# Suez canal

| Suez canal |
| --- |
| Duration: 41 seconds.0:41Subtitles available.CC |
| General information |
| Height above mean sea level (en)  |
0 m |
| Tsawo |
193.3 km |
| Suna bayan |
Suez |
| Labarin ƙasa |
| Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap |
| Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa | ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Kasa |
Misra |
| Territory |
Suez Governorate (en)  |
| Ƙasantuwa a yanayin ƙasa |
Isthmus of Suez (en)  |
| Mountaineering (en)  |

**Mashigar Ruwan** ko kuma **Suez Canal** (larabci|**قناة السويس**, *Qanāt as-Suwais*) wani kofataccen kanal ne na ruwa da mutum ya gina a kasar Misra, wanda ya hada Tekun Mediterranean da Tekun Red ta hanyar Tsibiri-yankin Suez kuma ya raba yankin Afirka da Asiya (kuma ta haka ya raba Yankin Sinai da sauran sassan kasar Misra). Shi ne iyakokin kasa tsakanin Afirka da Asiya. Wannan kanal mai tsawon kilomita 193.30 (mil 120.1) babbar hanyar kasuwanci ce tsakanin Turai da Asiya.

A shekarar 1858, wani jami'in diflomasiyya dan kasar France mai suna Ferdinand de Lesseps ya kafa kamfanin Compagnie de Suez domin manufar gina wannan kanal. Aikin gina kanal din ya dauki tsawon shekaru daga 1859 zuwa 1869. An bude kanal din a hukumance ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 1869. Yana ba da gajeriyar hanya kai tsaye ga jiragen ruwa tsakanin Arewacin Tekun Atlantic da Arewacin Tekun Indian ta hanyar Tekun Mediterranean da Tekun Red, wanda hakan ke taimakawa wajen kaucewa ratsa Kudancin Atlantic da Kudancin Indian tare da rage nisan tafiya daga Tekun Arabian zuwa birnin London da kusan kilomita 8,900, zuwa kwanaki 10 idan gudu ya kai kulli 20 ko kuma kwanaki 8 idan gudu ya kai kulli 24. Kanal din ya faro ne daga tashar arewa ta Port Said zuwa tashar kudu ta Port Tewfik da ke birnin Suez. A shekarar 2021, sama da jiragen ruwa 20,600 ne suka ratsa ta cikin kanal din (kimanin jiragen ruwa 56 kowace rana).

Ainihin kanal din na farko ya kasance hanyar ruwa ce ta layi guda daya mai wuraren jiran wucewa a Ballah Bypass da kuma Great Bitter Lake. Bai kunshi kofofin kulle ruwa ba, kamar yadda tsare-tsaren Alois Negrelli suka nuna, inda ruwan teku ke kwarara a cikinsa da kansa. Gaba daya, ruwan da ke cikin kanal din a arewacin Bitter Lakes yana kwarara ne zuwa arewa a lokacin sanyi da kuma kudu a lokacin zafi. A kudancin tafkunan kuwa, yanayin kwararar ruwan yana canzawa ne gwargwadon ambaliya da kafewar ruwa a Suez.

Kanal din ya kasance kaddarar gwamnatin Misra, amma masu hannun jari na kasashen Turai, mafi yawancinsu 'yan Britain da France, su ne suka mallaki kamfanin gudanarwa da ke juya shi har zuwa watan Yulin 1956, lokacin da Shugaba Gamal Abdel Nasser ya mayar da shi kaddarar kasa—wani lamari da ya haifar da Rikicin Suez a watannin Oktoba zuwa Nuwamba 1956. Hukumar Suez Canal Authority (SCA) ta kasar Misra ce ke kula da kuma gudanar da kanal din. A karkashin Yarjejeniyar Constantinople, ana iya amfani da shi "a lokacin yaki kamar a lokacin zaman lafiya, ga kowane irin jirgin ruwa na kasuwanci ko na yaki, ba tare da nuna bambancin tuta ba." Duk da haka, kanal din ya taka muhimmiyar rawa ta fuskar dabarun soja a matsayin gajeriyar hanyar ruwa da matattarar jiraje. Rundunonin sojan ruwa masu iyakoki da sansanoni a kan Tekun Mediterranean da kuma Tekun Red (kamar Misra da Israel) suna da maslaha ta musamman game da Suez Canal. Bayan da Misra ta rufe Suez Canal a farkon Yakin Gwanakin Shida ranar 5 ga Yuni, 1967, kanal din ya kasance a rufe na tsawon shekaru takwas, inda aka sake bude shi ranar 5 ga Yuni, 1975.

Gwamnatin Misra ta kaddamar da aikin gine-gine a shekarar 2014 domin fadadawa da kuma zurfafa Ballah Bypass na tsawon kilomita 35 da nufin hanzarta lokacin ratsawar jiragen ruwa. Fadada aikin yana da nufin kusan ninka karfin karbar jiragen ruwa na Suez Canal, daga jiraje 49 zuwa 97 kowace rana. A kan kudi fam na kasar Misra biliyan 59.4 (dala biliyan 9 na Amurka), an dauki nauyin wannan aiki ta hanyar takaddun shaida na zuba jari masu riba wadanda aka ware wa hukumomi da daidaikun mutanen kasar Misra kadai.

Hukumar Suez Canal Authority ta bude sabuwar hanyar ruwa ta gefe a hukumance a shekarar 2016. Wannan hanyar ta gefe, da ke arewacin sashin gabas na Suez Canal, tana hidimta wa Tashar Gabas (East Terminal) wajen ajiye da kuma fitar da jiragen ruwa daga tashar. Da yake Tashar Gabas ta Container tana kan ainihin kanal din kansa, kafin gina sabuwar hanyar ta gefe, ba zai yiwu a fake ko a fitar da jiragen ruwa a tashar ba yayin da ayarin sauran jiraje ke wucewa.

Tashar kudu ta Suez CanalKamar yadda aka hango daga Tashar Sararin Samaniya ta Duniya (daga madaukakin mataki na kilomita 400)Hoton ta sama da ke kallon arewa zuwa garin Suez
## Magabata

Kanal din Fir'auna, wanda ya bi ta Wadi Tumilat
An gina tsofaffin kanali na yamma da gabas domin saukaka tafiye-tafiye daga Kogin Nile zuwa Tekun Red. An yi imanin cewa an gina wani karamin kanal a karkashin kulawar Senusret II ko kuma Ramesses II. Wani kanal din kuma, wanda wataƙila ya hada da wani sashi na na farkon, an gina shi ne a lokacin mulkin Necho II (610–595 BCE), amma kanal daya tilo da ya yi aiki gaba daya shi ne wanda Darius I (522–486 BCE) ya tsara tare da kammala shi.

### Karni na biyu BCE

James Henry Breasted ya bayyana cewa yunkuri na farko da aka sani na gina kanal zuwa ga magudanar ruwa ta farko ta Nile, kusa da Aswan, ya kasance a lokacin Masarautu na Shida na Masar kuma an kammala shi ne ta hannun Senusret III (1878–1839 BCE) na Masarautu na Goma sha Biyu na Masar.

Gwarzon nan Sesostris (wanda ka iya zama ko dai Fir'auna Senusret II ko kuma Senusret III na Masarautu na Goma sha Biyu na Masar) yana iya kasancewa shi ya gina tsohon kanal din, wato Kanal din Fir'auna, wanda ya hada Nile da Tekun Red (1897–1839 BCE), lokacin da aka gina tashar ruwa ta ban-ruwa kusan shekara ta 1848 BCE wadda jiragen ruwa za su iya bi a lokacin damina, wacce ta nufi kwarin busashen kogi a gabashin yankin Delta na Kogin Nile mai suna Wadi Tumilat. (A zamanin duni, Tekun Red yana iya kasancewa ya kai har zuwa arewa zuwa Bitter Lakes da kuma Tafkin Timsah).

A cikin littafinsa na *Meteorology*, Aristotle (384–322 BCE) ya rubuta:

> Daya daga cikin sarakunansu ya yi kokarin gina kanal zuwa gare shi (domin da hakan ya zama babban amfani a gare su cewa daukacin yankin ya zama hanyar da za a iya bi da jirgin ruwa; ana cewa Sesostris ne na farko daga cikin tsofaffin sarakuna da ya fara gwadawa), amma ya tarar cewa teku tana da tsayi sama da kasa. Don haka shi na farko, sannan kuma Darius daga baya, suka dakatar da gina kanal din, don kada ruwan teku ya gauraya da ruwan kogi ya bata shi.
>
>

Strabo ya rubuta cewa Sesostris ne ya fara gina kanal, kuma Pliny Dattijo (23/24–79 AD) ya rubuta:

> 165. Na gaba shi ne kabilar Tyro da kuma tashar jiragen ruwa ta Daneoi, daga inda Sesostris, sarkin Misra, ya yi niyyar fitar da kanal na jiragen ruwa zuwa inda Nile ke kwarara zuwa abin da aka sani da Delta; wannan nisa ce ta sama da kilomita 97 (mil 60). Daga baya sarkin Farisa Darius ya kasance da irin wannan tunani, sannan kuma Ptolemy II, wanda ya gina rami mai fadin kafa 100, zurfin kafa 30 da tsawon kusan mil 35, har zuwa Bitter Lakes.
>
>

A karni na 20, an gano tsawon arewacin na kanal din Darius I na baya, wanda ya tashi daga Tafkin Timsah zuwa Tafkunan Ballah. Wannan an kiyasta lokacinsa zuwa ga Masarautun Tsakiya na Masar ta hanyar auna lokutan wuraren duni da ke kan hanyarsa.

Hotunan sassake na balaguron Kasar Punt a karkashin Hatshepsut, 1470 BCE, sun nuna jiragen ruwa na teku dauke da dakarun balaguro suna dawowa daga Punt. Wannan yana nuna cewa akwai hanyar ruwa da za a iya bi tsakanin Tekun Red da Kogin Nile. Wasu binciken gine-gine na baya-bayan nan a Wadi Gawasis na iya nuna cewa kasuwancin teku na Misra ya fara ne kai tsaye daga gabar Tekun Red kuma bai bukaci kanal ba. Wasu shaidu sun nuna akwai shi a karni na 13 BCE a lokacin Ramesses II.

### Kanali da Necho, Darius I da Ptolemy suka haka

Sauran ragowar wani tsohon kanal na yamma da gabas ta cikin tsofaffin biranen Masar na Bubastis, Pi-Ramesses, da Pithom an gano su ne ta hannun Napoleon Bonaparte da injiniyoyinsa da masu tsara taswira a shekarar 1799.

Bisa ga littattafan *Histories* na masanin tarihin kasar girkawa Herodotus, kusan shekara ta 600 BCE, Necho II ya dauki aikin hakar wani kanal na yamma da gabas ta cikin kwarin Wadi Tumilat tsakanin Bubastis da Heroopolis, kuma wataƙila ya ci gaba da shi har zuwa rukunin teku na Heroopolite da Tekun Red. Ko ma dai yaya abin yake, an bayar da rahoton cewa Necho bai taba kammala aikin nasa ba.

An fada wa Herodotus cewa maza 120,000 ne suka mutu a wannan aiki, amma babu shakka wannan adadi an cika shi da gishiri. Kamar yadda Pliny Dattijo ya bayyana, tsawon da Necho ya kara wa kanal din ya kasance kusan kilomita 92 (mil 57), wanda ya yi daidai da daukacin nisa tsakanin Bubastis da Great Bitter Lake, idan aka yi la'akari da karkace-karkace ta cikin kwaruruka. Tsawon da Herodotus ya bayyana, na sama da stadia 1,000 (wato, sama da kilomita 183), dole ne a fahimci cewa ya kunshi daukacin nisa tsakanin Nile da Tekun Red a wancan lokacin.

Sakamakon mutuwar Necho, aka dakatar da aikin. Herodotus ya bayyana cewa dalilin da ya sa aka bar aikin shi ne saboda gargadin da aka samu daga wajen boka cewa wasu ne za su amfana da nasarar kammala shi. Yakin Necho da Nebuchadnezzar II wataƙila shi ne ya hana ci gaba da ginin kanal din.

Darius I na Farisa ne ya kammala aikin Necho, wanda ya yi mulki a kan Masar ta duni bayan da magajinsa Cambyses II ya ci ta da yaki. Yana iya kasancewa a lokacin Darius wata hanyar ruwa ta dabi'a ce ta kasance tsakanin rukunin teku na Heroopolite da Tekun Red a kusa da garin Shaluf na kasar Masar (wanda kuma ake kira *Chalouf* ou *Shaloof*), da ke daidai kudancin Great Bitter Lake, ta toshe sosai da laka da yashi ta yadda ya zama dole Darius ya share ta domin ba da damar zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa kuma. A cewar Herodotus, kanal din Darius yana da fadin da zai iya barin jiragen yaki na trireme guda biyu su wuce juna kowane daya da fassalallun matosansa, kuma yana bukatar kwanaki hudu kafin a tsallake shi. Darius ya kaddamar da nasararsa ta hanyar kafa wasu ginshikan dutse na granite a gefen gabar Kogin Nile, gami da guda daya kusa da Kabret, da kuma wani na daban da ke da nisan 'yan kilomitoci a arewacin Suez. Rubutun da ke kan ginshikan Suez na Darius Dabba ya ce:

> Sarki Darius ya ce: Ni Bafarise ne; na tashi daga Farisa na ci kasar Misra da yaki. Na ba da umarnin a haka wannan kanal daga kogi da ake kira Nile wanda ke kwarara a kasar Misra, zuwa teku da ke farawa daga Farisa. Saboda haka, lokacin da aka haka wannan kanal kamar yadda na ba da umarni, jiragen ruwa sun tashi daga Misra ta cikin wannan kanal zuwa Farisa, kamar yadda na yi niyya
>
> — Rubutun Darius

Kanal din ya raba da Nile ne a Bubastis. Wani rubutu a kan wani shika a Pithom ya nuna cewa a shekara ta 270 ko 269 BCE, Ptolemy II Philadelphus ne ya sake bude shi. A garin Arsinoe, Ptolemy ya gina kofofin kulle ruwa na musamman da za a iya ratsawa, tare da madatsun ruwa, a rukunin teku na Heroopolite na Tekun Red, wanda ya ba da damar wucewar jiragen ruwa amma ya hana gaurayar ruwan gishiri na Tekun Red da tsaftataccen ruwan dadi da ke cikin kanal din.

A rabin na biyu na karni na 19, masana taswira na kasar France sun gano ragowar wani tsohon kanal na arewa da kudu da ya wuce ta gabas da Tafkin Timsah kuma ya kare kusa da karshen arewa na Great Bitter Lake. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa kanal ne da Darius I ya gina, domin an gano ginshikin dutsensa na tunawa da gina shi a wurin. (Wannan tsohon kanal na biyu yana iya bi ta hanyar da ke daidai gabar Tekun Red a lokacin da teku ta mika zuwa arewa har zuwa Tafkin Timsah.)

### Janyewar Tekun Red da raguwar Kogin Nile

Wasu masana tarihi sun yi imanin cewa a hankali Tekun Red ya ja da baya cikin daukacin karnoni, inda iyakarta ta koma kudu a hankali nesa da Tafkin Timsah da kuma Great Bitter Lake. Sanadiyyar hakan da kuma yawan toshewar da yashi da laka na Kogin Nile ke kawowa koyaushe, kula da gyaran kanal din Ptolemy ya zama aiki mai matukar wahala da wahalar gaske a duk lokacin da karni ya shude.

Shekaru dari biyu bayan gina kanal din Ptolemy, Cleopatra VII kamar ba ta da wata hanyar ruwa ta yamma da gabas, saboda reshen Pelusiac na Kogin Nile, wanda ke ciyar da kanal din Ptolemy na yamma da gabas, ya ragu a wancan lokacin saboda cika da laka da yashi. Don tabbatar da wannan ra'ayi, za a iya lura cewa a shekara ta 31 BCE, lokacin da al'amura suka sauya a yakin Mark Antony da Cleopatra da Octavian, ta yi kokarin tserewa daga kasar Misra tare da rundunar jiragen ruwanta ta hanyar daga jiragen ruwan sama daga Tekun Mediterranean da ja da su ta cikin tsibiri-yankin Suez zuwa Tekun Red. Sa'an nan, a cewar Plutarch, Larabawan Petra sun kai hari kuma suka kona rukunin farko na wadannan jiragen ruwa, hakan ya sa Cleopatra ta fasa wannan yunkuri. (Masana tarihin zamani kuma suna nan a kan cewa sojojin abokan gaba na Malichus I ne suka kona jirajenta.)

### Daga Alkahira zuwa Tekun Red

Sarkin Daular Roman Trajan ne ya sake hakar tsohon kanal din a karni na farko AD, wanda ya sanya masa suna Amnis Traianus bayan kansa. An ba da rahoton cewa ya mayar da bakin kanal din a kan Nile zuwa kudu gaba, a daidai inda yanzu yake Old Cairo. A lokacin da Larabawa suka ci kasar Misra da yaki a shekara ta 641 AD, wannan kanal ya riga ya daina aiki. Kwamandan dakarun musulmi, Amr ibn al-As, ya ba da umurnin a gyara shi domin inganta alaka tsakanin kasar Misra da Madina, babbar birnin musulmi a wancan lokacin. An haka kanal din musulmi zuwa arewa gaba daga kanal din Trajan, inda ya hadu da Nile kusa da inda yanzu yake unguwar Sayyida Zaynab a Alkahira. An ba da rahoton cewa wannan kanal ya kare ne kusa da Suez na zamani. Wurin tsohuwar hanyar Roman da ke kusa da Nile kuma an hade shi ne cikin sabon birnin Fustat.

Wani littafin nazarin labarin kasa mai suna *De Mensura Orbis Terrae* wanda wani limamin addini dan kasar Ireland Dicuil ya rubuta (an haife shi a karshen karni na 8) ya ruwaito wata tattaunawa da wani limamin kuma, Fidelis, wanda ya yi tafiya a kan kanal din daga Nile zuwa Tekun Red lokacin gudanar da ziyarar hajji zuwa Kasa Mai Tsarki a rabin farko na karni na 8.

An ce Khalifan Abbasiyya al-Mansur ya ba da umurnin rufe wannan kanal a shekara ta 767 domin hana isar da kayayyaki zuwa ga masu adawa da shi a Yankin Larabawa. An ce kuma Khalifan Fatimiyya al-Hakim ya gyara hanyar Alkahira zuwa Tekun Red, amma na wani dan lokaci kalilan, kusan shekara ta 1000 CE, kasancewar nan da nan "ya cika da yashi". Sashen kanal din da ya rage kusa da Nile, wanda aka sani da *Khalij*, ya ci gaba da zama wani bangare na tsarin samar da ruwa na Alkahira har zuwa karni na 19. A lokuta na baya, ana rufe kanal din da madatsar ruwa a yawancin watannin shekara sannan a sake bude shi a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa.

### Manufar birnin Venice

Nasarar kewaya kudancin Afirka da Bartolomeu Dias ya yi a shekarar 1488 ta bude hanyar kasuwancin teku kai tsaye zuwa kasar India da Tsibiran Spice (Maluku), kuma hakan ya canza yanayin kasuwancin Tekun Mediterranean har abada. Daya daga cikin manyan wadanda suka tafka asara a cikin wannan sabon tsarin, a matsayinsu na dillalan farko, shi ne tsohon tsakiyar kasuwancin kayan yaji na Venice.

> Shugabannin Venice, wadanda suka shiga cikin mawuyacin hali, sun yi tunanin gina hanyar ruwa tsakanin Tekun Red da Kogin Nile—bayan sun yi hasashen ginin Suez Canal da kusan shekaru 400—domin dawo da ambaliyar kasuwancin alfarma zuwa kofofinsu kuma. Amma wannan ya kasance mafarki kawai.
>
> — Colin Thubron, *Seafarers: The Venetians* (1980), p. 102

Duk da fara shiga tattaunawa da Mamelukes masu mulkin kasar Misra, shirin Jamhuriyar Venice na gina kanal din an soke shi cikin hanzari sakamakon mamayar da Daular Usmaniyya (Ottoman) ta yi wa kasar Misra a shekarar 1517, karkashin jagorancin Sultan Selim I.

### Yunkurin Daular Usmaniyya

A lokacin karni na 16, Babban Ministan Daular Usmaniyya Sokollu Mehmed Pasha ya yi yunkurin gina kanal da zai hada Tekun Red da Tekun Mediterranean. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga sha'awar hada birnin Constantinople da hanyoyin hajj da hanyoyin kasuwanci na Tekun Indian, da kuma dabarun kariya—kasancewar kasancewar kasashen Turai a Tekun Indian tana karuwa, maslahar kasuwanci da dabarun soja na Daular Usmaniyya na fuskantar kalubale, kuma fadar Sublime Porte tana fuskantar matsin lamba wajen tabbatar da matsayinta. Hanyar kanal mai amfani za ta ba da damar Rundunar Sojan Ruwan Usmaniyya ta hada rundunoninta na Tekun Red, Tekun Black, da Tekun Mediterranean. Sai dai wannan aiki an dauke shi da tsada da yawa, kuma ba a taba kammala shi ba.

### Gano tsohon kanal da Napoleon ya yi

A lokacin yakin Faransa a kasar Misra da Syria a karshen shekarar 1798, Napoleon ya nuna sha'awar gano ragowar tsohuwar hanyar ruwa. Wannan ya kai ga taruwar kwararrun masana kimiyyar duni (archaeologists), masana kimiyya, masu tsara taswira da injiniyoyi suna bincikar arewacin kasar Misra. Abubuwan da suka gano, wadanda aka rubuta a cikin *Description de l'Égypte*, sun hada da cikakkun taswirori da ke nuna gano wani tsohon kanal da ya mika zuwa arewa daga Tekun Red sannan kuma ya mika zuwa yamma zuwa ga Kogin Nile.

Bayan ya zama Sarkin Faransa a shekarar 1804, Napoleon ya yi tunanin gina kanal na arewa da kudu domin hada Tekun Mediterranean da Tekun Red. Ta hanyar kauce wa Kogin Nile mai cike da laka da yashi, irin wannan kanal zai kasance mafi saukin kulawa. Amma an yi watsi da shirin saboda kuskuren fahimtar da aka yi cewa Tekun Red tana da tsayi da kusan mita 8.5 sama da Tekun Mediterranean, kuma ta haka hanyar ruwan za ta bukaci ginin kofofin kulle ruwa masu tsada da cin lokaci kafin ta yi aiki. Wannan ya kasance sakamakon amfani da guntayen ma'aunai na binciken da aka gudanar a lokacin yakin da aka ambata a baya.

Har zuwa shekarar 1861, tsohuwar hanyar da ba za a iya bi da jirgi ba wadda Napoleon ya gano daga Bubastis zuwa Tekun Red har yanzu tana karkatar da ruwa har zuwa gabas da Kassassin.

## Tarihin Suez Canal

### Lokacin rikon kwarya

Taswirar bathymetric, arewacin Tekun Suez, hanyar zuwa Cairo, 1856
Duk da kalubalen ginin da zai iya kasancewa sakamakon fargabar bambancin matakin teku, ra'ayin lalubo mafi gajeriyar hanya zuwa gabas ya kasance da rai. A shekarar 1830, Janar Francis Chesney ya mika wani rahoto ga gwamnatin Burtaniya wanda ke bayyana cewa babu wani bambanci a tsayi kuma gina Suez Canal abu ne mai yiwuwa, amma rahoton nasa bai sami wata kulawa ta gaba ba. Kyaftin Waghorn ya kafa "Hanyar Kasa" tasa, wadda ta rika jigilar wasiku da fasinjoji zuwa India ta cikin kasar Masar. Amfanin wannan hanya ga Daular Burtaniya ya bayyana fili lokacin da aka fuskanci Tawayen India na 1857, inda dakarun Burtaniya guda 5,000 suka ratsa ta cikin Masar.

Linant de Bellefonds, wani babban mai bincike dan kasar Faransa a Masar, ya zama babban injiniya na Ayyukan Jama'a na Masar. Baya ga ayyukansa na yau da kullum, ya binciki yankin Isthmus na Suez kuma ya tsara taswirorin gina Suez Canal. Masu bin akidar Saint-Simonianism na Faransa sun nuna sha'awa ga kanal din kuma a shekarar 1833, Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin ya yi kokarin jawo hankalin Muhammad Ali na Masar zuwa ga aikin kanal din amma bai yi nasara ba. Alois Negrelli, wani babban mai kaddamar da hanyoyin jirayin kasa dan kasar Italiya da fadar Austrian Empire, ya nuna sha'awa ga ra'ayin a shekarar 1836.

A shekarar 1846, kungiyar Société d'Études du Canal de Suez ta Prosper Enfantin ta gayyaci masana da dama, cikinsu har da Robert Stephenson, Negrelli da Paul-Adrien Bourdaloue domin yin nazarin yiyuwar gina Suez Canal (tare da taimakon Linant de Bellefonds). Binciken Bourdaloue na yankin isthmus shi ne shaida ta farko da aka yarda da ita gaba daya cewa babu wani bambanci na aiki a tsakanin matakan teku guda biyu. Burtaniya, sannan kuma, ta damu cewa buɗaɗɗen kanal ga kowa na iya tsoma baki cikin harkar kasuwancinta na India, don haka ta gwammace a yi jigilar hadin gwiwa ta jirgin kasa daga Alexandria ta cikin Cairo zuwa Suez, wanda Stephenson ya gina shi a karshe.

### Ginin da Kamfanin Suez Canal ya yi

#### Shiri (1854–1858)

Suez Canal, 1869
A shekarun 1854 da 1856, Ferdinand de Lesseps ya sami rangwame daga wajen Sa'id Pasha, Khedive na Masar da Sudan, na kafa kamfani domin gina kanal din da zai kasance bude ga jiragen ruwa na dukkan kasashen duni. Kamfanin zai gudanar da kanal din na tsawon shekaru 99 tun daga lokacin bude shi. De Lesseps ya yi amfani da kyakkyawar dangantakarsa ta abokantaka da Sa'id, wadda ya gina tun lokacin da yake jami'in diflomasiyyar Faransa a shekarun 1830. Kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin takardun rangwamen, de Lesseps ya kira taron Hukumar Kasa da Kasa domin hakar isthmus na Suez (Commission Internationale pour le percement de l'isthme de Suez) wadda ta kunshi masana 13 daga kasashe bakwai, cikinsu har da John Robinson McClean, wanda daga baya ya zama Shugaban Kungiyar Injinan Hula a London, da kuma Negrelli kuma, domin nazarin tsare-tsaren da Linant de Bellefonds ya samar, da kuma ba da shawara kan yiyuwa da kuma mafi kyawun hanyar kanal din. Bayan bincike da nazari a Masar da tattaunawa a Paris kan bangarori daban-daban na kanal din, inda ra'ayoyin Negrelli da yawa suka yi tasiri, hukumar ta fitar da rahoto na bai-daya a watan Disamba 1856 dauke da cikakken bayani kan kanal din tare da taswirori da bayanan tsari. An kafa Kamfanin Suez Canal (Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez) a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba 1858.

Bude Suez Canal, 1869
Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta nuna gaba ga aikin tun daga farkonsa har zuwa lokacin kammala shi. Mutanen Burtaniya, wadanda ke iko da Hanyar Cape zuwa India da Gabas Mai Nisa, sun gwammace a bar abubuwa yadda suke (status quo), ganin cewa kanal din na iya kawo cikas ga fifikon kasuwancinsu da na harkokin teku. Lord Palmerston, babban makiyin aikin da bai taba gajyawa ba, ya bayyana a tsakiyar shekarun 1850 ainihin dalilin adawarsa: cewa huldar kasuwanci da teku ta Burtaniya za ta fuskanci juyinkulin sakamakon bude sabuwar hanya, bude ga dukkan kasashe, hakan zai hana kasarsa moriyar keɓaɓɓen fifiko na yanzu. A matsayin daya daga cikin matakan diflomasiyya na adawa da aikin lokacin da aka ci gaba da shi duk da haka, ta nuna rashin amincewa da amfani da "aikin tilas" (forced labour) wajen ginin kanal din. An dakatar da aikin tilas a kan aikin, kuma mataimakin sarki ya yi tir da tsarin corvée, hakan ya sa aikin ya fuskanci tsaiko.
Muryoyin kasashen duni da farko sun kasance masu shakka, kuma hannun jarin Kamfanin Suez Canal bai sayu sosai ba a kasashen ketare. Burtaniya, Austrian Empire, da Russian Empire ba su sayi adadi mai yawa na hannun jari ba. Tare da taimako daga gidan banki na iyalan Cattaui, da dangantakarsu da James de Rothschild na Gidan Banki na Rothschild na Faransa, an yi nasarar tallata takardun shaida da hannun jari a Faransa da sauran sassan Turai. Dukkan hannun jarin Faransa sun sayu da sauri a cikin kasar Faransa. Wani mai shakka dan Burtaniya na wancan lokacin ya ce "Abu daya ya tabbata... rukunin yan kasuwanmu na gida ba su damu da wannan babban aiki ba ko kadan, kuma akwai dalilin tantama cewa kudaden shiga na kanal din... za su taba isa su biya kudin kula da shi. Ba zai taba zama hanyar da manyan jiragen ruwa za su iya ratsawa ba ta kowane hali."

#### Ginin (1859–1869)

An fara aiki a gabar tekun da nan gaba zai zama Port Said a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu 1859.

Zanen Suez Canal na shekarar 1881
Aikin hakar ya dauki kusan shekaru 10, inda aka yi amfani da aikin tilas (corvée) har zuwa shekarar 1864 domin hakar kanal din. Wasu majiyoyi sun kiyasta cewa fiye da mutane 30,000 ne ke aiki a kanal din a kowane lokaci, kuma an dauki ma'aikata fiye da miliyan 1.5 daga kasashe daban-daban, sannan dubun-dubatar ma'aikata suka mutu, da yawa daga cikinsu sanadiyyar cutar kwalara da makamantansu.

Kiyasin adadin mace-mace ya bambanta sosai, inda Gamal Abdel Nasser ya ambaci mace-mace 120,000 lokacin da aka mayar da kanal din na kasa a wani jawabi na ranar 26 ga watan Yuli 1956, yayin da babban jami'in lafiya na kamfanin ya bayar da rahoton mace-mace da ba su gaza 2.49 ba a cikin mutane dubu a shekarar 1866. Ninka wadannan kiyasin tare da fadin kiyasin ma'aikata 50,000 a kowace shekara na tsawon shekaru 11 zai kawo kiyasin mace-mace kasa da 3,000. Idan aka dogara sosai a kan takaitattun bayanai da aka bayar a wancan lokacin, adadin zai kasance kasa da 1,000.

### Garuruwan kamfani

Tun daga farkon kaddamar da shi har zuwa shekarar 1925, Kamfanin Suez Canal ya gina jerin garuruwan kamfani (company towns) a gefen kanal din domin gudanar da ayyukansa. Sun hada da tashoshin jiragen ruwa da kayayyakinsu da kuma gidajen ma'aikata, wadanda aka raba su ta hanyar kabila ko kasa. Wadannan sun hada da Port Said (1869) da Port Fuad (1925) a mashigin arewa na kanal din kusa da Tekun Mediterranean, Ismailia (1862) kusa da tsakiya da arewacin Tafkin Timsah, da kuma Port Twefik (1867) a mashigin kudancin kanal din a kan Tekun Red.

### Kaddamarwa (17 Nuwamba 1869)

Suez Canal, Masar. Farkon shekarun 1900. Goodyear Archival Collection. Brooklyn Museum.
An bude kanal din karkashin ikon Faransa a watan Nuwamba 1869. Bikin bude shi ya fara ne a Port Said a yammacin ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba, tare da sanya fitilu, wasan wuta, da kuma liyafa a kan jirgin ruwan Khedive Isma'il Pasha na Masar da Sudan. Baƙi na sarauta sun isa washegari da safe: Sarki Franz Joseph I, Sarauniyar Faransa Eugenie a cikin jirgin ruwan masarauta L'Aigle, Yarima mai jiran gado na Prussia, da Yarima Louis na Hesse. Sauran baƙi na duniya sun hada da masanin tarihin dabi'a na Amurka H. W. Harkness. Da yammacin ranar aka gudanar da addu'o'in albarkacin kanal din tare da bukukuwan musulmi da na kirasta, inda aka gina masallaci da coci na wucin gadi kusa da juna a bakin teku. Da daddare kuma aka sake gudanar da karin sanya fitilu da wasan wuta.

Taswirar nautical ta Suez Canal da aka buga jim kadan bayan kaddamarwa, tare da bayanan bincike daga HMS Newport (1867) karkashin George Nares.
A safiyar ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba, jerin gwanon jiragen ruwa suka shiga kanal din, karkashin jagorancin L'Aigle. Daga cikin jiragen da ke biye har da HMS Newport, karkashin jagorancin George Nares, wanda ya binciki kanal din a madadin Hukumar Sojan Ruwa ta Burtaniya bayan 'yan watanni kadan. Newport ya shiga cikin wani lamari da ya nuna wasu matsalolin kanal din. An sami shawarwari cewa zurfin sassan kanal din a lokacin kaddamarwa bai kai yadda aka yi alkawari ba, kuma mafi zurfin sashen hanyar ruwan ba ya kasancewa a bayyane a kowane lokaci, hakan na kawo hadarin makalewa. Ranar farko ta tsallakewa ta kare ne a Tafkin Timsah, kilomita 76 (mil 41 na teku) kudu da Port Said. Jirgin Faransa Péluse ya faka kusa da mashigin, sannan ya juya ya makale, inda jirgin da igiyoyinsa suka toshe hanyar shiga tafkin. Jiragen da ke biye dole ne su tsaya a cikin kanal din da kansa har sai da aka ja Péluse aka kwashe shi washegari da safe, hakan ya sa ya musu wahala su shiga bikin daren ranar a Ismailia. Ban da Newport: Nares ya aika da wani karamin jirgi domin auna zurfin ruwa, kuma ya sami damar kewaye Péluse domin shiga tafkin ya faka a can don daren.
Ismailia ta kasance dandalin karin bukukuwa a washegari, gami da faretin soja, sanya fitilu da wasan wuta, da kuma raye-raye a Fadar Gwamna. Jerin gwanon ya sake tashi a safiyar ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba, don sauran tafiyar zuwa Suez. Bayan Suez, da yawa daga cikin mahalarta taron sun fuskanci Cairo, sannan kuma zuwa Pyramids, inda aka gina sabuwar hanya musamman don wannan lokaci.

Wani jirgin ruwa na Anchor Line, S.S. Dido, ya zama na farko da ya fara ratsa taron Kanal din daga Kudu zuwa Arewa.

#### Wahalhalun farko (1869–1871)

Bikin kaddamar da Suez canal a Port Said, 17 Nuwamba 1869, na mai zanen Faransa Édouard Riou.
Kodayake an shawo kan matsaloli da dama na fasaha, siyasa, da kudi, kudin karshe da aka kashe ya linka kiyasin farko fiye da sau biyu.

Khedive, musamman, ya sami damar shawo kan shakku na farko da masu bin bashi na Burtaniya da Faransa ke da shi ta hanyar neman taimakon iyalan Sursock, wadanda zurfin dangantakarsu ta kasance mai matukar amfani wajen tabbatar da goyon bayan kasa da kasa ga aikin.

Bayan bude shi, Kamfanin Suez Canal ya shiga cikin mawuyacin halin kudi. Sauran ayyukan da suka rage an kammala su ne kawai a shekarar 1871, kuma zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ta kasance kasa da yadda aka zata a shekaru biyu na farko. Saboda haka, de Lesseps ya yi kokarin kara kudaden shiga ta hanyar fassara nau'ikan net ton da aka ambata a cikin rangwame na biyu (tonneau de capacité) a matsayin mai nufin karfin dakon kaya na jirgi ba wai kawai net tonnage na ka'ida na "Tsarin Moorsom" da aka kaddamar a Burtaniya ta hanyar Dokar Jiragen Ruwa na Yan Kasuwa a shekarar 1854 ba. Harkokin kasuwanci da na diflomasiyya da suka biyo baya sun sa Hukumar Kasa da Kasa ta Constantinople ta kafa takamaiman nau'in net tonnage da daidaita batun kudaden fito a cikin yarjejeniyarta ta ranar 18 ga watan Disamba 1873. Wannan shi ne asalin Suez Canal Net Tonnage da Suez Canal Special Tonnage Certificate, wadanda duka biyun har yanzu ana amfani da su a yau.

### Girma da sake tsari

Suez Canal, c. 1914
Hannun jari na Comp. Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez, da aka fitar 2 Yuni 1924
Jirgin ruwa yana tafiya a kan Suez Canal a shekarar 1955
Kanal din ya kawo tasiri na gaggawa kuma mai ban mamaki ga kasuwancin duni. Haɗe da hanyar jirgin kasa ta farko ta transcontinental ta Amurka da aka kammala watanni shida da suka gabata, ya ba da damar zagaye duni cikin kankanin lokaci. Ya taka rawar gani sosai wajen haɓaka mulkin mallaka na Turai a Afirka. Gina kanal din na ɗaya daga cikin dalilan Firgicin 1873 a Burtaniya, domin kayayyaki daga Gabas Mai Nisa, har zuwa lokacin, ana dakar su ne a cikin jiragen ruwa na mako ta hanyar Cape of Good Hope kuma a adana su a rukunin ma'ajiyar kaya na Burtaniya. Rashin samun damar biyan basussukan banki ya sa magajin Said Pasha, Isma'il Pasha, a shekarar 1875 ya sayar da kashi 44% na hannun jarinsa na kanal din a kan kudi fam £4,000,000 ($19.2 miliyan), daidai da fam miliyan £432 zuwa miliyan £456 ($540 miliyan zuwa $570 miliyan) a shekarar 2019, ga gwamnatin

### Rikicin Suez

Hayaki na tashi daga tankunan mai da ke gefen Mashigar Suez bayan harin farko na Birtaniya da Faransa a kan Port Said, 5 Nuwamba 1956.
A shekara ta 1951, Masar ta yi watsi da yarjejeniyar 1936 da Birtaniya. A watan Oktoba 1954, Birtaniya ta amince da janye sojojinta daga Yankin Mashigar. Saboda kusancin Masar da Tarayyar Soviet, Birtaniya da Amurka suka janye alkawarinsu na tallafa wa gina Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. Shugaban Masar Gamal Abdel Nasser ya mayar da martani ta hanyar ƙwace ikon Mashigar Suez a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1956 tare da mika ta ga Hukumar Mashigar Suez, da nufin amfani da kuɗaɗen shiga daga mashigar wajen gina madatsar. A ranar da aka ƙwace ikon mashigar, Nasser ya kuma rufe Mashigin Tiran ga dukkan jiragen Isra’ila.

Wannan ya haifar da Rikicin Suez inda Birtaniya, Faransa da Isra’ila suka mamaye yankin Sinai na Masar. Bisa ga shirye-shiryen yaƙi da aka amince da su tun farko ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Sèvres, Isra’ila ta mamaye Tsibirin Sinai a ranar 29 Oktoba, lamarin da ya tilasta Masar shiga yaƙi da ita, sannan ya ba Birtaniya da Faransa damar bayyana cewa rikicin na barazana ga zaman lafiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya tare da shiga yaƙin – a hukumance domin raba ɓangarorin biyu, amma a zahiri domin sake karɓe ikon mashigar da kuma kifar da gwamnatin Nasser.

Domin ceton Birtaniya daga abin da ya ɗauka a matsayin babban kuskure da kuma hana yaƙin faɗaɗa, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Kanada Lester B. Pearson ya ba da shawarar kafa rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta farko ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya domin tabbatar da buɗaɗɗiyar hanyar mashigar ga kowa da kuma janyewar Isra’ila daga Sinai. A ranar 4 Nuwamba 1956, mafi rinjaye a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya suka amince da ƙudurin Pearson, wanda ya ba sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya na MDD damar ci gaba da zama a Sinai har sai Masar da Isra’ila sun amince da janyewarsu. Amurka ta goyi bayan wannan shiri ta hanyar matsa wa gwamnatin Birtaniya lamba ta fuskar kuɗi, wanda ya sa Birtaniya ta ayyana tsagaita wuta sannan daga baya ta amince da janye sojojinta kafin ƙarshen shekarar. Daga baya Pearson ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya.

Sakamakon lalacewa da kuma jiragen ruwa da aka nutse bisa umarnin Nasser, an rufe mashigar daga Nuwamba 1956 zuwa Afrilu 1957, lokacin da aka share ta tare da taimakon MDD. An kafa Rundunar Gaggawa ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNEF) domin tabbatar da ci gaba da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa cikin 'yanci a mashigar da kuma zaman lafiya a Tsibirin Sinai.

### Yaƙe-yaƙen Larabawa da Isra’ila na 1967 da 1973

Motocin sojojin Masar suna ketare Mashigar Suez a ranar 7 Oktoba 1973 yayin Yaƙin Yom Kippur
Tankin yaƙin Isra’ila na M60/Magach yana ketare Mashigar Suez, 1973
Bayan Yaƙin Larabawa da Isra’ila na 1948, Masar ta hana jiragen Isra’ila amfani da mashigar, duk da ƙudurorin Kwamitin Tsaro na MDD na shekarun 1949 da 1951 da suka bukaci ta buɗe ta, bisa hujjar cewa an kawo ƙarshen rikici ta yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta ta 1949.

A ranar 16 Mayu 1967, Nasser ya umarci Rundunar Gaggawa ta MDD (UNEF) ta fice daga Sinai, ciki har da yankin Mashigar Suez. An tura sojojin Masar domin maye gurbinsu. A ranar 21 Mayu, Isra’ila ta yi zanga-zangar adawa da umarnin Nasser na rufe Mashigin Tiran ga kasuwancin Isra’ila.

Bayan Yaƙin Kwanaki Shida na 1967, sojojin Isra’ila sun mamaye Tsibirin Sinai da Zirin Gaza, ciki har da dukkan gabashin gabar Mashigar Suez. A shekarun da suka biyo baya, rikici tsakanin Masar da Isra’ila ya ƙaru, kuma daga 1967 zuwa Agustan 1970 aka gwabza Yaƙin Gajiya, yayin da Nasser ke ƙoƙarin ƙwato yankunan da Isra’ila ta mamaye. Rikicin ya tsaya bayan mutuwar Nasser a ranar 28 Satumba 1970, amma tushen rashin jituwar ya ci gaba da kasancewa.

Saboda ƙin yarda Isra’ila ta yi amfani da mashigar, Masar ta kakaba cikakken takunkumi wanda ya rufe mashigar ga dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa bayan fara Yaƙin Kwanaki Shida. Mashigar ta kasance a rufe na tsawon shekaru takwas. Jiragen dakon kaya guda goma sha biyar, waɗanda aka fi sani da "Yellow Fleet", sun makale a cikin mashigar har zuwa sake buɗe ta a 1975.

A ranar 6 Oktoba 1973, yayin fara Yaƙin Yom Kippur, Mashigar Suez ta zama wurin aiwatar da Operation Badr, inda sojojin Masar suka ketare mashigar zuwa yankin Sinai da Isra’ila ke iko da shi.

### Ayyukan kwashe bama-bamai (1974–1975)

Shugaba Anwar Sadat da Ministan Tsaro Ahmed Ismail a lokacin sake buɗe Mashigin Ruwa na Suez, 5 Yuni 1975
Bayan Yaƙin Yom Kippur, Amurka ta ƙaddamar da Operation Nimbus Moon. An tura jirgin yaƙi na ruwa da ƙasa wato USS Inchon (LPH-12) zuwa Mashigin Ruwan, ɗauke da helikopta 12 na share bama-bamai na RH-53D (CH-53 Sea Stallion) daga Helicopter Mine Countermeasures Squadron 12. Waɗannan sun share wani ɓangare na mashigin tsakanin Mayu da Disamba 1974. Jirgin LST USS Barnstable County (LST1197) ne ya maye gurbinsa. Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Birtaniya (Royal Navy) ta ƙaddamar da Operation Rheostat kuma Task Group 65.2 ta samar da Operation Rheostat One (wata shida a shekarar 1974), jiragen kwashe bama-bamai na HMS Maxton, HMS Bossington, da HMS Wilton, da kuma ƙungiyar masu nutsewa ta Fleet Clearance Diving Team (FCDT) da HMS Abdiel, jirgin tallafi na horaswa na shimfiɗa bama-bamai/MCMV; kuma don Operation Rheostat Two (wata shida a shekarar 1975) jiragen kwashe bama-bamai na HMS Hubberston da HMS Sheraton, da kuma HMS Abdiel. Lokacin da aka kammala Ayyukan Share Mashigin, an ɗauki mashigin da tafkunan cikinsa kashi 99% a matsayin kuwannan daga bama-bamai. Daga nan ne Shugaban Masar Anwar Sadat ya sake buɗe mashigin a cikin wani jirgin yaƙi na Masar, wanda ya jagoranci ayarin jiragen ruwa na farko zuwa arewa maso Port Said a shekarar 1975, a gefensa kuma Yariman Iran Reza Pahlavi yana tsaye.

### Kasancewar MDD

Wa'adin jami'an UNEF ya ƙare a shekarar 1979. Duk da ƙoƙarin da Amurka, Isra'ila, Masar, da sauran ƙasashe suka yi na tsawaita rawar da MDD ke takawa wajen sanya ido kan zaman lafiya tsakanin Isra'ila da Masar, kamar yadda yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Masar da Isra'ila ta shekarar 1979 ta tanada, ba a iya tsawaita wa'adin ba saboda amfani da ikon veto da Tarayyar Sobiyet ta yi a Kwitin Tsaro na MDD, bisa buƙatar Siriya. Don haka, shawarwari na kafa sabuwar rundunar sanya ido a Sinai sun samar da Rundunar Multinational Force and Observers (MFO), wadda aka tura Sinai a shekarar 1981 cikin haɗin gwiwa da janyewar mataki-mataki na Isra'ila. MFO tana ci gaba da aiki a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin da ke tsakanin Amurka, Isra'ila, Masar, da sauran ƙasashe.

### Faɗaɗa Mashigin Kewaye

Sabuwar hanyar da aka ƙara wa mashigin a shekarar 2015
A shekarar 2014, watanni kaɗan bayan hawan kujerar Shugaban ƙasar Masar, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya ba da umarnin faɗaɗa Mashigin Kewaye na Ballah daga faɗin mita 61 zuwa mita 312 na tsawon kilomita 35. An kira aikin da Sabon Mashigin Ruwa na Suez, domin yana ba wa jiragen ruwa damar ratsawa ta kowane ɓangare biyu a lokaci guda. Aikin ya lakume sama da fam na Masar biliyan 59.4 (dala biliyan 9 na Amurka) kuma an kammala shi cikin shekara guda. Sisi ya sanar da buɗe faɗaɗɗiyar hanyar don kasuwanci a wani biki da aka yi ranar 6 ga Agusta, 2015.

### Tsawaita Hanyar Ruwa ta Biyu

Bayan makalewar jirgin ruwa na Ever Given a shekarar 2021, Masar ta hanzarta shirye-shiryen tsawaitawa da faɗaɗa hanya ta biyu ta mashigin. A farkon shekarar 2025, an fara gwada sabbin ɓangarorin wannan tsawaitawa, inda Hukumar Mashigin Ruwa ta Suez (Suez Canal Authority) ta ba da rahoton cewa jiragen ruwa guda biyu sun ratsa ta mashigin ba tare da wata matsala ba.

## Haɗurruwa

A shekarar 2004, an rufe mashigin na tsawon kwana uku lokacin da babban jirgin dakon mai na Tropic Brilliance ya maƙale.

Ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2017, jirgin OOCL Japan ya kafe a ƙasa wanda ya haifar da cikas da ya toshe mashigin na tsawon 'yan sa'o'i.

### Toshewar shekarar 2021

Hoton tauraron ɗan adam na Ever Given yana toshe mashigin a watan Maris 2021
Ranar 23 ga Maris 2021, da misalin ƙarfe 05:40 UTC (07:40 na lokacin gida), an toshe Mashigin Ruwa na Suez ta kowane ɓangare biyu sakamakon maƙalewar babban jirgin dakon kaya na kamfanin Evergreen G-class mai suna Ever Given. Jirgin, wanda kamfanin Evergreen Marine ke amfani da shi, yana kan hanyarsa ta tashi daga Malesiya zuwa Netherlands lokacin da ya kafe a ƙasa bayan da ake zargin cewa lallausan iska mai ƙarfi ya karkatar da shi daga hanyarsa. Bayan karkacewar tasa, Ever Given ya juya a kwance, wanda hakan ya toshe mashigin gaba ɗaya. Kodayake akwai wani tsofaffi kuma mafi ƙuncin sashe na mashigin da ke tafiya kafada da kafada da babban mashigin wanda za a iya amfani da shi don kewaye cikas, wannan lamari ya faru ne a yankin kudu, wani yanki na mashigin da ke da hanya guda ɗaya tilo.

Lokacin da lamarin ya fara, masana tattalin arziki da yawa da masana harkokin kasuwanci sun yi tsokaci kan illolin da wannan toshewa zai haifar idan ba a warware shi da wuri ba, suna masu nuna irin mahimmancin da mashigin Suez yake da shi ga kasuwancin duniya; lamarin na da damar yin tasiri mai tsanani ga tattalin arzikin duniya saboda kayayyakin da suka maƙale waɗanda aka tsara za su ratsa ta mashigin. Daga cikin waɗannan kayayyaki, jigilar mai ce ta fi fuskantar tasiri nan da nan, saboda adadi mai yawa na mai ya maƙale ba tare da wata hanyar daban ta isa inda za a kai shi ba. Game da kasuwannin Turai da Amurka kuwa, wasu ƙwararrun masana harkokin teku sun ƙalubalanci hasashen yin tasiri mai tsanani ga kasuwanci, suna masu cewa wannan "ba wata muhimmiyar hanyar ratsawa ba ce ga danyen mai" a cewar Marshall Steeves, mai binciken kasuwannin makamashi a IHS Markit, kuma "akwai wadatar kayayyaki da aka riga aka adana" a cewar Camille Egloff na Boston Consulting Group da sauran hanyoyin samun kayayyaki, suna nuna cewa zirga-zirgar ta ragu ne kawai kuma yana iya shafar sassa ne kawai da ke fama da ƙarancin kayayyaki a dā (kamar masana'antun kera sassan na'urori na semiconductor). Ƙungiyar Jiragen Ruwa ta Duniya (ICS) ta kiyasta cewa darajar kayayyakin da ke ratsawa ta Mashigin Ruwa na Suez a kowace rana ta kai dalar Amurka biliyan 3.

An bayyana cewa toshewar za ta yi tasiri ga jadawalin lokutan jigilar kayayyaki a duniya gaba ɗaya. Kamfanonin jiragen ruwa sun kuma yi tunanin ko za su karkatar da jirajensu zuwa hanya mafi tsawo da ta zagaya ta rukunin tuddai na Cape of Good Hope. Jirgin dakon kaya na farko da aka karkatar shi ne Ever Greet, wanda ke da zuriya ɗaya da Ever Given.

An yi nasarar ɗago Ever Given daga maƙalewar da ya yi a ranar 29 ga Maris. Cikin sa'o'i kaɗan, zirga-zirgar kaya ta ci gaba, inda aka fara share cinkoson jiragen ruwa kusan 450 da suka tsaya jiran hanya. Jirgin farko da ya ratsa ta mashigin bayan ceton Ever Given shi ne YM Wish, wani jirgin dakon kaya da ke da mazauni a Hong Kong.

Ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2021, Usama Rabie, shugaban Hukumar Mashigin Ruwa na Suez ta Masar, ya bayyana cewa asarar da toshewar mashigin ta haifar za ta iya kaiwa kusan dalar Amurka biliyan 1. Rabie ya kuma bayyana cewa bayan da aka dawo da zirga-zirga a mashigin Suez, ya zuwa tsakar ranar 31 ga Maris, jiragen dakon kaya 285 sun tsallaka ta mashigin cikin kwanciyar hankali. Ya ce sauran jiragen ruwa 175 da ke jiran ratsawa duka za su wuce nan da ranar 2 ga Afrilu.

Bayan faruwar lamarin, gwamnatin Masar ta sanar da cewa za ta faɗaɗa sassa mafi ƙunci na mashigin. Ranar 9 ga Satumba 2021, an sake toshe mashigin na ɗan lokaci ta hanyar jirgin MV Coral Crystal. Sai dai, an ceto wannan jirgi cikin mintuna 15, wanda hakan bai haifar da wani babban cikas ga sauran ayarin jiragen ruwa ba.

### Kafewar jirgi na 2023

Ranar 25 ga Mayu 2023, wani jirgin dakon kaya mai ɗauke da tatar ƙasar Hong Kong, MV Xin Hai Tong 23, ya kafe kusa da ƙarshen yankin kudu na mashigin, amma jiragen tura jirawa (tugboats) sun sake dawo da shi kan ruwa cikin ƙasa da kwana ɗaya.

## Tsari da yadda yake aiki

Yanzu da aka gina shi, mashigin yana da tsawon kilomita 164 da zurfin mita 8. Bayan an yi masa gyare-gyare na faɗaɗawa da yawa, a yanzu yana da tsawon kilomita 193.30, zurfin mita 24 da faɗin mita 205. Ya ƙunshi hanyar shiga ta arewa mai tsawon kilomita 22, mashigin da kansa mai tsawon kilomita 162.25 da hanyar shiga ta kudu mai tsawon kilomita 9.5.

Wanda ake kira da Sabon Mashigin Ruwa na Suez, wanda ke aiki tun ranar 6 ga Agusta 2015, a halin yanzu yana da sabuwar hanyar teku mai tafiya daidai da tsohuwar a tsakiyar ɓangarensa, mai tsawon da ya haura kilomita 35. Ma'aunai na yanzu na Mashigin Suez, gami da hanyoyin ruwa guda biyu na ɓangaren da ke tafiya kafada da kafada su ne: zurfin mita 23 zuwa 24 da faɗi aƙalla mita 205 zuwa 225 (wannan faɗin an auna shi ne a zurfin mita 11).

### Ƙarfin ɗauka

Mashigin yana ba wa jiragen ruwa damar wucewa har zuwa zurfin nutsewar ruwa na mita 20 ko nauyin kaya na ton 240,000 (deadweight tons) da kuma tsayi har mita 68 sama da matakin ruwa da matsakaicin faɗin jirgi na mita 77.5 a ƙarƙashin wasu sharuɗɗa. Mashigin na iya ɗaukar ƙarin cinkoson ababen hawa da manyan jiragen ruwa fiye da Mashigin Ruwa na Panama, domin girman ma'aunin Suezmax ya fi na Panamax da Sabon Panamax girma. Wasu manyan jiragen dakon mai (supertankers) sun yi yawa da yawa da za su iya ratsawa ta mashigin. Sauran kuma suna iya sauke wani ɓangare na kayansu zuwa wani jirgi na daban mallakar hukumar mashigin don rage zurfin nutsewarsu, su ratsa, sannan su sake loda kayan a ɗayan ƙarshen mashigin. Ranar 15 ga Afrilu 2021 hukumomin Masar sun sanar da cewa za su faɗaɗa yankin kudu na Mashigin Suez don inganta ayyukan mashigin. Shirin ya fi shafar kusan kilomita 30 daga Suez zuwa Babban Tafkin Bitter. Za a faɗaɗa shi da mita 40 kuma za a ƙara matsakaicin zurfin daga kusan mita 20 zuwa kusan mita 22.

### Kewaye Ruwa

Jiragen ruwa da ke tunkaro mashigin daga teku ana sa ran su tuntuɓi tashar jiragen ruwa ta hanyar rediyo lokacin da suke tsakanin tazarar mil 15 na teku (kilomita 28) daga Fairway Buoy kusa da Port Said. Mashigin ba shi da makofofin daidaita ruwa (locks) saboda yanayin ƙasar da yake a siriye, kuma ɗan ƙaramin bambancin matakin teku tsakanin kowane ƙarshen ba shi da wani tasiri ga jigilar kayayyaki. Ganin cewa mashigin ba shi da kofofin kariya daga hawan teku, tashoshin jiragen ruwa da ke ƙarshen mashigin za su iya fuskantar barazanar kwatsam ta ambaliyar tsunami daga Tekun Mediterranean da Jan Teku, a cewar wani labari na shekarar 2012 a cikin Journal of Coastal Research.

Akwai layin jigilar kaya guda ɗaya tare da wuraren ratsawa a Ballah-Bypass kusa da El Qantara da kuma a cikin Babban Tafkin Bitter. A cikin madaidaicin rana guda, ayarin jiragen ruwa guda uku ne ke ratsa mashigin, guda biyu suna tafiya kudu ɗaya kuma yana tafiya arewa. Ratsawar tana ɗaukar tsakanin sa'o'i 11 zuwa 16 a cikin saurin gudu kusan kulli 8 (kilomita 15 a sa'o'i guda). Ƙananan gudun yana taimakawa wajen hana zaizayar gaɓar teku sakamakon igiyar ruwa da igiyoyin jiragen ruwa ke samarwa.

Kafin shekarar 1955, kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na man fetur na Turai yana ratsawa ne ta wannan mashigi. Kusan kashi 8% na kasuwancin teku na duniya ana yin sa ne ta hanyar mashigin. A shekarar 2008, tasoshin jiragen ruwa 21,415 ne suka ratsa ta mashigin kuma jimillar kuɗaɗen shiga sun kai dala biliyan 5.381, tare da matsakaicin kuɗin kowane jirgi dala 251,000.

Sabuwar Dokokin Kewaye Ruwa sun fara aiki ranar 1 ga Janairu 2008, waɗanda kwamitin gudanarwa na Hukumar Mashigin Ruwa na Suez (SCA) ya amince da su domin tsara ratsawar tasoshin jiragen ruwa. Mafi mahimmancin gyare-gyaren sun haɗa da barin tasoshin da ke da zurfin nutsewa na mita 19 su ratsa, ƙara yawan faɗin da aka yarda da shi daga mita 32 zuwa mita 40 (bayan ayyukan ingantawa), da kuma sanya tara ga tasoshin da ke amfani da matuka jirgi na daban daga wajen SCA a cikin iyakokin mashigin ba tare da izini ba. Gyare-gyaren sun ba wa tasoshin da ke ɗauke da kayayyaki masu haɗari (kamar kayan rediyoaktif ko masu saurin kamawa da wuta) damar ratsawa idan sun yi daidai da gyare-gyaren baya-bayan nan da yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suka tanada.

SCA tana da ikon ƙayyade adadin jiragen tura jirawa (tugboats) da ake buƙata don taimakawa jiragen yaƙi da ke ratsa mashigin, domin samun babban matakin tsaro yayin ratsawar.

* Jiragen ruwa da aka ɗure a El Ballah lokacin ratsawa
* USS America (CV-66), jirgin ɗaukar jiragen sama na Amurka a Mashigin Suez
* Jirgin dakon kaya na Hanjin Kaohsiung lokacin da yake ratsa Mashigin Suez

### Aiki

Kafin watan Agusta 2015, mashigin ya yi ƙunci da yawa don zirga-zirgar kowane ɓangare biyu cikin 'yanci, don haka dole ne jiragen ruwa su riƙa ratsawa a matsayin ayari sannan su yi amfani da hanyoyin kewaye. Hanyoyin kewayen sun kai kilomita 78 daga cikin kilomita 193 (kashi 40%). Daga arewa zuwa kudu, sun haɗa da hanyar kewaye ta Port Said (mashigai) kilomita 36.5, hanyar kewaye ta Ballah da wurin sauke jiragen ruwa kilomita 9, hanyar kewaye ta Timsah kilomita 5, da hanyar kewaye ta Deversoir (ƙarshen arewa na Babban Tafkin Bitter) kilomita 27.5. An kammala hanyoyin kewayen a shekarar 1980.

A yaba, zai ɗauki jirgin ruwa sa'o'i 12 zuwa 16 kafin ya ratsa mashigin. Ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya na sa'o'i 24 na mashigin ya kasance kusan madaidaitan jiragen ruwa 76.

A watan Agusta 2014, ƙasar Masar ta zaɓi wata ƙungiya da ta haɗa da rundunar sojan ƙasar Masar da kamfanin injiniya na duniya Dar Al-Handasah domin haɓaka babbar cibiyar masana'antu da rarraba kayayyaki ta ƙasa da ƙasa a yankin Mashigin Suez, kuma ta fara aikin gina sabon ɓangaren mashigin daga kilomita 60 zuwa 95, haɗe da faɗaɗawa da zurfafa tona sauran kilomita 37 na mashigin. Wannan ya ba da damar kewaye ruwa ta kowane ɓangare biyu a lokaci guda a cikin tsakiyar ɓangaren mashigin mai tsawon kilomita 72. Shugaba Al-Sisi ne ya buɗe waɗannan tsawaitaccen sassa a hukumance ranar 6 ga Agusta 2015.

* Bayan kammala zurfafa aikin, babban jirgin dakon kaya na capesize yana tunkarar Gadar Mashigin Ruwa na Suez (Gadar Abuta)
* Ayarin jiragen ruwa masu tafiya arewa suna jiran hanya a Babban Tafkin Bitter yayin da ayarin masu tafiya kudu ke ratsawa, Oktoba 2014

### Tafiyar Ayari

Tun da yake mashigin ba ya ba da damar zirga-zirgar kowane ɓangare biyu ba tare da tsari ba, duk jiragen ruwa suna ratsawa ne a matsayin ayari a tsayayyun lokuta, waɗanda aka tsara a cikin tsarin sa'o'i 24. Kowace rana, ayari guda ɗaya mai tafiya arewa yana farawa da ƙarfe 04:00 EET daga Suez. A ɓangarorin da ke da hanyoyi biyu, ayarin yana amfani da hanyar gabashi. Haɗe da tafiyar wannan ayari, akwai ayarin masu tafiya kudu. Shi kuma yana farawa da ƙarfe 03:30 EET daga Port Said, don haka yake ratsawa ta gefen ayari mai tafiya arewa a ɓangaren da ke da hanyoyi guda biyu.

### Wuraren Tsallakawa Mashigin

Mashigin a shekarar 2015
Daga arewa zuwa kudu, wuraren tsallakawar su ne:

* Gadar shawagi ta El Nasr (﻿ / ﻿), wadda ke haɗa Port Said da Port Fuad. An buɗe ta a shekarar 2016, mai tsawon mita 420.
* Gadar shawagi ta Abanoub Gerges (﻿ / ﻿), mai tazarar kilomita 1.5 arewa da Gadar Mashigin Ruwa na Suez.
* Gadar Mashigin Ruwa na Suez (﻿ / ﻿), wadda kuma ake kira da Gadar Abuta ta Masar da Japan, gadar mota ce mai tsayi da ke El Qantara. A cikin harshen Larabci, "al qantara" na nufin "guntu ko baka". An buɗe ta a shekarar 2001, tana da sarari mai tsayin mita 70 sama da mashigin kuma an gina ta ne da taimakon gwamnatin Japan ta hanyar kamfanin Kajima.
* Gadar Jirgin Ƙasa ta El Ferdan (﻿ / ﻿) mai tazarar kilomita 20 arewa da Ismailia (﻿ / ﻿), an kammala ta a shekarar 2001 kuma ita ce gada mafi tsawo mai juyawa (swing-span bridge) a duniya, mai tsawon mita 340. Gadar da ke da can baya an lalata ta ne a shekarar 1967 lokacin rikicin Larabawa da Isra'ila. Gadar ta yanzu ba ta aiki saboda faɗaɗa Mashigin Ruwa na Suez, domin hanyar ruwa ta biyu da aka kammala a shekarar 2015 daidai gabashin gadar ba ta da tsarin gadar da ya ratsa ta kanta. Sai dai kuma, wasu tsare-tsare sun fito a shekarar 2017 na gina sabuwar gada da za ta ratsa ta kan sabuwar hanyar ruwan da kuma sauya tsohuwar layin dogo guda ɗaya na Ferdan zuwa layi biyu, waɗanda ya zuwa watan Oktoba 2023 suka kusa kammala.
* Gadar shawagi ta Ahmed el-Mansy (﻿ / ﻿), gadajen shawagi guda biyu da suka ratsa hanyoyin ruwan biyu.
* Gadar shawagi ta Taha Zaki Abdullah (﻿ / ﻿), gadajen shawagi guda biyu da suka ratsa hanyoyin ruwan biyu.
* Bututun rarraba ruwa mai tsafta da ke ratsawa ta ƙarƙashin mashigin zuwa Yankunan Tuddai na Sinai, kusan kilomita 57 arewa da Suez, a (﻿ / ﻿).
* Ramin Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa na Ahmed Hamdi (﻿ / ﻿) da ke kudancin Babban Tafkin Bitter (﻿ / ﻿), an gina shi ne a shekarar 1983. Saboda matsalolin zubar ruwa, an gina wani sabon rami mai kariya daga ruwa a cikin tsohon ramin tsakanin shekarar 1992 zuwa 1995.
* Gadar shawagi ta Ahmed Omar Shabrawy (﻿ / ﻿)
* Wayoyin wutar lantarki na sama da suka ratsa ta kan Mashigin Suez (﻿ / ﻿), an gina su ne a shekarar 1999.

Hanyar jirgin ƙasa da ke gaɓar yamma tana tafiya daidai da mashigin a dukkan tsawonsa.

An buɗe gadajen shawagi guda biyar ɗin tsakanin shekarar 2016 da 2019. An ƙera su ne don su riƙa motsawa, kuma ana iya juyar da su gaba ɗaya zuwa gaɓar mashigin don ba wa jiragen ruwa damar ratsawa, ko kuma a ɗora sassan daban-daban domin samar da ƙunƙuntar hanya.

An kuma tsara gina sabbin ramuka guda shida na ƙarƙashin ƙasa don motoci da jiragen ƙasa da za su ratsa ta ƙarƙashin mashigin. A halin yanzu, Ramin Ahmed Hamdi shi ne rami tilo da ya haɗa Suez da Sinai.

## Tasirin tattalin arziki

Kuɗaɗen shiga na kowane wata na Mashigin Suez a cikin dalar Amurka (USD)
Tsohuwar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Trieste, ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 19
Ta fuskar tattalin arziki, bayan kammala shi, Mashigin Ruwa na Suez ya fi amfanar ƙasashen da ke da ikon kasuwancin teku a yankin Bahar Rum, waɗanda a yanzu suke da hanyoyin sadarwa mafi sauri zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya da Gabas Mai Nisa fiye da ƙasashen kasuwancin teku na Arewa da Yammacin Turai kamar Babban Birtaniya ko Jamus. Babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasuwanci ta daular Habsburg wato Trieste, tare da hanyoyinta na kai tsaye zuwa Tsakiyar Turai, ta sami ci gaba mai ban mamaki a wancan lokacin.

Lokacin da aka adana a ƙarni na 19 don tafiyar jirgin ruwa mai amfani da tururi zuwa Bombay daga Brindisi da Trieste ya kai kwana 37, daga Genoa kwana 32, daga Marseille kwana 31, kuma daga Bordeaux, Liverpool, London, Amsterdam da Hamburg kwana 24. A wancan lokacin, ya kuma zama dole a yi la'akari da ko kayayyakin da za a yi jigilarsu za su iya jure tsada na harajin mashigin. Wannan ya haifar da saurin haɓakar tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Bahar Rum tare da hanyoyinsu na ƙasa zuwa Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai. Kamar yadda bayanan kamfanonin jiragen ruwa na yau suka nuna, hanyar daga Singapore zuwa Rotterdam ta hanyar Mashigin Suez tana raguwa da kilomita 6,000, don haka tana ragewa da kwanaki tara idan aka kwatanta da hanyar da ta zagaya Afirka. Sakamakon haka, hidimomin jiragen ruwa na yau da kullum tsakanin Asiya da Turai suna adana kashi 44 na iskar CO2 (carbon dioxide) godiya ga wannan gajerar hanya. Mashigin Ruwa na Suez yana da muhimmiyar rawa makamanciyar wannan a cikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Gabashin Afirka da yankin Bahar Rum.

A ƙarni na 20, ciniki ta hanyar Mashigin Suez ya tsaya cak sau da yawa, sakamakon yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya guda biyu da kuma rikicin Mashigin Suez. Hanyoyin kasuwanci da yawa sun kuma sauya daga tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Bahar Rum zuwa tashoshin Arewacin Turai, kamar Hamburg da Rotterdam. Sai bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Cacaki, da ci gaban haɗakar tattalin arzikin Turai, da la'akari da fitar da iskar CO2, da kuma Shirin Hanyar Siliki na Ƙasar Sin (Chinese Silk Road Initiative), tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Bahar Rum kamar Piraeus da Trieste suka sake zama cibiyar ci gaba da saka hannun jari.

Mashigin Ruwa na Suez ya kafa sabon tarihin kuɗaɗen shiga na shekara-shekara da suka kai dalar Amurka biliyan 9.4 na shekarar kuɗi da ta ƙare a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2023. Hare-haren da 'yan tawayen Houthi ke kai wa jiragen ruwa a gaɓar tekun Yemen sun haifar da asarar dalar Amurka miliyan 800 a kowane wata, kamar yadda Shugaban ƙasar Masar Sisi ya bayyana.

## Wasu hanyoyin daban

Kafin buɗe mashigin a shekarar 1869, wani lokacin ana sauke kayayyaki ne daga jiragen ruwa sannan a yi jigilarsu ta ƙasa tsakanin Bahar Rum da Jan Teku.

### Cape Agulhas

Babbar hanyar daban ita ce ta kewaye Cape Agulhas, mafi kusa da kudancin Afirka, wadda aka fi sani da hanyar Cape of Good Hope. Wannan ita ce kaɗai hanyar teku kafin gina mashigin, da kuma lokacin da aka rufe mashigin. Har yanzu ita ce kaɗai hanyar da jiragen ruwa da suka yi girma da yawa ga mashigin suke amfani da ita. A farkon ƙarni na 21, Mashigin Ruwa na Suez ya fuskanci raguwar zirga-zirga saboda fashin teku a Somalia, inda kamfanonin jiragen ruwa da yawa suka zaɓi bin doguwar hanyar maimakon haka. Tsakanin shekarar 2008 da 2010, an kiyasta cewa mashigin ya rasa kashi 10% na zirga-zirga saboda barazanar fashin teku, da kuma wani kashi 10% saboda rikicin kuɗi na shekarar 2008. Jirgin dakon mai da ke tashi daga Saudi Arabia zuwa Amurka yana da ƙarin tafiyar mil 2,700 lokacin da ya bi hanyar kudancin Afirka maimakon mashigin.

### Hanyar Tekun Arewa

Kwatancen zane tsakanin Hanyar Tekun Arewa (shuɗi) da kuma hanyar daban ta Mashigin Suez (ja)
A shekarun baya-bayan nan, raguwar kankara a Tekun Arctic ta sanya Hanyar Tekun Arewa ta zama mai yiwuwa ga jiragen ruwan kasuwanci tsakanin Turai da Gabashin Asiya cikin wani lokaci na makonni shida zuwa takwas a watannin rani, wanda hakan ke gajertar da tafiyar da dubunnan kilomita idan aka kwatanta da ta Mashigin Suez. Kamar yadda masu binciken yanayin yankunan kankara suka bayyana, yayin da kankarar rani ta Arctic ke raguwa, hanyar za ta zama mai yiwuwar ratsawa ba tare da taimakon jiragen fasa kankara ba na tsawon lokaci mai tsawo a kowace rani.

Kamfanin Beluga Group da ke da iyakoki a Bremen ya yi iƙirarin a shekarar 2009 cewa shi ne kamfani na yamma na farko da ya yi ƙoƙarin amfani da Hanyar Tekun Arewa ba tare da taimakon jiragen fasa kankara ba, inda ya rage mil 4,000 daga tafiyar tsakanin Ulsan na ƙasar Koriya da Rotterdam na ƙasar Netherlands.

### Cape Horn

Jiragen ruwa masu amfani da babban tufa (sailing ships), kamar su windjammers a lokacin da fafitikar Great Grain Race ta yi fari tsakanin Australia da Turai a shekarun 1930, galibi sun fi zaɓar hanyar Cape Horn lokacin tafiya Turai, saboda yanayin iskar da ke kadawa, kodayake tana da ɗan tsayi kaɗan daga Sydney zuwa Turai ta wannan hanyar fiye da ta Cape Agulhas.

### Layin dogo na hamada ta Negev

A watan Fabrairu 2012, ƙasar Isra'ila ta sanar da aniyarta na gina layin dogo tsakanin Bahar Rum da Eilat ta cikin hamadar Negev domin yin gauraya da mashigin. Zuwa shekarar 2019, an dakatar da aikin har sai yanzu ba a ayyana lokaci ba.

### Hanyar Ci Gaba ta Iraki zuwa Turai

Da farko an hango shi ne a shekarun 1980, wani aikin samar da ababen more rayuwa da ake ci gaba da yi wanda aka yi wa laƙabi da 'Mashigi na Ƙasa' (Dry Canal) yana neman mayar da ƙasar Iraki ta zama cibiyar zirga-zirga ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Aikin ya haɗa da ƙirƙirar hanyoyi da ke haɗa lardin da ke gaɓar teku na kudanci wato lardin Basra da Babban Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Faw da sauran larduna da yawa na Iraki da ƙasar Turkiyya sannan kuma ya zarce zuwa Turai. Da zarar an kammala shi, zai zama wata hanyar daban ta jigilar kayayyaki na ƙasa da ƙasa. An fara gabatar da shi ne a shekarun 1980, amma matsalolin cikin gida, takunkumi da yaƙe-yaƙe sun hana aiwatar da shi. Gyare-gyare na baya-bayan nan a fannin tsaro da ci gaban tattalin arziki sun ba wa Iraki damar farfado da aikin, kuma tun daga shekarar 2023, ƙasar ta sami gagarumar nasara wajen aiwatar da shi. A shekarar 2025, an gudanar da aikin gwaji da aka tsara don auna dacewar aikin; aikin sufuri na ƙasa gaba ɗaya wanda ya fara daga Poland ya ratsa ta Turkiyya da Iraki kuma ya isa inda yake nufa a UAE. A cewar mai gudanarwa, an kammala tafiyar cikin tsaro a ƙasa da mako guda, wanda hakan ya ragu sosai idan aka kwatanta da sufuri ta hanyoyi da yawa ta Jan Teku, wanda (a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullum) zai ɗauki kwanaki 21.

## Tasirin muhalli

Buɗe mashigin ya ƙirƙiri hanyar ruwa mai gishiri ta farko tsakanin Bahar Rum da Jan Teku. Kodayake Jan Teku ya yi tsayin kusan mita 1.2 fiye da gabashin Bahar Rum, igiyar ruwa tsakanin Bahar Rum da tsakiyar mashigin a Tafkin Bitter tana gudana zuwa arewa da lokacin sanyi sannan zuwa kudu da lokacin rani. Igiyar ruwa ta kudancin Tafkin Bitter tana da alaƙa da hawan teku (tidal), tana sauyawa dangane da hawan teku a Suez. Tafkin Bitter, wanda asali tafkuna ne na halitta masu tsananin gishiri, sun toshe ƙaurar halittun Jan Teku zuwa Bahar Rum na tsawon shekaru da yawa, amma yayin da matakin gishiri na tafkunan ya daidaita a hankali da na Jan Teku, an cire shingen ƙaurar, kuma tsire-tsire da dabbobi daga Jan Teku sun fara rayuwa a gabashin Bahar Rum.

Gaba ɗaya Jan Teku ya fi gishiri kuma ba ya da wadatar sinadarai masu gina jiki fiye da Bahar Rum, saboda haka halittun Erythrean galibi suna samun nasarar rayuwa a cikin yanayi mafi sauƙi na gabashin Bahar Rum. Akasin haka, ƙalilan ne kawai daga cikin halittun Bahar Rum suka iya rayuwa a cikin mafi tsananin yanayi na Jan Teku. Ana yawan kiran hanyar ƙaura mafi girma, daga kudu zuwa arewa, ta tsallake mashigin da sunan ƙaurar Lessepsian (sunan Ferdinand de Lesseps) ko kuma "mamayar Erythrean". Ginin tsawaita mashigin na baya-bayan nan da gwamnatin Masar ta yi — wanda ya ba da damar zirga-zirga ta kowane ɓangare biyu a tsakiyar ɓangaren mashigin wanda aka aiwatar a shekarar 2015 — ya tayar da damuwa ga masana halittun teku, waɗanda ke fargabar cewa hakan zai ƙara sauƙaƙa zuwan halittun Jan Teku cikin Bahar Rum.

Halittu masu ban mamaki (exotic species) daga Tekun Indo-Pacific waɗanda aka gabatar da su cikin Bahar Rum ta hanyar mashigin tun shekarun 1880 sun zama wani muhimmin sashi na tsarin halittu na Bahar Rum. Sun riga sun yi tasiri ga yanayin muhallinsa, suna jefa wasu halittun gida da na asali (endemic species) cikin haɗari. Tun lokacin da aka tona mashigin, an yi rikodin fiye da nau'ikan halittu dubu guda daga Jan Teku—kamar plankton, gansakarin teku, halittu marasa ƙasashi (invertebrates), da kifi—a cikin Bahar Rum, kuma wasu da yawa a fili za su biyo baya. Sauyin da aka samu a sakamakon haka a fannin rayuwa daban-daban (biodiversity) bai taɓa faruwa ba a tarihin ɗan adam kuma yana sauri: wani bincike na dogon lokaci da Hukumar Kimiyyar Bahar Rum ta gudanar ya nuna cewa a cikin shekaru ashirin na farko na wannan ƙarni, nau'ikan kifi masu ban mamaki daga Tekun Indiya sun isa Bahar Rum fiye da yadda aka samu a duk tsawon ƙarni na 20 gaba ɗaya.

A tarihi, gabanin gina mashigin an rigaya an tona wani ƙaramin ramin ruwa mai tsafta da ake kira Ramin Ruwa Mai Zaƙi (Sweet Water Canal) daga yankin kogin Nilu (Nile delta) tare da Wadi Tumilat zuwa wurin da mashigin zai kasance, tare da reshe na kudu zuwa Suez da reshe na arewa zuwa Port Said. An kammala shi a shekarar 1863, waɗannan sun kawo ruwa mai tsafta ga yankin da can can busasshe ne, da farko don gina mashigin, kuma danyaya ya sauƙaƙa haɓakar aikin gona da matsugunai a gefen mashigin. Sai dai kuma ginin madatsar ruwa ta Aswan High Dam a fadin kogin Nilu, wanda ya fara aiki a shekarar 1968, ya rage kwararar ruwa mai tsafta sosai tare da yanke dukkan laka mai dauke da sinidirai na halitta da ke shiga gabashin Bahar Rum a yankin Kogin Nilu.

## Yankin Tattalin Arzikin Kogin Suez

Suez Canal Economic Zone (SCZONE)
Yankin Tattalin Arzikin Kogin Suez, wanda ake takaita shi da SCZONE, yana nufin wuraren da ke kusa da kogin inda aka rage harajin kwastam zuwa sifili domin jawo hannun jari. Yankin ya ƙunshi fiye da 461 km2 (178 sq mi) a cikin jihohin Port Said, Ismailia da Suez. Ayyukan da ke cikin yankin ana kiran su gaba ɗaya da Suez Canal Area Development Project (SCADP).

Shirin ya fi mayar da hankali kan ci gaban East Port Said Industrial Zone da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ain Sokhna, tare da fatan ya bazu zuwa ƙarin tashoshi guda huɗu a West Port Said, El-Adabiya, Arish da El Tor.

Yankin ya haɗa da "Qualifying Industrial Zones" guda huɗu a Port Said, Ismailia da Suez, wani shirin Amurka na 1996 domin ƙarfafa dangantakar tattalin arziki tsakanin Isra’ila da makwabtanta.

## Manazarta

## Bibiyar Tarihi

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* Carminati, Lucia. *Seeking Bread and Fortune in Port Said: Labor Migration and the Making of the Suez Canal, 1859–1906* (University of California Press, 2023) see also review of this book
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* Galil, B.S. and Zenetos, A. (2002). "A sea change: exotics in the eastern Mediterranean Sea", in: Leppäkoski, E., Gollasch, S. and Olenin, S. (eds), *Invasive aquatic species of Europe : distribution, impacts, and management*, Dordrecht; Boston : Kluwer Academic, ISBN 1-4020-0837-6, pp. 325–336
* Garrison, Ervan G. (1999) *A history of engineering and technology : artful methods*, 2nd ed., Boca Raton, Fla.; London : CRC Press, ISBN 0-8493-9810-X
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* Karabell, Zachary (2003) *Parting the Desert: The Creation of the Suez Canal*, Knopf, ISBN 978-0-375-40883-0 online
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### Tarihi da tunawa

* Carminati, Lucia. "Suez: A hollow canal in need of peopling. Currents and stoppages in the historiography, 1859–1956." *History Compass* 19.5 (2021): 1–14. online
* Curli, Barbara. "Italy and the Suez Canal: Historical and Historiographical Passages from a Euro-Mediterranean Perspective." in *Italy and the Suez Canal, from the Mid-nineteenth Century to the Cold War: A Mediterranean History* (Springer International Publishing, 2022) pp. 1–26.
* Oster, Uwe (2006) *Le fabuleux destin des inventions : le canal de Suez*, TV documentary produced by ZDF and directed by Axel Engstfeld (Germany)
* Searight, S. "A dismal but Profitable Ditch: The Suez Canal Then and now" *Asian Affairs,* (2016) 47, 93–100.  online]