# Latin alphabet

| Latin Roman |
| --- |
|  |
| Script type |  Akchhar
 |
| Time period | c. 700 BC – abhi talak |
| Official script | Roman Republic aur Roman Empire |
| Languages | Latin |
| Related scripts |
| Parent systems | Egyptian hieroglyphs* Proto-Sinaitic alphabet
	+ Phoenician alphabet
		- Greek alphabet
			* Old Italic script
				+ Latin
 |
| Child systems | Dher Latin alphabets; aur divergent derivations, jaise Osage |
| Sister systems | * Cyrillic
* Coptic
* Armenian
* Georgian
* Runic
 |
| ISO 15924 |
| ISO 15924 | Latn (215), ​Latin |
| Unicode |
| Unicode alias | Latin |
| Unicode range | *See Latin script in Unicode* |
|

**Latin alphabet**, jiske **Roman alphabet** bhi bola jaae hae, akchhar ke ek sangrah (collection) hae jiske pahile puraana Romans kaam me laae ke Latin likhat rahin. II uu samay se khaali thora badlaa hae, jaise ⟨J⟩ ke jagha ⟨I⟩, aur ⟨U⟩ ke jagha ⟨V⟩ aur ⟨W⟩ jorraa gais hae. Iske kaam me laae ke, jaada aadhmik bhasa ke likha jaawe hae, jaise Europe, Africa, the Americas, aur Oceania ke bhasa. Iske standardised form ISO basic Latin alphabet hae.

## Naam

*Latin alphabet* uu alphabet ke bola jaae sake hae jisme Latin likha jaae hae (jaise ii article me bataawa gais hae), nai to duusra alphabets jon Latin script pe based hae, jon basic set of letters hae jon dher alphabets jon classical Latin alphabet se descended hae, me common hae, jaise English alphabet. Ii Latin-script alphabets me se akchhar ke nikaale sake hae, jaise Rotokas alphabet, nai to nawaa akchhar ke jorre hae, jaise Danish aur Norwegian alphabets. Alchhar ke shapes pichhle tiin century me badal gais hae, jisme Medieval Latin ke lower-case bhi hae.

## Vikaas

Latin alphabet Etruscan alphabet se aais hae jon dekhe me wahii rakam lagat rahaa, jon Greek alphabet ke Cumaean Greek version se aais hae, jon Phoenician alphabet se aais hae, jon Egyptian hieroglyphs se aais hae. Etruscans puraana Rome pe raj karat rahin aur uulog ke akchhar Rome me kuchh din ke baad evolve hoe ke Latin alphabet banaa.
Middle Ages me, Latin alphabet ke kaam me laae ke (kabh-kabhi badlao ke baad) Romance bhasa likha jaawat rahaa, jon sidhe Latin se aais hae, aur Celtic, Germanic, Baltic aur kuchh Slavic languages bhi. Colonialism aur Christian evangelism ke kaaran, Latin script Europe se baahar faelaa, jiske kaam me laae ke indigenous American, Australian, Austronesian, Austroasiatic aur African bhasa likha jaae lagaa. Abhi haali ke time me linguists Latin script nai to International Phonetic Alphabet (jon apne jaada kar ke Latin script pe adhaarit hae) ke kaam me laae hae jab non-European bhasa ke written standards banaawa jaawe hae, jaise African reference alphabet.

## Itihaas

### Suruwaat

Ii jaada kar ke biswas karaa jaawe hae ki Latin alphabet, jiske Romans kaam me laawa karat rahin, Old Italic alphabet jiske Etruscans kaam me laawat rahin, se aais hae. Uu akchhar Euboean alphabet se aais rahaa, jiske Cumae kaam me laawat rahin, aur badle me ii Phoenician alphabet se aais rahaa.

#### Puraana Italic akchhar

Duenos inscription, jiske 6th century BC date karaa gais hae, Old Latin alphabet ke sab se pahile waala form dekhae hae

Puraana Italic akchhar| Letters | 𐌀 | 𐌁 | 𐌂 | 𐌃 | 𐌄 | 𐌅 | 𐌆 | 𐌇 | 𐌈 | 𐌉 | 𐌊 | 𐌋 | 𐌌 | 𐌍 | 𐌎 | 𐌏 | 𐌐 | 𐌑 | 𐌒 | 𐌓 | 𐌔 | 𐌕 | 𐌖 | 𐌗 | 𐌘 | 𐌙 | 𐌚 |
| Transliteration | A | B | C | D | E | V | Z | H | Θ | I | K | L | M | N | Ξ | O | P | Ś | Q | R | S | T | Y | X | Φ | Ψ | F |

#### Archaic Latin akchhar

Archaic Latin akchhar| As Old Italic | 𐌀 | 𐌁 | 𐌂 | 𐌃 | 𐌄 | 𐌅 | 𐌆 | 𐌇 | 𐌉 | 𐌊 | 𐌋 | 𐌌 | 𐌍 | 𐌏 | 𐌐 | 𐌒 | 𐌓 | 𐌔 | 𐌕 | 𐌖 | 𐌗 |
| As Latin | A | B | C | D | E | F | Z | H | I | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | V | X |

#### Puraana Latin akchhar

Latin me 21 alag-alag akchhar rahaa. ⟨C⟩, Greek gamma ke western form rahaa, lekin iske duuno awaaj /ɡ/ aur /k/ ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa, saait iske kaaran Etruscan influence rahaa hoi, jisme voiced plosives nai rahaa. Baad me, saait 3rd century BC me, ⟨Z⟩ – jiske Latin ke achchhaa se likhe khaatir jaruri nai rahaa, ke ⟨G⟩ se replace kar dewa gais rahaa, ⟨C⟩ ke ek chhotaa vertical stroke se badlaa gais rahaa. Iske baad, ⟨G⟩ voiced plosive /ɡ/ ke represent karat rahaa, jab ⟨C⟩ ke jaada kar ke voiceless plosive /k/ khaatir reserve karaa gais rahaa. ⟨K⟩ ke bahut kamtii kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa, kuchh sabd me, jaise *Kalendae*, jon ⟨C⟩ se interchangeable rahaa.

Puraana Latin akchhar| Letter | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | V | X |

#### Classical Latin alphabet

Jab 1st century BC me Rome, Greece ke aapan niche kar liis tab Latin, Greek letters ⟨Y⟩ aur ⟨Z⟩ ke apnais Greek loanwords ke likhe ke khaatir, aur iske alphabet ke ant me rakkhaa gais rahaa. Emperor Claudius tiin aur additional letters ⟨Ↄ, Ⅎ, Ⱶ⟩ ke introduce kare ke kosis karis lekin ii nai chalaa. classical Latin period ke time Latin alphabet me 21 letters aur 2 bidesi akchhar rahaa:

Classical Latin alphabet| Letter | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | V | X | Y | Z |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Latin name (majus) | á | bé | cé | dé | é | ef | gé | há | ꟾ | ká | el | em | en | ó | pé | qv́ | er | es | té | v́ | ix | ꟾ graeca | zéta |
| Transliteration | *ā* | *bē* | *cē*  | *dē*  | *ē* | *ef* | *gē*  | *hā* | *ī* | *kā*  | *el* | *em* | *en* | *ō*  | *pē* | *qū*  | *er* | *es*  | *tē* | *ū* | *ix*  | *ī Graeca* | *zēta* |
| Latin pronunciation (IPA) | aː | beː | keː | deː | eː | ɛf | ɡeː | haː | iː | kaː | ɛl | ɛm | ɛn | oː | peː | kuː | ɛr | ɛs | teː | uː | iks | iː ˈɡraɪka | ˈdzeːta |

The apices in this first-century inscription are very light. (There is one over the ó in the first line.) The vowel *I* is written taller rather than taking an apex. The interpuncts are comma-shaped, an elaboration of a more typical triangular shape. From the shrine of the Augustales at Herculaneum.
Ii akchhar ke Latin naam se sab log sahmat nai hae; jaise, ⟨H⟩ ke "la" nai to "la" bola jaawat rahaa. Jaada kar ke Romans traditional (Semitic-derived) naam ke nai kaam me laawat rahin, Greek me hae: plosives ke naam ke bana eke khaatir /eː/ ke uske awaaj (except for ⟨K⟩ aur ⟨Q⟩ me jorraa jaawat rahaa, jiske alag-alag vowel ke jaruri rahaa ⟨C⟩) se distinguish kare ke khaatir aur continuant ke naam ek niyam rahaa chaahe khaali awaaj ke, nai to awaaj jiske aage /e/ hae.

Jab akchhar ⟨Y⟩ ke introduce karaa gais rahaa tab iske saait "hy" /hyː/ bola gais rahaa, jaise Greek bhasa me hae, upsilon ke ii time kaam me nai laawa jaawat rahaa, lekin iske badal ke i Graeca ("Greek i") kar dewa gais rahaa, kaaheki Latin me baat kare waala log iske pardesi awaaj /y/ ke /i/ se distinguish nai kare paawat rahin. ⟨Z⟩ ke iske Greek naam, zeta dewa gais rahaa. Ii rakam ke akchhar ke naam ke jaada Europe ke bhasa kaam me laae hae jon Latin achhar ke kaam me laae hae.

Diacritics ke sab time kaam me nai laawa jaawat rahaa, lekin ii kabhi-kabhi howat rahaa, jisme se sab se common rahaa apex jiske kaam me laae ke long vowels ke mark karaa jaawat rahaa, jiske pahile kabh-kabhi doubled likha jaawat rahaa. Lekin ek apex le ke jagha, akchhar i ke taller likha jaawat rahaa: ⟨á é ꟾ ó v́⟩. Jaise, jon aaj-kal Lūciī a fīliī likha jaae hae ke pahile ⟨lv́ciꟾ·a·fꟾliꟾ⟩ likha jaawat rahaa.
Kuchh akchharr ke epigraphy me ek se jaada form hae.
Latin ke study kare waala log kuchh ke specially trea karin hae, jaise ⟨Ꟶ⟩, ⟨H⟩ ke ek varianr, jiske Roman Gaul me paawa jaawat rahaa.

Inscription with triangle-shaped interpunct
Punctuation ke interpunct se mark karaa jaawat rahaa, jiske word divider ke rakam kaam me laawa laawatrahaa, lekin 200 AD ke baad iske kaam me nai laawa gais.

Old Roman cursive script, jiske majuscule cursive aur capitalis cursive bhi bola jaawat rahaa, sab din ke kaam me laae waala handwriting rahaa, jiske chitthi likhe ke, vypaari log log business accounts rakkhe kae khaatir, school ke larrkan ke Latin akchhar likhe ke khaatir, aur raja log bhi emperors command issue kare ke khaatir, kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa. Ek jaada formal rakam ke likhe ke style, jon Roman square capitals pe based rahaa, ke bhi kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa lekin cursive ke quicker, informal writing ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa. Iske jaada kar ke 1st century BC se 3rd century talak kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa, lekin ii saait isse pahile rahaa hoi. Iske baad Uncial aais, ek majuscule script jiske 3rd se 8th centuries AD me jaada kar ke kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa, Latin aur Greek scribes se.
Tironian notes ek rakam ke shorthand system rahaa jisme hajaaro chinh rahaa.

New Roman cursive script, jiske minuscule cursive ke naam se bhi jaana jaawat rahaa, ke 3rd century se 7th century talak kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa, aur ii jon akchhar ke kaam me laae hae ke modern log pahchaane hae; ⟨a⟩, ⟨b⟩, ⟨d⟩, aur ⟨e⟩ , jaana-maana shape rahaa, aur akchhar ek duusre ke proportionate rahaa. Ii script evolve hoe ke dher rakam ke regional medieval scripts banaa (jaise, Merovingian, Visigothic Benevantan scripts), jiske baad me Carolingian minuscule replace karis rahaa.

### Medieval and later developments

*De chalcographiae inventione* (1541, Mainz) with the 23 letters. J, U and W are missing.
Jeton from Nuremberg, c. 1553
Middle Ages me akchhar ⟨W⟩ (jon pahile ek ligature dui ⟨V⟩s) ke rahaa, ke Latin alphabet me jorraa gais rahaa, uu Germanic bhasa ke awaaj ke represent kare ke khaatir jon medieval Latin me nai rahaa, aur khaali Renaissance ke baad the convention of treating ⟨I⟩ aur ⟨U⟩ as vowels, aur ⟨J⟩ aur ⟨V⟩ as consonants, establish hoe gais. Isse pahile vowels khaali consonants ke allograph.

Jab Europe chhota-chhota des me split hoe gae rahin, tab style of writing Middle Ages bhar badal gais rahaa, printing press ke invention ke baad bhi. Classical forms se pahila badle waala form uncial script rahaa, jon Old Roman cursive ke development rahaa, aur dher chhotaa-chhotaa scripts jonm New Roman cursive se develop bhain, jisme se insular script ke Irish literati develop kare rahin aur iske , jaise Carolingian minuscule ke sab se jaada asar rahaa, jon lower case forms of the letters ke introduce karis rahaa, aur iske alaawa duusra writing conventions bhi jon iske baad standard hoe gais hae.

Uu bhasa jon Latin script ke kaam me laae rahin, jaada kar ke capital letters ke kaam me laae ke paragraphs sentences ke suruu karat rahin aur proper nouns. Capitalization ke niyam smay ke saathe badal gais hae, aur different bhasa ke capitalization ke aapan niyam hae. Jaise, Old English, ke bahit kamti capitalization se likha jaawat rahaa, jab Modern English ke lekhak aur 17th and 18th century ke printers jaada kar ke sab noun ke capitalize karat rahin. ; jaise United States Constitution ke preamble:

> We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
>
>

This is still systematically done in modern German.