# Somalia

Somalia

republic, sovereign state, federal republic, country| Year dem found am | 1960  |
| Official name | Federal Republic of Somalia, Soomaaliya, République fédérale de Somalie, Federalna Republika Somalii  |
| Native label | Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال الفدرالية, Soomaaliya, 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖  |
| Official language | Somali, Arabic  |
| Anthem | Qolobaa Calankeed  |
| Culture | culture of Somalia  |
| Continent | Africa  |
| Country | Somalia  |
| Capital | Mogadishu  |
| Located in time zone | UTC+03:00, Africa/Mogadishu  |
| Located in/on physical feature | East Africa  |
| Coordinate location | 6°0′0″N 47°0′0″E  |
| Coordinates of easternmost point | 10°25′0″N 51°16′0″E  |
| Coordinates of northernmost point | 11°58′48″N 50°46′48″E  |
| Highest point | Shimbiris  |
| Lowest point | Indian Ocean  |
| Government ein basic form | federal republic  |
| Office held by head of state | President of Somalia  |
| State ein head | Hassan Sheikh Mohamud  |
| Office head of government hold | Prime Minister of Somalia  |
| Government ein head | Mohamed Hussein Roble  |
| Executive body | Federal Government of Somalia  |
| Legislative body | Federal Parliament of Somalia  |
| Central bank | Central Bank of Somalia  |
| Public holiday | Republic Day, New Year's Day  |
| Currency | Somali shilling  |
| Dey share bother plus | Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya  |
| Driving side | right  |
| Electrical plug type | Europlug  |
| Dey follow | State of Somaliland  |
| Dey replace | Somali Democratic Republic  |
| Studied by | Somali studies  |
| Dema official website |   |
| Hashtag | Somalia, somalia  |
| Top-level Internet domain | .so  |
| Flag | flag of Somalia  |
| Coat of arms | coat of arms of Somalia  |
| Geography of topic | Geography of Somalia  |
| Get characteristic | not-free country  |
| History of topic | history of Somalia  |
| ‎most populous urban area | Mogadishu  |
| Open data portal | Somalia Open Data Portal  |
| Economy of topic | economy of Somalia  |
| Demographics of topic | demographics of Somalia  |
| Mobile country code | 637  |
| Country calling code | +252  |
| Emergency phone number | 999, 888, 555  |
| Vehicle registration plate code | SO  |
| Maritime identification digits | 666  |
| Unicode character | 🇸🇴  |
| Category for maps or plans | Category:Maps of Somalia  |

**Somalia**, officially de **Federal Republic of Somalia** (Somali: *Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya*; Arabic: جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية), be country for de Horn of Africa. De country dey share border plus Ethiopia go de west, Djibouti go de northwest, de Gulf of Aden go de north, de Indian Ocean go de east, den Kenya go de southwest. Somalia get de longest coastline for Africa ein mainland. Ein terrain dey consist mainly of plateaus, plains, den highlands. Hot conditions dey prevail year-round, plus periodic monsoon winds den irregular rainfall. Somalia get estimated population of around 17.1 million, wey ova 2 million dey live insyd de capital den largest city Mogadishu, wey dem describe am as Africa ein most culturally homogeneous country. Around 85% of ein residents be ethnic Somalis, wey historically dem inhabit de country ein north. Ethnic minorities dey largely concentrate insyd de south. De official languages of Somalia be Somali den Arabic. Chaw people for de country insyd be Muslims, de majority of dem be Sunni.

Somalia ein GDP per capita be one of de world ein lowest, wey edey belong to de least developed country group. Insyd 2019, Somalia get de lowest HDI for de world insyd, den for de same year insyd, 69% of Somalia ein population dey live below de poverty line. As of 2023, dem place Somalia de highest insyd de Fragile States Index. Edey maintain informal economy wey mainly dey base for livestock top, remittances from Somalis wey dey job abroad, den telecommunications. Ebe member of de United Nations, de Arab League, African Union, Non-Aligned Movement, East African Community, den de Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.

## Geography

### Administrative divisions

Dem divide Somalia into eighteen regions (*gobollada*, singular *gobol*), wey in turn dem subdivide into districts. De regions be:

Regions of Somalia| Region | Area (km2) | Population | Capital |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Awdal | 21,374 | 1,010,566 | Borama |
| Bari | 70,088 | 719,512 | Bosaso |
| Nugal | 26,180 | 392,697 | Garowe |
| Mudug | 72,933 | 717,863 | Galkayo |
| Galguduud | 46,126 | 569,434 | Dusmareb |
| Hiran | 31,510 | 520,685 | Beledweyne |
| Middle Shabelle | 22,663 | 516,036 | Jowhar |
| Banaadir | 370 | 1,650,227 | Mogadishu |
| Lower Shabelle | 25,285 | 1,202,219 | Barawa |
| Togdheer | 38,663 | 721,363 | Burao |
| Bakool | 26,962 | 367,226 | Xuddur |
| Woqooyi Galbeed | 28,836 | 1,242,003 | Hargeisa |
| Bay | 35,156 | 792,182 | Baidoa |
| Gedo | 60,389 | 508,405 | Garbahaarreey |
| Middle Juba | 9,836 | 362,921 | Bu'aale |
| Lower Juba | 42,876 | 489,307 | Kismayo |
| Sanaag | 53,374 | 544,123 | Erigavo |
| Sool | 25,036 | 327,428 | Las Anod |

## Demographics

### Urban areas

| Largest cities anaa towns insyd Somalia |
| --- |
|  | Rank | Name | Region | Pop. | Rank | Name | Region | Pop. |  |
|  | 1 | Mogadishu | Banaadir | 2,610,000 | 11 | Baidoa | bay | 144,345 |  |
| 2 | Hargeisa | Woqooyi Galbeed | 1,127,000 | 12 | Galkayo | Mudug | 137,667 |
| 3 | Burao | Togdheer | 425,000 | 13 | Afgooye | Lower Shabelle | 135,012 |
| 4 | Beledweyne | Hiran | 227,761 | 14 | Qoryoley | Lower Shabelle | 134,205 |
| 5 | Jowhar | Middle Shebelle | 218,027 | 15 | Jamame | Lower Juba | 129,149 |
| 6 | Borama | Awdal | 215,616 | 16 | Burhakaba | Bay | 125,616 |
| 7 | Merca | Lower Shabelle | 192,939 | 17 | Balcad | Middle Shabelle | 120,434 |
| 8 | Kismayo | Lower Juba | 166,667 | 18 | Erigavo | Sanaag | 114,846 |
| 9 | Bosaso | Bari | 164,906 | 19 | Jilib | Middle Juba | 113,415 |
| 10 | Wanlaweyn | Lower Shabelle | 155,643 | 20 | Bardere | Gedo | 106,172 |

## List

| Name | Portrait | Birth–Death | Dem elect | Take office | Lef office | Political party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  • **Somali Republic** (1960–1969) •  |
| 1 | Aden Adde |  | 1908–2007 | 1960 | 1 July 1960 | 10 June 1967 | SYL |
| 2 | Abdirashid Shermarke |  | 1919–1969 | 1967 | 10 June 1967 | 15 October 1969
(Assassinated) | SYL |
| — | Sheikh Mukhtar Mohamed Hussein
*Acting President* |  | 1912–2012 | — | 15 October 1969 | 21 October 1969
(Dem depose am) | SYL |
|  • **Somali Democratic Republic** (1969–1991) •  |
| 3 | Siad Barre |  | 1919–1995 | 1980
1986 | 21 October 1969 | 26 January 1991
(Dem depose am) | Military /
SRSP |
|  • **Interim Government of Somalia** (1991–1997) •  |
| 4 | Ali Mahdi Muhammad |  | 1939– | 1991 | 27 January 1991 | 3 January 1997 | USC |
| 5 | Mohamed Farrah Aidid |  | 1934— 1996 |  | 3 January 1995 | 1 August 1996 | Independent |
| 6 | Hussein Farrah Aidid |  | 1962 — |  | 1 August 1996 | 20 March 1998 | Independent |
| — | Somali National Alliance |  | — |  | 20 March 1998 | 2000 | Co-Chairmen of National Salvation Council |
| — | Somalia Reconciliation and Restoration Council |  | — |  | 2000 | 27 August 2000 | Independent |
|  • **Transitional National Government of Somalia** (2000–2004) •  |
| 7 | Mohamed Abshir Muse |  | 1926 – 2017 |  | 13 August 2000 | 22 August 2000 | Independent |
| 8 | Abdallah Isaaq Deerow |  | 1950–2006 |  | 22 August 2000 | 27 August 2000 | Independent |
| 9 | Abdiqasim Salad |  | 1941– | 2000 | 27 August 2000 | 1 July 2003 | Independent |
| 10 | Abdinur Darman |  | 1953– |  | 1 July 2003 | 14 October 2003 | Independent |
| 9 | Abdiqasim Salad |  | 1941– |  | 14 October 2003 | 14 October 2004 | Independent |
|  • **Transitional Federal Government of Somalia** (2004–2012) •  |
| 11 | Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed |  | 1934–2012 | 2004 | 14 October 2004 | 29 December 2008
(Resigned) | Independent |
| 12 | Sharif Sheikh Ahmed |  | 1964– |  | 5 June 2006 | 29June 2006 | Islamic Courts Union |
| 13 | Hassan Dahir Aweys |  | 1935— |  | 29 June 2006 | 29 December 2006 | Islamic Courts Union |
| 14 | Aden Madobe
*Acting President* |  | 1957– | — | 29 December 2008 | 31 January 2009 | RRA |
| 12 | Sharif Sheikh Ahmed |  | 1964– | 2009 | 31 January 2009 | 20 August 2012 | ARS |
|  • **Federal Republic of Somalia** (2012–present) •  |
| 15 | Muse Hassan Sheikh Sayid Abdulle
*Acting President* |  | 1939– | — | 20 August 2012 | 28 August 2012 | Independent |
| 16 | Mohamed Osman Jawari
*Acting President* |  | 1945–2024 | — | 28 August 2012 | 16 September 2012 | Independent |
| 17 | Hassan Sheikh Mohamud |  | 1955– | 2012 | 16 September 2012 | 16 February 2017 | PDP |
| 18 | Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed |  | 1962– | 2017 | 16 February 2017 | 16 February 2021 | TPP |
| 17 | Hassan Sheikh Mohamud |  | 1955– | 2021 | 16 February 2021 | 16 February 2022 | PDP |
| 17 | Hassan Sheikh Mohamud |  | 1955– | 2022 | 16 February 2022 | 6 June 2022 | PDP |
| — | H.E.Sadia Haji Samatar |  | 1955– |  | 6 June 2022 | 28 August 2022 | PDP |
| 17 | Hassan Sheikh Mohamud |  | 1955– | — | 28 August 2022 | Incumbent | PDP |

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* Alpers, Edward A. (1976). "Gujarat and the Trade of East Africa, c. 1500–1800". *The International Journal of African Historical Studies*. **9** (1): 22–44. doi:10.2307/217389. JSTOR 217389.
* Gebru Tareke (2009). *The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa*. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-14163-4.
* Laitin, David D. (1977). *Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience*. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-46791-7.
* Lecarme, Jacqueline; Maury, Carole (1987). "A Software Tool for Research in Linguistics and Lexicography: Application to Somali". *Computers and Translation*. **2** (1): 21–36. doi:10.1007/BF01540131. S2CID 6515240.
* Mauri, Arnaldo, *Somalia*, in G, Dell'Amore (ed.), "Banking Systems of Africa", Cariplo-Finafrica, Milan, 1971, pp. 209–217.Banking Development in Somalia
* Samatar, Said S. (1982). *Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-10457-9.
* Schraeder, Peter J. (2006). "From Irredentism to Secession: The Decline of Pan-Somali Nationalism". In Lowell W. Barrington, ed., *After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States* (pp. 107–137). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-09898-9.
* Shay, Shaul. *Somalia in Transition Since 2006.* Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2014.
* Warmington, Eric Herbert (1995). *The Commerce Between the Roman Empire and India*. South Asia Books. ISBN 81-215-0670-0.
* Zolberg, Aristide R.; Suhrke, Astri; Aguayo, Sergio (1989). *Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World*. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-505592-4.
* A. Rosati; A. Tewolde; C. Mosconi (2007). *Animal Production and Animal Science Worldwide*. Wageningen Academic Pub. p. 169. ISBN 978-90-8686-034-0.

* Wikimedia Atlas of Somalia
* Link to >100 maps of all Somali Regions, Districts and neighborhoods of Mogadishu
* Federal Government of Somalia Archived 8 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine
* Somalia. *The World Factbook*. Central Intelligence Agency.
* Somalia web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
* Somalia profile from BBC News