# Bible

| Bible |
| --- |
| The Gutenberg Bible, published in the mid-15th century by Johannes Gutenberg, is the first published Bible. |
| Information |
| Religion | * Christianity
* Judaism
* Samaritanism
 |
| Language | Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek |
| Period | *See Dating the Bible* |
| Books | * Samaritan Pentateuch: 5 books
* Jewish Hebrew Bible: 24 books
* Protestant canon (Luther's): 66 books
* Catholic canon: 73 books
* Eastern and Oriental Orthodox canon: 76 books
* Ethiopian Orthodox canon: 81 books
* *See Biblical canon*
 |
| **Full text** |
|  Bible at English Wikisource |

The **Bible**{ dharmik religious text ke ek sangrah hae jon Christianity aur Judaism ke khaatir ek khaas book hae, aur iske duusra Abrahamic religions dharam, jaise Islam bhi maane hae. The Bible ek anthology hae (a compilation of texts of a variety of forms) suruu me iske Hebrew bhasa (jisme kuchh hissa Aramaic bhasa) aur Koine Greek me hae. Bible me likha gais chij me hae instructions, khissa, kavita, prophecies, aur duusra genre bhi. Jon chij ke Bible ke hissa, koi ek dharmik sanskriti nai to samaj maane hae ke biblical canon bola jaawe hae. Biswas kare waala log ii biswas kare hae ki ii sab text product of divine inspiration hae, lekin jon rakam se uu log iske sanjhe hae aur iske kaise interpret the text kare hae, ek duusra dharam me different hae.

Dharmik book, nai to shastr ke alag-alag dharmik samaj aapan sangrah me rakkhae rahin. Isme se sab se puraana me Bible ke pahila paanch book hae , jiske Torah ('Teaching') Hebrew aur Pentateuch (meaning 'five books') Greek me bola jaawe hae. Duusra sab se puraana sangrah me hae narrative histories aur prophecies (the Nevi'im) ke sangrah. Tiisra sangrah hae, Ketuvim, jisme psalms, proverbs, aaur narrative itihaas hae. *Tanakh* Hebrew Bible ke duusra naam hae. Masoretic Text , Tanakh jiske Hebrew aur Aramaic me likha gais hae—that ke authoritative text of the Hebrew Bible by modern Rabbinic Judaism maana jaawe hae. Septuagint ek Koine Greek translation, Tanakh ke hae duusra aur tiisra century se; ii jaada kar ke Hebrew Bible ke overlap kare hae.

Christianity suruu bhais rahaa Second Temple Judaism me se, Septuagint ke Old Testament ke basis maan ke. Puraana church Jewish sanskriti of writing and incorporating what it saw as inspired, authoritative religious books ke jaari rakkhis rahaa. Gospels, jon Jesus ke jindagi aur parrhai ke baare me hae, Pauline epistles ke saathe, aur duusra book, jaldi se New Testament ban gais. Bible ke sab se puraana hissa c. 1200 BCE pahile talak hae, jab New Testament jaada kar ke 4th century CE me banaa rahaa.

Christian Bible ke puura bikri lagbhag 5 billion hae, jiske kaaran ii sab time ke sab se jaada bike waala book hae. Bible ke khaas asar duuno Western culture aur itihaas pe rahaa, aur duusra sanskriti pe bhi dinia bhar me.

## Naam

*Bible* sabd Hebrew Bible ke naam hoe sake hae, jon Christian Old Testament ke correspond kare hae, nai to Christian Bible, jon Old Testament ke saathe New Testament ke bhi saamil kare hae.

English sabd *Bible* Greek biblia se se aais hae, jiske matlab 'the books' hae. Sabd βιβλίον ke apne se matlab hae 'scroll' aur baad me iske *book* ke coomon name banaa. Ii βύβλος *byblos* ke chhotaa form hae, 'Egyptian papyrus', hoe sake hae Phoenician seaport Byblos (also known as Gebal) se jahan se Egyptian papyri ke Greece export karaa jaawat rahaa.

Greek *ta biblia* ek "an expression rahaa jiske Hellenistic Jews kaam me laae kke aapan dharmik books ke describe karat rahin". Bible ke scholar F. F. Bruce ii note kare hae ki ii lage hae ki John Chrysostom pahila lekhak rahaa (in his *Homilies on Matthew*, delivered between 386 and 388 CE) jon Greek phrase *ta biblia* ('the books') ke kaam me laais rahaa, Old aur New Testament ke saathe kar ke.

Latin me *biblia sacra* ('holy books') Greek τὰ βιβλία τὰ ἅγια (*tà biblía tà hágia)* ke translation hae, jiske matlab hae 'the holy books'. Medieval Latin biblia me ii *biblia sacra* 'holy book' ke chhotaa ruup hae. Iske baad me ek feminine singular noun (biblia, gen. bibliae) in medieval Latin, and so the word was loaned as singular into the vernaculars of Western Europe.

## Development and history

Book of Genesis, c. 1300 ke Hebrew Bible me
Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa), Dead Sea Scrolls me, jon Book of Isaiah ke sab se puraana copy hae
The Bible khaali ek book nai hae; ii books aur texts ke ek sangrah hae, jiske complex development ke abhi talak ouura nai samjha jaawe hae. Sab se puraana book, gaana ke ruup me suruu bhais rahaa aur khissa jiske ek generation se duusra generation ke muh se failaawa gais rahaa. Twenty-first century ke gyaani log abhi talak khaali "the interface between writing, performance, memorization, and the aural dimension" ii sab text ke shamjhe ke suruu karin hae. Abhi ii samjha jaawe hae ki lekh aur muh se failaawa gais jaankari alag nai rahaa kaajeki puraana lekh ke communal oral performance me sikha jaawat rahaa. Bible ke dher jan likhin aur compile kare rahin, jon dher scholars ii biswas kare hae ki abi talak anjaan hae aur ii log dher sanskriti aur des ke hae. **Script error: The function "sfnm" does not exist.**

Britain ke bible ke scholar, John K. Riches likhis hae:

>  Bible ke lekh ke uu jamaana me banaawa gais hae jisme lekhak ke rahe waala conditions – political, cultural, economic, and ecological – ek duusre se different rahaa. Kuchh lekh hae jon ii dekhae hae ki log ghuum-ghuum ke rahat rahin, kuch lekh uu log se hae jon ek established monarchy aur Mandir cult ke niche rahat rahin, kuchh lekh exile me likha gais hae, kuchh lekh bidesi raaj kare waala neta ke niche rahat rahin, raja log ke lekh, lekh jiske ghuum-ghuum ke parchaar kare waala log se hae, lekh uu log se jon apne ke sophisticated Hellenistic lekhak samjhat rahin. Ii uu jamaana ke hae jisme Homer, Plato, Aristotle, Thucydides, Sophocles, Caesar, Cicero, aur Catullus rahat rahin. Ii jamaana me Assyrian empire (twelfth to seventh century) aur Persian empire (sixth to fourth century), Alexander's campaigns (336–326), the rise of Rome and its domination of the Mediterranean (fourth century to the founding of the Principate, Template:BCE), the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple Mandir (70 CE), and the extension of Roman rule to parts of Scotland (84 CE) bhais rahaa.
>
>

Bible ke book ke suruu me papyrus scrolls me haanth se likha aur copy karaa gais rahaa. Koi original lekh abhi talak bachaa nai hae. Ii lekh ke pahila composition ke umar ke ke jaana sahaj nai hae aur iske baare me dher bahas hoe hae. Bhasa aur itihaas ke jorr ke, Hendel aur Joosten Hebrew Bible (the Song of Deborah in Judges 5 and the Samson story of Judges 16 and 1 Samuel) ke sab se puraana hissa ke premonarchial early Iron Age me compiel karaa gais rahaa (c. 1200 BCE). Dead Sea Scrolls, jiske 1947 me Qumran ke gufaa me paawa gais rahaa, ke 250 BCE aur 100 CE ke biich me trace karaa gais rahaa. Ii Hebrew Bible ke sab se puraana copy hae.**Script error: The function "sfnm" does not exist.**