# Harsunan Kung

| Harsunan Kung |
| --- |
| 'Yan asalin magana |
16,000 |
| Dangin harshen | * Harsunan Khoisan
	+ Harshen Kxʼa
		- Harsunan Kung
 |
| Lamban rijistar harshe |
| ISO 639-3 |
– |
| Glottolog | `juku1256` |

**ǃKung** / ˈkʊ ŋ / KUUNG ( **ǃXun** ), kuma da aka sani da **Ju** ( /ˈdʒ uː / JOO ), yare nl ne Na (hadaddun harshe) wanda ake magana da shi a Namibia, Botswana, da Angola ta Kung mutane, wanda ya ƙunshi harsuna biyu ko uku. Tare da yaren ǂʼAmkoe, ǃKung sun kafa dangin harshen Kxʼa . ǃKung ya zama ɗaya daga cikin rassan dangin harshen Khoisan, kuma ana kiransa da **Arewacin Khoisan** a wannan yanayin, to amma rashin haɗin kan Khoisan ba a taɓa samu ba kuma yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin abin sha'awa. Duk da haka, kalmar 'Khoisan' an kiyaye shi azaman laima don danne harsuna gabaɗaya.

ǃKung ya kuma shahara da dannawa da yawa, kamar ǃ a cikin sunansa, kuma yana da wasu ƙayyadaddun ƙirƙira na baƙaƙe da wasula a duniya. Har ila yau yana da sautin murya da nasalization . Don bayanin, duba Juƀʼhoan . Don furta *ǃXuun* (lafazi: [ ǃ͡χũː˦˥ ]</link> in Western ǃKung/ǃXuun) mutum yana yin sautin dannawa kafin sautin *x* (wanda yake kama da Scotland ko Jamusanci *ch* ), sannan kuma dogon hanci <i id="mwNQ">u</i> wasali mai tsayi mai tsayi.

## Sunaye

Kalmar ǃKung, ko bambance-bambancen ta, yawanci ana amfani da ita lokacin la'akari da yarukan don zama harshe ɗaya; Ju yana son a yi amfani dashi lokacin la'akari da su azaman ƙaramin dangin harshe. ǃKung kuma a wani lokaci ana amfani da shi don yarukan arewa/ arewa maso yamma, sabanin yarukan Juǀʼhoan da aka rubuta sosai a kudu(gabas); duk da haka masu magana da kusan dukkan yarukan suna kiran kansu ǃKung .

Rubuce-rubucen *ǃXun* da *ǃXuun* da aka gani a cikin adabi na baya-bayan nan suna da alaƙa da sifar Juǀʼhoan da aka rubuta *ǃXʼu(u)n* a cikin rubutun waƙa ta 1975, ko *ǃKu(u)n* a cikin rubutun waƙa na yanzu. Ƙarin rubutun su ne *ǃHu, ǃKhung, ǃKu, Kung, Qxü, ǃung, ǃXo, Xû, ǃXû, Xun, ǃXung, ǃXũũ, ǃXun, ʗhũ:,* da ƙarin rubutun *Ju* sune *Dzu, Juu, Zhu* .

## Masu magana

Idan an kirga yarukan ǃKung tare, za su yi yaren danna mafi yawan jama'a na uku bayan Khoekhoe da Sandawe . Mafi yawan jama'a ǃKung iri-iri, Juǀʼhoan, ƙila an haɗa shi zuwa matsayi na uku tare da Naro .

Ƙididdiga sun bambanta, amma akwai yiwuwar masu magana kusan 15,000. Ƙididdiga yana da wahala saboda masu magana sun warwatse a gonaki, suna tare da masu magana da wasu harsuna, amma Brenzinger (2011) ya ƙidaya 9,000 a Namibia, 2,000 a Botswana, 3,700 a Afirka ta Kudu da 1,000 a Angola (sau da ƙila 8,000 a shekarar 1975).

Har zuwa tsakiyar-karshen karni na ashirin, yarukan arewa sun yadu a kudanci da tsakiyar Angola. Duk da haka, yawancin ǃKung sun gudu daga yakin basasa na Angola zuwa Namibiya (musamman zuwa Caprivi Strip ), inda aka dauke su aiki a cikin rundunar sojojin Afirka ta Kudu na musamman da sojojin Angolan da SWAPO . A karshen yakin kan iyaka, an mayar da mayaka fiye da dubu daya da iyalansu zuwa Schmidtsdrift a Afirka ta Kudu cikin rashin tabbas kan makomarsu a Namibiya. Bayan fiye da shekaru goma suna rayuwa cikin mawuyacin hali, gwamnatin bayan wariyar launin fata ta saya da ba da gudummawar filaye don zama na dindindin a Platfontein, kusa da Schmidtsdrift.

Juǀʼhoan kaɗai aka rubuta, kuma bai isa ya fahimce shi da yarukan Arewa maso Yamma ba don amfani da adabi iri ɗaya don duka biyun.

## Iri

Yaren ǃKung da aka fi sani shine Tsumkwe Juǀʼhoan, Ekoka ǃKung, ǃʼOǃKung, da ǂKxʼauǁʼein . Malamai sun bambanta tsakanin yaruka goma sha ɗaya da goma sha biyar, amma ba a fayyace iyakokin ba. Akwai bayyanannen bambanci tsakanin Arewa/Arewa maso Yamma vs Kudu/Kudu maso Gabas, amma har ila yau, ƙungiyar ta tsakiya dabam-dabam wacce ba ta da wata shaida.

### Heine & Honken (2010)

Heine & Honken (2010) classify the 11 traditionally numbered dialects into three branches of what they consider a single language:

Heine & König (2015, p. 324) state that speakers of all Northwestern dialects "understand one another to quite some extent" but that they do not understand any of the Southeastern dialects.

### Sands (2010)

Sands (2010) classifies ǃKung dialects into four clusters, with the first two being quite close:

ǂKxʼauǁʼein ba shi da kyau a ba da shaida don rarrabawa a lokacin.

### Snyman (1997)

Rabewar farko na ! Yaren Xũũ da Žuǀ'hõasi na Snyman (1997):

## Proto-harshen

Harshen kakanni, Proto-Juu ko Proto-ǃXuun, yana da wuraren dannawa guda biyar: Dental, alveolar, palatal, alveolar lateral, da retroflex ( \*‼</link> ). Maɓallin retroflex ya fita daga yarukan Kudu maso Gabas kamar Juǀʼhoan, amma ya kasance a Tsakiyar ǃKung. A cikin ǀʼAkhwe (Ekoka), ɓangarorin palatal ya zama alveolar mai sassaƙa .

| Proto-Ju | \*ǃ 'ciki' | \*‼ 'ruwa' | \*ǂ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SE (Tsumkwe) | ᶢǃű | ᶢǃű | ǂ |
| N (Okongo/ǀʼAkhwe) | ᶢǃű | ᶢǁű | ⨎ |
| NW (Mangetti Dune) | ᶢǃű | ᶢǁű | ǂ |
| C (Neitsas/Nurugas) | ᶢǃú | ᶢ‼ú | ǂ |

## Duba kuma

* Lissafin kalmomin Kung (Wiktionary)

## Bayanan kula

## Manazarta

== Hanyoyin hadi na Waje==

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