# Magani

| Magani |
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ƙwaya da medicinal product (en)  |
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| Said to be the same as (en)  |
medicinal product (en)  |

 **Page Module:Message box/ambox.css has no content.** Samfuri:Infobox interventions**Maganin** ko **maganin likita** shine ƙoƙarin gyara matsalar lafiya, yawanci bayan an gano cutar ta hanyar likita . Kalmomi biyu, *magani* da *magani*, galibi ana taƙaita su a matsayin **Tx**, ko **T x** .

A matsayinka na doka, kowace magani tana da alamomi da abubuwan da za su iya hana ta . Akwai nau'ikan magani daban-daban. Ba duk hanyoyin magani ba ne ke da tasiri . Magunguna da yawa na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako .

*Magani* da *magani* galibi suna da alaƙa, musamman a cikin amfani da ƙwararrun likitoci . Duk da haka, a cikin mahallin lafiyar kwakwalwa, kalmar *magani* na iya nufin musamman ilimin halayyar ɗan adam .

**Mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali** mutum ne wanda ke bayar da kowace irin hanyar magani. Mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali yana nufin ƙwararrun ƙwararru da suka ƙware wajen samar da ayyuka kowane irin magani ko gyaran jiki.

## Filin ma'ana

**Page Module:Message box/ambox.css has no content.**Kalmomin kulawa, magani, magani, da shiga tsakani sun haɗu a cikin wani fanni na ma'ana, don haka suna iya zama ma'ana dangane da mahallin . Idan aka matsa zuwa dama ta wannan tsari, matakin ma'anar holism yana raguwa kuma matakin takamaiman abu (zuwa takamaiman misalai) yana ƙaruwa. Don haka, a cikin mahallin kula da lafiya (inda hankalinsa koyaushe ba a ƙirga shi ba ), kalmar kulawa tana nufin babban ra'ayi na duk abin da aka yi don kare ko inganta lafiyar wani (misali, kamar yadda yake a cikin kalmomin kula da rigakafi da kulawa ta farko, wanda ke nuna aikin da ke gudana), kodayake wani lokacin yana nufin ra'ayi mai kunkuntar (misali, a cikin mafi sauƙi lokuta na kula da rauni ko kula da bayan an yi tiyata, wasu matakai na musamman sun isa, kuma hulɗar majiyyaci da mai ba da irin wannan kulawa ba da daɗewa ba za a gama). Sabanin haka, kalmar shiga tsakani tana da takamaiman kuma ta zahiri, don haka kalmar sau da yawa ana iya ƙirga ta ; misali, misali, wani misali na catheterization na zuciya shine shiga tsakani ɗaya da aka yi, kuma kulawar zuciya (ba a ƙirga ba) na iya buƙatar jerin shiga tsakani (ƙirga). A matuƙar haka, tarin irin waɗannan hanyoyin da za a iya ƙirgawa ya zama shiga tsakani, wani tsari mai lahani na kulawa wanda ba shi da cikakken nazari - kawai magance matsaloli daban-daban (a cikin ƙaruwar da za a iya ƙirgawa) maimakon kiyaye lafiya. Maganin da magani, a tsakiyar fannin ma'anar, na iya nuna ko dai cikakken kulawa ko kuma bambancin shiga tsakani, tare da mahallin da ke nuna manufar kowane amfani. Saboda haka, ana iya amfani da su a cikin azanci marasa ƙirgawa da na ƙirgawa (misali, maganin cututtukan koda na yau da kullun na iya haɗawa da maganin dialysis da yawa a kowane mako ).

Kalmomin *aceology* da kalmomi ne marasa ma'ana kuma marasa amfani waɗanda ke nufin nazarin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali.

Kalmar *therapy* ta Ingilishi ta zo ta hanyar Latin *therapīa* daga Ancient Greek kuma yana nufin "warkarwa" ko "warkarwa". Kalmar *therapeusis* wani nau'i ne na tsohuwar kalmar *magani* .

## Nau'o'in hanyoyin kwantar da hankali

Maganin da ake amfani da shi a matsayin maganin yanayin jiki ko na tunani ya dogara ne akan ilimin da aka samu daga ɗaya daga cikin fannoni uku daban-daban (ko kuma haɗuwa da su): maganin gargajiya (allopathic, Western biomedicine, dangane da hanyar kimiyya da aikin da aka dogara da shaida), maganin gargajiya (tsara al'adu), da madadin magani (tsara lafiyar jiki "ba a haɗa shi cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya mai rinjaye ba").

### Ta hanyar tsarin lokaci, fifiko, ko ƙarfi

#### Matakan kulawa

Matakan kulawa suna rarraba kulawar lafiya zuwa nau'ikan tsarin lokaci, fifiko, ko ƙarfi, kamar haka:

* Kulawa ta gaggawa tana magance matsalolin lafiya da ake buƙatar magancewa a yau amma ba lallai bane su zama na gaggawa ba; wurin kulawa ta gaggawa zai iya tura majiyyaci zuwa matakin kulawa ta gaggawa idan ya zama dole.
	+ A Amurka (da kuma wataƙila wasu ƙasashe daban-daban), cibiyoyin kula da gaggawa suma suna aiki da wani aiki a matsayin wani babban manufarsu: Ayyukan kula da lafiya na farko na Amurka sun rikide a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan zuwa tsari inda cibiyoyin kula da lafiya na gaggawa ke ba da sassan kulawa ta farko waɗanda ba za su iya jira wata ɗaya ba, saboda samun alƙawari tare da ƙwararren likita na farko galibi yana ƙarƙashin jerin jira na makonni 2 zuwa 8.
* Kula da gaggawa yana kula da gaggawa ta likita kuma wuri ne na farko da za a iya tuntuɓar ko ɗaukar magani ga matsalolin da ba su da tsanani, waɗanda za a iya tura su zuwa wasu matakan kulawa kamar yadda ya dace. Sau da yawa ana ba wa marasa lafiya wannan maganin kafin a tabbatar da ganewar asali.
* Kulawa mai tsanani, wanda kuma ake kira kulawa mai tsanani, kulawa ce ga marasa lafiya masu tsananin rashin lafiya ko waɗanda suka ji rauni. Don haka yana buƙatar ƙarfin albarkatu, ilimi, da ƙwarewa, da kuma yanke shawara cikin sauri.
* Kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar motsa jiki kulawa ce da ake bayarwa a asibiti . Yawanci marasa lafiya za su iya shiga da fita daga asibitin da ikonsu (saboda haka "tafiya a kan hanya"), yawanci a rana ɗaya. Wannan nau'in kulawa kuma ya ƙunshi tiyata wanda, a cewar binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, yana ba da "sakamako mafi kyau na kwanaki 30 idan aka kwatanta da kulawa ta hanyar asibiti".
* Kula da gida kulawa ce ta gida, wadda ta haɗa da kulawa daga masu samar da lafiya (kamar likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, da mataimakan lafiya na gida) waɗanda ke yin ziyara a gida, kulawa daga masu kulawa kamar 'yan uwa, da kuma kula da kai ga marasa lafiya.
* Kulawa ta farko an yi ta ne don zama babban nau'in kulawa gabaɗaya, kuma mafi kyau gidan likita wanda ke haɗa kulawa tsakanin masu samar da sabis da aka tura. Yanayin da ake ciki a wannan fanni shine ƙirƙirar dijital da nufin tabbatar da samun damar bayanai game da magani, batutuwa, da ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan kan binciken likitanci.
* Kulawa ta biyu kulawa ce da kwararrun likitoci da sauran kwararrun likitoci ke bayarwa wadanda galibi ba sa da alaƙa ta farko da marasa lafiya, misali, likitocin zuciya, likitocin fitsari da likitocin fata . Marasa lafiya ya isa ga kulawa ta biyu a matsayin mataki na gaba daga kulawa ta farko, yawanci ta hanyar tura mai bada magani kodayake wani lokacin ta hanyar kai tsaye ga majiyyaci. A cewar wani bita na tsari, fannoni don ci gaba da kulawa ta biyu daga ra'ayin marasa lafiya za a iya rarraba su zuwa fannoni hudu wadanda zasu taimaka wajen inganta wannan matakin kulawa a nan gaba: "shingaye ga kulawa, sadarwa, daidaitawa, da dangantaka da darajar mutum".
* Kula da manyan makarantu kulawa ce ta musamman ta shawarwari, yawanci ga marasa lafiya da ke kwance a asibiti da kuma bayan an tura su daga ƙwararren likita na farko ko na sakandare, a cikin cibiyar da ke da ma'aikata da kayan aiki don ci gaba da bincike da magani na likita, kamar asibiti na manyan makarantu .
* Kulawa ta gaba ita ce ƙarin kulawa a lokacin ko bayan murmurewa . Kulawa ta gaba gaba ɗaya tana da alaƙa da kula da gaba. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman fannoni na ci gaba - Tele-health, gami da ayyukan da ba na asibiti ba: horar da masu ba da sabis, tarurrukan gudanarwa, da ci gaba da ilimin likitanci - yana ba da dama don inganta samun kulawa, ƙara yawan aiki ga mai bada sabis da marasa lafiya ta hanyar rage tafiye-tafiye, tanadin kuɗaɗen da za a iya kashewa, da kuma ikon faɗaɗa ayyuka.
* Kulawar ƙarshen rayuwa kulawa ce da ke kusa da ƙarshen rayuwar mutum. Sau da yawa tana haɗa da waɗannan:
	+ Kula da rage radadi kulawa ce mai taimako, musamman (amma ba lallai ba ne) kusa da ƙarshen rayuwa.
	+ Kula da marasa lafiya a asibiti kulawa ce ta rage radadi kusa da ƙarshen rayuwa lokacin da magani ba shi da tabbas. Babban burinsa shine jin daɗi, duka na jiki da na hankali. Wani bita na tsari ya nuna cewa mafi araha yana da alaƙa da kula da marasa lafiya a gida, gami da rage yawan "amfani da albarkatu da inganta sakamakon marasa lafiya da masu kulawa".

#### Layukan magani

Shawarwarin magani sau da yawa suna bin jagororin algorithm na yau da kullun ko na yau da kullun. Sau da yawa ana iya sanya zaɓuɓɓukan magani a cikin **layukan magani** : **maganin layi na farko**, **maganin layi na biyu**, **maganin layi na uku**, da sauransu. **Maganin layi na farko** (wani lokacin ana kiransa **maganin induction**, **maganin farko**, ko **maganin layi na gaba** ) shine maganin farko da za a gwada. Fifikon sa akan wasu zaɓuɓɓuka yawanci shine ko dai: (1) ana ba da shawarar a hukumance bisa ga shaidar gwaji ta asibiti don mafi kyawun haɗinsa na inganci, aminci, da juriya ko (2) an zaɓa bisa ga ƙwarewar likita. Idan maganin layi na farko ya kasa magance matsalar ko kuma ya haifar da illoli marasa jurewa, ana iya maye gurbin ko ƙara ƙarin magunguna (layi na biyu) zuwa tsarin magani, sannan a biyo baya da magungunan layi na uku, da sauransu.

Misalin mahallin da tsarin tsarin magani da kuma jadawalin hanyoyin magani ya yi yawa sosai shine tsarin chemotherapy . Saboda wahalar da ake fuskanta wajen samun nasarar magance wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji, ana iya gwada layi ɗaya bayan ɗaya. A fannin ilimin halittar jiki, adadin layukan magani na iya kaiwa 10 ko ma 20.

Sau da yawa ana iya gwada magunguna da yawa a lokaci guda ( haɗin magani ko polytherapy). Don haka haɗin chemotherapy ana kuma kiransa polychemotherapy, yayin da chemotherapy tare da wakili ɗaya a lokaci guda ana kiransa magani ɗaya ko monotherapy. Maganin wakili ɗaya tsari ne na kulawa wanda ke mai da hankali kan takamaiman magani ko tsari ɗaya. Yana amfani da wakili ɗaya maimakon haɗa magunguna da yawa. Maganin Multiagent magani ne ta hanyar magunguna biyu ko fiye ko hanyoyin aiki. Cikakken magani yana haɗa nau'ikan magani daban-daban don samar da kulawa mafi inganci ga marasa lafiya.

Maganin kari magani ne da ake bayarwa ban da maganin farko, babban, ko na farko, amma a lokaci guda (sabanin maganin layi na biyu). Maganin kari magani ne da ake farawa kafin babban maganin. Don haka mutum zai iya ɗaukar cire ƙari a matsayin maganin layi na farko don wani nau'i da matakin ciwon daji duk da cewa ana amfani da maganin radiation a gabansa; maganin kari magani ne neoadjuvant (a zahiri na farko amma ba na farko ba a ma'anar babban abin da ya faru). Maganin kari magani ne ba da nisa da wannan ba, amma kalmomin ba za a iya musanya su ba; magungunan cytotoxic don sanya ƙari "a kan igiyoyi" kafin tiyata suna ba da "ƙulli na knockout" ana kiransu neoadjuvant chemotherapy, ba magani ba, yayin da abubuwa kamar maganin sa barci ko maganin rigakafi na rigakafi kafin tiyatar hakori ana kiransu premedication.

Maganin mataki ko maganin mataki wani nau'in fifiko ne na musamman ta hanyar hanyoyin magani. Yana da ce-ce-ku-ce a cikin kula da lafiyar Amurka saboda ba kamar yanke shawara na al'ada game da abin da ya ƙunshi maganin layi na farko, layi na biyu, da layi na uku ba, wanda a Amurka ke nuna aminci da inganci da farko kuma farashi ne kawai bisa ga buƙatun majiyyaci, maganin mataki yana ƙoƙarin haɗa rage farashi ta wani banda majiyyaci (masu biyan kuɗi na ɓangare na uku) cikin tsarin.

'Yancin magani yana nufin takardar magani don amfani da magani mara lasisi (ba tare da izinin tallatawa daga hukumar lasisi ta ƙasar ba) kuma an shiga tattaunawa tsakanin haƙƙin mutum da na rukuni . Wani bincike mai zurfi a Ostiraliya, Jamhuriyar Czech, Indiya, Isra'ila, Italiya, Netherlands, Spain, Serbia, Sweden, Birtaniya, da Amurka ya nuna cewa an ruwaito cewa adadin takardar magani mara lasisi ya kama daga 0.3 zuwa 35% ya danganta da ƙasar. A cikin yankuna da yawa, 'yancin magani yana iyakance ga shari'o'in da ba su da magani wanda aka tabbatar kuma ya fi tasiri.

### Da niyya

| Therapy type | Description |
| --- | --- |
| abortive therapy | A therapy that is intended to stop a medical condition from progressing any further. A medication taken at the earliest signs of a disease, such as an analgesic taken at the first symptoms of a migraine headache to prevent it from getting worse, is an abortive therapy. Compare abortifacients, which abort a pregnancy. |
| bridge therapy | A therapy that figuratively provides a bridge to another step or phase, crossing over some immediate chasm (challenge), in contrast with destination therapy, which is the final therapy in cases where clinically appropriate. |
| consolidation therapy | A therapy given to consolidate the gains from induction therapy. In cancer, this means chasing after any malignant cells that may be left. |
| curative therapy | A therapy with *curative intent*, that is, one that seeks to cure the root cause of a disorder. (also called etiotropic therapy) |
| definitive therapy | A therapy that may be final, superior to others, curative, or all of those. |
| destination therapy | A therapy that is the final destination rather than a bridge to another therapy. Usually refers to ventricular assist devices to keep the existing heart going, not just until heart transplantation can occur, but for the rest of the patient's life expectancy. |
| empiric therapy | A therapy given on an empiric basis; that is, one given according to a clinician's educated guess despite uncertainty about the illness's causative factors. For example, empiric antibiotic therapy administers a broad-spectrum antibiotic immediately on the basis of a good chance (given the history, physical examination findings, and risk factors present) that the illness is bacterial and will respond to that drug (even though the bacterial species or variant is not yet known). |
| gold standard therapy | A therapy that is definitive, just as a gold standard diagnostic test is a definitive test. |
| investigational therapy | An experimental therapy. Use of experimental therapies must be ethically justified, because by definition they raise the question of standard of care. Physicians have autonomy to provide empirical care (such as off-label care) according to their experience and clinical judgment, but the autonomy has limits that preclude quackery. Thus it may be necessary to design a clinical trial around the new therapy and to use the therapy only per a formal protocol. Sometimes shorthand phrases such as "treated on protocol" imply not just "treated according to a plan" but specifically "treated with investigational therapy". |
| maintenance therapy | A therapy taken during disease remission to prevent relapse. |
| palliative therapy | See supportive therapy for connotative distinctions. |
| preventive therapy (prophylactic therapy) | A therapy that is intended to prevent a medical condition from occurring (also called prophylaxis). For example, many vaccines prevent infectious diseases. |
| salvage therapy (rescue therapy) | A therapy tried after others have failed; it may be a "last-line" therapy. |
| stepdown therapy | Therapy that tapers the dosage gradually rather than abruptly cutting it off. For example, a switch from intravenous to oral antibiotics as an infection is brought under control steps down the intensity of therapy. |
| supportive therapy | A therapy that does not treat or improve the underlying condition, but rather increases the patient's comfort, also called symptomatic treatment (see there for more information). For example, supportive care for flu, colds, or gastrointestinal upset can include rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain relievers; those things do not treat the cause, but they treat the symptoms and thus provide relief. Supportive therapy may be palliative therapy (palliative care). The two terms are sometimes synonymous, but palliative care often specifically refers to serious illness and end-of-life care. Therapy may be categorized as having curative intent (when it is possible to eliminate the disease) or *palliative intent* (when eliminating the disease is impossible and the focus shifts to minimizing the distress that it causes). The two are often contradistinguished (mutually exclusive) in some contexts (such as the management of some cancers), but they are not inherently mutually exclusive; often therapy can be both curative and palliative simultaneously. Supportive psychotherapy aims to support the patient by alleviating the worst of the symptoms, with the expectation that definitive therapy can follow later if possible. |
| systemic therapy | A therapy that is systemic. In the physiological sense, this means affecting the whole body (rather than being local or locoregional), whether via systemic administration, systemic effect, or both. Systemic therapy in the psychotherapeutic sense seeks to address people not only on the individual level but also as people in relationships, dealing with the interactions of groups. |

### Ta hanyar shiga tsakani

* Ana samun maganin mamaya ta hanyar tiyata ko kuma ta hanyar amfani da magunguna. Ana iya raba magungunan mamaya ta hanyar likitanci zuwa manyan rukuni biyu: maganin magani da tiyata.
* Magungunan da ba sa shiga jiki ba magani ne na likitanci wanda ba ya buƙatar shiga jiki. Ana iya rarraba shi zuwa manyan rukuni biyar: maganin jijiyoyi, maganin motsa jiki, maganin aiki, maganin radiation, da kuma maganin psychotherapy. Sabon salon da ake amfani da shi a fannin maganin da ba sa shiga jiki shine maganin nesa, wanda ke samun ci gaba mai yawa a duniya ta hanyar fasahar sadarwa. Maganin nesa ya ƙunshi ayyuka uku na maganin nesa: maganin nesa, ilimin tabin hankali, da kuma maganin nesa. Wannan hanyar maganin likita tana amfani da fasahar sadarwa don samar da maganin hankali kawai ko maganin jijiyoyi a nesa.

## Duba kuma

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## Manazarta

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## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

**Page Module:Side box/styles.css has no content.Page Samfuri:Sister project/styles.css has no content. The dictionary definition of *therapy* at Wiktionary
* "Chapter Nine of the Book of Medicine Dedicated to Mansur, with the Commentary of Sillanus de Nigris" is a Latin book by Rhazes, from 1483, that is known for its ninth chapter, which is about therapeutics

Samfuri:Medicine