# Dunia

Dunia| *The Blue Marble*, Apollo 17, December 1972 |
| Designations |
| Alternative names | The world, the globe, Sol III, Terra, Tellus, Gaia, Mother Earth |
| Adjectives | Earthly, terrestrial, terran, tellurian |
| Symbol | 🜨 and ♁ |
| Orbital characteristics |
| Epoch J2000 |
| Aphelion | 152097597 km |
| Perihelion | 147098450 km |
| Semi-major axis | 149598023 km |
| Eccentricity | 0.0167086 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 365.256363004 d [ 1.00001742096 a ]j) |
| Average orbital speed | 29.7827 km/s |
| Mean anomaly | 358.617° |
| Inclination | * 7.155° – Sun's equator;
* 1.57869° – invariable plane;
* 0.00005° – J2000 ecliptic
 |
| Longitude of ascending node | −11.26064° – J2000 ecliptic |
| Time of perihelion | 2023-Jan-04 |
| Argument of perihelion | 114.20783° |
| Satellites | 1, the Moon |
| Physical characteristics |
| Mean radius | 6371.0 km |
| Equatorial radius | 6378.137 km |
| Polar radius | 6356.752 km |
| Flattening | 1/298.257222101 (ETRS89) |
| Circumference | * 40075.017 km equatorial
* 40007.86 km
 |
| Surface area | * 510072000 km2
* Land: 148940000 km2
* Water: 361132000 km2
 |
| Volume | 1.08321×1012 km3 |
| Mass | 5.972168×1024 kg |
| Mean density | 5.513 g/cm3 |
| Surface gravity | 9.80665 m/s2 |
| Moment of inertia factor | 0.3307 |
| Escape velocity | 11.186 km/s |
| Synodic rotation period | 1.0 d (24h 00 m 00s) |
| Sidereal rotation period | 0.99726968 d (23h 56 m 4.100s) |
| Equatorial rotation velocity | 0.4651 km/s |
| Axial tilt | 23.4392811° |
| Albedo | * 0.367 geometric
* 0.306 Bond
 |
| Temperature | 255 K (−18 °C) (blackbody temperature) |
|

| Surface temp. | min | mean | max |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|   | −89.2 °C | 14.76 °C | 56.7 °C |

 |
| Surface equivalent dose rate | 0.274 μSv/h |
| Absolute magnitude *(H)* | −3.99 |
| Atmosphere |
| Surface pressure | 101.325 kPa (at sea level) |
| Composition by volume | * 78.08% nitrogen (dry air)
* 20.95% oxygen (dry air)
* ≤1% water vapor (variable)
* 0.9340% argon
* 0.0415% carbon dioxide
* 0.00182% neon
* 0.00052% helium
* 0.00017% methane
* 0.00011% krypton
* 0.00006% hydrogen
 |

**Dunia** (pratiik: ) Suraj se duur tiisra planet hae. Ii Saur mandal (Solar System) ke chaar terrestrial planet me se ek hae. Iske matlab ii hae ki iske mass solid hae. Aur tiin terrestrial planet hae Mercury, Venus aur Mars.

Dunia me dher rakam ke perr aur janwar hae, jisme admii bhi hae. Dunia universe ke ekke jagha hae jahan pe ii jaana jaawe hae ki jew hae. Science se ii pataa lage hae ki dunia 4.5 billion saal pahile banaa rahaa. Dunia me rahe waala chij dunia ke hawaa ke badal diin hae.

Dunia ke 71% of surface khaara paani waala ocean se covered hae. Baaki 29% me patthar waala jamiin continent aur island ke ruup me hae. Dunia Solar System ke aur planet se interact kare hae, particularly jaada kar ke Suraj aaur Chandarma se. Dunia, Suraj ke around orbit kare hae har 365.25 din me. Ek nachaai ke ek *din* bola jaawe hae aur ek orbit ke ek *saal* bolaa jaawe hae. Dunia ke lage khaali ek chandarma hae.

## Dunia ke itihaas

Dunia, aur duusra sab planet bhi, 4.6 billion saal pahile banaa rahaa. Iske suruwaat Suraj se alag hae. Jab ke Suraj lagbhag puura hydrogen se banaa hae, sab planet duusra elements se banaa hae. Chhota planets, jaise ki Mercury, Venus, Dunia aur Mars puura garrhu element se banaa hae, lekin "gas giants" jaise ki Jupiter dher proportion me hydrogen aur helium se banaa hae.

Scientists log ii samjhr hae ki dunia ke Chandarma banaa rahaa jab dunia aur ek duusra planet (jiske kabh-kabhi Theia bola jaae hae) ek duusre ke dhakka maare rahin aur chandarma me duuno planet ke hissa hae.

Dunia ke paani duusra jagha se aais hae. Jab comet aur asteroid nunia ke dhakka maarin tab usme se paani condense hoe ke samundar ban gais.. Lagbhag 3.6 billion saal pahile, dunia me jiu suruu bhais rahaa.

## Duusra websites

* "Solar Views". Calvin J. Hamilton. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
* "NASA – Earth". Nasa. Archived from the original on 2005-03-10. Retrieved 6 August 2009.

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