# Nahawun Afirka

| Nahawun Afirka |
| --- |

Wannan labarin ya bayyana harshe na Afrikans, yaren da ake magana a Afirka ta Kudu da Namibia wanda ya samo asali ne daga ƙarni na 17 na Dutch.

## Kalmomi

Babu wani bambanci misali tsakanin nau'ikan fi'ili marasa iyaka da na yanzu, ban da waɗannan kalmomi guda biyu:

| sifar mara iyaka | sigar nuni na yanzu | Turanci |
| --- | --- | --- |
| h da | zafi | *yi* |
| sako | shine | *kasance* |

Wannan al’amari ya dan yi kama da fi’ili na Ingilishi, tun da rashin iyaka yawanci sun yi daidai da fi’ili a cikin sauki, sai dai a cikin Turanci muddun mutum na 3, wanda a cikin haka an kara wani karin *-s* .

Bugu da kari, fi'ili na Afrikaans ba sa haduwa daban-daban dangane da batun. Misali,

| Afrikaans | Yaren mutanen Holland | Turanci |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ek ni | ina ben | Ni ne |
| jy/ ku | jĳ/ ku lankwasa | ka (sing.) |
| hy/sy/dit ni | hĳ/zĳ/het is | shi / ita / shi ne |
| ons ne | zan zan | mu ne |
| julle da | jullie zan | ka (plur.) |
| hulle ni | zan zan | su ne |

Ga mafi yawan fi'ili, preterite (misali *na kallo* ) an maye gurbinsu gaba ɗaya da cikakke (misali *na duba* ), ko a cikin ba da labari ta halin yanzu (watau amfani da kyauta na tarihi, wanda wani lokaci ma a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland aiki). Keɓancewar gama gari ɗaya kawai ga wannan su ne kalmomin fi’ili (duba tebur mai zuwa) da kalmar fi’ili *wees* “be” ( sigar farko *ta kasance* ).

|  |
| --- |
| **Modal fi'ili** |
| **halin yanzu** | **preterite form** |
| Afrikaans | Yaren mutanen Holland (3sg) | Turanci | Afrikaans | Yaren mutanen Holland (3sg) | Turanci |
| kan | kan | iya | kon | kon | iya |
| sal | zal | za (yi) | suke | zo | kamata (zai) |
| motsi | motsi | ya kamata (dole) | moes | mafi girma | dole (dole) |
| mag | mag | mai yiwuwa | mog (arch.) | mocht | iya (an yarda) |
| za | za | so (so) | ku | ku / wu | so (so) |

Waɗannan cikakkun kalmomi guda huɗu kuma suna da (ba a cika yin amfani da su ba) da sifofin da ba a taɓa gani ba:

| Afrikaans | Yaren mutanen Holland (3sg) | Turanci |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ba | preterit | ba | preterit |
| dinki | daga / kare | gaba | dakt | tunani |
| zafi | da | kasa | da | yi |
| jika | wis | jika | hikima | sani |
| kalma | wata | kalma | wata | zama |

Kalmomi da yawa suna da cikakkun sifofin da ba daidai ba waɗanda ake amfani da su tare da sifofin yau da kullun, wani lokaci tare da ma'anoni daban-daban:

| Afrikaans | Yaren mutanen Holland (3sg) | Turanci |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ba | cikakke (ba bisa ka'ida ba) | cikakke (na yau da kullun) | ba | cikakke |
| bara | gebore | gababa | barata | gebaard/geboren | kai, haihuwa |
| dinki | dag(arch.)/kare | gindi | gaba | gedacht | tunani |
| a hankali | duk | a hankali | overlijdt | wuce gona da iri | mutu |
| sterf | gestorwe (arch.)/gesterwe | gesterf | m | gestorven | mutu |
| trou | girki | gerou | kwarjini | gagara | aure |

Kalmar fi’ili *baar* (haifi, haihu) tana da ɓangarori biyu da suka gabata: *gebaar* da *gebore* . Ana amfani da tsohuwar a cikin murya mai aiki ("ta haifa") da kuma na karshen a cikin murya mara kyau ("an haife ta"). Wannan yayi kama da Yaren mutanen Holland, wanda kalmar fi'ili *baren* yana da abubuwan da suka gabata *gebaard* da *geboren*, tare da irin wannan bambanci. Kwatanta kuma banbance tsakanin Ingilishi *da aka haifa* da *haifa* .

Har ila yau, Afrikaans na zamani ba su da ƙwanƙwasa (misali *na kallo* ). Madadin haka, pluperfect, kamar preterite, ana bayyana shi ta amfani da cikakkiyar .

An gina cikakke tare da ƙarin fi'ili **het** + *past participle*, wanda - ban da fi'ili hê ( past participle *gehad* ), masu raba fi'ili irin su reghelp ( past participle *reggehelp* ) da fi'ili masu farawa kamar **ver-** da **ont-** ( *verkoop*, *ontmoet* ba su da iyaka da kuma abubuwan da suka gabata ) — an kafa su akai-akai ta hanyar ƙara prefix **ge-** zuwa sigar fi'ili ta infinitive/present. Misali,

Ek breek - *Na karya*
Ek het dit gebreek – *Na karya shi, na karya shi, na karya shi*
Abu yana da mahimmanci a wannan yanayin, in ba haka ba yana nuna cewa *batun* (ek) ya karye.

Ana nuna yanayin gaba ta hanyar amfani da karin **sal** + *infinitive* . Misali,

Ek sal kom - *Zan zo* (ko a zahiri *zan zo* )
Ana nuna sharadi ta hanyar preterite form **sou** + *infinitive* . Misali,

Ek sou kom - *Zan zo* (a zahiri *zan zo* )
Kamar sauran harsunan Jamusanci, Afrikaans kuma yana da murya mai tsauri wanda aka samo asali a cikin halin yanzu ta hanyar amfani da **kalmar** fi'ili (don zama) + *participle na baya*, kuma, a lokacin da ya gabata, ta amfani da ƙarin **shine** + *participle na baya* . Misali,

Dit word gemaak - *Ana yin shi*
Dit is (Dis) gemaak - *An yi shi, An yi shi, An yi shi* (don haka ya riga ya kasance)
Rubuce-rubucen Afrikaans na yau da kullun kuma ya yarda da gina *gemaak* don nuna murya mai ƙarfi a cikin ma'auni, wanda a wannan yanayin yayi daidai da *an yi* . Ma'anar jimlar na iya canzawa bisa ga wace kalma ce aka yi amfani da ita (shi ne/was), misali *gemaak* yana nuna cewa an yi wani abu kuma yana wanzuwa a yau, alhali *gemaak* yana nuna cewa an yi wani abu, amma an lalatar da shi ko kuma ya kasance. rasa.

Ƙaddamar da halin yanzu ana ƙirƙira ta ne tare da suffix *-ende* ( *kom* / *komende* ), amma wani lokacin ba ta da ka'ida ( *wees/synde*, *hê/hebbende*, *sterf/sterwende*, *bly/blywende* ), ko da yake ana ganin wannan abu ne na archaic don kalmomin aiki. Wani lokaci akan sami canjin rubutun zuwa tushen wanda baya shafar lafazin ( *maak/makende*, *weet/wetende* )

Kalmar fi'ili *wees* ta musamman tana da nau'i-nau'i, ko da yake ba kasafai ake amfani da su a yau ba: *sy* shine nau'in subjunctive na yanzu, kuma *ware* shine nau'in subjunctive na baya.

## Sunaye

Sunaye a cikin Afrikaans, kamar a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland na zamani, ba su da tsarin shari'ar juzu'i, kuma ba su da jinsi na nahawu (sabanin Dutch na zamani). Duk da haka, akwai bambanci tsakanin nau'ikan sunaye guda ɗaya da jam'i. Mafi yawan alamar jam'i shine suffix **-e**, amma yawancin sunaye na gama gari suna yin jam'insu maimakon ta ƙara **-s** . Yawan sunaye na gama-gari suna da jam'i marasa tsari:

| Turanci | Afrikaans | Yaren mutanen Holland |
| --- | --- | --- |
| yaro, yara | kirki, kinders | kirki, dangi |
| mace, mata | ruwa (ruwa) | ruwa, ruwa |
| riga, shirts | hemp, hemde | hemd, hemden |

Babu bambancin shari'ar nahawu da ya wanzu don sunaye, dalla-dalla da labarai.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Tabbataccen Labari(s)** | **Labari mara iyaka** |
| Gloss | Afrikaans | Yaren mutanen Holland | Gloss | Afrikaans | Yaren mutanen Holland |
| da | mutu | da/het | a (n) | ŉ | ina/ŉ |

## Alamomi

Siffofin ƙila, duk da haka, ana iya juyar da su lokacin da suka gabaci suna. A matsayinka na gaba ɗaya, sifofin polysyllabic yawanci ana yin su ne lokacin da aka yi amfani da su azaman sifa. Siffofin sifa na monosyllabic na iya ko ba za a iya rikitar da su ba, ya danganta da sifofin tarihi na sifa. Siffofin da ba su da tushe suna riƙe da ƙarewa **-e** kuma ga wasu sifofin, baƙaƙen kalmomi-ƙarshe waɗanda aka ɓace a cikin sifofin amfani ana kiyaye su. Misali, **t** na ƙarshe yana bin /x/</link> sautin da aka goge a cikin fa'ida kamar reg (cf. Dutch *recht* ), ana kiyaye shi lokacin da sifa ta kunna ( regte ). Irin wannan al'amari ya shafi apocope na **t** bayan /s/</link> . Misali, sifa vas yakan zama babba lokacin da aka lalata shi. Akasin haka, sifofin da ke ƙarewa a **-d** (lafazi /t/</link> ) ko **-g** (lafazi /x/</link> ) bin dogon wasali ko diphthong, rasa **-d** da **-g** lokacin da aka kunna. Misali, dubi sigar da aka yi la'akari:

| Hasashen | Gloss | Siffata | Bayanan kula |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| tafi | *mai kyau* | goyi |  |
| gaba | *ƙananan* | layi |  |
| kuho | *babba* | ku | (ana amfani da dieresis don alamar hutu mai iya magana) |

A wasu lokuta na musamman, bayan syncope na baƙar magana na intervocalic, akwai kuma ƙarin apocope na alamar juyawa. Misali,

oud ( *tsohuwar* ) - ou (lokacin da ya rigaya suna)
A faɗin magana, sauye-sauye iri ɗaya waɗanda suka shafi sifofin da ba su da tushe kuma suna aiki a cikin samuwar jam'in suna. Misali, jam'in vraag ( *tambaya* ) ita ce vrae ( *tambayoyi* ).

## Karin magana

Ragowar bambancin shari'ar ya kasance a cikin tsarin karin magana. Misali,

Sunayen Suna| **Sunan Magana** | **Abubuwan karin magana** |
| Afrikaans | Yaren mutanen Holland | Turanci | Afrikaans | Yaren mutanen Holland | Turanci |
| ek | ik | I | tawa | mun/mu | ni |
| jy/ ku | jĳ/u/gij\* | ka\*/ka (waka.) | yau/ ku | yau/ ku | ka (sing.) |
| hy/sy/dit | hĳ/zĳ/het | shi/ta/shi | hom/haar/dit | hem/har/het | shi/ita/shi |
| ons | wata | mu | ons | ons | mu |
| julle | jullie/gij\* | ka (plur.) | julle | jullie | ka (plur.) |
| hulle | za\*\* | su | hulle | kaza | su |

**\*\ Lura cewa hullie</link> da zullie</link> ana amfani da su maimakon zĳ (maudu'i, jam'i na mutum na uku) a cikin yaruka da yawa na Yaren mutanen Holland.

Ba a yi wa jam'in karin magana ba. Sau da yawa babu bambanci tsakanin abu da mallake karin magana idan aka yi amfani da su kafin sunaye. Misali,

ina - *ina*, *ina*
ons - *namu* (madaidaicin nau'in *nau'i* na yanzu ana la'akari da archaic)
Banda ka'idar da ta gabata ita ce mutum na 3 mai mu'amala da namiji ko neuter, inda Afrikaans ke bambanta tsakanin hom (shi) da sy (nasa). Haka kuma, an bambanta ma’anar ma’anar sunan *dit* (it, batun ko abu) daga mallaka sy (its), kuma ana iya amfani da kalmar **hy** a zahiri wajen siffanta abubuwa marasa rai kamar yadda na mace a Turanci, kamar a cikin *Rooibaard* . Taken miya mai zafi "hy brand mooi rooi" ("Yana ƙone ja da kyau"), yana nufin ƙamshin samfurinsa. Don jam'i na mutum na uku, yayin da hulle kuma yana iya nufin *nasu*, ana yawan amfani da bambance-bambancen *hul* don nufin "nasu" don bambanta tsakanin *su* *da su* *.* Hakazalika, *julle* lokacin da ma'anar *ku* yana da bambance-bambancen jul .

## Daidaitawa

### Tsarin kalma

Afrikaans yana da tsayayyen tsari na kalmomi, wanda aka kwatanta a yawancin littattafan rubutu na Afirka ta Kudu ta amfani da abin da ake kira "Dokar STOMPI". Sunan ƙa'idar yana nuna tsarin da sassan jumla ya kamata su bayyana.

|  |
| --- |
| **Dokar "STOMPI".** |
| S | v1 | T | O | M | P | v2 | I |
| Magana | Fi'ili na farko | Lokaci | Abu | Hanya | Wuri | Fi'ili na biyu | Mara iyaka |

Tsarin kalma a cikin Afirkaans yana biye da ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya kamar na Dutch : a cikin babban juzu'i, ƙayyadaddun fi'ili yana bayyana a "matsayi na biyu" ( odar kalma V2 ), yayin da jumlar ƙasa (misali jumlar abun ciki da jumlar dangi ) suna da batun–abu - tsari na fi'ili, tare da fi'ili a (ko kusa) ƙarshen jumlar.

| Afrikaans | Yaren mutanen Holland | Turanci |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Hai ya cika. | Haka ne. | Ba shi da lafiya. |
| Ek weet dat hy siek ne. | Ik weet dat hĳ ziek ne. | Na san ba shi da lafiya. |

Kamar yadda yake a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland da Jamusanci, ƙayyadaddun bayanai da abubuwan da suka gabata sun bayyana a matsayi na ƙarshe a cikin manyan sassan, raba daga madaidaicin fi'ili. Misali,

**Afrikaans:** Hy het 'n huis gekoop.
**Yaren mutanen Holland:** Hĳ heft een huis gekocht.
**Hausa:** Ya (ya) ya sayi gida.
Maganganu na dangi yawanci suna farawa da karin magana "wat", ana amfani da su duka don abubuwan da suka gabata na sirri da na sirri. Misali,

**Afrikaans:** Die man wat hier gebly het was ŉ Amerikaner.
**Yaren mutanen Holland:** Mutumin da ya mutu ya kasance dan Amurka.
**Turanci:** Mutumin da ya zauna a nan Ba’amurke ne.
A madadin, jumlar dangi na iya farawa tare da preposition + "wie" lokacin da ake magana akan abin da ya gabata na sirri, ko ƙaranci tsakanin "waar" da preposition lokacin da ake magana akan wanda ba na mutum ba.

### Mara kyau biyu

Wani fasali na Afirkaans shine amfani da shi na rashin kyau biyu . Misali,

**Afrikaans:** Hy kan nie Afrikaans praat nie. ( *lit.* Ba zai iya yin magana ba.)
**Yaren mutanen Holland:** Hĳ kan geen Afrikaans spreken.
**Turanci:** Ba zai iya magana da Afirka ba.
Dukansu Faransanci da asalin San an ba da shawarar don ƙin yarda sau biyu a cikin Afirkaans. Duk da yake ana samun sabani sau biyu a yarukan Low Franconian a West-Flanders da kuma a wasu ƙauyuka “keɓe” a tsakiyar Netherlands (watau Garderen), yana ɗaukar wani nau'i na daban, wanda ba a cikin Afirkaans. Misalin nan shine:

| Afrikaans | Yaren mutanen Holland | Turanci |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Haka ne za a yi ni. | Zan iya yin hakan. | Ba na so in yi. |

\* Kwatanta da "Ek wil nie dit doen nie", wanda ke canza ma'anar zuwa "Ba na son yin wannan takamaiman abu." Ganin cewa "Ek wil dit nie doen nie" yana jaddada rashin son yin aiki, "Ek will nie dit doen nie" yana jaddada rashin son yin ƙayyadaddun aikin.

An haɗa ginin mara kyau na ninki biyu cikin daidaitattun Afrikaans kuma amfani da shi da ya dace yana bin tsarin ƙa'idodi masu rikitarwa kamar yadda misalan da ke ƙasa ke nunawa:

| Afrikaans | Yaren mutanen Holland | Turanci |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Toh ni dai nasan halin da ake ciki. | Ik heb niet geweten dat hij zou komen. 1 | Ban san zai zo ba |
| Da fatan za ku kasance tare da ku. | Da fatan za a yi la'akari da shi. ² | Na san ba zai zo ba. |
| Duk da haka nie naji dadin hakan. | Duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da shi. ³ | Ban san ba zai zo ba. |
| Hy sal nie kom nie, so hy is siek. | Duk da haka, son hĳ shi ne ziek. 4 | Ba zai zo ba saboda rashin lafiya. |
| Dis (Dit is) nie don haka moeilik om Afrikaans da leer nie. | Yana da kyau a yi la'akari da Afirkaans. | Ba shi da wahala sosai don koyon Afirkaans. |

Kalmar het a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland ba ta dace da het a cikin Afrikaans ba. Het a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland yana nufin shi a Turanci. Kalmar Yaren mutanen Holland da ta yi daidai da het a cikin Afrikaans (a cikin waɗannan lokuta) shine heb

Lura cewa a cikin waɗannan lokuta, yawancin masu magana da harshen Holland za su ce maimakon:

| A'a. | Yaren mutanen Holland | Turanci |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Ba ku san komai ba. | Ban san zai zo ba. |
| 2 | Da fatan za ku kasance da gaskiya. | Na san ba zai zo ba. |
| 3 | Ba ku san komai ba game da komai. | Ban san ba zai zo ba. |
| 4 | Duk da haka, son hĳ shi ne ziek. (ko fiye da yadda aka saba *da shi.* ) | Ba ya zuwa saboda rashin lafiya. |

Wani sanannen bangaranci ga wannan shine amfani da sigar nahawu wanda ya yi daidai da ƙeta ɓangaren Ingilishi na yanzu. A wannan yanayin akwai kawai sabani guda.

| Afrikaans | Turanci |
| --- | --- |
| Hy is a die hospital, maar hy eet nie. ( *lit* ...ba ya ci.) | Yana asibiti, amma baya cin abinci. |

Wasu kalmomi a cikin Afrikaans suna tasowa saboda nahawu. Misali, moet nie, wanda a zahiri yana nufin "dole ne", yawanci ya zama moenie ; ko da yake ba dole ne mutum ya rubuta ko ya faɗi haka ba, kusan duk masu magana da Afirka za su canza kalmomin biyu zuwa moenie kamar yadda ba a canza ba a cikin Ingilishi.

## Duba kuma

* Halinsa

## Bayanan kula

## Manazarta

* (Willy ed.). Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
*
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* See also Empty citation (help)