Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Austin

| Austin |
| --- |
|  |
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|  |  |
| Flag of Austin, Texas (en)   |   |

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---

 |
| Inkiya | City of the Violet Crown |
| Suna saboda | Stephen F. Austin (mul)  |
| Wuri |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |
|  ﻿ / ﻿ |

 |
|  |
|  |
| Ƴantacciyar ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Jihar Tarayyar Amurika | Texas |
| County of Texas (en)  | Travis County (en)  |
|  |
|  |
| Babban birnin |
Texas  Travis County (en)   |
| Yawan mutane |
| Faɗi |
961,855 (2020) |
| • Yawan mutane |
1,162.34 mazaunan/km² |
| Home (en)  |
395,280 (2020) |
| Labarin ƙasa |
| Located in the statistical territorial entity (en)  | Greater Austin (en)  |
| Yawan fili |
827.51276 km² |
| • Ruwa |
2.3491 % |
| Altitude (en)  |
149 m |
| Bayanan tarihi |
| Ƙirƙira |
1835 |
| Tsarin Siyasa |
| • Mayor of Austin (en)  | Kirk Watson (mul)  (6 ga Janairu, 2023) |
| Bayanan Tuntuɓa |
| Lambar aika saƙo |
73301, 73344, 78701, 78702, 78703, 78704, 78705, 78708, 78709, 78710, 78711, 78712, 78713, 78714, 78715, 78716, 78717, 78718, 78719, 78720, 78721, 78722, 78723, 78724, 78725, 78726, 78727, 78728, 78729, 78730, 78731, 78732, 78733, 78734, 78735, 78736, 78737, 78738, 78739, 78741, 78742, 78744, 78745, 78746, 78747, 78748, 78749, 78750, 78751, 78752, 78753, 78754, 78755, 78756, 78757, 78758, 78759, 78760, 78761, 78762, 78763, 78764, 78765, 78766, 78767, 78768, 78772, 78773, 78774, 78778, 78779, 78783 da 78799 |
| Kasancewa a yanki na lokaci | Central Time Zone (en)  |
| Tsarin lamba ta kiran tarho |
512 |
| Wasu abun |
|

---

 |
| Yanar gizo |
austintexas.gov |
|   |

Austin.
**Austin** (lafazi: /astin/) birni ce, da ke a jihar Texas, a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2016, jimilar mutane 947,890 (dubu dari tara da arba'in da bakwai da dari takwas da tisa'in). An gina birnin Austin a shekara ta 1835.

## Hotuna

* Austin from Congress Bridge in daylight
* Texas State Capital
* Congress Avenue Bridge
* Gada Pennybacker
* Birnin
* George Washington Carver Museum
* Spanish War Veterans monument in front of Texas State Capitol
* Makabartar Oakwood, Austin Texas
* Tunawa da Cowboy a gaban Texas State Capitol
* Gidan tarihi na henry, Austin
* Austin, 2012

## Manazarta
# Gmail

Gmail|  |
| URL (mul)  |
  da  |
| Iri | mailbox provider (en) , email system (en) , online service (en)  da webmail (en)  |
| Language (en)  | multiple languages (en)  |
| Programming language (en)  |
JavaScript (mul)  |
| Bangare na | Google Workspace (mul)  da Google (mul)  |
| Mai-iko |
Google (mul)  |
| Maƙirƙiri | Paul Buchheit (en)  |
| Web developer (en)  |
Google (mul)  |
| Service entry (en)  |
1 ga Afirilu, 2004 |
| Wurin hedkwatar | Pittsburgh (en) , Glenwood Springs (en)  da Houston |
| Wurin hedkwatar |
Tarayyar Amurka |
| Official blog URL (en)  |
 |
| Twitter |
gmail |
| Facebook |
Gmail |
| Google+ |
+Gmail |

*Wannan Muƙalar **guntuwa** ce: tana buƙatar a inganta ta, kuna iya gyara ta.*

Tambari
Misalin akwatin nema
**Gmel** Sabis ne na saƙon e-mail kyauta wanda Google ke gudanarwa. Ya zuwa shekara ta (2019), tana da mutane da ke amfani da ita sama da mutum biliyan (1.5) a duk fadin duniya, wanda hakan ya sa ta zamo kamfanin hudda ta email mafi girma a duniya. Wasu daga cikin waɗanda zasu fafata da Gmail sune Yahoo! Mail, Hotmail / Windows Live Mail, da Inbox.com. Wurin da aka bai wa kowane memba na Gmel ana kara shi kadan a kowane dakika, kuma ya zuwa ranar ga watan Yulin, shekarar (2012), Google na samar wa kowane asusu kimanin MB (10272 )na sarari.

## Ayyukan Google

Manhajar Google sabis ne daga Google wanda aka ƙirƙira shi a watan Fabrairun 2006 azaman Gmel don yankinku. Yana ba da izini ga masu gudanar da tsarin kamfani ko ƙungiya don ƙirƙirar asusun imel don yankinsu.

## Matsalar kasuwanci

A kasar Ingila (UK), alamar kasuwanci "Gmail" mallakar wani kamfani ne kafin a fara Gmail ta Google. Don haka, Ingila na amfani da yankin "googlemail.com" ga masu amfani da su, kuma tambarin yana da kalmomin "Google Mail" maimakon "Gmail" na yau da kullun.

Gmail
A watan Satumba na shekara ta 2009 Google ya fara canza tambarin asusun Burtaniya zuwa na Gmel bayan sasanta rikicin rikicin kasuwanci.

## Manazarta

## Sauran yanar gizo

* Yanar Gizo na Gmel
# Ƙarfe

| karfe |
| --- |
|  |
| Bayanai |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | material (en) , malleable material (en) , Alloy da inorganic matter (en)  |
| Associated hazard (en)  | metal poisoning (en)  |
| Hashtag (mul)  |
metal |
| Has characteristic (en)  | metallic lustre (en)  |
| MCN code (en)  |
7109.00.00 |

Iron, shown here as fragments and a 1 cm3 cube, is an example of a chemical element that is a metal
A metal in the form of a gravy boat made from stainless steel, an alloy largely composed of iron, carbon, and chromium
ƙarafuna
**Ƙarfe** wani abu ne dake, idan aka shirya shi, da polished, ko fractured, sai yazama mai karfi, kuma yana daukar wutar lantarki da zafi sosai. Karfe dai za'a iya zamar dashi zuwa falle, ko kuma zuwa waya. Karfe ka iya kasancewa daga chemical elements kamar iron, ko alloy kamar stainless steel.

*Wannan Muƙalar **guntuwa** ce: tana buƙatar a inganta ta, kuna iya gyara ta.*
## Manazarta.
# Gidan wasan motsa jiki na Melbourne

| Gidan wasan motsa jiki na Melbourne |
| --- |
|
Theatre, performing arts center (en)  da gidan siliman |
|  |
| Bayanai |
| Farawa |
1839 |
| Ƙasa |
Asturaliya |
| Located on street (en)  | Collins Street (en)  |
| Zanen gini | Smith & Johnson (en)  |
| Date of official opening (en)  |
1839 |
| Heritage designation (en)  | listed on the Victorian Heritage Register (en)  da National Trust of Australia (Victoria) listing (en)  |
| Shafin yanar gizo |
melbourneathenaeum.org.au |
| Wuri |
|

|  |
| --- |
| Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap |
|  ﻿ / ﻿ |

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|  |
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| **Ƴantacciyar ƙasa** | Asturaliya |
| **State of Australia (en)**  | Victoria (en)  |
| **Birni** | Melbourne |

**Athenaeum** ko **Melbourne Athenaeum** da ke lamba 188 Collins Street cibiya ce ta fasaha da al'adu a tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na Melbourne, Victoria, Ostiraliya. An kafa ta a shekarar 1839, kuma ita ce cibiyar al'adu mafi tsufa a birnin.

Gininsa da ke kan titin Collins a gundumar East End Theatre yana gaban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Regent, kuma a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo, ƙaramin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na studio, gidan cin abinci da ɗakin karatu na biyan kuɗi. Hakanan ya yi aiki a matsayin cibiyar makanikai, wurin baje kolin fasaha, da kuma sinima.

## Gine-gine

Athenaeum gini ne mai hawa uku mai kama da na zamani wanda aka tsara ta hanyar zane-zanen Smith da Johnson, wanda aka yi masa ado da fenti mai kauri mai siffar pilaster, molds na lakabi, da cornice mai siffar maƙalli.[1] An kammala ginin a shekarar 1886 a wurin ginin farko na 1842, kuma an gina shi da wani shinge mai siffar wani mutum-mutumi na Richard Kretzschmar [2] na Minerva ( Athena, daga nan 'Athenaeum'), [3] allahiya ta hankali, hikima, fasaha da adabi. [4] An ƙara ginin a cikin Rijistar Gine-ginen Tarihi na Hukumar Amincewa ta Ƙasa a shekarar 1981 kuma an jera shi a cikin Rijistar Gado ta Victorian.[1]

## Tarihi

### Tarihin farko

Kamfanin Daukar Hoto na Amurka da Australasian (Sydney, NSW). Ginin Melbourne Athenaeum na asali kafin 1873.
A watan Agusta na shekarar 1840, Cibiyar Makanikai ta Melbourne ta sami fili mai tsawon ƙafa 110 a kan titin Collins har zuwa titin Little Collins, kan kuɗi £285. An kammala ginin farko, ginin tubali mai hawa biyu wanda aka sani da Hall of Arts a watan Disamba na shekarar 1842.

Shugaban farko shine Kyaftin William Lonsdale, Shugaban farko shine Sufeto Janar na Port Phillip, Charles La Trobe, kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Henry Fyshe Gisborne ne ya bayar da gudummawar littattafan farko. Da farko ana kiranta Melbourne Mechanics' Institute, an sake masa suna Melbourne Mechanics' Institute and School of Arts a shekarar 1846.

Majalisar Birnin Melbourne ta yi taro a bene na farko na ginin har zuwa shekarar 1852 lokacin da aka gina Zauren Garin Melbourne . Cibiyar ta sami tallafin £150 na shekara-shekara daga gwamnati, kuma a shekarar 1854, an ba da ƙarin £5,000 don gina sabon gini, amma daga 1857, dole ne ta dogara da kuɗinta. Zuwa 1851, adadin membobin ya kai mutane 488. Bugu da ƙari, ta yi aiki a matsayin hedikwatar Cocin Farko na Almasihu, Masanin Kimiyya.

## Manazarta
# Argus (Melbourne)

| Argus |
| --- |
| Bayanai |
| Iri | Jaridu na kullun |
| Ƙasa |
Asturaliya |
| Harshen amfani |
Turanci |
| Tarihi |
| Ƙirƙira |
1846 |
| Dissolved |
1957 |
|
nla.gov.au… |

Jaridar Argus jarida ce ta yau da kullun ta Australiya a Melbourne daga 2 ga Yuni 1846 zuwa 19 ga Janairu 1957, kuma an ɗauke ta a matsayin jaridar Australiya ta farko da ta yi fice a wannan lokacin. An san ta da jaridar ra'ayin mazan jiya a mafi yawan tarihinta, ta ɗauki hanyar da ta fi karkata ga hagu daga 1949. Babban mai fafatawa ' *Argus* shine jaridar David Syme mai ra'ayin sassauci, *The Age* .

## Tarihi

Ginin Argus, an buɗe shi a shekarar 1926 a kan titin La Trobe bisa tsarin Godfrey & Spowers
William Kerr ne ya fara mallakar jaridar, wanda shi ma magatakardar garin Melbourne ne daga 1851 zuwa 1856 kuma ya kasance ɗan jarida a *Sydney Gazette* kafin ya koma Melbourne a 1839 don yin aiki a jaridar John Fawkner, *Port Phillip Patriot* .

An buga bugu na farko a ranar 2 ga Yuni 1846. Ba da daɗewa ba jaridar ta shahara da cin zarafi da ba'a, kuma a shekara ta 1853, bayan ya sha kaye a shari'o'in ɓatanci da aka yi masa, Kerr ya tilasta masa sayar da mallakar jaridar don guje wa lalacewar kuɗi. Daga nan Edward Wilson ya buga jaridar. [1] A shekara ta 1855, tana da yawan bugawa na 13,000 a kowace rana. [2]

Lauchlan Mackinnon makiyayi ne, ɗan siyasa kuma mai jarida. Mackinnon yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu fafutukar mulkin mallaka a Victoria kuma ɗaya daga cikin masu mallakar The Argus daga 1852 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1888.

A lokacin matsin tattalin arziki, a shekarar 1933, ta ƙaddamar da *Melbourne Evening Star* a gasar da jaridar *The Herald* ta Herald &amp; Weekly Times, amma ta kawo ƙarshen aikin a shekarar 1936 saboda ƙarancin yawan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama.

Fayil:The Argus' final issue.jpgMujallar ƙarshe ta *The Argus*
Ayyukan jaridun kamfanin sun fuskanci asarar kuɗi mai yawa tun daga shekarar 1939 zuwa gaba, wanda zai ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 1940 da 1950 saboda rikicin tattalin arziki, ƙaruwar farashin buga jaridu, da kuma gasa mai tsanani don yaɗa jaridu a Melbourne.

A watan Yunin 1949, ƙungiyar jaridar *Daily Mirror* da ke Landan ta sayi *jaridar The Argus*, kuma a ranar 28 ga Yulin 1952, ta zama jarida ta farko a duniya da ta buga hotuna masu launi a cikin jaridar yau da kullun. Jaridar tana da sha'awar rediyo, kuma daga 1956, sabuwar hanyar talabijin, wacce take ɓangare na ƙungiyar General Telecasters Victoria (GTV) da tashar talabijin ta GTV-9 (wanda yanzu ɓangare ne na Nine Network ).

Ginin Argus da tram ɗin Melbourne
A ranar 19 ga Janairun 1957, bayan shekaru 110, watanni bakwai da kwana 17, aka buga bugun ƙarshe na *The Argus* . An dakatar da jaridar aka sayar da ita ga ƙungiyar Herald da Weekly Times (HWT), waɗanda suka ɗauki alƙawarin sake ɗaukar ma'aikatan *Argus* aiki da kuma ci gaba da buga wasu abubuwa da aka zaɓa, sannan kuma suka raba hannun jari ga masu mallakar Burtaniya. Sauran ayyukan bugawa da watsa labarai na kamfanin ba su shafi komai ba.

## Manazarta
# Muhalli na Melbourne

| Muhalli na Melbourne |
| --- |
| ecology of geographic location (en)  |
| Bayanai |
| Fuskar |
Melbourne |
| Ƙasa |
Asturaliya |
| Wuri |
|

|  |
| --- |
|  |
|  ﻿ / ﻿ |

 |

**Ilimin muhalli na Melbourne**, Victoria, tsari ne mai rikitarwa da ƙarfi wanda ke da tasiri daga wurin ƙasa na birnin, yanayi, da ayyukan ɗan adam. Yanayin halitta na Melbourne ta haɗa da tsarin halittu daban-daban daga tsaunuka masu zafi zuwa gandun daji masu ciyawa, gandun daji na riparian, da wuraren da ke da ruwa. Wadannan yanayin halittu suna tallafawa wadataccen tsire-tsire da Dabbobi, da yawa daga cikinsu na musamman ne ga yankin. Koyaya, birane, raguwar mazaunin, da gabatar da nau'o'in mamayewa sun canza ma'aunin muhalli na birnin sosai, wanda ya haifar da shirye-shiryen kiyayewa da sabuntawa daban-daban.

## Yanayi da yanayin ƙasa

### Yanayi

Melbourne tana fuskantar yanayin yanayi mai sanyi na teku (Köppen classification Cfb), wanda ke da lokacin zafi, kaka mai sauƙi, hunturu mai sanyi, da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa. Yanayin birni yana da mashahuriyar canji, galibi saboda wurin da yake tsakanin yankuna masu zafi da kuma Kudancin Tekun, wanda ke kawo sauye-sauye akai-akai a cikin iska. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana kusa da 600 zuwa 650 mm, tare da mafi yawan hazo da ke faruwa a cikin watanni masu sanyi. Wannan yanayin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara yanayin halittu na Melbourne, yana tasiri ga tsarin ciyayi, wadatar ruwa, da halayyar namun daji na yanayi.

#### Tsarin ruwan sama

Ruwan sama a Melbourne ba a rarraba shi daidai ba a duk shekara, tare da ruwan sama mafi girma wanda ke faruwa a cikin hunturu da bazara. Koyaya, birni yana fuskantar yanayin fari, musamman a lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na El Niño, wanda zai iya haifar da dogon lokaci. Wadannan bambance-bambance a cikin ruwan sama suna tasiri ga wadatar ruwa, suna tasiri ga yanayin halittu da ayyukan ɗan adam. Lokacin hunturu da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa suna tallafawa lafiyar wuraren da ke da ruwa da tsire-tsire, suna samar da yanayi mai kyau ga nau'in da ke dogara da ruwa kamar amphibians da tsuntsaye masu ƙaura. Sabanin haka, yanayin fari yana sanya damuwa a kan tsire-tsire da dabbobi na gida, tare da rage danshi na ƙasa yana tasiri ga ci gaban ciyayi da haɓaka gasa don albarkatun ruwa tsakanin namun daji. A cikin lokutan bushewa mai tsawo, karancin ruwa yana shafar yawan aikin gona da samar da ruwa a birane, yana jaddada muhimmancin gudanar da ruwa mai ɗorewa.

## Manazarta
# Louis Kahn

|  Louis Kahn |
| --- |
|  |
| Rayuwa |
| Cikakken suna |
Itze-Leib Schmuilowsky |
| Haihuwa |
Kuressaare (en) , 20 ga Faburairu, 1901 |
| ƙasa |
Russian Empire (en)  Tarayyar Amurka |
| Mutuwa |
Pennsylvania Station (en)  da New York, 17 ga Maris, 1974 |
| Makwanci |
Montefiore Cemetery (en)  |
| Yanayin mutuwa |
Sababi na ainihi (Ciwon zuciya) |
| Ƴan uwa |
| Yara |

view
* Nathaniel Kahn (en)
 |
| Karatu |
| Makaranta | University of Pennsylvania (mul)  Jami ar Yale |
| Harsuna |
Turanci |
| Ɗalibai |

view
* Bernard Huet (mul)
 |
| Sana'a |
| Sana'a |
Masanin gine-gine da zane, university teacher (en) , painter (en) , designer (en) , Malami da mai falsafa |
| Employers | Jami ar Yale Massachusetts Institute of Technology (en)  Zantzinger, Borie & Medary (en)  University of Pennsylvania (mul)  |
| Muhimman ayyuka | *Kimbell Art Museum (mul)*  |
| Kyaututtuka |

gani
* Rome Prize Royal Gold Medal  (1972) Frank P. Brown Medal  (1964) Golden Plate Award  (1970) Fellow of the American Institute of Architects Rokach Award  (1984)
 |
| Mamba |
American Academy of Arts and Letters (en)  American Academy of Arts and Sciences (en)  |

**Louis KahnWannan Muƙalar **guntuwa** ce: tana buƙatar a inganta ta, kuna iya gyara ta.*

## Manazarta
# Yankin cryptocurrency

| Yankin cryptocurrency |
| --- |
| economic bubble (en)  da technology risk (en)  |
|  |
| Bayanai |
| Fuskar |
Cryptocurrency |
| Ƙasa | Internationality (en)  |

 Farashin Bitcoin na yau da kullun
 Farashin Ethereum n yau da kullunm
**Cryptocurrency** wata sabuwar hanya ce data agabnci tashi da saukar farashin kadarorin kasuwan intanet da ake kira da cryptocurrency da haɓakar ƙimar su. Tarihin cryptocurrency an yi masa alama da yawa.

Wasu masana tattalin arziki da manyan masu saka hannun jari sun bayyana ra'ayin su cewa duk kasuwar cryptocurrency ta ƙunshi hasashe na canjawar kasuwa. Masu bin wannan ra'ayi sun haɗa da membobi na hukumar Berkshire Hathaway irin su Warren Buffett da dama da dama na lambar yabo ta Nobel Memorial Prize a Kimiyyar Tattalin Arziki, masu banki na tsakiya, da masu saka hannun jari.

## Tarihi
# Bauta a Afirka ta Kudu

| Bauta a Afirka ta Kudu |
| --- |
| aspect in a geographic region (en)  |
| Bayanai |
| Fuskar |
Slavery |
| Ƙasa |
Afirka ta kudu |

**Bauta a Afirka ta Kudu** ya wanzu daga 1653 a cikin Dutch Cape Colony har zuwa kawar da bauta a cikin British Cape Colony a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1834. Hakan ya biyo bayan haramta cinikin bayi tsakanin kasashen turawan mulkin mallaka a shekara ta 1807, tare da 'yantar da su a shekara ta 1834 . Bayan kawar da doka, bauta ta ci gaba a cikin Jamhuriyar Boer, musamman Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu ( Transvaal ) ta hanyar inboekstelsel bayan Babban Tafiya .

## Mulkin Dutch

A cikin 1652, Jan van Riebeeck ya kafa tashar shakatawa don jiragen ruwa da ke daure zuwa Indies Gabas ta Yaren mutanen Holland a yanzu Cape Town. Bayan da ya kasa samun shanu da mutanen gida da ke son yin aiki ta hanyar yin shawarwari da su, Van Riebeeck ya gabatar da bauta a cikin Yaren Cape Colony. Bawan farko, Abraham van Batavia, ya isa 1653 ("van Batavia" ma'ana "daga Batavia ", sunan Jakarta a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Holland ), kuma jim kadan bayan haka, an yi balaguron bauta daga Cape zuwa Mauritius da Madagascar.

 Slave Lodge a Cape Town, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don gina bayin Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya na Dutch har zuwa 1811, kuma yanzu gidan kayan gargajiya ne.
## Mulkin Birtaniya

 Plaque na bikin cika shekaru 175 da samun 'yanci, Cocin Ofishin Jakadancin Saron, Saron, Lardin Western Cape
Barazana ga ikon Yaren mutanen Holland na Cape Colony ya bayyana a cikin karni na 18, lokacin da Kamfanin Dutch Gabashin Indiya ya raunana yayin Yaƙin Anglo-Dutch na huɗu . A cikin 1780s, sojojin Faransa Royal Army sun kasance a cikin Cape don hana mamayewa daga Burtaniya . Birtaniya ta mamaye Cape a cikin 1795 a lokacin yakin haɗin gwiwar farko, kuma ya mamaye har zuwa 1803.

Daga baya Biritaniya ta mamaye Cape a hukumance kuma daga baya ta zartar da dokar cinikin bayi ta 1807 . An tilasta shi daga 1808, ya kawo karshen cinikin bayi na waje. An ba da izinin siyar da bayi a cikin mulkin mallaka kawai. A sa'i daya kuma, majalisar ta zartar da wasu ayyuka da aka fi sani da ka'idojin gyaran fuska da aka tsara don samar da ingantacciyar yanayin rayuwa ga bayi. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa bayi su yi aure, su sayi ’yancinsu, su zauna da iyalinsu, kuma su sami ilimi na asali. Ayyukan sun kuma iyakance hukunce-hukunce da sa'o'in aiki, kuma sun ƙarfafa mishaneri su mai da 'yan Afirka zuwa Kiristanci .

Babban tashin farko na mazauna Birtaniyya, Matsugunan 1820, ba a ba su izinin mallakar bayi ba.

## Rushewa

A cikin 1833, Dokar Kawar da Bauta ta sami izinin sarauta daga Sarki William IV ; wanda ya samar da hanyar kawar da bauta a hankali a hankali a yawancin sassan daular Burtaniya . An ba da rahoton cewa akwai bayi 38,427 a Cape of Good Hope a 1833, da yawa kaɗan fiye da na Jamaica, Barbados ko Mauritius. ga tsoffin masu mallakar su a cikin tsarin horarwa wanda aka soke a matakai biyu; saitin farko na horarwa ya zo ƙarshe a ranar 1 ga Agusta 1838, yayin da aka shirya tsai da horo na ƙarshe a ranar 1 ga Agusta 1840, shekaru shida bayan sakin hukuma.

## Manazarta
# Koyon sana'a na aiki

| Koyon sana'a na aiki |
| --- |

Ana fahimtar **koyo na sana'a bisa aiki** ( **PBPL** ) sabanin koyo na aji ko na ka'ida. Yana da alaƙa da kalmomi kamar koyo bisa aiki, wurin aiki ko koyo mai zurfi a aiki. Duk da haka, abubuwan da suka bambanta su ne damuwa game da koyo na sana'a, da kuma fifikon aiki maimakon aiki. Duk da cewa ba ya raina ilimin da ake bayarwa da kuma abin da wani lokacin ake kira ka'ida, babban abin da yake da shi shine ƙirƙirar ayyukan sana'a masu inganci da kuma sabunta kansu - wani matsayi na ka'ida daban a kansa.

## Ilimi Mai Girma a Burtaniya

Ana iya ganin irin waɗannan damuwa, misali, a cibiyar koyon sana'o'i ta Jami'ar Buɗe ta Burtaniya, [1] ɗaya daga cikin Majalisar Ba da Tallafin Ilimi Mai Girma don cibiyoyin koyarwa da koyo na Ingila . [2] Abubuwan da take sha'awa sun haɗa da alaƙar nau'ikan ilimin sana'a daban-daban, hanyoyin haɓaka su da haɗin gwiwarsu, wuraren aiki a matsayin wuraren koyo, kimanta nasarorin koyo bisa aiki, da kuma amfani da fasahar zamani don tallafawa ilmantarwa mai rarrabawa.

Sauran cibiyoyin ƙwarewa sun mamaye wasu ko duka yankin, musamman Sashen Ci gaban Ƙwararru a Jami'ar Chester, SCEPTrE a Jami'ar Surrey, CEPLW a Jami'ar Westminster da NCWBLP a Jami'ar Middlesex .

Sha'awar wannan yanki ba ta takaita ga Burtaniya ba, tare da wasu daga cikin ayyukan da aka fi girmamawa da ke da alaƙa da David Boud a Jami'ar Fasaha, Sydney, NSW.

## Manazarta
# Median income

| Median income |
| --- |
| macroeconomic indicator (en)  |

Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga shine adadin kuɗin shiga wanda ke raba yawan jama'a zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu masu girman gaske, rabi yana samun *kuɗin* shiga sama da wannan adadin, rabi kuma yana da kuɗin shiga ƙasa da wannan adadin. Yana iya bambanta da matsakaicin (ko matsakaici). Duk waɗannan hanyoyi ne na fahimtar rarraba kudaden shiga.

Ana iya ƙididdige yawan kuɗin shiga na matsakaici ta hanyar shigar gida, ta hanyar shiga na sirri, ko don takamaiman ƙungiyoyin alƙaluma.

## Nazari

*Wannan Muƙalar **guntuwa** ce: tana buƙatar a inganta ta, kuna iya gyara ta.*
# Betty Churcher

|  Betty Churcher |
| --- |
|

| Director of the National Gallery of Australia (en)  |
| --- |

 2 ga Faburairu, 1990 - 1997 ← James Mollison (mul)  - Brian Kennedy (darakta na tashar) → |
| Rayuwa |
| Haihuwa |
Brisbane, 11 ga Janairu, 1931 |
| ƙasa |
Asturaliya |
| Mutuwa |
Wamboin (en) , 31 ga Maris, 2015 |
| Yanayin mutuwa |
Sababi na ainihi (sankara) |
| Ƴan uwa |
| Yara |

view
* Peter Churcher (en)
 |
| Karatu |
| Makaranta | Courtauld Institute of Art (en)  Australian National University (en)  Royal College of Art (mul)  Somerville House (en)  |
| Harsuna |
Turanci |
| Sana'a |
| Sana'a |
painter (en)  da art historian (en)  |
| Employers | RMIT University (en)  Australian National University (en)  |
| Kyaututtuka |

gani
* Victorian Honour Roll of Women  (2001)  Member of the Order of Australia  (11 ga Yuni, 1990)  Officer of the Order of Australia  (11 ga Yuni, 1996)  Centenary Medal  (1 ga Janairu, 2001) Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities
 |
| Mamba |
Australian Academy of the Humanities (en)  |

**Elizabeth Ann Dewar Churcher** AO ( *née* **Cameron** ; 11 ga Janairu 1931 –  31 Maris 2015) ta kasance mai kula da fasaha ta Australiya, wacce aka fi sani da darektan National Gallery of Australia daga 1990 zuwa 1997. Ta kuma kasance mai zane a cikin rayuwarta tun farkon rayuwarta.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi

An haifi Elizabeth Cameron a ranar 11 ga Janairu, 1931 a Brisbane. Tun tana da shekaru 7 zuwa 15 ta halarci makarantar Somerville House, kakarta ce ta biya kuɗin makarantar. A can ne Patricia Prentice ta koyar da ita fasaha. Ta bar makaranta bayan aji 10 saboda mahaifinta bai yi tunanin tana buƙatar ƙarin ilimi ba.

A shekarar 1942, tana 'yar shekara 11, Churcher ta ga *An Kori* Blandford Fletcher a Gidan Tarihi na Queensland, wanda hakan ya ba ta kwarin gwiwa ta zama mai zane. Bayan ta bar makaranta, ta yi karatu a ƙarƙashin mai zane Caroline Barker.

Churcher ta lashe kyautar tallafin karatu ta Royal Queensland Art Society [1] a fannin tafiye-tafiye zuwa Turai kuma ta halarci Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal da ke Landan. Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Courtauld, Jami'ar Landan, a shekarar 1977.[2]

## Ganewa

A shekarar 1996, hoton Churcher da ɗanta, Peter Churcher, ya zana, mai taken *Betty at Home,* ya zo na ƙarshe a kyautar Archibald . Ana ba da kyautar ne saboda "mafi kyawun zane-zanen hoto na wani namiji ko mace da aka fi sani da Fasaha, Wasiku, Kimiyya ko Siyasa". Davida Allen ta zana hotonta a shekarar 1990, mai taken *Hey Betty*.

A shekara ta 2001, an shigar da Churcher cikin jerin sunayen mata na Victorian Honours Roll of Women .

## Iyali

Betty ta auri Roy (1933–2014) kuma tana da 'ya'ya maza huɗu da jikoki bakwai. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shi ne mai zane Peter Churcher .

## Manazarta