# डाउ जोन्स औद्योगिक औसत

डाउ जोन्स औद्योगिक औसत
Dow Jones Industrial Average|  |
| स्थापित | फ़रवरी 16, 1885 (1885-02-16) (as DJA) मई 26, 1896 (1896-05-26) (as DJIA) |
| बाजार पूंजी॰ | $8.33 खरब (trillion) (Dec. 2019) |
| वेबसाइट | us.spindices.com/indices/equity/dow-jones-industrial-average |

**डाउ जोन्स इंडस्ट्रियल एवरेज** (Dow Jones Industrial Average) या **डीजेआईए** (DJIA) अर्थात **डाउ जोन्स औद्योगिक औसत**, या सिर्फ **डाउ** (/ˈdaʊ/), एक शेयर बाजार सूचकांक है जो संयुक्त राज्य में स्टॉक एक्सचेंजों में सूचीबद्ध 30 बड़ी कंपनियों के स्टॉक प्रदर्शन को मापता है। हालाँकि, यह सबसे अधिक अनुसरण किए जाने वाले इक्विटी सूचकांकों में से एक है, फिर भी कई लोग डॉव को कुल मार्केट इंडेक्स जैसे कि विल्शायर 5000 या रसेल 3000 की तुलना में समग्र अमेरिकी शेयर बाजार का एक अपर्याप्त प्रतिनिधित्व मानते हैं, क्योंकि यह केवल 30 बड़ी कैप कंपनियों को शामिल करता है, तथा यह बाजार पूंजीकरण से भारांकित नहीं होता है, और भारित अंकगणित माध्य का उपयोग नहीं करता है।

## घटक

2 अप्रैल, 2019 से, डाउ जोन्स इंडस्ट्रियल एवरेज में निम्नलिखित कंपनियां शामिल हैं:

| कम्पनी | विनिमय (Exchange) | प्रतीक (Symbol) | उद्योग | जुड़ने की तिथि | टिप्पणियाँ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 3M | NYSE | NYSE: MMM | Conglomerate | 1976-08-09 | as Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing |
| American Express | NYSE | NYSE: AXP | वित्तीय सेवाएँ | 1982-08-30 |  |
| Apple Inc. | NASDAQ | AAPL | Information technology | 2015-03-19 |  |
| Boeing | NYSE | NYSE: BA | Aerospace manufacturer and Arms industry | 1987-03-12 |  |
| Caterpillar Inc. | NYSE | NYSE: CAT | Construction and Mining | 1991-05-06 |  |
| Chevron Corporation | NYSE | NYSE: CVX | Petroleum industry | 2008-02-19 | also 1930-07-18 to 1999-11-01 |
| Cisco Systems | NASDAQ | CSCO | Information technology | 2009-06-08 |  |
| The Coca-Cola Company | NYSE | NYSE: KO | Food industry | 1987-03-12 | also 1932-05-26 to 1935-11-20 |
| Dow Inc. | NYSE | NYSE: DOW | Chemical industry | 2019-04-02 |  |
| ExxonMobil | NYSE | NYSE: XOM | Petroleum industry | 1928-10-01 | as Standard Oil of New Jersey |
| Goldman Sachs | NYSE | NYSE: GS | वित्तीय सेवाएँ | 2013-09-20 |  |
| The Home Depot | NYSE | NYSE: HD | Retailing | 1999-11-01 |  |
| IBM | NYSE | NYSE: IBM | Information technology | 1979-06-29 | also 1932-05-26 to 1939-03-04 |
| Intel | NASDAQ | INTC | Information technology | 1999-11-01 |  |
| Johnson & Johnson | NYSE | NYSE: JNJ | Pharmaceutical industry | 1997-03-17 |  |
| JPMorgan Chase | NYSE | NYSE: JPM | वित्तीय सेवाएँ | 1991-05-06 |  |
| McDonald's | NYSE | NYSE: MCD | Food industry | 1985-10-30 |  |
| Merck & Co. | NYSE | NYSE: MRK | Pharmaceutical industry | 1979-06-29 |  |
| Microsoft | NASDAQ | MSFT | Information technology | 1999-11-01 |  |
| Nike | NYSE | NYSE: NKE | Apparel | 2013-09-20 |  |
| Pfizer | NYSE | NYSE: PFE | Pharmaceutical industry | 2004-04-08 |  |
| Procter & Gamble | NYSE | NYSE: PG | Fast moving consumer goods | 1932-05-26 |  |
| The Travelers Companies | NYSE | NYSE: TRV | वित्तीय सेवाएँ | 2009-06-08 |  |
| UnitedHealth Group | NYSE | NYSE: UNH | Managed health care | 2012-09-24 |  |
| United Technologies | NYSE | NYSE: UTX | Conglomerate | 1939-03-14 | as United Aircraft |
| Verizon | NYSE | NYSE: VZ | दूरसंचार | 2004-04-08 |  |
| Visa Inc. | NYSE | NYSE: V | वित्तीय सेवाएँ | 2013-09-20 |  |
| Walmart | NYSE | NYSE: WMT | Retailing | 1997-03-17 |  |
| Walgreens Boots Alliance | NASDAQ | WBA | Retailing | 2018-06-26 |  |
| The Walt Disney Company | NYSE | NYSE: DIS | Broadcasting and मनोरंजन | 1991-05-06 |  |

## भूतपूर्व घटक

2 अप्रैल, 2019 तक, डीजेआईए के घटक 26 मई 1896 को इसके शुरू होने के बाद से 53 बार बदल चुके है। जनरल इलेक्ट्रिक की सूचकांक पर सबसे लंबी निरंतर उपस्थिति थी, जो 1907 में शुरू हुई और 2018 में समाप्त हुई। 1991 के बाद सूचकांक में परिवर्तन इस प्रकार हैं:

* On May 6, 1991, Caterpillar Inc., J.P. Morgan Chase, and the Walt Disney Company replaced American Can, Navistar, and U.S. Steel.
* On March 17, 1997, The Travelers Companies, Hewlett-Packard, Johnson & Johnson, and Walmart replaced Westinghouse Electric, Texaco, Bethlehem Steel, and F. W. Woolworth Company.
* On November 1, 1999, Microsoft, Intel, SBC Communications, and Home Depot replaced Goodyear Tire, Sears Roebuck, Union Carbide, and Chevron Corporation.
* On April 8, 2004, American International Group, Pfizer, and Verizon Communications replaced AT&T Corporation, Kodak, and International Paper.
* On February 19, 2008, Chevron Corporation and Bank of America replaced Altria Group and Honeywell. Chevron was previously a Dow component from July 18, 1930 to November 1, 1999. During Chevron's absence, its split-adjusted price per share went from $44 to $85, while the price of petroleum rose from $24 to $100 per barrel.
* On September 22, 2008, Kraft Foods Inc. replaced American International Group (AIG) in the index.
* On June 8, 2009, The Travelers Companies and Cisco Systems replaced Motors Liquidation Company (formerly General Motors) and Citigroup. Cisco became the third company traded on the NASDAQ to be part of the Dow.
* On September 24, 2012, UnitedHealth Group replaced Kraft Foods Inc. following Kraft's split into Mondelez International and Kraft Foods.
* On September 20, 2013, Goldman Sachs, Nike, Inc., and Visa Inc. replaced Alcoa, Bank of America, and Hewlett-Packard. Visa replaced Hewlett-Packard because of the split into HP Inc. and Hewlett Packard Enterprise.
* On March 19, 2015, Apple Inc. replaced AT&T, which had been a component of the DJIA since November 1916. Apple became the fourth company traded on the NASDAQ to be part of the Dow.
* On September 1, 2017, DowDuPont replaced DuPont. DowDuPont was formed by the merger of Dow Chemical Company with DuPont.
* On June 26, 2018, Walgreens Boots Alliance replaced General Electric, which had been a component of the DJIA since November 1907, after being part of the inaugural index in May 1896 and much of the 1896 to 1907 period.
* On April 2, 2019, Dow Inc. replaced DowDuPont. Dow, Inc. is a spin-off of DowDuPont, itself a merger of Dow Chemical Company and DuPont.

## निवेश के तरीके (Investment methods)

डीजेआईए में निवेश इंडेक्स फंड्स के साथ-साथ डेरिवेटिव्स जैसे कि विकल्प अनुबंध और वायदा अनुबंध के जरिए संभव है।

### म्यूचुअल और एक्सचेंज-ट्रेडेड फंड (Mutual and exchange-traded funds)

### वायदा अनुबंध (Futures contracts)

### विकल्प अनुबंध (Options contracts)

**निक्षेपागार रसीदें (Depositary Receipts - ADRs & GDRs) Archived 2023-08-24 at the वेबैक मशीन**

## वार्षिक पुनर्प्राप्ति (Annual returns)

निम्न तालिका डाउ जोन्स सूचकांक (इंडेक्स) के वार्षिक विकास को दर्शाती है, जिसकी गणना 1885 को आधार मानकर की गई थी।

तालिका दिखाएं/छिपाएँ| वर्ष | समापन स्तर (Closing level) | सूचकांक में बदलाव (अंकों में) | सूचकांक में बदलाव (% में) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1885 | 39.29 | 10.83 | 38.05 |
| 1886 | 41.03 | 1.74 | 4.43 |
| 1887 | 37.58 | −3.45 | −8.41 |
| 1888 | 39.39 | 1.81 | 4.82 |
| 1889 | 41.56 | 2.17 | 5.51 |
| 1890 | 35.68 | −5.88 | −14.15 |
| 1891 | 41.97 | 6.29 | 17.63 |
| 1892 | 39.21 | −2.76 | 6.58 |
| 1893 | 29.57 | −9.64 | −24.59 |
| 1894 | 29.40 | −0.17 | −0.57 |
| 1895 | 30.07 | 0.67 | 2.28 |
| 1896 | 29.56 | −0.51 | −1.70 |
| 1897 | 36.07 | 6.51 | 22.02 |
| 1898 | 44.18 | 8.11 | 22.48 |
| 1899 | 48.24 | 4.06 | 9.19 |
| 1900 | 51.62 | 3.38 | 7.01 |
| 1901 | 47.13 | −4.49 | −8.70 |
| 1902 | 46.93 | −0.20 | −0.42 |
| 1903 | 35.85 | −11.08 | −23.61 |
| 1904 | 50.82 | 14.97 | 41.76 |
| 1905 | 70.23 | 19.41 | 38.19 |
| 1906 | 68.88 | −1.35 | −1.92 |
| 1907 | 42.89 | −25.99 | −37.73 |
| 1908 | 62.89 | 20.00 | 46.63 |
| 1909 | 72.31 | 9.42 | 14.98 |
| 1910 | 59.40 | −12.91 | −17.85 |
| 1911 | 59.63 | 0.23 | 0.39 |
| 1912 | 64.15 | 4.52 | 7.58 |
| 1913 | 57.51 | −6.64 | −10.35 |
| 1914 | 54.58 | −2.93 | −5.09 |
| 1915 | 99.15 | 44.57 | 81.66 |
| 1916 | 95.00 | −4.15 | −4.19 |
| 1917 | 74.38 | −20.62 | −21.71 |
| 1918 | 82.20 | 7.82 | 10.51 |
| 1919 | 107.23 | 25.03 | 30.45 |
| 1920 | 71.95 | −35.28 | −32.90 |
| 1921 | 81.10 | 9.15 | 12.72 |
| 1922 | 98.73 | 17.63 | 21.74 |
| 1923 | 95.52 | −3.21 | −3.25 |
| 1924 | 120.51 | 24.99 | 26.16 |
| 1925 | 156.66 | 36.15 | 30.00 |
| 1926 | 157.20 | 0.54 | 0.34 |
| 1927 | 202.40 | 45.20 | 28.75 |
| 1928 | 300.00 | 97.60 | 48.22 |
| 1929 | 248.48 | −51.52 | −17.17 |
| 1930 | 164.58 | −83.90 | −33.77 |
| 1931 | 77.90 | −86.68 | −52.67 |
| 1932 | 59.93 | −17.97 | −23.07 |
| 1933 | 99.90 | 39.97 | 66.69 |
| 1934 | 104.04 | 4.14 | 4.14 |
| 1935 | 144.13 | 40.09 | 38.53 |
| 1936 | 179.90 | 35.77 | 24.82 |
| 1937 | 120.85 | −59.05 | −32.82 |
| 1938 | 154.76 | 33.91 | 28.06 |
| 1939 | 150.24 | −4.52 | −2.92 |
| 1940 | 131.13 | −19.11 | −12.72 |
| 1941 | 110.96 | −20.17 | −15.38 |
| 1942 | 119.40 | 8.44 | 7.61 |
| 1943 | 135.89 | 16.49 | 13.81 |
| 1944 | 152.32 | 16.43 | 12.09 |
| 1945 | 192.91 | 40.59 | 26.65 |
| 1946 | 177.20 | −15.71 | −8.14 |
| 1947 | 181.16 | 3.96 | 2.23 |
| 1948 | 177.30 | −3.86 | −2.13 |
| 1949 | 200.13 | 22.83 | 12.88 |
| 1950 | 235.41 | 35.28 | 17.63 |
| 1951 | 269.23 | 33.82 | 14.37 |
| 1952 | 291.90 | 22.67 | 8.42 |
| 1953 | 280.90 | −11.00 | −3.77 |
| 1954 | 404.39 | 123.49 | 43.96 |
| 1955 | 488.40 | 84.01 | 20.77 |
| 1956 | 499.47 | 11.07 | 2.27 |
| 1957 | 435.69 | −63.78 | −12.77 |
| 1958 | 583.65 | 147.96 | 33.96 |
| 1959 | 679.36 | 95.71 | 16.40 |
| 1960 | 615.89 | −63.47 | −9.34 |
| 1961 | 731.14 | 115.25 | 18.71 |
| 1962 | 652.10 | −79.04 | −10.81 |
| 1963 | 762.95 | 110.85 | 17.00 |
| 1964 | 874.13 | 111.18 | 14.57 |
| 1965 | 969.26 | 95.13 | 10.88 |
| 1966 | 785.69 | −183.57 | −18.94 |
| 1967 | 905.11 | 119.42 | 15.20 |
| 1968 | 943.75 | 38.64 | 4.27 |
| 1969 | 800.36 | −143.39 | −15.19 |
| 1970 | 838.92 | 38.56 | 4.82 |
| 1971 | 890.20 | 51.28 | 6.11 |
| 1972 | 1,020.02 | 129.82 | 14.58 |
| 1973 | 850.86 | −169.16 | −16.58 |
| 1974 | 616.24 | −234.62 | −27.57 |
| 1975 | 852.41 | 236.17 | 38.32 |
| 1976 | 1,004.65 | 152.24 | 17.86 |
| 1977 | 831.17 | −173.48 | −17.27 |
| 1978 | 805.01 | −26.16 | −3.15 |
| 1979 | 838.74 | 33.73 | 4.19 |
| 1980 | 963.99 | 125.25 | 14.93 |
| 1981 | 875.00 | −88.99 | −9.23 |
| 1982 | 1,046.54 | 171.54 | 19.60 |
| 1983 | 1,258.64 | 212.10 | 20.27 |
| 1984 | 1,211.57 | −47.07 | −3.74 |
| 1985 | 1,546.67 | 335.10 | 27.66 |
| 1986 | 1,895.95 | 349.28 | 22.58 |
| 1987 | 1,938.83 | 42.88 | 2.26 |
| 1988 | 2,168.57 | 229.74 | 11.85 |
| 1989 | 2,753.20 | 584.63 | 26.96 |
| 1990 | 2,633.66 | −119.54 | −4.34 |
| 1991 | 3,168.83 | 535.17 | 20.32 |
| 1992 | 3,301.11 | 132.28 | 4.17 |
| 1993 | 3,754.09 | 452.98 | 13.72 |
| 1994 | 3,834.44 | 80.35 | 2.14 |
| 1995 | 5,117.12 | 1,282.68 | 33.45 |
| 1996 | 6,448.27 | 1,331.15 | 26.01 |
| 1997 | 7,908.25 | 1,459.98 | 22.64 |
| 1998 | 9,181.43 | 1,273.18 | 16.10 |
| 1999 | 11,497.12 | 2,315.69 | 25.22 |
| 2000 | 10,786.85 | −710.27 | −6.18 |
| 2001 | 10,021.50 | −765.35 | −7.10 |
| 2002 | 8,341.63 | −1,679.87 | −16.76 |
| 2003 | 10,453.92 | 2,112.29 | 25.32 |
| 2004 | 10,783.01 | 329.09 | 3.15 |
| 2005 | 10,717.50 | −65.51 | −0.61 |
| 2006 | 12,463.15 | 1,745.65 | 16.29 |
| 2007 | 13,264.82 | 801.67 | 6.43 |
| 2008 | 8,776.39 | −4,488.43 | −33.84 |
| 2009 | 10,428.05 | 1,651.66 | 18.82 |
| 2010 | 11,577.51 | 1,149.46 | 11.02 |
| 2011 | 12,217.56 | 640.05 | 5.53 |
| 2012 | 13,104.14 | 886.58 | 7.26 |
| 2013 | 16,576.66 | 3,472.52 | 26.50 |
| 2014 | 17,823.07 | 1,246.41 | 7.52 |
| 2015 | 17,425.03 | −398.04 | −2.23 |
| 2016 | 19,762.60 | 2,337.57 | 13.42 |
| 2017 | 24,719.22 | 4,956.62 | 25.08 |
| 2018 | 23,327.46 | −1,391.76 | −5.63 |
| 2019 | 28,538.44 | 5,210.98 | 22.34 |

## इतिहास

### आरम्भ

डीजेआईए के शेयरों में 1929 से 2012 तक मासिक व्यापार की मात्रा
### प्रारंभिक घटक

डाउ ने 26 मई, 1896 को अपने औद्योगिक स्टॉक की पहली बार औसत शुद्ध (average purely) गणना की, जो कि अब डॉव जोन्स इंडस्ट्रियल एवरेज के रूप में जाना जाता है।
मूल 12 में से कोई भी उद्योग अभी भी सूचकांक का हिस्सा नहीं है।

* American Cotton Oil Company, a predecessor company to Hellmann's and Best Foods, now part of Unilever.
* American Sugar Refining Company, became Domino Sugar in 1900, now Domino Foods, Inc.
* American Tobacco Company, broken up in a 1911 antitrust action.
* Chicago Gas Company, bought by Peoples Gas Light in 1897, now an operating subsidiary of Integrys Energy Group.
* Distilling & Cattle Feeding Company, now Millennium Chemicals, formerly a division of LyondellBasell.
* General Electric, still in operation, removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 2018.
* Laclede Gas Company, still in operation as Spire Inc, removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1899.
* National Lead Company, now NL Industries, removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1916.
* North American Company, an electric utility holding company, broken up by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in 1946.
* Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company in Birmingham, Alabama, bought by U.S. Steel in 1907; U.S. Steel was removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1991.
* United States Leather Company, dissolved in 1952.
* United States Rubber Company, changed its name to Uniroyal in 1961, merged with private Goodrich Corporation in 1986, bought by Michelin in 1990.

### शुरुआती वर्ष

### 1940 का दशक

### 1950 का दशक

### 1960 का दशक

### 1970 का दशक

### 1980 का दशक

ब्लैक मंडे (1987) को डाउ 22.61% गिरकर 2,500 के स्तर से लगभग 1,750 हो गया। दो दिन बाद, हल्का सुधार करते हुए यह 10.15% बढ़कर यह 2,000 के स्तर से ऊपर हो गया।
### 1990 का दशक

### साल 2000 का दशक

11 सितंबर के हमलों के बाद डाउ 14.3% गिर गया। एक्सचेंजों को 12 सितंबर से 16 सितंबर 2001 तक बंद कर दिया गया था।

जनवरी 2000 से फरवरी 2015 तक डीजेआईए की स्थिति।
### 2010 का दशक

### 2020 का दशक

27 फरवरी, 2020 को, **डाउ जोन्स औद्योगिक औसत** (डीजेआईए) 1,191 अंक गिरा, जो इस सूचकांक के इतिहास में सबसे बड़ा संख्यात्मक गिरावट था , जिसके लिए कुछ लोगों ने बढ़ते कोरोनावायरस महामारी पर चिंता को जिम्मेदार ठहराया। हालांकि सोमवार, 2 मार्च को भारी गिरावट के बाद डाउ 1293.96 अंक (5.09%) चढ़ा। फिर भी तीन दिन बाद लगभग 1000 अंकों की एक और गिरावट हुई, फेड (Fed) द्वारा ब्याज दरों में ढील देने के बावजूद।

9 मार्च, 2020 को, **डाउ जोन्स औद्योगिक औसत** कोरोनावायरस वायरस की आशंका और सऊदी अरब तथा रूस के बीच तेल कीमत युद्ध के कारण शुरुआत मे 2000 से अधिक अंकों तक गिरा, जिसके कारण 15 मिनट के लिए व्यापार अंकुश (trading curb) लगाना पडा।

## गणना

## आकलन (Assessment)

## इन्हें भी देखें

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| चित्र:Business and economics | Capitalism प्रवेशद्वार |

* Closing milestones of the Dow Jones Industrial Average
* Historical record closes of the Dow Jones Industrial Average
* List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average

## सन्दर्भ

## और पढ़ें

* Stillman, Richard (1986). *Dow Jones Industrial Average: History and Role in an Investment Strategy*. Dow Jones-Irwin.

## बाहरी कड़ियाँ

* औपचारिक जालस्थल
* Dow Jones Industrial Average Milestones
* Dow Jones Industrial Average Biggest Gains and Losses
* Dow Jones Industrial Average at NASDAQ
* Dow Jones Industrial Average at NYSE Euronext
* Dow Jones Industrial Average at the Chicago Board Options Exchange
* Dow Jones Industrial Average Component Quotes at Yahoo! Finance

साँचा:Stock market indexes
साँचा:American Stock market indices
साँचा:News Corporation