# Lingua russe

| Lingua russe |
| --- |
|  |
| Lingua extincte |
| Nomine native: | русский язык‎ |
| instantia de: | lingua[\*], lingua moderne[\*], lingua natural[\*] |
| subclasse de: | East Slavic[\*] |
|  |
|  |
|  |
| Create per: | {{{creator}}} in {{{data}}} |
| Contexto: | {{{contexto}}} |
| Parlate in: | {{{statos}}} |
| Regiones:Parlate in: | {{{region}}} |
| Periodo: | {{{periodo}}} |
| Personas: | 154 000 000 |
|  |
| Scriptura: | alphabeto cyrillic |
| Typologia: | {{{typologia}}} |
| Phylogenese: |

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| Statuto official |
| Nationes: | *nulle* |
| Regulate per: | Instituto del Lingua Russe |
| Codices de position |
| ISO 639-1 | ru |
| ISO 639-2 | rus |
| ISO 639-3 | rus |
| Glottolog | russ1263 |
| LinguistList |  |
| Linguasphere | 53-AAA-ea |
| IETF ID | ru |
| SIL | {{{sil}}}  |
| SIL | {{{sil2}}} |
| Wikimedia ID | ru |
| Extracto in lingua |
| **Declaration universal del derectos del homine - Art.1** {{{extracto}}} |
| **Le Patre Nostre** {{{extracto2}}} |
| **Translitteration** {{{translitteration}}} |
|  |
|  |
| Commons: | Russian language |
| categoria principal: | Categoria:Russo |

**Russo** (Russo: русский язык, transliteration: *ruskiy yazyk*, ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk) es le plus diffuse lingua de Eurasia, le plus parlate lingua slave, e le plus grande lingua native in Europa. Russo esse del familia de linguas indoeuropee, e esse un del tres linguas totevia existente del linguas slave oriental (le alteres esse bielorusse e ukrainian).

Exemplos scribite del lingua slavonic vetere oriental, e habe essite existente desde le seculo 10 e postea. Hodie Russo es usate in plure paises foras de Russia. Il esse le lingua official de Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, e le paises non recognoscite Transnistria, e Ossetia del Sud, e Abkhazia. Plus que un quarte del litteratura scientific del mundo esse publicate in Russo. Russo etiam es un lingua necesse del communicationes mundial (communication aeree e spatial, television, et cetera). Gratias al stato del Union Sovietic in le Seculo 20, le lingua russe habeva un nivello alte de importantia politic. Ergo, russo es un del 6 linguas official del Nationes Unite.

Russo ha un distinction inter consonantes con e sin articulation palatal, frequentemente nominate sonos "dur" e "molle". Iste distinction es trovate in quasi tote le consonante e es un del characteristicas notabile del lingua. Un altere aspecto importante es que le reduction del vocales accentuate, que esse similar al systema del anglese. Accento, que es non-predicibile, non usualmente esse indicate orthographicamente, ma secundo le Instituto del Lingua Russe del Academia Russe de Scientias, un accento acute optional (*знак ударения*) pote, e a veces debe, esser usate pro marcar le accentuation (como pro distinguer inter duo vocabulos identic o pro indicar le pronunciation de nomines o parolas non commun).

## Alphabeto

Un pagina de *Azbuka* (libro del alphabeto), le prime libro de instruction in russo. Imprimite per Ivan Fyodorov in 1574. Iste pagina monstra le alphabeto cyrillic.
Russo usa le alphabeto cyrillic. Iste alphabeto ha 33 litteras.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| А /a/ | Б /b/ | В /v/ | Г /g/ | Д /d/ | Е /je/ | Ё /jo/ | Ж /ʐ/ | З /z/ | И /i/ | Й /j/ |
| К /k/ | Л /l/ | М /m/ | Н /n/ | О /o/ | П /p/ | Р /r/ | С /s/ | Т /t/ | У /u/ | Ф /f/ |
| Х /x/ | Ц /t͡s/ | Ч /t͡ɕ/ | Ш /ʂ/ | Щ /ɕɕ/ | Ъ /-/ | Ы [ɨ] | Ь /◌ʲ/ | Э /e/ | Ю /ju/ | Я /ja/ |

### Orthographia

Le orthographia russe esse generalmente phonemic in practica.

Accentos es permittite, sed non es usate normalmente excepte in textos educational o in casos potentialmente ambigue. Pro exemplo:

* замо́к/за́мок ('serratura'/'castello')
* чудно́/чу́дно ('[Iste es] eccentric'/'[Iste es] meraviliose')
* узна́ю/узнаю́ ('Io [lo] apprendera'/'Io [lo] apprende')
* Nomines personal (Гарси́а, Оле́ша, Фе́рми)
* Parola accentuate in phrases ambigue (Ты́ съел печенье?/Ты съе́л печенье?/Ты съел пече́нье? - 'Esseva tu que mangiava le biscuit?'/'Mangiava tu le biscuit?'/'Esseva le biscuit tu repasto?').

### Consonantes

|   | Bilabial | Labio- dental | Dental & Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Palatal | Velar |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nasal | Dur | /m/ |   | /n/ |   |   |   |
| Blande | /mʲ/ |   | /nʲ/ |   |   |   |
| Occlusive | Dur | /p/   /b/ |   | /t/   /d/ |   |   | /k/   /g/ |
| Blande | /pʲ/   /bʲ/ |   | /tʲ/   /dʲ/ |   |   | /kʲ/\*   [gʲ] |
| Affricate | Dur |   |   | /ʦ/    |     |   |   |
| Blande |   |   |     | /tɕ/    |   |   |
| Fricative | Dur |   | /f/   /v/ | /s/   /z/ | /ʂ/   /ʐ/ |   | /x/      |
| Blande |   | /fʲ/   /vʲ/ | /sʲ/   /zʲ/ | /ɕː/\*   /ʑː/\* |   | [xʲ]      |
| Vibrante | Dur |   |   | /r/ |   |   |   |
| Blande |   |   | /rʲ/ |   |   |   |
| Approximante | Dur |   |   | /l/ |   |   |   |
| Blande |   |   | /lʲ/ |   | /j/ |   |

Le lingua russe es notabile pro su distinction basate in le palatalisation del majoritate del consonantes. Si /k/, /g/, /x/ ha allophones palatalisate [kʲ, gʲ, xʲ], solmente /kʲ/ se pote consider un phoneme ("это ткёт"/"этот кот"). Palatalisation es que le centro del lingua es elevate durante e post le articulation del consonante. In le caso de /tʲ/ e /dʲ/, le lingua es elevate bastante que producer fricamento legier (sonos fricative). Le sonos: /t, d, ʦ, s, z, n e rʲ/ es dental consonant, producite con le alto del lingua contra le dentes e non contra le cresta alveolar.

## Vocabulario

Le numero de parolas in lingua russe es difficile de recognicer proque es simple de crear paroles composite e diminutive paroles, etc.

| Obra | Anno | Parolas | Notas |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dictionario academic, Ed. I | 1789–1794 | 43,257 | Russo e slavonic ecclesiastic con vocabulario de russe antique |
| Dictionario academic, Ed. II | 1806–1822 | 51,388 | Russo e slavonic ecclesiastic con vocabulario de russe antique |
| Obras complete de Pushkin | 1810–1837 | 21,197 | - |
| Dictionario academic, Ed. III | 1847 | 114,749 | Russe e slavonic ecclesiastic con vocabulario de russe antique |
| Dictionario de Dahl | 1880–1882 | 195,844 | 44,000 entratas lexicalmente gruppate; essaya catalogar le complete lingua vulgar, include alicun paroles propriemente ukranian e bielorusse |
| Dictionario de Ushakov | 1934–1940 | 85,289 | Lingua actual con alicun archaismos |
| Dictionario academic | 1950–1965 | 120,480 | Dictionario complete de le "Lingua moderne" |
| Dictionario de Ozhegov | 1950s–1960s | 61,458 | Plus o minus le lingua actual a le tempore |
| Dictionario de Lopatin | 2000 | c.160,000 | Ortographic, lingua actual |

## Exemplos

Зи́мний ве́чер [Zímniy vécher]

Бу́ря мгло́ю не́бо кро́ет, [Búrya mglóyu nyébo króyet]

Ви́хри сне́жные крутя́; [Víkhri snyézhnyye krutyá]

То, как зверь, она́ заво́ет, [To, kak zver' oná zavóyet]

То запла́чет, как дитя́, [To zapláchet, kak dityá]

То по кро́вле обветша́лой [To po króvle obvetsháloy]

Вдруг соло́мой зашуми́т, [Vdrug solómoy zashumít]

То, как пу́тник запозда́лый, [To, kak pútnik zapozdályy]

К нам в око́шко застучи́т. [K nam v okóshko zastuchít]

Orthographia reform de 1918 face le lingua russe un lingua moderna e il progresso de scientia in Russia habeva un grande influentia in le seculo 20.

## Vide etiam

* Alphabeto russo

## Referentias

## Bibliographia

### In Anglese

* Comrie, Bernard, Gerald Stone, Maria Polinsky (1996). *The Russian Language in the Twentieth Century*, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press. 019824066X.
* Carleton, T.R. (1991). *Introduction to the Phonological History of the Slavic Languages*. Columbus, Ohio: Slavica Press.
* Cubberley, P. (2002). *Russian: A Linguistic Introduction*, 1st ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Halle, Morris (1959). *Sound Pattern of Russian*. MIT Press.
* Ladefoged, Peter and Maddieson, Ian (1996). *The Sounds of the World's Languages*. Blackwell Publishers.
* Matthews, W.K. (1960). *Russian Historical Grammar*. London: University of London, Athlone Press.
* Stender-Petersen, A. (1954). *Anthology of old Russian literature*. New York: Columbia University Press.
* Wade, Terrence (2000). *A Comprehensive Russian Grammar*, 2nd ed., Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 0631207570.

### In Russo

* Востриков О. В., Финно-угорский субстрат в русском языке: Учебное пособие по спецкурсу. – Свердловск, 1990. – 99 c. – В надзаг.: Уральский гос. ун-т им. А. М. Горького.
* Жуковская Л. П., отв. ред. Древнерусский литературный язык и его отношение к старославянскому. М.: «Наука», 1987.
* Иванов В. В. Историческая грамматика русского языка. – М.: «Просвещение», 1990.
* Михельсон Т. Н. Рассказы русских летописей XV–XVII веков. – М.: 1978.
* Новиков Л. А. Современный русский язык: для высшей школы. – Москва: Лань, 2003.
* Филин Ф. П., О словарном составе языка Великорусского народа. // Вопросы языкознания. - М.: 1982. – № 5. – С. 18–28
* Цыганенко Г. П. Этимологический словарь русского языка, Киев, 1970.
* Шанский Н. М., Иванов В. В., Шанская Т. В. Краткий этимологический словарь русского языка. – М.: 1961.
* Шицгал А. Русский гражданский шрифт. – М.: «Искусство», 1958. 2-e изд.: 1983.