# English bhasa

| English |
| --- |
| Spoken in | (see below) |
| Native speakers | First language: 309–400 million Second language: 199 million–1.4 billion Overall: 500 million–1.8 billion  (*date missing*) |
| Language family | Indo-European
* Germanic
	+ West Germanic
		- Anglo–Frisian
			* Anglic
				+ **English**
 |
| Writing system | Latin (English variant) |
| Official status |
| Official language in | 53 countries United Nations European Union Commonwealth of Nations CoE NATO NAFTA OAS OIC PIF UKUSA |
| Regulated by | *No official regulation* |
| Language codes |
| ISO 639-1 | en |
| ISO 639-2 | eng |
| ISO 639-3 | eng |
| Linguasphere | 52-ABA |
|   Des, jahan pe English sarkari, de facto sarkari, nai to national bhasa hae
  Des, jahan pe English sarkari basa hae lekin jaada log ke matr bhasa nai hae. |

**English language** uu bhasa hae jiske Germanic tribes log suruu karin rahaa jab ki uu logan England aain lagbag 450 AD me. English, dunia ke dher des me baat karaa jaae hae. Lag bhag 380 million log ke ii mother tongue hae jis ki kaaran ii dunia ke duusra sav se jaada bola jaae waala bhasa hae. Lag bhag 220 million aur log iske achchha se second language ke rakam se baat kare hae. English bhasa me dunia ke dher bhasa ke sabd hae.

## Uu des jahaan pe English khaas bhasa hae

English Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Canada, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Grenada, Guam, Guernsey, Guyana, Ireland, Isle of Man, Jamaica, Jersey, Montserrat, Nauru, New Zealand, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Singapore, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, the Turks and Caicos Islands, United Kingdom aur United States me khaas bhasa hae.

Uu des jahaan pe Englih e jaada baat nai araa jaawe hae lekin official bhasa hae me hae Botswana, Cameroon, the Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Gambia, Ghana, India, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines (Philippine English), Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Samoa, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, aur Zimbabwe.

Ii South Africa ke gyrah official lbhasa me se ek hae (English). English ii sab colony ke bhi official bhasa hae: Norfolk Island, Christmas Island, Cocos Island, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, aur Hong Kong.

English United States ke Federal Government ke official bhas nai hae. lekin 50 me se 30 state ke official bhasa hae. Jab ki ii sab des m ii official bhasa nai hae, lekin ii sab des e ii ek jaada kaam me laae wala bhasa hae. Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brunei, Cyprus, Malaysia, aur United Arab Emirates.

## Itihaas

paanchavin aur chhathi sadi men briten ke dvipon par uttar ki or se engal aur seksan kabilon ne hamalaa kiyaa thaa aur unhonne keltik bhaashaaen bolane vaale sthaaniy logon ko skontalaenda, aayaralaend aur vels ki or dhakel diyaa thaa.

aathavin aur navin sadi men uttar se vaaikings aur nors kabilon ke hamale bhi aaranbh ho gae rahaa aur is prakaar vartamaan ingalaend kaa kshetr kai prakaar ki bhaashaa bolane vaalon kaa desh ban gayaa, aur kai puraane shabdon ko nae arth mil gae. Jaese – drim (*dream*) kaa arth us samay tak aanand lenaa thaa lekin uttar ke vaaikings ne ise sapane kaa arth de diyaa. Isi prakaar skart kaa shabd bhi uttari hamalaavaron ke saath yahaan aayaa. Lekin isakaa rup badal kar shart (*shirt*) ho gayaa. Baad men donon shabd alaga-alag arthon men prayukt hone lage aur aaj tak ho rahe hae.

san 500 se lekar 1100 tak ke kaal ko puraani English kaa dau r kahaa jaataa hae. 1066 isvi men duke of nonramandi ne ingalaend par hamalaa kiyaa aur yahaan ke englo-saeksonn kabilon par vijay paais hai. Is prakaar puraani Pharaansisi bhaasha ke shabd sthaaniy bhaashaa men milane lage. English kaa yah dau r 1100 se 1500 tak jaari rahaa aur ise English kaa vistaar vaalaa dau r madhyakaalin English kahaa jaataa hae. Kaाnun aur aparaadha-dand se sanbandh rakhane vaale bahut se English shabd isi kaal men prachalit hue. English saahity men chau sar (*Chaucer*) ki shaayari ko is bhaashaa kaa mahatvapurn udaaharan bataayaa jaataa hae.

san 1500 ke baad English kaa aadhunik kaal aaranbh hotaa hae jisamen unani bhaasha ke kuchh shabdon ne milanaa aaranbh kiyaa. Yah dau r kaa Sheksapiyar jaese saahityakaar ke naam se aaranbh hotaa hae aur ye dau r san 1800 tak chalataa hae. Usake baad English kaa aadhunikatam dau r kahalaataa hae jisamen English vyaakaran saral ho chukaa hae aur usamen angrejaोn ke nae aupaniveshik eshiyaai aur aphrikaी logon ki bhaashaaon ke bahut se shabd shaamil ho chuke hae.

vishv raajaniti, saahitya, vyavasaay aadi men Amarika ke bar ti hue prabhaav se amariki English ne bhi vishesh sthaan praapt kar liyaa hae. Isakaa dusaraa kaaran british logon kaa saamraajyavaad bhi thaa. Vartani ki saralataa aur baat karane ki saral aur sugam shaeli amariki English ki visheshataaen hae.

## Dhvaniyaan

### **svara**

| IPA | vivaran | hindi uchchaaran (lagabhaga) | English shabd | English speling ke akshara |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| en:monophthongs |
| i/iː | en:Close front unrounded vowel | i | mach**i**ne | e, ee, ea, ie, i, ey, eo |
| ɪ | en:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel | i | b**i**t | i, e, y, a, u, ee, ey, ia, ai, ui, ei |
| ɛ | en:Open-mid front unrounded vowel | \*chhotaa ऍ | r**e**d | e, ea, a, u, ie, ei, ai, ay |
| æ | en:Near-open front unrounded vowel | \*ae | c**a**t | a |
| ɒ | en:Open back rounded vowel | \*chhotaa ऑ | h**o**t | o, ua, au, ou, ow |
| ɔ | en:Open-mid back rounded vowel | \*au | c'*au*ght | a, or, our, ore, ough, oor, aw, al, oar, ough, o, ar |
| ɑ/ɑː | en:Open back unrounded vowel | aa | f**a**ther | a, au, e, ea |
| ʊ | en:Near-close near-back rounded vowel | u | p**u**t | u, o, ou, oo, oe |
| u/uː | en:Close back rounded vowel | u | r**u**le | u, oo, o, ou, ui, ew, eau, oe, wo |
| ʌ/ɐ | en:Open-mid back unrounded vowel, en:Near-open central vowel | \*chhotaa aa | c**u**t | u, o, ou, oo, oe |
| ɝ/ɜː | en:Open-mid central unrounded vowel | lambaa a | b**ir**d | er, ir, ur, or, ear, our |
| ə | en:Schw | a | **a**bove | a, ar, e, er, o (unstressed) |
| ɨ | en:Close central unrounded vowel | \*chhotaa i | ros**e**z | es, i |
| en:diphthongs |
| eɪ | en:Close-mid front unrounded vowel en:Close front unrounded vowel | \*ei | g**a**te | a, ay, ai, ey, ea |
| oʊ/əʊ | en:Close-mid back rounded vowel en:Near-close near-back rounded vowel | \*ou | h**o**me | o, ow, oa, ou |
| aɪ | en:Open front unrounded vowel en:Near-close near-front rounded vowel | aai | t**i**me | i, y, igh, ei, uy |
| aʊ | en:Open front unrounded vowel en:Near-close near-back rounded vowel | aau | h**ou**se | ou, ow |
| ɔɪ | en:Open-mid back rounded vowel en:Close front unrounded vowel | \*ऑi | sp**oi**l | oi, oy |

### **vyanjana**

|  | bilabial oshthy | Labiodental dantyoshthy | dental danty | alveolar vartsy | post- alveolar paraa-varts | palatal taalavy | velar kanthy | glottal kaakaly |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **plosive sparsh** | p p b ba |  |  | t \*ta--t d \*da--da |  |  | k k g ga |  |
| **nasal anunaasik** | m ma |  |  | n na |  |  | ŋ n |  |
| **flap utkshipit** |  |  |  | ɾ \*ra |  |  |  |  |
| **fricative sangharshi** |  | f \*pha v \*va | θ \*th ð \*da | s s z \*ja | ʃ \*sh ʒ \*shjha |  |  | h \*ha |
| **affricate sparsha-sangharshi** |  |  |  |  | tʃ \*ch dʒ \*ja |  |  |  |
| **en:approximant ardhasvar** | w \*va |  |  | ɹ \*ra |  | j ya |  |  |
| **lateral approximant paarshvik** |  |  |  | l la, ɫ \*la |  |  |  |  |

yahaan \* kaa arth un svaron par nishaan lagaanaa hae jo hindi ke dhvani-tantr men nahin hote, yaa jinakaa shuddh uchchaaran adhikaansh bhaaratiy nahin kar paate .

### Dhvani-aksharamaalaa sambandh

| IPA | varnmaalaa kaa akshara | any boliyon men |
| --- | --- | --- |
| p | p |  |
| b | b |  |
| t | t, th *(rarely) thyme, Thames* | th *thing* *( African-American, New York)* |
| d | d | th *that* *( African-American, New York)* |
| k | c *(+ a, o, u, consonants)*, k, ck, ch, qu *(rarely) conquer*, kh *(in foreign words)* |  |
| g | g, gh, gu *(+ a, e, i)*, gue *(final position)* |  |
| m | m |  |
| n | n |  |
| ŋ | n *(before g or k)*, ng |  |
| f | f, ph, gh *(final, infrequent) laugh, rough* | th *thing* *(many forms of English used in England)* |
| v | v | th *with* *( en:Cockney, en:Estuary English)* |
| θ | th : there is no obvious way to identify which is which from rahaa spelling. |  |
| ð |
| s | s, c *(+ e, i, y)*, sc *(+ e, i, y)* |  |
| z | z, s *(finally or occasionally medially)*, |

## Shabdaavali

chunki English ek jarmanik bhaashaa hae, usaki adhikatar daenik upayog ki shabdaavali **praachin jarmana** se aayaी hae . Isake atirikt bhi English men kai rinashabd hae. Ek sarvekshan ke anusaar sthiti ye hae :

* Pharaansisi aur praachin pharaansisi : 28.3 %
* Laetin : 28.2 %
* Praachin grik : 5.32 %
* praachin English, praachin nonrs aur Dach : 25 %

## Other websites

* BBC resources for English language students
* Resources for English language students
* More than 20000 English words recorded by a native speaker Archived 2009-06-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Activities for English language students
* Re-Romanization of English
* The English Wikipedia
* Tools For English Language
* Simple English books about the Bible
* English Definitions Archived 2011-07-09 at the Wayback Machine