# Harshen Dusun

| Harshen Dusun |
| --- |
|
boros Dusun |
| Dangin harshen | * Austronesian (en)
	+ Malayo-Polynesian (en)
		- Greater North Borneo (en)
			* Sabahan (en)
				+ Dusunic (en)
					- Harshen Dusun
 |
| Lamban rijistar harshe |
| ISO 639-3 |
– |
| Glottolog | `kada1292` |

**Tsakiyar Dusun**, wanda aka fi sani da **Bunduli** yare ne na Austronesian kuma ɗayan harsunan da suka fi yaduwa da mutanen Dusun (ciki har da Kadazan) na Sabah, Malaysia ke magana.

## Tarihi

Abin da ake kira *Tsakiyar* Dusun' **(ko kawai Dusun) da Coastal *Kadazan* (ko kawai Kadazan) ana ɗaukar su da fahimtar juna sosai; mutane da yawa suna ɗaukar waɗannan a matsayin ɓangare na yare ɗaya.**

Harshen yana daga cikin sauran harsunan Sabahan da aka hana a karkashin tilasta wa Mustapha Harun na tilasta wa Bahasa Malaysia a fadin jihar. A karkashin kokarin Kungiyar Al'adu ta Kadazandusun Sabah, a cikin shekarar alif 1995, an zaɓi yaren Bundu-Liwan na tsakiya don zama tushen yaren "Kadazandusun". Wannan yaren, wanda ake magana a cikin kwarin Bundu da Liwan na kewayon Crocker-Trusmadi (yanzu sassan gundumomin Ranau, Tambunan da Keningau na yanzu), an zaba shi saboda an dauke shi mafi fahimta yayin tattaunawa da wasu yarukan "Dusun" ko "Kadazan".

## Fasahar sauti

Alamun a Tsakiyar Dusun da Coastal Kadazan sune kamar haka:

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Tsakiyar Dusun|  | Labari | Alveolar | Dorsal | Gishiri |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hanci | m | n | ŋ |  |
| Plosive | ba tare da murya ba | p | t | k | ʔ |
| murya | b | d | ɡ |  |
| Fricative |  | s |  | h |
| Rhotic |  | r |  |  |
| Kusanci | w | l | j |  |

Robinson ya bayyana cewa /r/ a cikin Tindal Dusun flap ne [ɾ].

Kayan gargajiya na Kadazan na bakin teku|  | Labari | Alveolar | Dorsal | Gishiri |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hanci | m | n | ŋ |  |
| Plosive | ba tare da murya ba | p | t | k | ʔ |
| murya | b | d | ɡ |  |
| Ba a yarda da shi ba | ɓ | ɗ |  |  |
| Fricative | ba tare da murya ba |  | s |  | h |
| murya | v | z |  |  |
| Kusanci |  | l |  |  |

[x] yana faruwa ne a matsayin allophone na /k/ a cikin matsayi na tsakiya.

Tangit da MBDK sun lura cewa ƙwayoyin Coastal Kadazan sun dace da ƙwayoyin da ke cikin wasu iri:

| Tsakiyar Dusun | Gidan Kadazan na bakin teku | Misali |
| --- | --- | --- |
| /r/ | /l/ | CD *ralan*, CKhan "hanya" |
| /r/ | /Sai/ | CD *boros*, CK boos "kalma" |
| /l/ | /h/ | CD *Loyou*, CK *hozou* "waƙar" |
| /w/ | /v/ | CD *awasi*, CK avasi "mai kyau" |
| /j/ | /z/ | CD *Agayo*, CK *Agazo* "babban" |

### Sautin sautin

Kadazandusun yawanci ana cewa yana da wasula huɗu /a i u o/ . A cewar Tingit, /o/ a Tsakiyar Dusun ba ta da ƙanƙanta fiye da a Coastal Kadazan kuma wani lokacin ana wakilta shi da Ōe.

## Rubutun kalmomi

An rubuta Dusun ta amfani da haruffa na Latin ta amfani da halayen 21 (an yi amfani da haruffan C, E, F, Q, da X a cikin kalmomin aro):

A B D G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Y Z

Wadannan haruffa tare ana kiransu *Pimato*.

Diphthongs: 意 意 ዔ (⟨ai⟩ lokacin ana kiranta /e/) ⟨uu⟩

Wasu haɗuwa da wasula ba su samar da diphthongs ba kuma kowane wasula yana riƙe da sautin sa na daban. A wasu kalmomi ba diphthong ba ne, kuma wannan ana nuna shi ta hanyar apostrophe tsakanin wasula biyu: *a'a* .

## Harshen harshe

### Wakilan mutum

Tindal Dusun yana da tsarin mayar da hankali na Philippine wanda ke sanya kalma ɗaya a cikin jumla mafi shahara. Wannan sanannen, kalmar da aka mayar da hankali ba ta buƙatar zama batun ko wakilin sashi. A cikin sassan da ke da sunaye, yanayin magana da kuma sunaye dukansu suna nuna mayar da hankali. Idan aikatau yana ɗauke da yanayin mai ba da labari, mai ba da labarin zai zama wakilin mai suna (ko, da wuya, wakilin mai mahimmanci). Duk wani kalma mai suna a cikin sashi zai ɗauki sunaye daga wani tsari daban, kamar yadda kalma ɗaya kawai za ta iya mayar da hankali a kowane sashi da aka ba shi.

Wakilan suna| Haske | Nominative | Halitta | Rashin amincewa | Da yake da karfi |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1sg | *oku* | *ku* | *doho* | joho |
| 2sg | *ko* | *nu* | *diaʔ* | *jaʔ* |
| 3sg | *isio* | *disio~dow* | *isio* |
| 1in | *toko* | *jatiʔ* |
| 1 Na farko | *jahaj~jahɛː* | *dahɛː* | *jahɛː* |
| 2pl | *jokow* | *dokow* | *jokow* |
| 3pl | *joloʔ* | *dioloʔ* | *joloʔ* |

Wakilan Kadazandusun| Haske | Da yake da karfi | Nominative | Halitta | Rashin amincewa |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1sg | *yoku* | *oku* | *ku* | *doho* |
| 1du | *yato/iyahai* | *kito/iyahai/ikoi* | *dato/dahai* |
| 1pl | *yotokou* | *tokou* | *dotokou* |
| 2sg | *ika/ia'* | *ko/ika/ia'* | *nu* | *dia'/dika* |
| 2pl | *ikoyu* | *kou* | *dikoyu* |
| 3sg.m | *isio* | *disido/dau* |
| 3sg.f | *isido* | *dosido/dau* |
| 3pl | *yolo* | *diolo* |

"Ana amfani da sunayen "mai mahimmanci" shi kaɗai ko kuma a matsayin amsoshi ko don jaddada wakilin.

#### Examples

Don samar da lambobi kamar hamsin ko sittin, ana haɗa mai yawa tare da rukunin matsayi (goma, daruruwan, dubban da dai sauransu), ta amfani da a'a.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje