# Typhoid fever

typhoid fever

infectious disease, class of disease| Subclass of | primary bacterial infectious disease, anthroponotic disease, disease, pandemic and epidemic-prone diseases  |
| Has cause | Salmonella enterica  |
| Health specialty | infectious diseases  |
| Possible treatment | antibiotic, detoxification, diet, blood transfusion, surgical operation  |
| Has natural reservoir | human  |
| ICD-9-CM | 002.0  |
| ICPC 2 ID | D70  |
| NCI Thesaurus ID | C35089  |

**Typhoid fever**, dem sanso know as **typhoid**, be a disease wey *Salmonella enterica* serotype Typhi bacteria dey cause, dem sanso call Salmonella typhi. Symptoms dey vary from mild to severe, wey e usually dey begin six to 30 days after exposure. Often der be a gradual onset of a high fever over several days. Dis be commonly accompanied by weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, den mild vomiting. Sam people dey develop a skin rash plus rose colored spots. Insyd severe cases, people fi experience confusion. Widout treatment, symptoms fi last weeks anaa months. Diarrhea fi be severe, buh e be uncommon. Oda people fi carry am widout dem be affected, buh still be contagious. Typhoid fever be a type of enteric fever, along plus paratyphoid fever. Dem dey believe *Salmonella enterica* Typhi to infect den replicate within humans per.

Typhoid be caused by de bacterium *Salmonella enterica* subsp. *enterica* serovar Typhi wey dey grow insyd de intestines, Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, liver, gallbladder, bone marrow den blood. Typhoid be spread by eating anaa drinking chow anaa water contaminated plus de feces of an infected person. Risk factors dey include limited access to clean drinking water den poor sanitation. Those wey dem no yet been exposed to am wey dem ingest contaminated drinking water anaa chow be most at risk for developing symptoms. Humans per wey fi be infected; der be no known animal reservoirs. Salmonella typhi wich dey cause typhoid fever be different from de oda *Salmonella* bacteria wey usually dey cause salmonellosis, a common type of food poisoning.

Dem dey perform diagnosis by culturing den dey identify *S. typhi* from patient samples anaa detecting an immune response to de pathogen from blood samples. Recently, na new advances insyd large-scale data collection den analysis allow researchers to develop better diagnostics, such as detecting changing abundances of small molecules insyd de blood wey fi specifically indicate typhoid fever. Diagnostic tools insyd regions wer na typhoid be most prevalent be quite limited insyd dema accuracy den specificity, den de time dem require for a proper diagnosis, de increasing spread of antibiotic resistance, den de cost of testing sanso be hardships for under-resourced healthcare systems.

A typhoid vaccine fi prevent about 40–90% of cases during de first two years. De vaccine fi get sam effect for up to seven years. For those at high risk anaa people wey dey travel to areas wer e be common, dem dey recommend vaccination. Oda efforts to prevent am dey include providing clean drinking water, good sanitation, den handwashing. Til an infection dem confirm as cleared, de infected person for no prepare chow give odas. Dem dey treat typhoid plus antibiotics such as azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, anaa third-generation cephalosporins. Resistance to dese antibiotics dey develop, wich dem make treatment more difficult.

Insyd 2015, na dem report 12.5 million new typhoid cases. De disease be most common insyd India. Kiddies be most commonly affected. Na typhoid decrease insyd de developed world insyd de 1940s as a result of improved sanitation den de use of antibiotics. Every year na dem report about 400 cases insyd de U.S. den an estimated 6,000 people get typhoid. Insyd 2015, na e result in about 149,000 deaths worldwide – down from 181,000 insyd 1990. Widout treatment, de risk of death fi be as high as 20%. Plus treatment, e be between 1% den 4%.

Typhus be a different disease, wey unrelated species of bacteria dey cause. Owing to dema similar symptoms, na dem no recognize dem as distinct diseases til de 1800s. "Typhoid" dey mean "resembling typhus".

## Society den culture

### Notable people

* Emperor Augustus of Rome – dem suspect am based on historical record buh dem no confirm.
* Albert, Prince Consort, husby of Queen Victoria of de United Kingdom, died 24 days after de first record of "feeling horribly ill".

* Edward VII of de UK, son of Queen Victoria, while still Prince of Wales, get a near-fatal case of typhoid fever.
* Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, he survive, na illness be circa 1900–1901.

* Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands fi get an abortion insyd 1902 secof a typhoid infection na she survive.
* William Henry Harrison, de ninth President of de United States of America, he die 32 days into ein term, insyd 1841. Dis be de shortest term wey a United States Presido serve.
* Wilbur Wright, co-inventor of de airplane plus brother Orville, die from typhoid insyd 1912 at de age of 45.
* Stephen A. Douglas, a political opponent of Abraham Lincoln insyd 1858 den 1860, he die of typhoid on June 3, 1861.
* Ignacio Zaragoza, a Mexican general den politician, die at de age of 33 of typhoid fever on September 8, 1862.

* Franz Schubert, songwriter den composer die of typhoid at age 31 on November 19, 1828.
* William Wallace Lincoln, de son of US presido Abraham den Mary Todd Lincoln, die at de age of 11 years of typhoid insyd 1862.
* Princess Leopoldina of Brazil, daughter of Emperor Pedro II, die of typhoid insyd 1871.
* Martha Bulloch Roosevelt, mommie of presido Theodore Roosevelt den paternal grandmommie of Eleanor Roosevelt, die of typhoid fever insyd 1884.
* Mary Mallon, "Typhoid Mary"

* Leland Stanford Jr., son of American tycoon den politician A. Leland Stanford den eponym of Leland Stanford Junior University, die of typhoid fever insyd 1884 at de age of 15.
* Three of Louis Pasteur ein five kiddie die of typhoid fever.
* Gerard Manley Hopkins, an English poet, die of typhoid fever insyd 1889.
* Lizzie van Zyl, South African child inmate of de Bloemfontein concentration camp during de Second Boer War, die of typhoid fever insyd 1901.
* Dr HJH 'Tup' Scott, captain of de 1886 Australian cricket team wey tour England, die of typhoid insyd 1910.
* Arnold Bennett, English novelist, die insyd 1932 of typhoid.
* Hakaru Hashimoto, a Japanese medical scientist, die of typhoid fever insyd 1934.
* John Buford, Union cavalry officer during the Civil War, die of typhoid fever on December 16, 1863.

* Adler R, Mara E (2016). *Typhoid Fever: a history*. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-9781-2.
* Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (March 30, 2021). "Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever: Information for Health Professionals". Retrieved June 27, 2021.
* GBD 2017 Typhoid and Paratyphoid Collaborators (April 2019). "The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017". *The Lancet Infectious Diseases*. **19** (4): 369–381. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30685-6. PMC 6437314. PMID 30792131.
* National Health Service (June 18, 2018). "Typhoid Fever: Overview". Retrieved June 27, 2021.
* Public Health Agency of Canada (2010). "Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Salmonella enterica spp". Retrieved June 28, 2021.
* "Typhoid: Fact Sheet". January 31, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2021.