# Ilimin halittu

| Ilimin halittu |
| --- |
| branch of biology (en)  da academic discipline (en)  |
|  |
| Bayanai |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
biology da прецизна наука (mul)  |
| Hashtag (mul)  |
microbiology |
| Gudanarwan | microbiologist (en)  |

**Nosology** ( from ) reshe ne na kimiyyar likitanci wanda ke hulɗa da rarraba cututtuka . Cikakken rarraba yanayin lafiya yana buƙatar sanin musabbabinsa (kuma akwai dalili ɗaya kawai), tasirin da yake da shi ga jiki, alamomin da ake samarwa, da sauran abubuwa. Misali, ana rarraba mura a matsayin cuta mai yaɗuwa saboda ƙwayar cuta ce ke haifar da ita, kuma ana rarraba ta a matsayin kamuwa da cutar numfashi saboda ƙwayar cutar tana kamuwa da wasu kyallen takarda a cikin hanyoyin numfashi. Da zarar an san cutar, haka nan za a iya rarraba cutar ta hanyar nosological.

**Nosography** wani bayani ne wanda babban manufarsa ita ce a sanya alamar ganewar asali a kan yanayin. Saboda haka, ba lallai ne wani abu na nosography ya kasance yana da dalili ɗaya ba. Misali, rashin iya magana saboda ciwon hauka da rashin iya magana saboda bugun jini na iya bambanta a fannin nosological amma a fannin nosography iri ɗaya ne.

## Nau'ikan rarrabuwa

Ana iya rarraba cututtuka ta hanyar dalili, pathogenesis ( hanyar da cutar ke ci gaba da ci gaba), ko ta hanyar alamun (alamomi).

A madadin haka, ana iya rarraba cututtuka bisa ga tsarin gabobin da abin ya shafa, kodayake wannan sau da yawa yana da rikitarwa tunda cututtuka da yawa suna shafar fiye da gabobi ɗaya.

A al'adance, ana bayyana cututtuka a matsayin ciwo ta hanyar alamunsu. Idan aka sami ƙarin bayani, ana kuma bayyana su ta hanyar lalacewar da suke haifarwa. Idan aka san dalili, ana iya bayyana su da kyau ta hanyar dalilinsu, kodayake har yanzu suna da mahimmanci ga halayensu. Wannan yana haifar da bambance-bambancen rassa wanda za a iya fahimtar ciwon asibiti (tsarin alamu da alamu) a matsayin wani abu da ba a keɓance shi ba wanda ƙungiyar cututtuka ko endotypes ke rabawa. Misali, ra'ayoyi kamar murrain da grippe waɗanda a da ba a iya bambance su da mutane kuma don haka aka fahimci su a matsayin cuta guda ɗaya daga baya za a iya warware su ta hanyar hankali a matsayin cututtuka daban-daban tare da irin waɗannan gabatarwar asibiti . Don haka, nosology yana da ƙarfi, yana sake rarrabawa azaman ci gaban kimiyya.

Zuwan ilmin kwayoyin halitta ya kawo ƙarin damar sake rarrabawa tare da manufar cututtuka da aka ayyana ta hanyar ƙwayoyin halitta, waɗanda aka ayyana ta hanyar halayen ƙwayoyin halitta. An gabatar da wannan ra'ayi a cikin 1949, tare da takarda mai taken, " Anaemia na Sickle Cell, Cutar Kwayoyin Halitta ", a cikin mujallar *Kimiyya*, Linus Pauling, Harvey Itano da abokan haɗin gwiwarsu sun shimfida harsashin kafa fannin maganin kwayoyin halitta. Maganin kwayoyin halitta, tare da haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin halitta a matsayin fannoni na ilmin kwayoyin halitta, ya samar da sabbin misalai na jigon cewa gabatarwar asibiti da mutane suka fassara a matsayin cuta guda ɗaya za a iya rarraba su zuwa rukuni na abubuwan cuta ko endotypes. Misali, shigarwar bayanai da yawa na OMIM suna nuna tsarin sunan cutar XYZ tare da nau'ikan da aka gano a matsayin XYZ1 (wanda ya haɗa da bambance-bambancen jerin a cikin kwayar halitta A), XYZ2 (wanda ya haɗa da bambance-bambancen jerin a cikin kwayar halitta B), XYZ3 (wanda ya haɗa da bambance-bambancen jerin a cikin kwayar halitta C), XYZ4 (wanda ya haɗa da bambance-bambancen jerin a cikin kwayoyin halitta B da C), da sauransu.

## Tsarin coding

An gabatar da rarrabuwar cututtuka da dama a tarihi, kuma galibi dukkansu suna sanya lamba ga kowace cuta da aka tallafa. Wasu daga cikinsu suna bayyana cututtuka ta hanyar bin hanyar bishiyar rarrabuwa, wasu kuma kamar SNOMED suna amfani da tsarin rarrabuwa mai matakai da yawa.

Tsarin lambar da aka fi sani shine ICD-Series na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, amma akwai wasu rarrabuwa da aka yarda da su kamar DOCLE, NANDA ko SNOMED . A tarihi akwai wasu kamar Tsarin Lambar Berkson waɗanda ba a ci gaba da kiyaye su ba.

Akwai kuma tsarin lambar don alamun da ke cikin cututtuka da binciken halittu. Yawanci ana haɗa su a cikin ƙamus na likitanci, kuma tare da tsarin lambar. Wasu daga cikinsu sune MeSH (Taken Maudu'in Lafiya), COSTART (Alamomin Lambar don Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction Terms) ko MedDRA (Kamus na Kiwon Lafiya don Ayyukan Kulawa) Sauran tsarin kamar Current Procedural Terminology ba sa magance cututtuka kai tsaye amma suna magance hanyoyin da suka shafi hakan.

## Fadada nosology da yanayin lafiya gabaɗaya

A faffadan ma'ana, nosology ba wai kawai yana magance cututtuka ba, har ma da kowace irin cuta, kamar raunuka, raunuka ko rashin lafiya .

Ana iya bayyana yanayin lafiya, kamar cututtuka, ta hanyar dalili, pathogenesis ( hanyar da cutar ke haifarwa), ko ta hanyar tarin alamu, alamun lafiya da alamun cutar, musamman lokacin da sauran ma'anoni guda biyu ba su samuwa (cututtukan idiopathic ).

Daga mahangar nosological, ana iya raba yanayin lafiya zuwa cututtuka, cututtuka, ciwo, raunuka da raunuka, kowannensu yana da wasu takamaiman ma'ana, kamar yadda aka jera a cikin *Ma'anar Cututtuka § Kalmomin* .

## Tarihi

Littattafan likitanci na da suna da hanyoyi daban-daban na rarrabawa da kuma rarraba cututtuka. Rubuce-rubucen Sinanci kamar *Huangdi Neijing* sun rarraba cututtuka waɗanda ake kyautata zaton tasirin yanayi ne ke haifar da su. Marubutan Girkawa, Mesopotamian, Romawa, da Masar da yawa sun rarraba cututtuka ta hanyar sassan jikin da suka shafa, yayin da wasu suka rarraba cututtuka zuwa cututtuka masu tsanani ko na yau da kullun. An rarraba cututtukan tunani zuwa rukuni kamar mania da paranoia ta Hippocrates, kuma marubutan da suka biyo baya kamar Najib ad-Din Samarqandi sun yi amfani da wannan tsarin.

Yawancin shahararrun tsarin rarraba cututtuka na da sun dogara ne akan barkwanci, wanda ya ci gaba zuwa zamanin da. Jean Fernel ne ya yi ƙoƙarin farko na haɓaka hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don rarraba cututtuka a ƙarni na 16. Ƙoƙarin farko na nosological na zamani ya haɗa cututtuka ta hanyar alamun su, yayin da tsarin zamani ya mayar da hankali kan haɗa cututtuka ta hanyar tsarin jiki da dalilin da ke tattare da su.

A ƙarni na 17, likitan Ingila Thomas Sydenham shi ne farkon wanda ya gabatar da tsarin rarraba cututtuka bisa ga ciwo. Ga Sydenham, cuta da ciwo ra'ayoyi ne iri ɗaya.

A ƙarni na 18, masanin lissafin haraji Carl Linnaeus, Francois Boissier de Sauvages, da likitan tabin hankali Philippe Pinel sun ƙirƙiro rarrabuwar cututtukan jiki da wuri. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, Emil Kraepelin sannan Jacques Bertillon sun ƙirƙiro nasu nosologies. Aikin Bertillon, rarraba musabbabin mutuwa, ya kasance farkon tsarin lambar zamani, Rarraba Cututtuka na Duniya .

## Aikace-aikace

* Ana amfani da Nosology sosai a fannin lafiyar jama'a, don ba da damar nazarin cututtuka kan batutuwan lafiyar jama'a. Binciken takaddun shaida na mutuwa yana buƙatar ƙirƙirar lambar nosological don gano musabbabin mutuwa.
* Ana amfani da rarrabuwar kawuna a fannin gudanar da harkokin lafiya, kamar shigar da da'awar inshorar lafiya, da kuma bayanan marasa lafiya.

## Manazarta