# Harshe na Breton

| Harshe na Breton |
| --- |
|
nahawu |
| Bayanai |
| Bangare na | Breton (en)  |

Breton yare ne na Brittonic Celtic a cikin iyalin Indo-Turai, kuma harshe yana da halaye da yawa da suka dace da waɗannan harsuna. Kamar yawancin harsunan Indo-Turai yana da Jima'i na ilimin lissafi, lambar ilimin lissafi. Baya ga tsarin mutum ɗaya, yana da tsarin rukuni ɗaya, mai kama da Welsh. Ba kamar sauran harsunan Brittonic ba, Breton yana da labarin da ba a bayyana ba, yayin da Welsh da Cornish ba su da labarin da aka bayyana ba kuma ba kamar sauran harkokin Celtic da ke akwai ba, Faransanci ya rinjayi Breton.

## Sunaye

### Jima'i

Kamar yadda yake a yawancin sauran harsunan Indo-Turai, sunaye Breton suna cikin nau'o'i daban-daban na jinsi / nau'o-nau'i: namiji (*gourel*) da mace (*gwregel*). Neuter (*tra*">*nepreizh*), wanda ya wanzu a cikin kakannin Breton, Brittonic, ya tsira a cikin 'yan kalmomi, kamar tra (wani abu), wanda ke ɗaukarwa da haifar da maye gurbin sunan mace amma a duk sauran al'amuran ilimin lissafi yana nunawa kamar namiji ne.

Jima'i na suna yana da wuyar hangowa, kuma ga wasu kalmomi na iya bambanta daga yare zuwa yare. Koyaya, wasu ƙungiyoyin kalmomi na ma'ana suna cikin wani jinsi. Misali, sunayen ƙasashe da birane galibi mata ne, yayin da yawancin rarraba lokaci maza ne. Wasu ƙididdigar suna nuna jinsi ɗaya:

* Ma'anar maza sun haɗa da: *-ach*, *-adur*, *-aj*, *-er*, *-lec'h*, *-our*, *-ti*, *-va*.
* Ƙididdigar mata sun haɗa da: *-eg*, *-ell*, *-enn* (duba "ɗaya" a ƙasa), *-enti*, *-er*, *-ez*, *-ezh*, *-ezon*, *-i*.

### Adadin

Nouns may exist in as many as four numbers: collective / singulative (see below) or singular / plural. Most plural forms are formed with the addition of a suffix, often *-ed* for animate nouns and *-(i)où* for inanimates, for example, *Breton* "Breton" to *Bretoned* "Bretons", *levr* "book" to *levroù*, although some nouns referring to people take *-où*, such as *test* "witness" becoming *testoù*. Other suffixes also occur, for example, *Saoz* "Englishman" to *Saozaon*, *ti* "house" to *tiez*. A few nouns form their plural via vowel alternation, such as *kastell* "castle" to *kestell*, *maen* "stone" to *mein*, the combination of a suffix and vowel alternation, such as *bran* "crow" to *brini*, *gad* "hare" to *geden* while others are irregular, like *den* "person" to *tud*, *ki* "dog" to either *kon* or *chas*.

Kazalika da samun nau'i na jam'i na yau da kullun, wasu sassan jiki suna nuna abubuwan tarihi na tsarin biyu, suna gabatar da *daou-* zuwa sunayen namiji da di (v) - zuwa sunayen mata. Misali na wannan shine *lagad* "ido", jam'i *lagadoù* "ido", *daoulagad* biyu " (ma'aurata) idanu". Siffofin biyu da kansu na iya samun nau'in jam'i, alal misali, *daoulagadoù* " (nau'i biyu) idanu".

### Ɗaya daga cikin

Wani fasalin da ya bambanta kuma ba a saba gani ba na Harsunan Brythonic alama ce na musamman, wanda a cikin Breton an yi alama da ma'anar mata *-enn*. Duk da yake sunan rukuni *gwez*, alal misali, yana nufin "itace-itace (tare) ", ɗayan ɗayan *gwezenn* yana nufin " (itace ɗaya). Har ma ana iya sanya ƙarshen a cikin jam'i na yau da kullun *gwezennoù* tare da ma'anar "itace-itace da yawa (mutum) ".

### Ƙananan

Breton yana samar da ƙananan sunaye ta amfani da *-ig* tare da jam'i da aka kafa ta hanyar sake maimaitawa na -inda, alal misali, *prad* "meadow", *pradig* "little meadows", *pradouigoù* "little moadows" (cf. wanda ba a rage shi ba *pradoù* "meadows").

## Labarai

In Breton, the article has both definite and indefinite forms. This is unlike other Celtic languages, which have only definite articles. The definite article is *an* before dentals, vowels and unpronounced *h*, *al* before *l* and *ar* elsewhere. Examples of this include *an tan* "the fire", *al logodenn* "the mouse", *ar gador* "the chair". The indefinite article, derived from the number *un* "one", follows the same pattern of final consonants: *un tan* "a fire", *ul logodenn* "a mouse", *ur gador* "a chair".

Takamaim*en*-contents="true" id="mw7A" title="Breton-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">*an* labarin na iya yin kwangila tar*e* da prepositions da suka gabata, misali e "in" + an give en "in the".

## Adjectives

Za'a iya canza Adjectives don kwatanta su da suffixes *-oc'h* (kwatanta) da *-añ* (mafi girma). Wadannan suffixes suna haifar da ƙididdigar da suka gabata don samun tabbaci (duba *gleb* "ruwa" da *ruz* "ja" a cikin teburin). *Mat* "mai kyau" da *drouk* "mummunan" misalai ne na adjectives waɗanda zasu iya samun siffofi marasa daidaituwa.

| mai kyau | kwatankwacin | mai girma |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Hannun "babban" | *brasoc'h* "babban" | *brasañ* "mafi girma" |
| *gleb* "ruwa" | *glepoc'h* "mai ruwa" | *glepañ* "mafi kyau" |
| *ruz* "ja" | *rusoc'h* "mai tsayi" | *rusañ* "reddest" |
| *mat* "mai kyau" | Guguwa (oc'h) "mafi kyau" | Kyakkyawan kwayar cutar |
| *drouk* "mummunan" | *droukoc'h*, *gwashoc'h* "mafi muni" | *droukañ*, *gwashañ* "mafi muni" |

Baya ga siffofin da ke sama, wasu adjectives na iya samun nau'ikan daidaito daban-daban, misali, *kement* "kamar babba", *koulz* "kamar mai kyau", *ken gwazh* "kamar mummunar". Ana samar da daidaito na yau da kullun tare da *ken* "kamar yadda", alal misali, *ken gleb* "kamar rigar", *ken drouk* "kamar mummunan". Breton kuma yana da ma'anar *-at*, kamar yadda yake a cikin *brasat* " (yadda) babba!", *glepat* " (yaya) rigar!", Talklat " (yada) nagarta!", amma wannan ya zama tsohon yayi sai dai a wasu maganganu.

Adjectives kuma na iya samun karamin tsari a cikin *-ik*, alal misali, *bihan* "ƙarami" zuwa *bihanik*, *bras* "babban" zuwa *brazik*.

## Adverbs

Adverbs a cikin Breton ba sa canzawa. Za'a iya samar da adjectives daga adjectives ta hanyar *ez'*, kamar yadda "da aminci" daga leal "mai aminci"

## Magana

Kamar yadda yake a wasu harsunan Celtic, gabatarwa a cikin Breton ko dai suna da sauƙi ko rikitarwa kuma suna iya ko bazai canza ga mutum, lamba da jinsi ba. A tarihi, prepositions masu juyawa sun samo asali ne daga raguwa tsakanin preposition da wakilin mutum.

Gabaɗaya, gabatarwa mai sauƙi wanda ke canzawa yana ɗaukar ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi biyu masu yiwuwa na ƙayyadaddun. Tushen da aka yi amfani da shi don siffofin mutum na uku na iya bambanta da na wasu mutane. Ƙaddamar da prepositions suna rarrabe jinsi a cikin mutum na uku.

Kalmomin da ba su canzawa sun haɗa da *eus* da *deus* "daga", *kent* "kafin" da *goude* "bayan".

Matsayi mai rikitarwa yana canzawa ta hanyar interfixes, inda aka gabatar da kashi na biyu na sunan ta hanyar wakilci. Wannan yayi kama da yadda za a iya zama a madadin ni a cikin Turanci na dā. Za'a iya haifar da maye gurbi bayan nau'ikan sunaye daban-daban.

## Manazarta