# Charles Darwin

| Charles Darwin |
| --- |
|  |
| Sexo |
mascule |
| Nascentia |
1809-02-12 (The Mount) |
| Decesso |
1882-04-19, 1882 (Down House) |
| Loco de reposo |
Abbatia de Westminster |
| Citatania |
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland[\*] |
| Educate in |
Christ's College[\*], University of Edinburgh Medical School[\*], Shrewsbury School[\*], Universitate de Cambridge, University of Edinburgh[\*] |
| Occupation |
geologo[\*], explorator[\*], travel writer[\*], ethologist[\*], naturalista[\*], philosopho[\*], scriptor, botanista[\*], botanical collector[\*], scientific collector[\*], biologo[\*] |
| Obras notabile |
On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection[\*], On the Origin of Species[\*], The Voyage of the Beagle[\*], The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex[\*], The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals[\*], Insectivorous Plants[\*], The Power of Movement in Plants[\*], The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms[\*] |
| Religion |
Anglicanismo, agnosticismo |
| Conjuge |
Emma Darwin[\*] |
| Infantes |
Anne Darwin[\*], Francis Darwin[\*], William Erasmus Darwin[\*], Henrietta Darwin[\*], George Howard Darwin[\*], Leonard Darwin[\*], Horace Darwin[\*], Charles Waring Darwin[\*], Elizabeth Darwin[\*], Mary Eleanor Darwin[\*] |
| Parentes |
matre Susannah Wedgwood[\*] patre Robert Darwin[\*] |
| Fratres/sorores |
Erasmus Alvey Darwin[\*], Caroline Darwin[\*], Marianne Darwin[\*], Emily Darwin[\*], Susan Darwin[\*] |
| Premios |
Royal Medal[\*], Copley Medal[\*], Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts order[\*], Pour le Mérite[\*], Fellow of the Linnean Society of London[\*], Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society[\*], Fellow of the Royal Society[\*], Baly Medal[\*], Fellow of the Geological Society of London[\*], Bressa Prize[\*], Honorary doctor of Leiden University[\*], Wollaston Medal[\*], Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society Te Apārangi[\*], Darwin Medal[\*] |
| Lingua |
anglese |
| Signatura |  |
| Identificatores |
| ISNI |
0000000121251077 |
| VIAF |
27063124 |
| IMDB |
nm6143881 |
|  Commons |
Charles Darwin |

**Charles Darwin** (le 12 de februario 1809, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, Anglaterra – le 19 de april 1882, Downe, Kent, Anglaterra) esseva un naturalista e biologo anglese. Ille es cognoscite mundialmente pro su theoria del evolution.

## Biographia

Charles Darwin studiava medicina al Universitate de Edinburgh, pois ille studiava theologia al Universitate de Cambridge. Ab le anno 1831 usque a 1836 ille faceva un longe viage in America del Sud in le veliero *Beagle* commandate per Robert Fitzroy. Le historias de su diario de viage le faceva famose como geologo.

Edition del 1859 del *Origin of Species*
In le anno 1859 Charles Darwin publicava le libro *On the Origin of Species* (Sur le origine del species), in iste obra ille formulava le Theoria del evolution. Multe partes del observationes continite in le libro ille habeva obtenite ex su viage al Insulas Galapagos.

Le theoria del evolution de Darwin esseva simultanee e multo simile al theoria del naturalista Alfred Russel Wallace, su amico e correspondente. Le theoria del evolution habeva provocate multe scandalo inter le scientistas contemporanee e esseva propugnate per le scientista Thomas Henry Huxley.

Per le studios que tanto occupava Darwin ipse post le publication del *Origine del Species* – isto es le explication del mechanismos de animales (e de vegetales), coloration, habitos, etc., como avantagiose al specie o a su ancestres – Charles Darwin pote esser considerate de haber fundate le scientia del bionomia, e simultaneemente de haber date nove stimulo e nove direction al morpheographia, physiologia e plasmologia, per unir los como contribuentes a un doctrina biologic commun: le doctrina del evolution organic ipse sed como parte del doctrina plus large de evolution universal basate super le leges del physica e del chimia. Le resultato immediate esseva un reconstruction del classification de animales super un base genealogic e un investigation del disveloppamento individual de animales in relation al passos de lor gradual crescimento per le division de cellulas, con un vista a obtener evidentia de lor relationes genetic.

## Le discoperta del evolution

Le interesse de Darwin per le evolution nasceva, quando – como studiante in le Universitate de Edinburgh – ille esseva discipulo del biologo R. E. Grant qui le faceva cognoscer le theoria de Lamarck super le variation del species. Iste theoria esseva multo debattite in ille annos e etiam esseva tractate in le obra *Zoonomia* del medico Erasmus Darwin (le granpatre de Charles Darwin). Le Theoria de Lamarck in synthese affirma que le species vivente pote variar in le tempore pro adaptar se al ambiente gratias al transmission del characteres acquirite. Ergo ille theoria es de facto le precursor del darwinismo, etiam si lo mancava bases solide empiric, e nonobstante que postea ha essite emphatisate in illo alicun aspectos negative como le affirmation dubitabile del transmission del characteres acquirite ab le phenotypo al genotypo – ja exprimite con claritate per le studiose francese Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck. Sin dubita durante su viage de exploration naturalista, Darwin interpretava le variationes del species animal per ille observate in le luce del theoria de Lamarck revisionante lo al necessitate. De facto, Darwin – per le natura de su studios al Universitate de Cambridge – esseva ducite a verificar un theoria scientific vetere plus tosto que crear de illo un nove. Solmente quando Darwin habeva observate le fauna del Insulas Galapagos, ille se habeva demandate pro le rationes e le causas de un tal magne variation de forma in le species animal que se evolveva. Il esseva tunc que ille videva le limite del theoria de Lamarck e initiava a elaborar un proprie theoria del evolution. Le theoria del evolution de Darwin affirma que le generation de nove species es determinate per micre variationes inter individuos del mesme specie e per le selection natural del individuos le plus adequate in le lucta pro superviver, sed ab le puncto del generation del variationes Darwin restava obscur affirmante antea que illos es debite al caso e postea que le variationes es causate per le influxo del ambiente similarmente al doctrina de Lamarck. In ille annos, le abbate Gregor Mendel studeva le leges del hereditate del characteres attribuente los al recombinationes del genes continite in le cellulas sexual, ma iste labor scientific esseva incognite per Darwin.

Retornate ab le viage in le *Beagle*, Darwin remaneva affectate per un maladia tropical mysteriose contrahite per le punctura de un insecto in le Andes. Iste maladia le dava discargas incessante de diarrhea constringente le a un vita confinate in su domo. Per iste facto ille habeva renunciate a un occupation stabile pro dedicar se al scriptura de su textos scientific. Il es etiam per iste motivo que ille postea renunciava a defender in persona su opiniones in le conferentias super le evolution. In 1838 Charles Darwin studeva le modello mathematic super le dynamica del population del statistico anglese Thomas Malthus in su *Essay on the principle of population* (Essayo super le principio del population). Darwin lo applicava al populationes del animales pro dar le base de un theoria jam famose a su intuition del selection natural. Durante le correspondentia con su amico, le botanista A. R. Wallace, Darwin le communicava certemente multe de su ideas que esseva a maturar. De isto Wallace publicava in 1858 un articulo que designava jam de facto le nove theoria evolutionari. Tunc Darwin se habeva precipitate a publicar in 1859 le obra de su vita *On the Origin of Species* (Super le origine del species). In ultra Wallace non revindicava su prioritate del discoperta etiam si ancora hodie ille theoria es denominate formalmente con le nomines del duo evolutionistas.

Le altere obra importante de Darwin es *The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex* (Le descendita del homine e le selection in relation al sexo) publicate in 1871 ubi ille face le affirmationes scandalose que etiam le homine es subjecto al mesme leges del evolution al qual es submittite le animales, e que le specie human derivarea ab un antique specie de simia, e que per junger le specie human illo debe esser classificate insimul al simias intra le ordine del primates. Il es per iste obra que hodie Charles Darwin es memorate popularmente como ille qui ha dicite que *le homine descende ab le simia*. Le reaction del opinion public moralista e bigot non tardava e faceva nascer le Creationismo fundate super le lectura del Biblia al qual se opponeva scientistas como T. H. Huxley per defender le pensamento evolutionari. Le disveloppamento del evolutionismo applicate al populationes human conduceva al nominate Darwinismo social ideate per le philosopho positivista anglese Herbert Spencer (e amico de Charles Darwin) e per le medico e physiognomista Francis Galton (e cosino de Charles Darwin), le exitos de tal doctrina deveniva un forma de racialismo e eugenetica que in ille annos se conciliava ben con le pensamento eurocentric del periodo del grande conquestas colonial. Etiam Karl Marx appreciava le darwinismo.

## Obras publicate

Como un autor britannic, le majoritate de su obras esseva publicate in le lingua anglese.

* 1835: *Extracts from letters to Professor Henslow* (privately printed, not for public sale)
* 1836: *A LETTER, Containing Remarks on the Moral State of TAHITI, NEW ZEALAND, &c. – BY CAPT. R. FITZROY AND C. DARWIN, ESQ. OF H.M.S. 'Beagle.'*
* 1838-43: *Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle*
* 1839: *Journal and Remarks* (The Voyage of the Beagle)
* 1842: *The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs*
* 1844: *Geological Observations of Volcanic Islands*
* 1846: *Geological Observations on South America*
* 1849: *Geology* de *A Manual of scientific enquiry; prepared for the use of Her Majesty's Navy: and adapted for travellers in general.*, John F.W. Herschel ed.
* 1851: *A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species. The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes.*
* 1851: *A Monograph on the Fossil Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great Britain*
* 1854: *A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species. The Balanidae (or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidae, etc.*
* 1854: *A Monograph on the Fossil Balanidæ and Verrucidæ of Great Britain*
* 1858: *On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection* (*Extract from an unpublished Work on Species*)
* 1859: *On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life*
* 1862: *On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects*
* 1868: *Variation of Plants and Animals Under Domestication*
* 1871: *The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex*
* 1872: *The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals*
* 1875: *Movement and Habits of Climbing Plants*
* 1875: *Insectivorous Plants*
* 1876: *The Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom*
* 1877: *The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species*
* 1879: "Preface and 'a preliminary notice'" in Ernst Krause's *Erasmus Darwin*
* 1880: *The Power of Movement in Plants*
* 1881: *The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms*

### Autobiographia

* 1887: *Autobiography of Charles Darwin* (redigite per su filio Francis Darwin)
* 1958: *Autobiography of Charles Darwin* (Barlow, non publicate)

### Epistolas

Wikimedia Commons ha files multimedial de: *Charles Darwin*

* 1887: *Life and Letters of Charles Darwin*, (ed. Francis Darwin)
* 1903: *More Letters of Charles Darwin*, (ed. Francis Darwin e A.C. Seward)