# Abbyrlhit Greagagh

*Notey: Ta cowraghyn er lheh 'syn art shoh. Mannagh vel jargaght jannoo screeu crampit ec y cho-earrooder ayd, foddee dy vaik uss cowraghyn feysht, kishtaghyn ny cowraghyn elley ayns ynnyd ny cowraghyn kiartey.*

| Abbyrlhit Greagagh |
| --- |
| Sorçh | Abbyrlhit |
| Çhengaghyn | Greagish |
| Eash | ~8oo eash RC - jiu |
| Bun-choryssyn |
Jalloo-screeueyrys Egyptagh
→ Abbyrlhittyn Proto-Sinaitagh→ Abbyrlhit Proto-Canaanagh→ Abbyrlhit Feaneeckagh→ **Abbyrlhit Greagagh** |
| Coryssyn paitçhey | Abbyrlhittyn Gothagh, Glagolitagh, Kyrillagh, Coptagh, Armeanagh, Shenn Iddaalagh, Romanagh |
| Ream Unicode | U+0370 to U+03FF (“Greek and Coptic”) U+1F00 to U+1FFF (“Greek Extended”) |
| ISO 15924 | Grek |
|  |
| **Notey**: Bee cowraghyn sheeanagh ASE er y duillag shoh ayns Unicode, foddee. |

|  |
| --- |
|  |
| Yn Abbyrlhit Greagagh |
| **Α α** Alpha | **Β β** Beta |
| **Γ γ** Gamma | **Δ δ** Delta |
| **Ε ε** Epsilon | **Ζ ζ** Zeta |
| **Η η** Eta | **Θ θ** Theta |
| **Ι ι** Iota | **Κ κ** Kappa |
| **Λ λ** Lambda | **Μ μ** Mu |
| **Ν ν** Nu | **Ξ ξ** Xi |
| **Ο ο** Omicron | **Π π** Pi |
| **Ρ ρ** Rho | **Σ σ** Sigma |
| **Τ τ** Tau | **Υ υ** Upsilon |
| **Φ φ** Phi | **Χ χ** Chi |
| **Ψ ψ** Psi | **Ω ω** Omega |
| Yn Abbyrlhit Greagagh Sheeynt |
| Fau | Heta |
| San | Sho |
| Lettyryn bun-earrooagh 'syn Abbyrlhit Greagagh |
| Stigma | Qoppa |
| Sampi |  |

Ta'n **abbyrlhit Greagagh** (Greagish: *Ελληνικό αλφάβητο*) ny phossan dy chiare lettyryn as feed ta ymmydit ry hoi screeu sheese y Ghreagish veih'n 9-oo ny yn 8-oo eash RC. T'eh ny chied abbyrlhit as ny abbyrlhit shinney er-yn-oyr dy vel eh cowraghey magh dagh breeockle as dagh corockle lesh cowrey er lheh. Va ny lettyryn er nyn ymmyd myr earrooyn Greagagh, as y cliaghtey shen goaill toshiaght 'sy 2-h eash RC.

Daase yn abbyrhit Greagagh ass yn abbyrlhit Feaneeckagh, agh cha nel mooinjerys echey rish Linnagh B ny yn çhillabaght Chypragh, coryssyn screeuee leah da'n Ghreagish. Daase ram abbyrlhityn elley ta ymmydit 'syn Oarpey as 'sy Niar Meanagh ass, goaill stiagh yn abbyrlhit Ladjynagh. Ayns bishaghey lesh yn ymmyd echey jiu son screeu sheese y Ghreagish, ta ny lettyryn ayn ymmydit myr cowraghyn 'sy vaddaght as 'syn oaylleeaght, myr enmyn da breneenyn 'syn 'ishag, as myr enmyn rollageagh, as myr enmyn co-vraaraghyssyn as co-hayraghyssyn, as son cooishyn ennagh elley.

## Preeu-lettyryn

| Lettyr | Lettyr Feaneeckagh co-reggyrtagh | Ennym | Aalettraghey1 | Fockley magh | Towse earrooagh |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gaelg | Shenn- Ghreagish | Greagish Vean-eashagh (yl-heeanagh) | Greagish Noa-emshiragh | Shenn- Ghreagish | Greagish Noa-emshiragh | Shenn- Ghreagish Chlassicagh | Greagish Noa-emshiragh |
| Α α |  Aleph | Alpha | ἄλφα | άλφα | a | [a] [aː] | [a] | 1 |
| Β β |  Beth | Beta | βῆτα | βήτα | b | v | [b] | [v] | 2 |
| Γ γ |  Gimel | Gamma | γάμμα | γάμμα γάμα | g | gh, g, j | [ɡ] | [ɣ], [ʝ] | 3 |
| Δ δ |  Daleth | Delta | δέλτα | δέλτα | d | d, dh, th | [d] | [ð] | 4 |
| Ε ε |  He | Epsilon | εἶ | ἒ ψιλόν | έψιλον | e | [e] | 5 |
| Ζ ζ |  Zayin | Zeta | ζῆτα | ζήτα | z | [zd] ny ([dz]) [zː] ny s'anmey | [z] | 7 |
| Η η |  Heth | Eta | ἦτα | ήτα | e, ē | i | [ɛː] | [i] | 8 |
| Θ θ |  Teth | Theta | θῆτα | θήτα | th | [tʰ] | [θ] | 9 |
| Ι ι |  Yodh | Iota | ἰῶτα | ιώτα γιώτα | i | [i] [iː] | [i], [ʝ] | 10 |
| Κ κ |  Kaph | Kappa | κάππα | κάππα κάπα | k | [k] | [k], [c] | 20 |
| Λ λ |  Lamedh | Lambda | λάβδα | λάμβδα | λάμδα λάμβδα | l | [l] | 30 |
| Μ μ |  Mem | Mu | μῦ | μι μυ | m | [m] | 40 |
| Ν ν |  Nun | Nu | νῦ | νι νυ | n | [n] | 50 |
| Ξ ξ |  Samekh | Xi | ξεῖ | ξῖ | ξι | x | x, ks | [ks] | 60 |
| Ο ο |  'Ayin | Omicron | οὖ | ὂ μικρόν | όμικρον | o | [o] | 70 |
| Π π |  Pe | Pi | πεῖ | πῖ | πι | p | [p] | 80 |
| Ρ ρ |  Resh | Rho | ῥῶ | ρω | r (ῥ: rh) | r | [r], [r̥] | [r] | 100 |
| Σ σ ς |  Shin | Sigma | σῖγμα | σίγμα | s | [s] | 200 |
| Τ τ |  Taw | Tau | ταῦ | ταυ | t | [t] | 300 |
| Υ υ |  Waw | Upsilon | ὖ | ὖ ψιλόν | ύψιλον | u, y | y, v, f | [y] [yː] ([ʉ] [ʉː] roish) | [i] | 400 |
| Φ φ | arganeys mychione y vun (jeeagh er y teks) | Phi | φεῖ | φῖ | φι | ph | f | [pʰ] | [f] | 500 |
| Χ χ | Chi | χεῖ | χῖ | χι | ch | ch, kh | [kʰ] | [x], [ç] | 600 |
| Ψ ψ | Psi | ψεῖ | ψῖ | ψι | ps | [ps] | 700 |
| Ω ω |  'Ayin | Omega | ὦ | ὦ μέγα | ωμέγα | o, ō | o | [ɔː] | [o] | 800 |

### Lettyryn ceaghlee

Ta lettyryn ennagh ayn as cummaghyn ceaghlee ry-akin oc, as ny cummaghyn shen goaill eiraghey veih myn-lauescreeuee mean-eashagh. Choud's ta'n ymmyd jeu jeant ayns clougraafeeaght chadjin ny Greagish myr aghtyn clou, ta fir jeu er ny gheddyn ynchoadagheeyn er lheh ayns Unicode.

* Ta'n cowrey ϐ ("beta cass-lhoobagh") ny chummey ceaghlee cass-lhoobagh jeh'n lettyr beta (β). 'Sy tradishoon Frangagh jeh clougraafeeaght ny Shenn-Ghreagish, ta β ymmydit ec toshiaght focklyn as ta ϐ ymmydit çheusthie jeh focklyn.
* Ta'n lettyr epsilon as daa chummey ceaghlee ry-akin dy corrym - WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_0 ('epsilon' corranagh, cosoylagh rish lieh-chiarkylagh lesh linney) ny WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_2 (cosoylagh rish earroo 3 contraartagh). Ta'n cowrey ϵ (U+03F5) enmyssit myr cummey corranagh er lheh, as eh ymmydit myr cowrey çhaghnoil.
* Ta'n cowrey ϑ ("theta laue-screeuee") ny chummey roie jeh theta (θ), as t'eh ry-akin dy mennick ayns lauescreeuee, as er ymmyd lesh keeall er lheh myr cowrey çhaghnoil.
* Ta'n cowrey ϰ ("cowrey kappa") ny chummey roie jeh kappa (κ), as eh er ymmyd myr cowrey çhaghnoil.
* Ta'n cowrey ϖ ("pi ceaghlee") ny chummey laue-screeuee shenndeeagh jeh pi (π), as t'eh ymmydit myr cowrey çhaghnoil.
* Ta'n lettyr rho (ρ) lesh cummaghyn aghtagh anchasley ry-akin, lesh y famman echey goll jeeragh sheese ny lesh cassag da'n jesh. Ta'n cowrey ϱ (U+03F1) enmyssit da'n chummey cass-loobagh erlheh, as t'eh ymmydit myr cowrey çhaghnoil.
* Ta'n lettyr sigma, 'sy chlougraafeeaght chadjin, ry-akin as daa chummey ceaghlee echey: ta ς ymmydit ec jerrey focklyn ynrican, as ta σ ymmydit aynd dagh boayl elley. Ta'n cummey ϲ ("sigma corranagh", cosoylagh rish y *c* Ladjynagh) ny cheaghlagh aghtagh mean-eashagh as foddee dy vel ymmyd jeant jeh lesh ny gyn yn anchaslys jerrinagh.
* Ta'n preeu-lettyr upsilon (Υ) ry-akin lesh ceaghlee aghtagh anchasley echey, lesh ny strugeyn heose goll seose dy jeeragh myr ta ry-akin 'sy *Y* Ladjynagh, ny lesh cassagyn beggey echey. Ta'n cowrey ϒ (U+03D2) enmyssit da'n chummey cass-loobagh er lheh, as t'eh ymmydit myr cowrey çhaghnoil.
* Ta'n lettyr phi taghyrt lesh daa cheaghlee aghtagh dy mennick - lesh y chummey WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_4 (kiarkyl lesh linney pontreilagh goll ny hrooid) echey ny myr WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_6 (cummey cass-loobagh ta foshlit ec y vaare). Ta'n cowrey ϕ (U+03D5) enmyssit da'n chummey doont er lheh as t'eh ymmydit myr cowrey çhaghnoil.

## Yn abbyrlhit Greagagh sheeynt

**Lettyryn bun-earrooagh 'syn Abbyrlhit Greagagh**

| Lettyr | Lettyr Feaneeckagh co-reggyrtagh | Ennym | Aalettraghey1 | Fockley magh | Towse earrooagh |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gaelg | Shenn-Ghreagish | Greagish Noa-emshiragh |
|  |  Waw | Stigma | – | στίγμα | st | [st] | 6 |
| () |  Qoph | Qoppa | ϙόππα | κόππα | k | [k] | 90 |
| () |  Tsade | Sampi | – | σαμπῖ | ss | [sː], [ks], [ts] | 900 |

**Lettyryn ass ymmyd**

| Lettyr | Lettyr Feaneeckagh co-reggyrtagh | Ennym | Aalettraghey1 | Fockley magh | Towse earrooagh |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gaelg | Shenn-Ghreagish | Greagish Noa-emshiragh |
| () |  Waw | Fau | ϝαῦ | δίγαμμα | w | [w] | 6 |
|  |  Heth | Heta | ἧτα | ήτα | h | [h] | – |
|  |  Tsade (ynnyd)  Shin (ennym) | San | ϻάν | σάν | s | [s] | – |
|  |  Tsade (ynnyd)  Shin (ennym) | Sho | – | – | š | [ʃ] | – |

## Scarreydee

'Sy chair-screeu yl-heeanagh tradishoonagh ta ymmydit dy tradishoonagh da'n Çhenn-Ghreagish, foddee breeocklyn ymmyrkey scarreydee, ta shen dy ghra slattagyn as ennalyn. T'ad ny slattagyn ayn na'n clattag virragh (´), y clattag hrome (`), as y clattag lhoobagh (ˆ). 'Sy Çhenn Ghreagish, ren ny slattagyn shen soilshaghey cummaghyn anchasley jeh'n clattag ardjey. Ec jerrey yn eash Raueagh, va'n clattag ardjey er ny aase gys slattag stroos, as 'sy Ghreagish ny s'anmey ren dagh fer jeh ny slattagyn shen soilshaghey magh breeocklyn stroosit. T'ad ny h-ennalyn ayn na'n ennal gharroo (῾), as eh cowraghey sheean /h/ ec toshiaght fockle, as yn ennal ghleayshagh (᾽), as eh cowraghey aasaaraght y çheean /h/ ec toshiaght fockle. Ta'n lettyr rho (ρ), ga nagh vel eh ny ny vreeockle, gymmyrkey ennal gharroo dy kinjagh traa t'eh ec toshiaght fockle. She scarreydagh elley ta ymmydit 'sy Ghreagish na'n cowrey scarree (¨), as eh soilshaghey magh hiatys.

'Sy vlein 1982, va'n shenn chorys screeuee, er enney myr y cowrey yl-heeanagh, jeant aashagh dy ve ny chorys unsheeanagh, as staydys oikoil 'sy Ghreag ec y corys shen nish. Cha nel ayn nish agh un clattag, y *tonos*, as va ny h-ennalyn scrysst.

## Ymmyd yn abbyrlhit Greagagh ry hoi çhengaghyn elley

She'n preeu-ymmyd jeh'n abbyrlhit Greagagh na dy screeu sheese y Ghreagish. Ansherbee, dy keayrtyn as ayns buill ennagh, va ymmyd jeant jeh son dy screeu sheese çhengaghyn elley.

### Sampleyryn leah

* Y chooid smoo jeh ny h-abbyrlhityn 'syn Aishey Veg, ymmydit m. 800-300 RC son dy screeu sheese çhengaghyn lheid as y Lydish as y Phrygish, ren ad ymmyd jeh'n abbyrlhit Greagagh leah lesh kiartagheeyn beggey — myr va ny h-abbyrlhityn Iddaalagh Shenn.
* Çhengaghyn Shenn-Valkanagh, goaill stiagh y Thrakish. Son çhengaghyn ny abbyrtyn gerroil, lheid as y Çhenn Vassadoanish, ta focklyn er lheh freilt ayns teksyn Greagish, agh cha nel teksyn gyn scuirr freilt.
* Ta cowraghyn grainnit ennagh 'sy Ghoalish ('sy Rank noa-emshiragh) jannoo ymmyd jeh'n abbyrlhit Greagagh (m. 300 RC).
* Va'n teks Ewnish jeh'n Vible screeuit ayns lettyryn Greagagh ayns Hexapla liorish Origenes.
* Ta sleig Arabish veih'n 8-oo eash freayll teks 'syn abbyrlhit Greagagh.
* Va cowrey grainnit 'sy Çhenn Ossetish veih'n 10-oo derrey'n 12-oo eash BNJ feddynit ayns Arkhyz, y feanish shinney jeh'n Ossetish.

### Lesh lettyryn elley

Ta shiartanse dy abbyrlhityn ennagh screeuit lesh yn abbyrlhit Greagagh lesh cooney lettyryn bishee elley:

* Ta'n abbyrlhit Bactriagh cur y lettyr Sho stiagh 'syn earroo as va'n abbyrlhit shen ymmydit son dy screeu sheese y Vactrish fo reill yn Impiraght Kushan (65-250 BNJ).
* Ta'n abbyrlhit Coptagh cur hoght lettyryn veih'n Demotagh rish. T'eh foast ymmydit jiu, 'syn Egypt son y chooid smoo, son dy screeu sheese y Choptish. Ta ny lettyryn freayll cummey unshagh dy cadjin ta anchasley veih ny cummaghyn ta ymmydit 'sy Ghreag jiu (jean cosoylaght rish cummaghyn jeh'n abbyrlhit Ladjynagh ta ymmydit 'sy script Gaelgagh).
* Ta'n Çhenn Nubish ass Makuria (y Toodaan noa-emshiragh) cur tree lettyryn Coptagh rish, daa lettyr veih'n script Meroitagh, as un daalettyr jeh daa ghamma Greagagh ta ymmydit son dy screeu sheese y sheean ng.

### Ayns ny h-eashyn ny s'noa

* Coptish (jeeagh heose).
* Va'n Turkish va loayrit ec Creestee Cair-Chredjuagh (*Karamanlidyn*) screeuit sheese dy mennick ayns bun-screeuyn Greagagh, as y bun-screeu shen enmyssit *Karamanlidika*.
* Va'n Albaanish Tosk screeuit sheese dy mennick lesh yn abbyrlhit Greagagh, as y cliaghtey shen goaill toshiaght mygeayrt ny bleeaney 1500 (Elsie, 1991). Hoilshee yn clou ayns Moschopolis magh shiartanse dy heksyn Albaanish ayns bun-screeu Greagagh car y 18-oo eash. 'Sy vlein 1908, rere co-choyrle Monastir, va cair-screeu Ladjynagh currit er bun ry hoi Tosk as Gheg. Cha nel yn abbyrlhit Arvanitagh, ta bunnit er yn abbyrlhit Greagagh, er n'ymmyd agh 'sy Ghreag.
* Va abbyrtyn Slavagh Jiass eigsoylagh, cosoylagh rish y Vulgeyrish as y Vassadoanish noa-emshiragh, screeuit sheese ayns bun-screeuyn Greagagh, keayrtyn. Ta ny çhengaghyn Slavagh Yiass noa-emshiragh jiu goaill ymmyd jeh abbyrlhityn Kyrillagh kiartit.
* Va ymmyd jeant jeh cowraghyn Greagagh ry hoi screeu sheese yn Aromaanish. Ec y traa t'ayn, cha nel cair-screeu cadjinit ec yn Armeanish, agh t'eh çheet ayns shilley dy bee cair-screeu bunnit er y Romaanish doltit.
* Gagauzish, çhengey Hurkagh ayns ny Çheeraghyn Balkanagh hiar hwoaie.
* Surguch, çhengey Hurkagh ta loayrit ec Creestee Cair-Chredjuagh 'sy Ghreag hwoaie.
* Urumish ny Tatarish Ghreagagh.

## Abbyrlhityn ta çheet magh ass

Daase abbyrlhityn eigsoylagh magh ass yn abbyrlhit Greagagh:

* Yn abbyrlhit Ladjynagh, banglane jeh cummey shenndeeagh heear jeh'n abbyrlhit Greagagh;
* Yn abbyrlhit Gothagh, er ny chummey 'sy Çhenneraght Yeianagh ry hoi screeu sheese y Ghotish;
* Yn abbyrlhit Glagolitagh, er ny chummey ayns ny Mean Eashyn ry hoi screeu sheese ny Çhengaghyn Slavagh;
* Yn abbyrlhit Kyrillagh, er ny chur stiagh ayns ynnyd yn abbyrlhit Glagolitagh tammylt beg ny yei;

T'eh coontit, foddee, myr shennayr yn abbyrlhit Armeanagh, as va cleayney echey ayns lhiasaghey yn abbyrlhit Shorshagh.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn çheumooie

* Abbyrlhit Greagagh - Enmyn Gaelg