Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Stuttering

stuttering

class of disease| Subclass of | articulation disorder, speech disorder, disease  |
| Facet give | stutterer  |
| Health specialty | speech-language pathology, psychologist  |
| Symptoms and signs | Q139475842  |
| Possible treatment | cognitive behavioral therapy  |
| Genetic association | AP4E1  |
| WordLift URL |   |
| ICPC 2 ID | P10  |

**Stuttering**, dem sanso know am as **stammering**, be a speech disorder wey be characterized externally by involuntary repetitions den prolongations of sounds, syllables, words, anaa phrases as well as involuntary silent pauses dem call blocks insyd wich de person wey dey stutter be unable to produce sounds. Almost 80 million people worldwide dey stutter, about 1% of de world ein population, plus a prevalence among males at least twice dat of females. Persistent stuttering into adulthood often dey lead to outcomes detrimental to overall mental health, such as social isolation den suicidal thoughts.

Stuttering no be connected to de physical ability to produce phonemes (i.e. e be unrelated to de structure anaa function of de vocal cords). E sanso be unconnected to de structuring of thoughts into coherent sentences insyd sufferers dema brains, wey dey mean say people plus a stutter know precisely wat dem dey try to say (in contrast plus alternative disorders like aphasia). Stuttering purely be a neurological disconnect between intent den outcome during de task of expressing each individual sound. While der be rarer neurogenic (e.g. dem acquire during physical insult) den psychogenic (e.g. dem acquire after adult-onset mental illness anaa trauma) variants, de typical etiology, development, den presentation be dat of idiopathic stuttering insyd kiddie time wey then cam be persistent into adulthood.

Acute nervousness den stress no dey cause stuttering buh fi trigger increased stuttering insyd people wey get de disorder. Der be a significant correlation between anxiety, particularly social anxiety, den stuttering, buh stuttering be a distinct, engrained neurobiological phenomenon den thus exacerbated per, no dey cause, by anxiety. Anxiety consistently dey worsen stuttering symptoms insyd acute settings insyd those plus comorbid anxiety disorders.

Living plus a stutter fi create chronic stress wey dey harm de body over time. However, stress einself no dey cause people to develop a stutter.

* Guitar, Barry (2005). *Stuttering: An Integrated Approach to Its Nature and Treatment*. San Diego: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-3920-7.
* Kalinowski, JS; Saltuklaroglu, T (2006). *Stuttering*. San Diego: Plural Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59756-011-5.
* Ward, David (2006). *Stuttering and Cluttering: Frameworks for understanding treatment*. Hove and New York City: Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-84169-334-7.

## Read further

* Rockey, Denyse (1980). *Speech Disorder in Nineteenth Century Britain: The History of Stuttering*. Croom Helm. ISBN 978-0-85664-809-0.
* Goldmark, Daniel (2006). "Stuttering in American Popular Song, 1890–1930". In Lerner, Neil; Straus, Joseph (eds.). *Sounding off: Theorizing Disability in Music*. pp. 91–105. doi:10.4324/9780203961421. ISBN 978-0-203-96142-1.