# Umayyad Caliphate

Umayyad Caliphate

historical country| Year dem found am | 661  |
| Native label | الدَّوْلَةُ الأُمَوِيَّةُ  |
| Religion anaa worldview | Islam  |
| Participant insyd | Siege of Constantinople  |
| Dem name after | Umayyad dynasty  |
| Found by | Mu'awiya I  |
| Position held by head of the organization | Umayyad Caliph  |
| Official language | Arabic  |
| Continent | Africa, Europe, Asia  |
| Capital | Damascus, Harran  |
| Coordinate location | 33°18′55″N 44°21′58″E  |
| Government ein basic form | monarchy  |
| Office held by head of state | Umayyad Caliph  |
| Currency | Umayyad dinar, Umayyad dirham (currency unit), Umayyad fals (currency unit)  |
| Dey follow | Rashidun Caliphate, Byzantine Empire, Kingdom of Toledo, Exarchate of Africa  |
| Followed by | Abbasid Caliphate, emirate of Córdoba  |
| Dey replace | Rashidun Caliphate, Exarchate of Africa, Kingdom of the Nemencha  |
| Date dem dissolve, abolish anaa demolish | July 750  |
| Main regulatory text | Qur'an, Sunnah  |
| Official religion | Islam  |

De **Umayyad Caliphate** anaa de **Umayyad Empire** (US: /uːˈmaɪæd/; Arabic: ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة, romanized: *al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya*) be de second caliphate dem establish after de death of de Islamic prophet Muhammad wey be ruled by de Umayyad dynasty from 661 to 750. E succeed de Rashidun Caliphate, of wich de third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan, sanso be a member of de Umayyad clan. De Umayyad family establish hereditary rule under Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, de long-time governor of Greater Syria, wey cam be caliph after emerging victorious insyd de First Fitna dey follow de assassination of Ali insyd 661. Syria remain de Umayyads dema core power base thereafter, wey Damascus as dema capital. After Mu'awiya ein death insyd 680, dem challenge Umayyad authority insyd de Second Fitna, during wich dem replace de Sufyanid line insyd 684 by Marwan ibn al-Hakam, wey found de Marwanid line wey restore Umayyad rule over de Caliphate.

De Umayyads continue de early Muslim conquests, wey dem conquer de Maghreb, Transoxiana, Sindh den Hispania. At ein greatest extent, de Umayyad Caliphate cover an area of 11,100,000 km2 (4,300,000 sq mi), wey dey make am one of de largest empires insyd history in terms of geographical size. De Abbasids overthrow de dynasty insyd 750. Survivors of de Umayyad dynasty establish an emirate den then a caliphate insyd al-Andalus wey ein capital at Córdoba, wich cam be a major centre of science, medicine, philosophy den invention during de Islamic Golden Age.

De Umayyad Caliphate rule over a vast multiethnic den multicultural population. Christians, wey still constitute a majority of de caliphate ein population, den Jews be allowed to practice dema own religion in exchange for de payment of *jizya* (poll tax), from wich dem exempt Muslims. Muslims be required to pay de zakat, wich explicitly be collected for de purposes of charity den for de benefit of Muslims anaa Muslim converts. Under de early Umayyad caliphs, Christians hold prominent positions, sam of whom belong to families wey serve under de Byzantines. De employment of Christians be part of a broader policy of religious toleration wey be necessitated by de presence of large Christian populations insyd de conquered provinces, such as insyd dema metropolitan province of Syria. Dis policy sanso help to increase Mu'awiya ein popularity den solidified Syria as ein power base. De Umayyad era often be considered de formative period of Islamic art.

## List of caliphs

Genealogical tree of de Umayyad family. In blue: Caliph Uthman, one of de four Rashidun caliphs. Insyd green, de Umayyad caliphs of Damascus. Insyd yellow, de Umayyad emirs of Córdoba. Insyd orange, de Umayyad caliphs of Córdoba. Abd Al-Rahman III be an emir til 929 wen he proclaim einself caliph. Muhammad be included (insyd caps) to show de kinship of de Umayyads plus am. Spy interactive version of chart

Caliphs of Damascus| Caliph | Reign |
| --- | --- |
| Mu'awiya I ibn Abu Sufyan | 28 July 661 – 27 April 680 |
| Yazid I ibn Mu'awiya | 27 April 680 – 11 November 683 |
| Mu'awiya II ibn Yazid | 11 November 683 – June 684 |
| Marwan I ibn al-Hakam | June 684 – 12 April 685 |
| Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan | 12 April 685 – 8 October 705 |
| al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik | 8 October 705 – 23 February 715 |
| Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik | 23 February 715 – 22 September 717 |
| Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz | 22 September 717 – 4 February 720 |
| Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik | 4 February 720 – 26 January 724 |
| Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik | 26 January 724 – 6 February 743 |
| al-Walid II ibn Yazid | 6 February 743 – 17 April 744 |
| Yazid III ibn al-Walid | 17 April 744 – 4 October 744 |
| Ibrahim ibn al-Walid | 4 October 744 – 4 December 744 |
| Marwan II ibn Muhammad (he rule from Harran insyd de Jazira) | 4 December 744 – 25 January 750 |