# Hakkin Ɗan Adam a Eritrea

| Hakkin Ɗan Adam a Eritrea |
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| Haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙasa ko yankuna |
| Bayanai |
| Ƙasa |
Eritrea |
| Wuri |
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Ana kallon **'yancin ɗan adam a Eritrea**, kamar na shekarar 2020s, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) irin su Human Rights Watch a matsayin mafi muni a duniya, musamman game da 'yancin 'yan jarida. Eritrea kasa ce mai jam'iyya daya wadda a cikinta aka dage zaben 'yan majalisu na kasa akai-akai, bangaren shari'a yana da rauni, kuma har yanzu ba a cika aiwatar da tanade-tanaden kundin tsarin mulki da ke kare 'yancin mutum daya ba. Wasu kasashen yammacin duniya, musamman Amurka, na zargin gwamnatin Eritrea da kamawa da tsare mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma tsare wasu mutane da ba a san adadinsu ba, ba tare da tuhumarsu da fafutukarsu na siyasa ba. Bugu da ƙari, ƴan ƙasar Eritriya, maza da mata, ana tilasta musu shiga aikin soja tare da tsawan aiki mara iyaka kuma ana amfani da su azaman aikin tilastawa .

Gwamnatin Eritrea ta ci gaba da yin watsi da zarge-zargen da cewa na da alaka da siyasa. A matsayin wani yunƙuri na yin gyare-gyare, jami'an gwamnatin Eritrea da wakilan ƙungiyoyin sa-kai sun halarci tarurrukan jama'a da tattaunawa da dama. Wani sabon yunkuri mai suna Citizens for Democratic Rights a Eritrea, wanda ke da nufin samar da tattaunawa tsakanin gwamnati da 'yan adawa, an kafa shi a farkon shekara ta 2009.

## Dubawa

Eritrea kasa ce mai jam’iyya daya wacce a cikinta aka dage zaben ‘yan majalisar dokokin kasa akai-akai, kuma ana daukar tarihin hakkin dan Adam a cikin mafi muni a duniya. Tun bayan rikicin Eritiriya da Habasha a shekarun 1998–2001, rikon kare hakkin dan Adam na Eritrea ya kara tabarbarewa. Ana yawan take haƙƙin ɗan adam daga gwamnati ko a madadin gwamnati. 'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki, jarida, taro, da taro sun iyakance. Ana kama waɗanda suke bin addinan “marasa rajista”, suna ƙoƙarin tserewa daga ƙasar, ko kuma su guje wa aikin soja kuma ana saka su a kurkuku.

 Helen Berhane, mawaƙiyar Eritriya, wadda ta rubuta labarin abubuwan da ta faru a hannun Jiha, da ladabi na Church in Chains.
A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty, Eritriya na daya daga cikin kasashen da suka fi fuskantar danniya a duniya. A cikin ’yan shekarun nan, an sami ƙarin matakan hana masu ibada yin ibadarsu. Wasu daga cikin waɗanda aka fi tuhumar su ne Shaidun Jehobah, da kuma ’yan ikilisiyoyin bishara. Gwamnatin Eritrea ta rufe majami'unsu, kuma ta tsananta wa membobin ikilisiyoyi da dama. Bayan ’yancin kai, gwamnatin Shugaba Isaias Afwerki ta hana Shaidun Jehobah duk wani hakki na musamman. Babu memba da zai iya samun kowane taimakon gwamnati, ko amfani da kowane sabis na gwamnati. Ba a yarda Shaidun Jehovah su sami katin shaida na ƙasa ba, idan ba tare da wanda ba a yarda su saka hannu a fagen siyasa da zamantakewa na Eritrea. Katin shaida na ƙasa yana ba ƴan ƙasa damar shiga rayuwar yau da kullum, da kuma mu'amala da gwamnati ko wata cibiyar kuɗi. Gwamnati ta soma ƙyale ’yan’uwan Shaidun Jehobah su yi imaninsu a cikin gidansu ba bisa ƙa’ida ba. Har yanzu an hana su gudanar da aiki a duk wani fili na jama'a. Iyalai da dama sun tsere daga kasar don neman mafaka a kasashen waje saboda yawan zalunci da dauri. A cewar Amnesty International, a halin yanzu akwai iyalai 250 da suka bar Eritrea domin neman mafaka a kasashen waje. Ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin ɗan adam na cikin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa ba a yarda su yi aiki a Eritrea. Addinai masu rijista, tushen ƙidayar jama'a sune Cocin Orthodox Tewahedo Church (ɗariƙar miaphysite Oriental Orthodox), Cocin Roman Katolika, Ikilisiyar Lutheran Eritrea, da Sunni Islama. Ana tsananta wa duk wasu addinai, ciki har da wasu ƙungiyoyin Islama, kamar Shi'a, da sauran ƙungiyoyin Kiristanci, kamar kowace ɗariƙar Furotesta da yawa (ban da Cocin Lutheran na Eritrea) da kuma Shaidun Jehovah. An bai wa dukkanin mabiya addinin Kirista ’yancin yin ibada har zuwa shekara ta 2002 lokacin da gwamnati ta haramta ibada da taro a wajen ‘yan darikar ‘rejista’. Ikklisiyoyi masu bishara a Eritrea sun kasance wasu ƙungiyoyin addini da aka fi tsananta wa. Don ƙungiyoyin addini su shiga kuma su aiwatar da imaninsu cikin yanci dole ne su nemi rajista tare da Sashen Harkokin Addini. Gwamnati ta kwace coci-coci da gine-ginen addini da dama.

A shekara ta 2003, an sami rikodi da aka kama da aka yi wa ’yan cocin bishara. Jami’an tsaro na zuwa wuraren tarurrukan addini ko bukukuwan aure daban-daban don gudanar da kamun ludayin jama’a, “’Yan sanda sun ware bukukuwan aure na addini a cikin gidaje a matsayin wani lokaci don tattara masu imani. Ya zama al’ada ga gwamnati ta sa mabiyan su yi watsi da imaninsu: “An matsa wa fursunonin ne ta hanyar azabtarwa ko kuma musguna musu, tare da barazanar tsare su har abada, su sa hannu kan takardar amincewa da wasu sharuɗɗan sakin, kamar kada su halarci addini. tarurruka. An ba da rahoton cewa an tilasta wa wasu su yi watsi da imaninsu kuma sun yarda su koma Cocin Orthodox.” Yawancin wadannan fursunonin addini an sha fuskantar shari'a a asirce da kuma hukuncin dauri a asirce. Kawo yanzu dai ba a san dalilin da ya sa ‘yan ta’adda a coci-coci ba, kamar yadda kungiyar kare hakkin bil’adama ta Amnesty International ta ce, “ci gaba da murkushe kungiyoyin addini marasa rinjaye, gwamnati ba ta taba yin hakan ba amma da alama tana da alaka da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka kan matasa masu kokarin kaucewa soji. aikin yi". Ana yawan azabtar da fursunonin addini a Eritrea. 'Yancin gudanar da ibada na daya daga cikin manyan dalilan da dubban 'yan kasar Eritriya suka fice daga kasar. Akwai dubban 'yan Eritrea a Habasha, Sudan, Isra'ila, Turai da kuma Yamma suna neman mafaka.

'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki da 'yan jarida suna da matukar tauyewa yayin da ake tauye 'yancin yin taro, kungiyoyi, motsi da kuma addini. Baya ga adawar siyasa, kafafen yada labarai kuma su ne abin da gwamnatin ta ke kaiwa hari. A shekara ta 2001, an daure 'yan jarida goma sha uku saboda goyon bayansu ga ministocin da suka nuna adawa. Daga cikin su, Fesshaye Yohannes ya mutu a ranar 11 ga watan Janairu, 2007, a gidan yarin Eiraeiro da ke arewa maso gabashin kasar. Baya ga ‘yan jarida, an daure daruruwan ‘yan siyasa da sojoji.

A shekara ta 2015, rahoton hukumar ta UNHRC mai shafuka 500 ya yi cikakken bayani kan zarge-zargen kisan gilla, azabtarwa, yi wa kasa hidima na tsawon lokaci ba da jimawa ba da kuma aikin tilastawa, ya kuma nuna cewa cin zarafin mata, fyade da kuma tsawaita aikin lalata da jami'an jihar ke yi. *The Guardian* ta buga rahoton r na 'yawan cin zarafin bil'adama "a kan iyaka da ma'auni da ba kasafai ake shaidawa a wani wuri ba". Majalisar ta kuma tabbatar da cewa wannan cin zarafi na iya zama laifukan cin zarafin bil adama. Barbara Lochbihler, ta kwamitin kula da kare hakkin bil adama na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai, ta ce rahoton ya yi cikakken bayani game da ''mummunan take hakkin dan Adam', kuma ya nuna cewa ba za a ci gaba da ba da tallafin da EU ke bayarwa don raya kasa a halin yanzu ba tare da sauyi a Eritrea ba.

Ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Eritiriya ta mayar da martani inda ta bayyana rahoton na hukumar a matsayin "zargin daji" wanda sam sam ba su da tushe balle makama. A wata sanarwa da mai baiwa shugaban kasar Eritiriya shawara Yemane Gebreab ya fitar ta zargi kwamitin da kasancewa mai "bangare daya gaba daya", ta kuma nuna cewa "Eritirea ta yi watsi da zargin siyasa da rashin tushe da kuma shawarwarin da kungiyar COI ta bayar. Ya yi imanin cewa harin da ba shi da tushe ba wai kawai kan Eritrea ba, har ma da Afirka da kasashe masu tasowa." Rahoton Hukumar Binciken (CoI) ya dogara ne kan shaidar wasu mutane 833 da ba a san sunansu ba da ake zargin 'yan Eritrea ne. Dangane da haka, wani adadi mai yawa na al'ummar Eritiriya sun yi watsi da rahoton kwamitin bincike. 'Yan Eritriya 230,000 ne suka sanya hannu kan takardar korafe-korafe kan takardar sannan 'yan Eritrea 45,000 ne suka bayar da shaidar kare Eritrea, wanda bai bayyana a cikin rahoton ba. 'Yan Eritrea 850 sun nemi da su gabatar da kansu don bayyana kansu a Geneva kuma su ba da shaidarsu ga UNHRC a kan takardar. Bugu da kari, sama da 'yan Eritrea 10,000 ne suka yi zanga-zangar adawa da rahoton a Geneva. Kasashe da dama kuma sun yi watsi da kalaman batanci na rahoton, musamman Amurka da China. A wani taron da aka tsara, jami’in diflomasiyyar Amurka Eric Richardson ya ce takardar Eritiriya ba ta da “tsaro da daidaito” kamar yadda rahoton Koriya ta Arewa da Amurka ba za su iya tallafawa harshen rubutun ba tare da yin kwaskwarima ba. Bugu da kari, mai baiwa shugaban kasar Eritiriya shawara Yemane, ya zargi Habasha da "wasu munanan laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da kisan kiyashin da ake yi wa al'ummarta", yana mai cewa babban abin mamaki ne yadda Habasha za ta iya amfani da majalisar wajen ganin an amince da kudurin kan Eritrea.

Tun bayan rikicin Eritriya da Habasha a shekarun 1998-2001, al'amuran kare hakkin bil'adama na kasar na fuskantar suka a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Ana zargin gwamnati ko kuma a madadin gwamnati na aikata laifukan take hakkin ɗan adam. 'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki, jarida, taro, da ƙulla sun iyakance. Ana kama waɗanda suke bin addinan “marasa rajista”, suna ƙoƙarin tserewa daga ƙasar, ko kuma su guje wa aikin soja kuma ana saka su a kurkuku. A lokacin gwagwarmayar neman ‘yancin kai na Eritiriya, hukumomin Habasha sun tafka ta’asa da dama a kan fararen hular Eritriya marasa makami (maza, mata da yara). Kusan, sojojin Habasha sun kashe fararen hula 90,000 na Eritrea. A lokacin yakin Eritriya da Habasha na shekarar 1998, gwamnatin EPRDF ta kuma kori tare da kwace kadarorin 'yan Eritrea da Habasha 77,000 masu zaman kansu. Yawancin 'yan Eritrea da Habasha 77,000 'yan asalin Eritriya an yi la'akari da su da kyau ta yanayin rayuwar Habasha. An kore su ne bayan an kwace musu kayansu.

Duk 'yan Eritriya masu shekaru 18-40 dole ne su kammala aikin aikin ƙasa na wajibi, wanda ya haɗa da aikin soja. Tsakanin daliban manyan makarantu 10,000 zuwa 25,000 ne ke shafe shekara ta 12 na karatu a daya daga cikin sansanonin masu yi wa kasa hidima, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne sansanin da ke kusa da Sawa. An aiwatar da wannan hidimar ta kasa ne bayan da Eritrea ta samu 'yancin kai daga Habasha, a matsayin hanyar kariya daga duk wata barazana ga Eritriya, da sanya girman kan kasa, da samar da al'umma masu tarbiyya. Hidimar kasa ta Eritiriya na bukatar dogon lokaci, na wa’adin shiga aikin soja, wanda wasu ‘yan Eritriya ke barin kasar domin gujewa.

Rahoton Human Rights Watch na watan Agusta na shekarar 2019 ya yi ikirarin cewa makarantar sakandare ta Eritrea ta tilasta wa dalibai shiga aikin soja ko na gwamnati da ba su da iyaka kuma da yawa sun tsere daga kasar saboda wannan. Kungiyar ta bayyana tsarin ilimi na Eritriya a matsayin na'urar daukar ma'aikata da ke cin zarafi ga dalibai da suka hada da azabtarwa, matsananciyar yanayin aiki da rashin isasshen albashi don tallafawa iyalansu.

A watan Yunin 2022, wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan kare hakkin bil'adama a kasar Eritrea, Mohamed Abdelsalam Babiker, ya fitar da wani rahoto yana mai suka game da tabarbarewar yanayin 'yancin dan Adam a kasar. Daga cikin laifukan da aka yi rikodin, shigar da sojoji tilas, kamawa ba bisa ka'ida ba, bacewar da azabtarwa sun kasance ruwan dare. Rahoton ya kuma shafi shigar kasar Eritrea a yakin da ake yi da makamai a kasar Habasha. An yi garkuwa da 'yan gudun hijirar Eritrea da ke sansanonin Habasha tare da tilasta musu fada.

## Gyaran baya

Jami'an gwamnatin Eritrea da wakilan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun halarci tarurrukan jama'a da tattaunawa da dama. A cikin waɗannan zaman sun amsa tambayoyi masu mahimmanci kamar, "Mene ne 'yancin ɗan adam?" , "Wane ne ke ƙayyade menene haƙƙin ɗan adam?", da "Me ya kamata a gabaci, haƙƙin ɗan adam ko na gama gari?" .

A shekara ta 2007, gwamnatin Eritrea ta hana yi wa mata kaciya. Majalisun yanki da shugabannin addini suma suna ci gaba da nuna rashin amincewarsu da yin amfani da yankan mata. Sun ambaci abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya da ’yancin kai a matsayin abin da ya fi damunsu lokacin da suka faɗi haka. Bugu da ƙari, suna roƙon mutanen karkara da su yi watsi da wannan tsohuwar al'ada.

A farkon shekara ta 2009, an kafa wani sabon yunkuri mai suna Citizens for Democratic Rights a Eritrea da nufin samar da tattaunawa tsakanin gwamnati da 'yan adawa a farkon shekara ta 2009. Kungiyar ta kunshi talakawan kasa da wasu makusantan gwamnati. An kaddamar da wannan yunkuri ne a wani taro na kwanaki biyu a birnin Landan, bayan yunkurin tattaunawa da aka yi a baya ya ci tura.

## Freedom House

An dauki Eritrea "ba 'yanci ba" bisa ga Freedom House Freedom a cikin rahoton 2022 na Duniya, wanda ya yi scoring 1/40 akan 'yancin siyasa da 2/60 akan 'yancin jama'a.

## Yanayin Tarihi

Mai zuwa shine ginshiƙi na ƙimar Eritrea tun a shekarar 1993 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". 1

| Ƙididdiga na tarihi |
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|  |  |  |  |  |
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| Shekara | Hakkin Siyasa | 'Yancin Jama'a | Matsayi | Shugaba 2 |
| 1993 | 6 | 5 | Ba Kyauta ba | Isaias Afwerki |
| 1994 | 6 | 5 | Ba Kyauta ba | Isaias Afwerki |
| 1995 | 6 | 4 | Sashi Kyauta | Isaias Afwerki |
| 1996 | 6 | 4 | Sashi Kyauta | Isaias Afwerki |
| 1997 | 6 | 4 | Sashi Kyauta | Isaias Afwerki |
| 1998 | 6 | 4 | Sashi Kyauta | Isaias Afwerki |
| 1999 | 7 | 5 | Ba Kyauta ba | Isaias Afwerki |
| 2000 | 7 | 5 | Ba Kyauta ba | Isaias Afwerki |
| 2001 | 7 | 6 | Ba Kyauta ba | Isaias Afwerki |
| 2002 | 7 | 6 | Ba Kyauta ba | Isaias Afwerki |
| 2003 | 7 | 6 | Ba Kyauta ba | Isaias Afwerki |
| 2004 | 7 | 6 | Ba Kyauta ba | Isaias Afwerki |
| 2005 | 7 | 6 | Ba Kyauta ba | Isaias Afwerki |
| 2006 | 7 | 6 | Ba Kyauta ba | Isaias Afwerki |
| 2007 | 7 | 6 | Ba Kyauta ba | Isaias Afwerki |
| 2008 | 7 | 6 | Ba Kyauta ba | Isaias Afwerki |
| 2009 | 7 | 7 | Ba Kyauta ba | Isaias Afwerki |
| 2010 | 7 | 7 | Ba Kyauta ba | Isaias Afwerki |
| 2011 | 7 | 7 | Ba Kyauta ba | Isaias Afwerki |
| 2012 | 7 | 7 | Ba Kyauta ba | Isaias Afwerki |
| 2013 | 7 | 7 | Ba Kyauta ba | Isaias Afwerki |
| 2014 | 7 | 7 | Ba Kyauta ba | Isaias Afwerki |
| 2015 | 7 | 7 | Ba Kyauta ba | Isaias Afwerki |
| 2016 | 7 | 7 | Ba Kyauta ba | Isaias Afwerki |
| 2017 | 7 | 7 | Ba Kyauta ba | Isaias Afwerki |

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## Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya

Matsayin Eritiriya game da yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka:

| International treaties |
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|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Treaty | Organization | Introduced | Signed | Ratified |
| Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide | United Nations | 1948 | - | - |
| International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination | United Nations | 1966 | - | 2001 |
| International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights | United Nations | 1966 | - | 2001 |
| International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights | United Nations | 1966 | - | 2002 |
| First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights | United Nations | 1966 | - | - |
| Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity | United Nations | 1968 | - | - |
| International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid | United Nations | 1973 | - | - |
| Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women | United Nations | 1979 | - | 1995 |
| Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment | United Nations | 1984 | - | - |
| Convention on the Rights of the Child | United Nations | 1989 | 1993 | 1994 |
| Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty | United Nations | 1989 | - | - |
| International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families | United Nations | 1990 | - | - |
| Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women | United Nations | 1999 | - | - |
| Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict | United Nations | 2000 | - | 2005 |
| Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography | United Nations | 2000 | - | 2005 |
| Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities | United Nations | 2006 | - | - |
| Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities | United Nations | 2006 | - | - |
| International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance | United Nations | 2006 | - | - |
| Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights | United Nations | 2008 | - | - |
| Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure | United Nations | 2011 | - | - |

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## Duba kuma

* 'Yancin aikin jarida a Eritrea
* 'Yancin addini a Eritrea
* Fataucin mutane a Eritrea
* Refoule na 'yan gudun hijirar Eritrea
* Hakkin LGBT a Eritrea
* Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam Kan Eritrea
* Siyasar Eritrea

## Manazarta