# Sudan

Sudan

republic, sovereign state, country, rump state| Part of | Africa, Middle East and North Africa  |
| Year dem found am | 1 January 1956  |
| Official name | جمهورية السودان, Sudan  |
| Native label | جمهورية السودان, السودان  |
| Ethnic group | Sudanese Arabs, Fur people, Beja people, Nuba peoples, Fula people  |
| Official language | Arabic, English  |
| Anthem | Nahnu Jund Allah Jund Al-watan  |
| Culture | culture of Sudan  |
| Motto text | النصر لنا  |
| Continent | Africa  |
| Country | Sudan  |
| Capital | Khartoum  |
| Located in time zone | UTC+02:00  |
| Located in/on physical feature | Sahel, North Africa  |
| Coordinate location | 15°0′0″N 32°0′0″E  |
| Coordinates of easternmost point | 18°1′21″N 38°35′0″E  |
| Coordinates of northernmost point | 22°12′0″N 31°28′12″E  |
| Coordinates of southernmost point | 9°20′50″N 28°34′54″E  |
| Coordinates of westernmost point | 12°48′39″N 21°48′55″E  |
| Highest point | Deriba Caldera  |
| Lowest point | Red Sea  |
| Government ein basic form | federal republic  |
| Office held by head of state | Chairman of the Transitional Military Council  |
| State ein head | Abdel Fattah al-Burhan  |
| Office head of government hold | Prime Minister of Sudan  |
| Government ein head | Abdalla Hamdok  |
| Legislative body | National Legislature  |
| Central bank | Bank of Sudan  |
| Currency | Sudanese pound  |
| Coextensive with | Africa/Khartoum  |
| Driving side | right  |
| Electrical plug type | Europlug, AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types  |
| Dey replace | Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Republic of Sudan  |
| Studied by | Sudan studies  |
| Dema official website |   |
| Hashtag | Sudan  |
| Top-level Internet domain | .sd  |
| Flag | flag of Sudan  |
| Coat of arms | Emblem of Sudan  |
| Geography of topic | Geography of Sudan  |
| Get characteristic | not-free country  |
| History of topic | history of Sudan, Turkish-Egyptian Sudan, Republic of Sudan, Democratic Republic of Sudan, Republic of Sudan  |
| Economy of topic | economy of Sudan  |
| Demographics of topic | demographics of Sudan  |
| Madhhab | Malikism  |
| Mobile country code | 634  |
| Country calling code | +249  |
| Trunk prefix | 0  |
| Emergency phone number | 999  |
| Maritime identification digits | 662  |
| Unicode character | 🇸🇩  |
| Category for maps or plans | Category:Maps of Sudan  |

**Sudan**, officially de **Republic of the Sudan**, be a country insyd Northeast Africa. E dey border de Central African Republic to de southwest, Chad to de west, Libya to de northwest, Egypt to de north, de Red Sea to de east, Eritrea den Ethiopia to de southeast, den South Sudan to de south. Sudan get a population of 50 million people as of 2024 wey e dey occupy 1,886,068 square kilometres (728,215 square miles), wey dey make am Africa ein third-largest country by area den de third-largest by area insyd de Arab League. Na ebe de largest country by area insyd Africa den de Arab League til de secession of South Sudan insyd 2011; since then na Algeria hold both titles. Sudan ein capital den most populous city be Khartoum.

Na Islam be Sudan ein state religion wey na dem dey apply de Islamic laws from 1983 til 2020 wen de country cam turn a secular state. Sudan be a least developed country den among de poorest countries for de world insyd, wey dey rank 170th for de Human Development Index as of 2024 den 185th by nominal GDP per capita. Ein economy dey largely rely for agriculture top secof international sanctions den isolation, as well as a history of internal instability den factional violence. De large majority of Sudan be dry den over 60% of Sudan ein population dey live insyd poverty. Sudan be a member of de United Nations, Arab League, African Union, COMESA, Non-Aligned Movement den de Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.

## Government den politics

### Administrative divisions

Dem divide Sudan into 18 states (*wilayat*, sing. *wilayah*). Dem further divide dem into 133 districts.

  Central den northern states
  Darfur
  Eastern Front
  Abyei Area
  South Kurdufan den Blue Nile states

* Gezira
* Al Qadarif
* Blue Nile
* Central Darfur
* East Darfur
* Kassala
* Khartoum
* North Darfur
* North Kordofan
* Northern
* Red Sea
* River Nile
* Sennar
* South Darfur
* South Kordofan
* West Darfur
* West Kordofan
* White Nile

## Demographics

### Urban areas

| Largest cities anaa towns insyd Sudan

According to de 2008 census |
| --- |
| Rank | Name | State | Pop. |
| 1 | Omdurman | Khartoum | 1,849,659 |
| 2 | Khartoum | Khartoum | 1,410,858 |
| 3 | Khartoum North | Khartoum | 1,012,211 |
| 4 | Nyala | South Darfur | 492,984 |
| 5 | Port Sudan | Red Sea | 394,561 |
| 6 | El-Obeid | North Kordofan | 345,126 |
| 7 | Kassala | Kassala | 298,529 |
| 8 | Wad Madani | Gezira | 289,482 |
| 9 | El-Gadarif | Al Qadarif | 269,395 |
| 10 | Al-Fashir | North Darfur | 217,827 |

**Books Adams, William Y. (1977). *Nubia. Corridor to Africa*. Princeton University. ISBN 978-0691093703.
* Berry, LaVerle B., ed. (2015). *Sudan: A Country Study*. Library of Congress (Washington, D.C.) ISBN 978-0-8444-0750-0.
* Beswick, Stephanie (2004). *Sudan's Blood Memory*. University of Rochester. ISBN 978-1580462310.
* Brown, Richard P. C. (1992). *Public Debt and Private Wealth: Debt, Capital Flight and the IMF in Sudan*. London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-0-333-57543-7.
* Churchill, Winston (1899; 2000). *The River War: An Historical Account of the Reconquest of the Soudan*. Carroll & Graf (New York City). ISBN 978-0-7867-0751-5.
* Churchill, Winston (1902). "The Rebellion of the Mahdi". *The River War* (New and Revised ed.).
* Clammer, Paul (2005). *Sudan: The Bradt Travel Guide*. Bradt Travel Guides (Chalfont St. Peter); Globe Pequot Press. (Guilford, Connecticut). ISBN 978-1-84162-114-2.
* Daly. *Empire on the Nile*.
* Evans-Pritchard, Blake; Polese, Violetta (2008). *Sudan: The City Trail Guide*. City Trail Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9559274-0-9.
* Edwards, David (2004). *The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan*. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415369879.
* El Mahdi, Mandour. (1965). A Short History of the Sudan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-913158-9.
* Fadlalla, Mohamed H. (2005). *The Problem of Dar Fur*, iUniverse (New York City). ISBN 978-0-595-36502-9.
* Fadlalla, Mohamed H. (2004). *Short History of Sudan*. iUniverse (New York City). ISBN 978-0-595-31425-6.
* Fadlalla, Mohamed H. (2007). *UN Intervention in Dar Fur*, iUniverse (New York City). ISBN 978-0-595-42979-0.
* Hasan, Yusuf Fadl (1967). *The Arabs and the Sudan. From the seventh to the early sixteenth century*. Edinburgh University. OCLC 33206034.
* Hesse, Gerhard (2002). *Die Jallaba und die Nuba Nordkordofans. Händler, Soziale Distinktion und Sudanisierung* (in German). Lit. ISBN 978-3825858902.
* Holt, P. M.; Daly, M. W. (2000). *History of the Sudan: From the coming of Islam to the present Day*. Pearson. ISBN 978-0582368866.
* Jok, Jok Madut (2007). *Sudan: Race, Religion and Violence*. Oneworld Publications (Oxford). ISBN 978-1-85168-366-6.
* Köndgen, Olaf (2017). *The Codification of Islamic Criminal Law in the Sudan. Penal Codes and Supreme Court Case Law under Numayri and al-Bashir*. Brill (Leiden, Boston). ISBN 9789004347434.
* Levtzion, Nehemia; Pouwels, Randall, eds. (2000). *The History of Islam in Africa*. Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780821444610.
* Loimeier, Roman (2013). *Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology*. Indiana University. ISBN 9780253007889.
* Morewood (1940). *The British Defence of Egypt 1935–40*. Suffolk.
* Morewood (2005). *The British of Egypt*. Suffolk.
* Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2001). *Slavery in Mauritania and Sudan: The State Against Blacks*, in *The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation*. Nova Science Publishers (Huntington, New York). ISBN 978-1-56072-936-5.
* O'Fahey, R.S.; Spaulding, Jay L. (1974). *Kingdoms of the Sudan*. Methuen Young Books. ISBN 978-0416774504.
* Peterson, Scott (2001). *Me Against My Brother: At War in Somalia, Sudan and Rwanda—A Journalist Reports from the Battlefields of Africa*. Routledge (London; New York City). ISBN 978-0-203-90290-5.
* Prunier, Gérard (2005). *Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide*. Cornell University Press (Ithaca, New York). ISBN 978-0-8014-4450-0.
* Ruffini, Giovanni R. (2012). *Medieval Nubia. A Social and Economic History*. Oxford University.
* Shackelford, Elizabeth (2020). *The Dissent Channel: American Diplomacy in a Dishonest Age*. Public Affairs. ISBN 978-1-5417-2448-8.
* Shinnie, P.L. (1978). "Christian Nubia.". In J.D. Fage (ed.). *The Cambridge History of Africa. Volume 2*. Cambridge: Cambridge University. pp. 556–588. ISBN 978-0-521-21592-3.
* Spaulding, Jay (1985). *The Heroic Age in Sennar*. Red Sea. ISBN 978-1569022603.
* Suliman, Osman (2010). *The Darfur Conflict: Geography or Institutions?*. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-83616-3.
* Vantini, Giovanni (1975). *Oriental Sources concerning Nubia*. Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. OCLC 174917032.
* Welsby, Derek (2002). *The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims Along the Middle Nile*. London: British Museum. ISBN 978-0714119472.
* Werner, Roland (2013). *Das Christentum in Nubien. Geschichte und Gestalt einer afrikanischen Kirche* (in German). Lit. ISBN 978-3-643-12196-7.
* Zilfū, ʻIṣmat Ḥasan (translation: Clark, Peter) (1980). *Karari: The Sudanese Account of the Battle of Omdurman*. Frederick Warne & Co (London). ISBN 978-0-7232-2677-2.
* Evason, Nina (1 July 2023). "North Sudanese Culture". *SBS Cultural Atlas* (Article) (in English). SBS. Retrieved 1 July 2023. The Republic of the Sudan (also known as North Sudan) is a North African country bordering seven other nations.

**Articles Hatem, Elliesie (2005). "Quo vadis bilād as-Sūdān?: the contemporary framework for a national interim constitution" (PDF). *Recht in Afrika*. **8** (1): 63–82.
* Lajtar, Adam (2011). "Qasr Ibrim's last land sale, AD 1463 (EA 90225)". *Nubian Voices. Studies in Christian Nubian Culture*.
* Martens-Czarnecka, Malgorzata (2015). "The Christian Nubia and the Arabs". *Studia Ceranea*. **5**: 249–265. doi:10.18778/2084-140X.05.08. hdl:11089/18404.
* McGregor, Andrew (2011). "Palaces in the Mountains: An Introduction to the Archaeological Heritage of the Sultanate of Darfur". *Sudan&Nubia*. **15**: 129–141.
* Peacock, A.C.S. (2012). "The Ottomans and the Funj sultanate in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries". *Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies*. **75** (1): 87–11. doi:10.1017/S0041977X11000838.
* Sharkey, Heather J. (2007). "Arab Identity and Ideology in Sudan: The Politics of Language, Ethnicity and Race" (PDF). *African Affairs*. **107** (426): 21–43. doi:10.1093/afraf/adm068. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
* Spaulding, Jay (1974). "The Fate of Alodia" (PDF). *Meroitic Newsletter*. **15**: 12–30.
* Vantini, Giovanni (2006). "Some new light on the end of Soba". In Alessandro Roccati and Isabella Caneva (ed.). *Acta Nubica. Proceedings of the X International Conference of Nubian Studies Rome 9–14 September 2002*. Libreria Dello Stato. pp. 487–491. ISBN 978-88-240-1314-7.

* Key Development Forecasts for Sudan from International Futures

### Government

* Information Portal – Official Sudan Information Portal
* Presidency Archived 6 October 2024 at the Wayback Machine – official website of the president of Sudan
* Statistics Archived 15 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine – official website of Central Bureau of Statistics

### Maps

* Geographic data related to Sudan at OpenStreetMap