# Aristotle

| Western philosophy Ancient philosophy |
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Marble bust of Aristotle. Roman copy after a Greek bronze original by Lysippus c. 330 BC. The alabaster mantle is modern |
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Name |
(Ἀριστοτέλης), *Aristotélēs* |
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Birth |
384 BC Stageira, Chalcidice |
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Death
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322 BC Euboea
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School/tradition |
Peripatetic school Aristotelianism |
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Main interests
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Physics, Metaphysics, Poetry, Theatre, Music, Rhetoric, Politics, Government, Ethics, Biology, Zoology
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Notable ideas
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Golden mean, Reason, Logi], Passion
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Influences
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Parmenides, Socrates, Plato, Heraclitus, Democritus
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Influenced
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Alexander the Great, Avicenna, Averroes, Maimonides, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, Ptolemy, Copernicus, Galileo, and most of Islamic philosophy, Jewish philosophy, Christian philosophy, Western philosophy, science and **more...**.
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**Aristotle** (Greek Αριστοτέλης Aristotelēs) (janam 384 BC Stagira, Macedonia, Greece; maut 7 March, 323 BC Chalicis, Euboea, Greece) ek Greek philosopher rahaa. Bahut log ii soche hae ki Plato ke saathe, uu Western dunia ke ek khaas philosopher rahaa. Ii bataawa jaawe hae ki Aristotle 150 book likhis hae. Aristotle, Alexander the Great ke bajpan ke guru rahaa.

## Jindagi

Aristotle ke pitaji, Nicomachus, Macedonia ke Amyntas Raja ke doctor rahaa. Aapan 18th janam din se lae ke 37th janam din talak Aristotle Athens me rahaa, jahaan pe uu Plato ke student rahaa. Lagbhag 18 saal ke umar me uu Athens gais aur Plato ke Academy me parrhe lagaa. Hian pe uu lagbhag 20 saal talak rahaa aur 347 BC me, jab Plato ke maut bhais, tab uu ii jagha ke chhorris.

Iske baad uu Xenocrates ke saathe Asia Minor gais. Jab uu Asia me rahaa tab uu Theophrastus ke saathe Lesbos gais jahan pe uu log ii island ke botany aur zoology adhyan karin, Hermias ke maut ke baad, Aristotle ke Macdonia ke Philip II uske larrka Alexander the Great ke parrhae ke 343 B.C. me suruu karis.

Aristotle ke Royal Academy of macedon ke mukhia banaawa gais rahaa. Aristotle ke Macedonian court me rahe ke time uu khaali Alexander nai, lekin aage hoe waala raja, Ptolemy aur Cassander ke bhi parrhais rahaa. Aristotle, Alexander ke Persia ke aapan niche kare ke encourage rahaa. 335 BCme Aristotle Athens laut aais aur uu Lyceum me ek library banais jisme uu dher sau "papyrus scroll" ke kitaab banais. Uu aapan school banais aur 12 saal talak huan pe parrhais. Athens me Aristotle ke aurat marr gais aur uu duusra aurat rakkhais aur uske ek larrka, Nicomachus paaida bhais.

335 aur 323 BC me jab uu Athens me rahaa tab uu aapan khaas kaam karis aur treatise likhis. Uske khaas treatises rahaa Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics, Politics, On the Soul aue Poetics. Aristotle adyan karis aur khaas yogdaan logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, kheti, medicine, dance aur theatre me diis rahaa.

Uske jindagi ke aakhri din talak Alexander aur Aristotle ke biich me batbhed hoe gais kaaheki Aristotle, Alexander ke Persians se sambandh uske pasand nai rahaa. Bahut jane Aristotle ke Alexander ke maut ke jimewaar bataae hae lekin iske kuchh sabuut nai hae. Alexander ke maut ke baad Athens me Macedonian ke virod me hoe gain aur Aristotle ke uske maiyaa ke palwaar ke estate me bhaag ke rahe ke parraa rahaa.

## Theoretical philosophy

### Tarksastr (Logic)

Pahile se analyse kare ke baad, Aristotle is sab se pahila systematic tarksastr ke adhyan karis rahaa, aur uske bichaar Western tarksastr me 19th-century talak sab se jaada rahaa jisse mathematical logic me pagati bhais rahaa. Kant ii bhi bolis rahaa ki *Critique of Pure Reason* ki Aristotle ke logic puura rahaa.

#### *Organon*

 Plato (left) and Aristotle, Raphael ke 1509 ke fresco, *The School of Athens* me. Aristotle aapan *Nicomachean Ethics* aur gestures to the earth ke pakrre hae, jon uske immanent realism ke raae ke represent kare hae, jab Plato swarg ke bagal dehae hae, jon uske Theory of Forms ke indicate kare hae, aur pakkrre hae aapan *Timaeus*.
Aristotle ke jaada kaam saait uske thiik form me nai hae , kaaheki ki iske badal dewa gais hae uske syudents nai to baad ke sikchhak dwaara. Aristotle ke tarkik kaam ke, lagbhag 40 BC me Andronicus of Rhodes aur uske duusra chela log, chhe book me, sangrah kare rahin, jiske *Organon* bola jaawe hae. . Ii book hae:

1. *Categories*
2. *On Interpretation*
3. *Prior Analytics*
4. *Posterior Analytics*
5. *Topics*
6. *On Sophistical Refutations*

Ii nai jaana jaawe hae ki ii book ke kon order me likha gais rahaa ( aur kon sikchha me se iske sangrah karaa gais rahaa), lekin ii suchi ke Aristotle ke lekh ke analysis se derive karaa gais hae. Ii muul baat (basics) se suruu hoe ke, simple terms ke analysis *Categories* me, propositions aur their elementary relations ke analysis *On Interpretation* me se, aur complex forms ke adhyan talak, jaise, syllogisms aur demonstration ( *Analytics* me) aur dialectics ( *Topics* aur *Sophistical Refutations* me). Pahila tiin treatises logical theory *stricto sensu* ke core bane hae: the grammar of the language of logic and the correct rules of reasoning. The *Rhetoric* is not conventionally included, but it states that it relies on the *Topics*.

#### Syllogism

One of Aristotle's types of syllogism| In words | In terms | In equations |
| --- | --- | --- |
|     Sab admii naashwan (mortal) hae.     Sab Greek admii hae. ∴ Sab Greek naashwan (mortal) hae. | M a P S a M S a P |  |

## Aristotle ke paanch elements

Aapan kitaab, On Generation and Corruption, me Aristotle chaar element, dunia, paani, hawaa, aur aagi jiske Empedocles pahile propose karis rahaa ke chaar me se dui "sensible qualities", garam, thandaa, bhiijaa aur suukha me karis rahaa. Empedoclean ke raae me sab "matter" chaar element se banaa hae, different proportion me. Aristotle, ek aur "heavenly" aether, jon ki taara aur planet ke jorris.

Aristotle ke elements| Element | Garam/Thandaa | Bhijaa/Suukha | Motion | Aadhmik state of matter |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Dunia** | Thandaa | Suukha | Down | Karraa |
| **paani** | Cold | Wet | Down | Ras |
| **Hawaa** | Garam | Bhiija | Up | Gas |
| **Aagi** | Garam | suukha | Up | Plasma |
| **Aether** | (divine substance) | — | Circular (in heavens) | Vacuum |

## Gatii

Aristotle dui rakam ke gatii ke baare me bataae hae: "violent" nai to "unnatural gatii", jaise ki jab ek patthar ke bigaa jaawe hae, aur "natural gatii", jaise ki koi chij gire hae. Violent gatii me, jaise iske agent ruk jaae hae, tab gatii bhi ruk jaawe hae: jiske matlab hae ki ek chij nature me ekke jagha raka rahe hai, kaaheki Aristotle friction ke baare me kuchh nai bole hae. Ii samajh ke, ii dekha jaawe hae ki, jaise Aristotle batais hae, garrhu chij ke khaskaae me jaada force lage hae aur jon chij ke jaada force se dhakela jaawe hae aur jor se chale hae. This would imply the equation Isse WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_0 ke equation bane hae, jon aadhmik physics me sahi nai hae.

Natural gatii uske element pe nirbar rahe hae: aether aasmaan me golaa ghume hae, jab ki chaar Empedoclean element sidhe uppar jaawe hae (jaise aagi me dekha jaaawe hae, nai to niche ( jaise dunia) uulog ke natural resting place me jaawe hae.

 Aristotle ke gatii ke niyam. *Physics* me uu batae hae ki chij gire hae uu raftaar se jon uske wajan ke proportional hae aur fluid jisme uu immersed hae ke density ke inversely proportional hae . Ii dunia ke gravitational field me gire waala chij ke khaatir sahii hae .
## Duusra websites

* Works by Aristotle

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