# Livonish

| Livonish |
| --- |
| *līvõ kēļ* |
|  |
| Dooghyssagh ayns | Y Latvey |
| Ard | Coose Livonia |
| Kynneeaght | Livonee |
| Marroo | 2 Mean Souree 2013, lesh baase Grizelda Kristiņa |
| Aavioghey | 1 loayreyder L1 (2022)
~40 loayreyderyn L2 ec B1 as ny s'yrjey ~210 ec A1–A2 |
| Kynney çhengey | Ooralagh
* Finnagh
	+ Finnagh Yiass
		- **Livonish**
 |
| Abbyrtyn | * Curlynnagh
* Salaca Clowan:Marroo
 |
| Corys screeuee | Abbyrlhit y Livonish |
| Staydys oikoil |
| Mynçhengey ennit ayns | Y Latvey |
| Coadyn çhengey |
| ISO 639-3 | `liv` |
| *Glottolog* | `livv1244` |
| ELP | Livonian |
| Ardjyn ny Livonee Vean-eashagh (dhone). Ta'n ingan taishbyney baljyn beggey Livonagh ec toshiaght y 20oo eash. |
|

Ta **Livonish** (*līvõ kēļ* ny *rānda kēļ* "glare ny çhengey yn choose") nane jeh ny çhengaghyn Finnagh 'sy chynney çhengey Ooralagh. T'ee ny çhengey lieh-vio va loayrit gys nish ec mygeayrt 35 loayreyderyn, as 10 jeu nyn loayreyderyn flaaoil. Ta faggys-vooinjerys eddyr ee as yn Estoinish. She Coose Livonia (*Līvõmō*) thalloo dooie ny Livonee, as t'ee ny lhie 'sy Latvey, ayns twoaie lieh-innys y Churlynn. Ta Livonee chynneeagh ennagh gynsaghey yn çhengey as ad jannoo eiyrtys y çhengey y aavioghey, agh er-yn-oyr dy vel ny Livonee nyn mynlagh, cha nel ram caayn ayn dys ymmyd y yannoo lesh y Livonish. Hooar y Livonisheyr jerrinagh, Grizelda Kristiņa, baase er 2 Mean Souree 2013.

## Sheeanchoryssaghtys

### Breeocklyn

Ta 8 breeocklyn 'sy Livonish:

|  | Toshee | Meanagh | Cooyl |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Doont | i /i/ | õ /ɨ/ | u /u/ |
| Lieh-ghoont |  |  | ȯ /ʊ/ |
| Eddyr | e /ɛ/ | [ə]1 | o /o/ |
| Foshlit | ä /æ/ |  | a /ɑ/ |

1. Ta /ɨ/ gyn trimmid focklit magh myr [ə].

Foddee dy vel dagh breeockle liauyr ny giare. Ta breeocklyn giare screeuit myr ta soilshit magh 'sy taabyl; ta breeocklyn liauyr screeuit lesh macron ("¯") erskyn shen çheu heose jeh'n lettyr, myr sampleyr, [æː] = ǟ. Ta cronnalys er corys breeocklagh y Livonish er son shellooderys *stød*, cosoylagh rish y Danvargish. Myr t'ayns çhengaghyn elley lesh y tro shen, t'eh er credjal dy vel y yindys shen ny lorg blass ardjey ny s'leah.

### Corocklyn

Ta 23 corocklyn 'sy Livonish:

|  | Meillagh | Feeacklagh | Cleaoil | Coghooysagh | Sluggidagh |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Stronnagh | m /m/ | n /n/ | ņ /ɲ/ | [ŋ]1 |  |
| Bleaystagh | neughooagh | p /p/ | t /t̪/ | ț /c/ | k /k/ |  |
| gooagh | b /b/ | d /d̪/ | ḑ /ɟ/ | g /ɡ/ |  |
| Screebagh | neughooagh | f /f/ | s /s/ | š /ʃ/ |  | h /h/ |
| gooagh | v /v/ | z /z/ | ž /ʒ/ |  |  |
| Craa |  | r /r/ | ŗ /rʲ/ |  |
| Faggyssaght | Meanagh |  |  | j /j/ |  |  |
| Lhiattagh |  | l /l/ | ļ /ʎ/ |  |  |

Ta /n/ çheet dy ve [ŋ] roish /k/ ny /ɡ/.

## Abbyrlhit

Ta'n abbyrlhit Livonagh ny chrosh-sheelragh ta mestey cairscreeu Latvagh as Estoinagh.

A/a, Ā/ā, Ä/ä, Ǟ/ǟ, B/b, D/d, Ḑ/ḑ, E/e, Ē/ē, F/f, G/g, H/h, I/i, Ī/ī, J/j, K/k, L/l, Ļ/ļ, M/m, N/n, Ņ/ņ, O/o, Ō/ō, Ȯ/ȯ, Ȱ/ȱ, Õ/õ, Ȭ/ȭ, P/p, R/r, Ŗ/ŗ, S/s, Š/š, T/t, Ț/ț, U/u, Ū/ū, V/v, Z/z, Ž/ž

## Grammeydys

## Shennaghys

'Sy 19oo eash, va 2,000 Livonisheyryn ayn; ayns 1852, cha row agh 2,394 Livonisheyryn faagit (Ariste 1981: 78). Chur ram taghyrtyn shendeeagh lesh baase çhengagh y Livonish:

* 'Sy 13oo eash, va mygeayrt 30,000 Livonisheyryn (Schätzung Vääri, 1966).
* Y Ruegys Germaanagh: mygeayrt ny bleeaney 1200, ren Braaryn Livonagh y Chliwe as ny reejeryn Teutonagh cummaltys er Livonia, as y taghyrt shen çheet dys arganys fo stiurey yn ard shen eddyr ny h-oardee shen as Ard-aspickys Rīga.
* 1522: Çheet stiagh y Aachummey. Va Kurzeme greimmit ec y Danvarg.
* 1557: Y Ruegys Rooshagh.
* 1558-1583: Caggey Livonia. Haghyr caggey eddyr ny Rooshee, ny Soolynnee, ny Danvargee, ny Litaanee as ny Polynnee mychione reill yn ard.
* 1721: Conaant Nystad. Haink er Livonia as Kurzeme dy ve nyn queiggaghyn 'sy Roosh Tsaragh.
* 1918: Bunneeaght ny Latvey; haghyr aavioghey y Livonish.
* Y Nah Chaggey Dowanagh as yn Unnaneys Soveidjagh: Ooirraghey y Livonish.

## Abbyrtyn cadjin

* Hello! – Tēriņtš!
* Bon Appetit - Jõvvõ sīemnaigõ!
* Moghrey mie! - Jõvā ūomõg! / Jõvvõ ūomõgt!
* Laa mie! - Jõvā pǟva! / Jõvvõ päuvõ!
* Gura mie ayd! - Tienū!
* Blein Vie Noa! - Vȯndzist Ūdāigastõ!
* geddyn baase - kȭlmä
* un – ikš
* daa – kakš
* tree – kuolm
* kiare – nēļa
* queig – vīž
* shey – kūž
* shiaght – seis
* hoght – kōdõks
* nuy – īdõks
* jeih – kim

## Sampleyr screeuit jeh'n çhengey

**Mustā plagā valsõ**

Kubbõ āt tuļ immõr satunnõd mingizt.
Mustā lupāt um vȯrd tutkām jūs.
Nǟlgalizt nīelõb min mȯistõmõt rõkūd
Sigžtūļ käds ikš dadžā ja ūgõb.
Mitikš äb tō ku sa kēratõkst pǟgiñ:
Um jõvīst, až sāina pǟl kēratõd "A".
Võid stalažod arrõ, až sainõ äb sȭita -
Ma vāgiž set kītõb, ku jõvīst tīed sa
Ja tikkiž ja tegīž um lagtõd sin tōmi
Sīest, mis sinnõn tīemõst ja mis sinā võid.
Až suggõbõd suodād ja revolūtsijõd,
Siz nustām sīes pāikal. Pǟdõ ka mēg.
Až nai ikškõrd vāldiž ka mäddõn tīeb sillõ.
Īezõ palābõd sīlmad, kus pīegiļtiz irm.
Siz grumā touvõd mäd' āndabõd villõ
Ja kõzzist pīkstõbõd pimdõd joud.
Ni īdskubs himnõ mēg lōlam īe pierrõ,
Sīest mēḑi ta kāitsõb ja sīnda ka tōks.
Sīest lōlam mēg: "Julgizt ni, veļīd, tīe jūrõ!"
Täuds sidāms oppõrmīel põrāndõks.
Leb Valst āigastsadā võilõb se kāngaz,
Mustā ku loptõmõt mōīlmarūim.
Kuñš īebõd pandõkst, kūoḑõd ja kuodād,
Täddõn nagrõs muidlõb kūolõn pǟlū.
*Focklyn liorish Tõnu Trubetsky*
## Imraaghyn

## Jeeagh er neesht

* Min izāmō – Arrane ashoonagh ny Livonee
* Tulli Lum - Possan kiaullee lesh arraneyder Livonish

## Claare lioaragh

* Fanny de Sivers. 2001. *Parlons live – Une langue de la Baltique*. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 2-7475-1337-8. (ayns Frangish)
* Paul Ariste 1981. *Keelekontaktid*. Tallinn: Valgus. [pt. 2.6. *Kolme läänemere keele hääbumine* lk. 76 - 82] (ayns Estoinish)
* Lauri Kettunen. 1938. *Livisches Wörterbuch : mit grammatischer Einleitung*. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian Society. (ayns Germaanish)
* Tooke, William (1799). *View of the Russian Empire During the Reign of Catharine the Second, and to the Close of the Present Century*. London: T. N. Longman, O. Rees, and J. Debrett. dgn. 523–527. `{{cite book}}`: Cite has empty unknown parameter: `|coauthors=` (cooney) (ayns Baarle)

## Kianglaghyn magh

Guirreyder Wikimedia
Ta lhieggan prowallagh jeh Wikipedia ry-akin ayns Livonish ec Guirreyder Wikimedia.

* Livones.lv
* Virtual Livonia
* Lioar raaghyn Latvish–Livonish–Baarle
* Saaseyn çhengey bentyn rish y Livonish ec Giellatekno
* Fockleyr Livonish – Latvish/Estoinish/Finnish