# Chordato

| Wikipedia:Uso de taxoboxChordato
Rango fossile: Cambrian – presente, (forsan Ediacaran, 557 Ma) |
| --- |
|  Exemple de chordates: *Branchiostoma lanceolatum* (Cephalochordata), *Polycarpa aurata* (Tunicata), Squalo e Tigre (Vertebrata). |
| **Classification scientific** |
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|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Dominio: | Eukaryota  |
| Regno: | Animalia  |
| Subregno: | Bilateria  |
| Infraregno: | Deuterostomia  |

 |
| Phylo |
| **Chordata** Haeckel, 1874 |
| Classes e generes fossile: |
| * Cephalochordata
* †Pikaiidae
* †Metaspriggiidae
* Olfactores
	+ Tunicata
	+ Vertebrata
	+ †*Zhongxiniscus*
	+ †*Yunnanozoon*
 |

Le **chordatos** es animales characterisate per le presentia de un chorda neural tubular dorsal, o notochorda, sia durante tote le disveloppamento, sia in alicunes del phases de lor vita. Illos forma un phylo (nomine scientific *Chordata*). Il ha tres subphylos: Cephalochordata, Tunicata e Vertebrata.

## Definition

1 = protuberantia cerebral
2 = **notochorda**
3 = **neurocorda dorsal**
4 = **coda post-anal**
5 = ano
6 = tracto digestive
7 = systema circulatori
8 = atrioporo
9 = spatio suprapharyngee
10 = **fissuras pharyngee**

11 = pharynge
12 = vestibulo
13 = cirros oral
14 = apertura buccal
15 = gonades (ovario / testiculo)
16 = sensor de lumine
17 = nervos
18 = plica metapleural
19 = ceco hepatic (protohepate)

Anatomia del cephalochordate *Amphioxus*

Le chordatos forma un *phylo* — un gruppo de animales con un commun plan del corpore — organismos que ha tote le sequente:

* un notochordo, un typo de cartilagine que se extende in le interior del corpore.
* un tubo neural dorsal. In le pisces e altere vertebratos isto se disveloppa in le columna vertebral, le trunco principal de communicationes del systema nervose.
* fissuras pharyngee pro filtrar alimentos.
* un coda muscular.
* un endostylo. Isto es un cannellatura in le pariete ventral del pharynge que adjuta a transportar alimentos al esophago. Illo immagazina iodo, e es le precursor del glandula thyroide de vertebratos.

## Classification

### Supertaxones

* Deuterostomia

### Subtaxones

Le sequente schema es del libro *Vertebrate Palaeontology*.

* **Phylo Chordata**
	+ Subphylo **Tunicata** (Urochordata) — (tunicates, 3000 species)
	+ Subphylo **Cephalochordata** (Acraniata) — (lancelets, 30 species)
	+ Subphylo **Vertebrata** (vertebratos — animales con ossos; 57674 species)
		- Classe '**Agnatha'** (paraphyletic gruppo del vertebratos sin mandibula; 100+ species)
			* Subclasse Myxinoidea (pisce; 65 species)
			* Subclasse Petromyzontida (Lampredas)
			* Subclasse Conodonta
			* Subclasse **Pteraspidomorphi** (Pisce sin mandibula del paleozoica)
				+ Ordine Anaspida
				+ Ordine Thelodonti (Pisce sin mandibula del paleozoica)
		- Infraphylo **Gnathostomata** (Vertebratos con mandibula)
			* Classe **Placodermi** (Formas paleozoic con armatura)
			* Classe **Chondrichthyes** (Pisces cartilaginose; 900+ species)
			* Classe **Acanthodii** (Paleozoic "spiny sharks")
			* Classe **Osteichthyes** (Pisces con ossos; 30.000+ species)
				+ Subclasse **Actinopterygii** (Pisces ray-finned; 30.000 species)
				+ Subclasse **Sarcopterygii** (Pisces lobe-finned)
			* Superclasse **Tetrapoda** (Vertebratos con quatro pedes; 18.000+ species)
				+ Classe **Amphibia** (Amphibios; 6.000 species)
				+ Serie **Amniota** (con amniotic ovo)
					- Classe **Reptilia** — (reptiles; 8.225+ species)
						* Subclasse **Anapsida** (extincte "protoreptiles" e possibile tortucas)
						* Subclasse **Synapsida** ("reptiles" como mammal; 4.500+ species, progenitores del mammales)
						* Subclasse **Diapsida** (majoritate de reptiles, progenitores del aves)
					- Classe **Aves** (aves; 8.800–10.000 species)
					- Classe **Mammalia** (mammiferos; 5.800 species)

## Phylogenia

### Cladogramma externe

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| Deuterostomia |

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| Ambulacraria |

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Hemichordata  |
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Echinodermata  |
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| **Chordata** |

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Cephalochordata  |
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| Olfactores |

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Tunicata  |
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vertebrata  |
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### Cladogramma interne

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| **Chordata** |

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| Cephalochordata |

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Amphioxiformes (lancelets)  |
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| Olfactores |

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†*Haikouella* |
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| Tunicata |

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|  |  Appendicularia (previe Larvacea) |
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|  |  Stolidobranchia  |
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|  |  Thaliacea  |
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|  |  Enterogona |
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| Vertebrata |

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| Cyclostomata |

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Myxini  |
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Hyperoartia/Petromyzontida (lampredas)  |
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†Conodonta  |
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†Pteraspidomorphi (includes †Arandaspida, †Astraspida and †Heterostraci)  |
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†Cephalaspidomorphi (includes †Galeaspida, †Osteostraci and †Pituriaspida)  |
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| Gnathostomata |

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†"Placodermi" (paraphyletic; includes †Antiarchi, †Petalichthyida, †Ptyctodontida and †Arthrodira)  |
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| Crown |

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†"Acanthodii" (paraphyletic)  |
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Chondrichthyes (squalos, raias)  |
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| Euteleostomi |

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Actinopterygii  |
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| Sarcopterygii |

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Actinistia (celacanthos)  |
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Dipnoi  |
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|  Tetrapoda  |

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|  |  Amphibia  |
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|  Amniota  |

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|  Synapsida  |  Mammalia  |
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|  Sauropsida  |

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|  |  Lepidosauromorpha (lacertas, Serpentes)  |
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|  |  Archosauromorpha (crocodilos, aves)  |
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|  |   Testudinata (tortucas) |
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**Notas: Linias presenta relatia evolutionario probabile, includite taxones extincte, que es presentate con dagger, †. Alicun es non-vertebratos. Chordata es un phylo.

## Referentias

## Ligamines externe

* Chordate on GlobalTwitcher.com
* Chordate node at Tree Of Life (Archivate 2007-02-24 al Wayback Machine)
* Chordate node at NCBI Taxonomy