del branchamente intra iste duo dominios remane discutate (Heimdallarchaeota o ancestre commun).

## Vide etiam

* Bacterio
* Procaryote
* Microorganismo
* Organismo unicellular

## Referentias

Iste articulo contine material traducite ab Wikipedia in anglese. Le texto original se trova in le version 555450581 de en:Archaea, e es usate secundo le mandatos del licentia respective.