# Harshen Jingpo

| Harshen Jingpo |
| --- |
| 'Yan asalin magana |
940,000 (2001) |
| Dangin harshen | * Harsunan Sino-Tibetan
	+ Tibeto-Burman (en)
		- Harsunan Sal
			* Kachin–Luic (en)
				+ Harshen Jingpo
 |
| Baƙaƙen rubutu |
Baƙaƙen boko |
| Lamban rijistar harshe |
| ISO 639-2 | `kac` |
| ISO 639-3 | `kac` |
| Glottolog | `kach1280` |

Wani shirin game da al'adun Kachin a Myanmar da aka rubuta a Jingpo.
**Kasar** Tun daga kasar Sin harshe ne na Tibeto-Burman na Rashin Sal wanda ake magana da shi a Jihar **Kachin**, Myanmar; Arewa maso gabashin Indiya; da Yunnan, China. Mutanen ƙasar (ko Kachin) , ƙungiya ce ta kabilun da ke zaune a cikin tsaunukan Kachin, sune manyan masu magana da yaren ƙasar, wanda ya kai kusan masu magana da 625,000. Kalmar "harshe na Kashin" na iya nufin yaren ƙasar ko duk wani daga cikin sauran harsunan da mutanen ƙasar ke magana, kamar su Lisu, Lashi, Rawang, Zaiwa, Lhawo Vo, da Achang. Wadannan harsuna sun fito ne daga rassa daban-daban na matakin mafi girma na Iyalin Tibeto-Burman.

An rubuta shi ta amfani da haruffa na Latin; wasu masu magana suna amfani da haruffan Burmese, amma an fice shi. Ƙarshen syllable na ƙasa na iya kunshe da wasula, hanci, ko tsayawar baki.

Turung na Assam a Indiya suna magana da yaren Jingpo tare da kalmomin aro na Assamese da yawa, wanda ake kira *Singpho*, wanda ke da alaƙa da 50% na kamanceceniya da ƙasashe.

## Harsuna

Akwai akalla nau'ikan Jingpoish (Kachinic) 16 (Kurabe 2014:59). Bayanan yawan jama'a da wurin da aka jera a ƙasa an samo su ne daga Kurabe (2014). Standard Jingpo da Nkhum sune mafi kyawun nau'ikan da aka bayyana, yayin da Stephen Morey ya rubuta nau'ikan Jingpoish na Indiya kwanan nan. Bambancin Jingpoish a arewacin Jihar Kachin ba su da cikakken bayani.

Ethnologue ya lissafa **Duleng** (Dalaung, Dulong ), **Dzili** (Jili), **Hkaku** (Hka-Hku), da **Kauri** (Gauri, Guari, Hkauri). A cewar Ethnologue, Dzili na iya zama yare daban, yayin da Hkaku da Kauri sun ɗan bambanta.

Sauran nau'ikan Jingpoish da ba a bayyana su ba sun haɗa da **Mungji** da **Zawbung** . **Shanke** wani yare ne da aka bayyana kwanan nan wanda ke da alaƙa da Jingpo, kodayake masu magana da shi suna nuna kansu a matsayin Naga.

### Kudancin

* Standard Country shine daidaitattun nau'ikan ƙasashe kamar yadda ake amfani da su tsakanin Mutanen Kachin a Myanmar, da kuma 'yan tsiraru da ba na Kash ba a Jihar Kachin. Yawancin masu magana suna zaune a Jihar Kachin, kodayake wasu suna zaune a Jihar Shan da Sagaing Division. Ana magana da shi da farko a Myitkyina, Bhamo, da Kutkai. Matasa suna kiran /ts/ da /dz/ a matsayin [s] da [z], suna bambanta su da /s/ (). Standard Country kamar yadda ake magana a Jihar Shan sau da yawa yana da ʔə- da aka kara zuwa kalmomin monosyllabic, kuma yana sanya ƙarancin tambaya *ʔi* a gaban aikatau.
* Ana magana da **Nkhum** / **Enkun** 恩昆 a cikin yankunan Lianghe, Ruili, Longchuan, da Luxi na Yunnan, China. Ita ce yaren Jingpo da aka fi magana da ita a kasar Sin. Yaren Nkhum yana nuna bambancin rikodin rikodin rikitarwa, yayin da Shadan ba haka ba. Kodayake yaren Shadan sau da yawa yana da -ŋ, Nkhum sau da yawa ba haka ba. Ana amfani da nau'ikan Tongbiguan 铜壁关 iri-iri na Nkhum a matsayin nau'ikan Jingpo a kasar Sin. Ana kuma samun ƙananan aljihun masu magana a Gengma County.
* Ana magana da **Shadan** / **Shidan** 石丹 a Yunnan, China. Ana magana da shi a cikin garuruwan Kachang 卡́ da Taiping 太平 (a cikin Getong 格同 na Mengzhi 蒙支, Zhengtonghong 正通, da Longpen 龙盆, wanda ke cikin Gundumar Yingjiang Ō江 .
* Ana magana da **Gauri** / **Khauri** a cikin tsaunukan Gauri, da ke gabashin Bhamo . Garuruwa sun hada da Prang Hkudung, Man Dau, Hkarawm Kawng, Manda, Ka Daw, Lamai Bang, Bum Wa, Ma Htang, Jahkai, da Loi Ming. A kasar Sin, kimanin mutane 300 ne ke magana da Gauri a ƙauyukan Hedao da Hongka na gundumar Longchuan, da kuma Kachang 卡场镇 na gundumar Yingjiang.
* **Mengzhi** 蒙支 (*muŋ˧˩tʃi˧˩ ka˧˩*) kusan mutane 200 ne ke magana a cikin ƙauyuka biyu na Getong 格同 da Zhengtongyou 正通猶 a Mengzhi 莫支, Yingjiang County Ō江县 .
* Ana magana da Thingnai a kusa da Mohnyin, kudancin Jihar Kachin.

Ƙananan aljihun masu magana da Jingpo suma sun warwatse a fadin Gengma County, gami da ƙauyuka masu zuwa (Dai Qingxia 2010). Dai (2010) kuma ya haɗa da jerin kalmomin kalmomi 1,000 na yarukan Yingjiang, Xinzhai 新寨, da Caoba.

* Jingpo Xinzhai 新寨, ƙauyen Mangkang ƙauyen, ƙauyukan Hepai ƙauyen
* Nalong Naž, ƙauyen Nongba ƙauyen, garin Gengma ƙauyen
* Hewen Sin Sin Sin Sin, Jingxin Village 景信村, Mengding Town 孟定镇
* Hebianzhai 邊緣 kogin, ƙauyen Qiushan ƙauyen, Mengding Town 孟定 ƙauyen
* Caobazhai, ƙauyen Mang'ai ƙauyen Mengding garin孟定

### Arewa maso gabas

* **Dingga**: wani nau'in Jingpo da aka gano kwanan nan da ake magana a kusa da Putao, Jihar Kachin, a cikin ƙauyukan Ding Ga, Ding Ga Gabrim, Tsa Gung Ga, Layang Ga, Dai Mare, da Mărawt Ga. Waɗannan ƙauyuka duk suna tsakanin kogin Shang Hka da Da Hka a arewacin Jihar Kachin. Akwai tsakanin masu magana 2,000 zuwa 3,000.
* Ana magana da **Duleng** a kusa da Putao, a cikin Machanbaw, kuma a cikin kwarin Nam Tisang na Jihar Kachin . Bayanan da aka buga kawai shine na Yue (2006).
* Ana magana da **Dingphan** a kusa da Putao, Jihar Kachin .
* **Jilí** / **Dzili Ana magana da **Khakhu** a kusa da Putao, Jihar Kachin .
* Ana magana da **Shang** a kusa da Putao, Jihar Kachin .
* Ana magana da **Tsasen** a arewa maso yammacin jihar Kachin.

### Arewa maso yamma

**Singpho** (Northwestern Jingpoish) iri-iri na Assam da Arunachal Pradesh, Indiya sun haɗa da masu zuwa.

* Ana magana da **Diyun** a Indiya.
* **Numphuk** yana magana da kimanin mutane 2,000 a ƙauyuka 20, gami da Ingthong, Ketetong, Inthem, Kumsai, Bisa, Wagun 1, Wagun 2, Wagun 3, Wakhet Na, Kherem Bisa, Guju, da Giding. Wadannan ƙauyuka suna gefen kogin Burhi Dihing a Assam, wanda ake kira kogin Numhpuk Hka a Numphuk .
* Ana magana da **Tieng** a Indiya.
* **Turung** yana magana da kimanin mutane 1,200 galibi a yankin Titabor (a cikin ƙauyuka 3 na Pathargaon (Na Kthong), Tipomia, da Pahukatia) da kwarin kogin Dhonsiri (a cikin kauyuka na Balipathar, Rengmai, da Basapathar). Akwai kalmomin aro na Tai da yawa a Turung. Wasu masu magana da Turung suma suna nuna kansu a matsayin kabilanci na Tai.

### Rarrabawar ciki

Kurabe (2014) ya rarraba yarukan Jingpoish guda bakwai kamar haka.

* **Proto-Jingpo**
	+ Kudancin
		- *Gauri* (*Khauri*)
		- Standard Jingpo, *Nkhum* (*Enkun*)
	+ Arewa
		- Arewa maso yamma
			* *Numphuk*
			* *Turung*
		- Arewa maso gabas
			* *Duleng*
			* *Dingga*

Sashin Kudancin yana nuna asarar Proto-Jingpo na ƙarshe \*-k a wasu abubuwa na ƙamus. Ofishin reshe na Arewa yana da alamomi masu zuwa na Proto-Jingpo (Kurabe 2014:60).

* \*ts- da \*c-
* \*dz- da \*j-
* \*ʔy- da \* China- (kafin wasula na gaba)
* haɗuwa da Proto-Jingpo plain da preglottalized sonorants

## Harshen harshe

Jingpo yana da yanayin magana wanda ke nuna batun da abu kai tsaye. Ga misali daya (ba a yi alama da tonemes ba). Aikatau shine 'zama' (rai).

## Fasahar sauti

Wadannan suna cikin Standard Jingpo:

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

|  | Labari | Dental / Alveolar  | (Alveolo-) baki<br id="mwAWg"> | Retroflex | Velar | Gishiri |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| fili | aboki. | Kudin kuɗi. | fili | aboki. | fili | aboki. | Kudin kuɗi. |
| Hanci | <small id="mwAYo">murya</small> | m | mʲ |  | n | nʲ |  |  | ŋ |  |  |  |
| <small id="mwAZ4">Glotalized</small> | ˀm | ˀmʲ |  | ˀn | ˀnʲ |  |  | ˀŋ |  |  |  |
| Plosive | ba tare da murya ba | p | pʲ | pᶼ | t |  |  |  | k | kʲ | kᶼ | ʔ |
| da ake nema | pʰ | pʰʲ | pʰᶼ | tʰ |  |  |  | kʰ | kʰʲ | kʰᶼ |  |
| murya | b | bʲ | bᶼ | d |  |  |  | ɡ | ɡʲ | ɡᶼ |  |
| Rashin lafiya | ba tare da murya ba |  |  |  | ts |  | tɕ |  |  |  |  |  |
| murya |  |  |  | dz |  | dʑ |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fricative |  |  |  | s |  | ɕ |  |  |  |  | (h) |
| Kusanci | tsakiya | w |  |  | l |  | j | ɻ |  |  |  |  |
| <small id="mwAkM">Glotalized</small> | ˀw |  |  | ˀl |  | ˀj | ˀɻ |  |  |  |  |

## manazarta