# Islam

Islam

major religious group| Subclass of | Abrahamic religion  |
| Year dem found am | 631  |
| Get use | Marifa, love for God in Islam, dawah  |
| Native label | الإسلام  |
| Domain of saint or deity | God in Islam  |
| Dem name after | submission  |
| Found by | Muhammad  |
| Official language | Arabic  |
| Culture | Islamic culture  |
| Ein location | Muslim world, worldwide  |
| Location of formation | Hejaz  |
| Demma headquarters location |   |
| Foundational text | Qur'an  |
| Dem base am on | Qur'an  |
| Part of the series | Abrahamic religion  |
| Dey replace | Arabian mythology, Ancient Semitic religion  |
| Creator | God in Islam  |
| Country of origin | Hejaz  |
| Language of work or name | Arabic  |
| Influenced by | Hanif, Judaism, Arabian mythology, Christianity  |
| Significant place | Al-Masjid Al-Haram, Kaaba  |
| Studied by | Islamic studies  |
| Location of creation | Mecca, Medina  |
| Work available at URL |    |
| Hashtag | Islam, islam  |
| Get characteristic | monotheism  |
| History of topic | history of Islam  |
| Practiced by | Muslim, ummah  |
| Stack Exchange site URL |   |

**Islam** be an Abrahamic monotheistic religion wey dey base for de Quran, den de teachings of Muhammad. Dem dey bell adherents of Islam Muslims, wey be estimated to number 1.9 billion worldwide wey ebe de world ein second-largest religious population after Christians.

Surah al Fatiha (D*e Opener*), from de Quran.
Muslims dey believe say Islam be de complete den universal version of a primordial faith wey na ebe revealed chaw times thru earlier prophets den messengers, wey dey include Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, den Jesus. Muslims dey consider de Quran e be de verbatim word of God den de unaltered, final revelation. Alongsyd de Quran, Muslims sanso dey believe insyd previous revelations, such as de Tawrat (de Torah), de Zabur (Psalms), den de Injil (Gospel). Dem dey believe say Muhammad be de main den final of God ein prophets, thru whom na dem plete de religion. De teachings den normative examples of Muhammad, dem call de Sunnah, wey dem document insyd accounts dem call de hadith, provide a constitutional model give Muslims. Islam dey base for de belief insyd de oneness den uniqueness of God (*tawhid*), den belief insyd an afterlife (*akhirah*) plus de Last Judgment—wherein dem go reward de righteous insyd paradise (*jannah*) den de unrighteous go be punished insyd hell (*jahannam*). De Five Pillars, dem consider obligatory acts of worship, be de Islamic oath den creed (*shahada*), daily prayers (*salah*), almsgiving (*zakat*), fasting (*sawm*) insyd de month of Ramadan, den a pilgrimage (*hajj*) to Mecca. Islamic law, *sharia*, dey touch on virtually every aspect of life, from banking den finance den welfare to men den women dema roles den de environment. De two main religious festivals be Eid al-Fitr den Eid al-Adha. De three holiest sites insyd Islam be Masjid al-Haram insyd Mecca, Prophet's Mosque insyd Medina, den al-Aqsa Mosque insyd Jerusalem.

## Etymology

Insyd Arabic, *Islam* (Arabic: إسلام, lit. 'submission [to God]') be de verbal noun of Form IV wey dey originate from de verb سلم (*salama*), from de triliteral root س-ل-م (*S-L-M*), wich dey form a large class of words wey mostly dey relate to concepts of submission, safeness, den peace. Insyd a religious context, e dey refer to de total surrender to de will of God. A *Muslim* (مُسْلِم), de word give a follower of Islam, be de active participle of de same verb form, wey dey mean "submitter (to God)" anaa "one wey dey surrender (to God)".

Na Islam einself be historically called *Mohammedanism* insyd de English-speaking world. Na dis term fall out of use wey na sometimes dem say e be offensive, as e dey suggest say a human being, rather dan God, be central to Muslims dema religion.

## Articles of faith

De Islamic creed (*aqidah*) dey require belief insyd six articles: God, angels, revelation, prophets, de Day of Resurrection, den de divine predestination.

### God

Calligraphy wey dey show de word Allah insyd Arabic insyd Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey
De central concept of Islam be *tawḥīd* (Arabic: توحيد), de oneness of God. Dem usually think am of as a *precise monotheism*, buh e sanso be panentheistic insyd Islamic mystical teachings. Dem dey see God as incomparable den widout multiplicity of persons such as insyd de Christian Trinity, den dey associate multiplicity to God anaa dey attribute God ein attributes to odas as dem dey see am as idolatory, dem call *shirk*. Thus, Muslims no be iconodules wey dem no dey attribute forms to God. Dem instead dey describe den dey refer God to by chaw names anaa attributes, de most common be *Ar-Rahmān* (الرحمان) wey dey mean "De Entirely Merciful", den *Ar-Rahīm* (الرحيم) wey mean "De Especially Merciful" wich dem dey invoke for de beginning of chaw chapters of de Quran.

Islam dey teach dat na de creation of everything insyd de universe be brought into being by God ein command as expressed by de wording, "Be, and it is," den dat de purpose of existence be make dem worship God. Dem dey view am as a personal god wey der be no intermediaries, such as clergy, make dem contact God. Dem dey refer to consciousness den awareness of God as Taqwa. *Allāh* be a term plus no plural anaa gender being dem ascribe to am wey e sanso be used by Muslims den Arabic-speaking Christians den Jews in reference to God, whereas *ʾilāh* (إله) be a term dem use for a deity anaa a god for general.

### Angels

Muhammad dey receive ein first revelation from de angel Gabriel. From de manuscript Jami' al-Tawarikh by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, 1307.
Angels (Arabic: ملك, malak) be beings dem describe insyd de Quran den hadith. Dem be described as dem create dem mke dem worship God den make dem sanso serve in oda specific duties such as make dem dey communicate revelations from God, dey record every person ein actions, den dey take a person ein soul at de time of death. Dem dey describe dem as dem create dem variously from 'light' (*nūr*) anaa 'fire' (*nār*). Dem often dey represent Islamic angels insyd anthropomorphic forms dem combine plus supernatural images, such as wings, e be of great size anaa wearing heavenly articles. Common characteristics for angels dey include a lack of bodily needs den desires, such as eating den drinking. Sam of dem, such as Gabriel (*Jibrīl*) den Michael (*Mika'il*), dem mention by name insyd de Quran. Angels dey play a significant role insyd literature about de Mi'raj, wer Muhammad encounters chaw angels during ein journey thru de heavens. Na dem often feature further angels insyd Islamic eschatology, theology den philosophy.

### Scriptures

A Quran manuscript wey dey rest for a rehal top, a book rest for de holy text
De pre-eminent holy text of Islam be de Quran. Muslims dey believe say na dem reveal de verses of de Quran to Muhammad by God, thru de archangel Gabriel, for chaw occasions between 610 CE den 632, de year Muhammad die. While na Muhammad dey alive, na dem wrep down dese revelations by ein companions, although na de primary method of transmission be orally thru memorization. Dem divide de Quran into 114 chapters (*sūrah*) wich dey contain a combined 6,236 verses (*āyāt*). De chronologically earlier chapters, dem reveal for Mecca, be concerned primarily plus spiritual topics, while de later Medinan chapters dey discuss more social den legal issues relevant to de Muslim community. Muslim jurists dey consult de *hadith* ('accounts'), anaa de written record of Muhammad ein life, to both supplement de Quran den assist plus ein interpretation. De science of Quranic commentary den exegesis be known as *tafsir*. For addition to ein religious significance, de Quran be widely regarded as de finest work insyd Arabic literature, wey na e influence art den de Arabic language.

Islam sanso dey hold say na God send revelations, dem call *wahy*, to different prophets chaw times thru out history. However, Islam dey teach say na parts of de previously revealed scriptures, such as de *Tawrat* (Torah) den de *Injil* (Gospel), cam be distorted—either insyd interpretation, insyd text, anaa both, while de Quran (lit. 'Recitation') be viewed as de final, verbatim den unaltered word of God.

### Prophets

A 15th century Persian miniature wey dey depict Muhammad wey dey lead Abraham, Moses, Jesus den oda prophets insyd prayer
Prophets (Arabic: أنبياء, anbiyāʾ) dem dey believe ebe God wey choose dem make dem preach a divine message. Sam of dese prophets additionally deliver a new book wey dem be called "messengers" (رسول‎, rasūl). Muslims dey believe prophets be human wey dem no be divine. Dem say na all of de prophets preach de same basic message of Islam – submission to de will of God – to various nations insyd de past, wey dem say dis dey account for chaw similarities among religions. De Quran dey recount de names of chaw figures dem consider prophets insyd Islam, wey dey include Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses den Jesus, among odas. De stories dem associate plus de prophets beyond de Quranic accounts be collected den explored insyd de *Qisas al-Anbiya* (Stories of de Prophets).

### Resurrection den judgment

De Umayyad Mosque insyd Damascus, wer according to Islamic tradition Isa (Jesus, dem see am as an Islamic prophet) go appear close to de Day of Judgment
Belief insyd de "Day of Resurrection" anaa *Yawm al-Qiyāmah* (Arabic: يوم القيامة) sanso be crucial give Muslims. Ebe believe dat de time of *Qiyāmah* be preordained by God, buh unknown to man. De Quran den de hadith, as well as de commentaries of scholars, dey describe de trials den tribulations wey dey precede den during de *Qiyāmah*. De Quran dey emphasize bodily resurrection, a break from de pre-Islamic Arabian understanding of death.

### Divine predestination

The concept of divine predestination in Islam (Arabic: القضاء والقدر, *al-qadāʾ wa l-qadar*) dey mean dat every matter, good anaa bad, dem dey believe e be decreed by God. *Al-qadar*, wey dey mean "power", dey derive from a root wey dey mean "to measure" anaa "calculating". Muslims often dey express dis belief in divine destiny plus de phrase "In-sha-Allah" (Arabic: إن شاء الله) wey dey mean "if God wills" wen speaking for future events.

## Acts of worship

Der be five acts of worship wey dem consider duties–de Shahada (declaration of faith), de five daily prayers, Zakat (almsgiving), fasting during Ramadan, den de Hajj pilgrimage–dem collectively know as "De Pillars of Islam" (*Arkān al-Islām*). For addition, Muslims sanso dey perform oda optional supererogatory acts wey dem encourage buh dem no consider e be duties.

### Declaration of faith

Silver coin of de Mughal Emperor Akbar, c. 16th century, dem inscribe am plus de *Shahadah*
De shahadah be an oath wey dey declare belief insyd Islam. De expanded statement be "*ʾašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh*" (أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله), anaa, "I dey testify say der be no deity except God wey I dey testify say Muhammad be de messenger of God." Dem dey sam times argue Islam get a very simple creed wey de shahada be de premise for de rest of de religion. Dem dey require Non-Muslims wey dey wish make dem convert to Islam make dem recite de shahada in front of witnesses.

### Prayer

Muslim men wey dey prostrate insyd prayer, for de Umayyad Mosque, Damascus
Prayer insyd Islam, dem call as-salah anaa aṣ-ṣalāt (Arabic: الصلاة), be seen as a personal communication plus God wey e dey consist of repeating units dem call rakat wey dey include bowing den prostrating to God. Der be five timed prayers each day wey dem be considered duties. Dem dey recite de prayers insyd de Arabic language wey dem dey perform am insyd de direction of de Kaaba. De act sanso dey require a state of ritual purity dem achieve by means of either a routine *wudu* ritual wash anaa, in certain circumstances, a *ghusl* full body ritual wash.

A mosque be a place of worship give Muslims, wey dem often refer to am by ein Arabic name *masjid*. Although de primary purpose of de mosque be make e serve as a place of prayer, e sanso be an important social centre give de Muslim community. For example, de Masjid an-Nabawi ("Prophetic Mosque") insyd Medina, Saudi Arabia, na dem used make e sanso serve as a shelter give de poor. Minarets be towers dem use take call de adhan, a vocal call make e signal de prayer time.

### Almsgiving

A slot for giving zakat for de Zawiya of Moulay Idris II insyd Fez, Morocco
Zakat (Arabic: زكاة, *zakāh*), dem sanso spell am *Zakāt* anaa *Zakah*, be a type of almsgiving characterize by de giving of a fixed portion (2.5% annually) of accumulated wealth by those wey fi afford make dem help de poor anaa needy, such as for freeing captives, those insyd debt, anaa for (stranded) travellers, den for those dem employ make dem collect zakat. E dey act as a form of welfare insyd Muslim societies. Ebe considered a religious obligation say de well-off owe de needy secof dema wealth be seen as a trust from God ein bounty, wey ebe seen as a purification of one ein excess wealth. De total annual value dem contribute secof zakat be 15 times greater dan global humanitarian aid donations, wey dem dey use conservative estimates. Sadaqah, as opposed to Zakat, be a much-encouraged optional charity. A waqf be a perpetual charitable trust, wich dey finance hospitals den schools insyd Muslim societies.

### Fasting

A fast-breaking feast, dem know as *Iftar*, be served traditionally plus dates.
Insyd Islam, fasting (Arabic: صوم, *ṣawm*) dey preclude chow den drink, as well as oda forms of consumption, such as smoking, wey dem dey perform am from dawn to sunset. During de month of Ramadan, dem dey consider am a duty give Muslims make dem fast. De fast be make e encourage a feeling of nearness to God by restraining oneself for God ein sake from wat be otherwise permissible den to think of de needy. For addition, der be oda days, such as de Day of Arafah, wen fasting be optional.

### Pilgrimage

Pilgrims for de Great Mosque of Mecca during de Hajj season
De Islamic pilgrimage, dem call de *ḥajj* (Arabic: حج), e for be done at least once a lifetime by every Muslim plus de means to do so during de Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah. Rituals of de Hajj mostly imitate de story of de family of Abraham. Insyd Mecca, pilgrims walk seven times around de Kaaba, wich Muslims dey believe Abraham build as a place of worship, wey dem dey walk seven times between Mount Safa den Marwa, wey dem dey recount de steps of Abraham ein wifey, Hagar, wey na she dey look for water for ein baby Ishmael insyd de desert before Mecca develope into a settlement. De pilgrimage sanso involve spending a day praying den worshipping insyd de plain of Mount Arafat as well as symbolically stoning de Devil. All Muslim men dey wear two simple white unstitched pieces of cloth per dem call ihram, wey intend make e bring continuity thru generations den uniformity among pilgrims despite class anaa origin. Anoda form of pilgrimage, Umrah, be optional wey e fi be undertaken for any time of de year. Oda sites of Islamic pilgrimage be Medina, wer na Muhammad die, as well as Jerusalem, a city of chaw Islamic prophets den de site of Al-Aqsa, wich na ebe de direction of prayer before Mecca.

### Oda acts of worship

Muslim men wey dey read de Quran insyd de Umayyad Mosque of Damascus
Muslims dey recite den memorize de whole anaa parts of de Quran as acts of virtue. Tajwid dey refer to de set of rules for de proper elocution of de Quran. Chaw Muslims recite de whole Quran during de month of Ramadan. Dem dey call one wey memorize de whole Quran a *hafiz* ("memorizer"), den hadiths dey mention dat dese individuals go be able make dem intercede for odas on Judgment Day.

Supplication to God, dem call insyd Arabic *duʿāʾ* (Arabic: دعاء) e get ein own etiquette such as dey raise hands as if begging.

Remembrance of God (ذكر, *Dhikr'*) dey refer to phrases dem repeat wey dey reference God. Commonly, dis dey include Tahmid, dey declare praise be due to God (الحمد لله, *al-Ḥamdu lillāh*) during prayer anaa wen one dey feel thankful, Tasbih, dey declare glory to God during prayer anaa wen insyd awe of sam thing den dey say 'insys de name of God' (بسملة, *basmalah*) before dey start an act such as eating.

## History

### Muhammad den de beginning of Islam (570–632)

Cave of Hira
According to Islamic tradition, na dem born Muhammad insyd Mecca insyd 570 CE wey na he be orphaned early insyd life. Growing up as a trader, he cam be known as de "trusted one" (Arabic: الامين) wey na dem sought after as an impartial arbitrator. He later marry ein employer, de businesswoman Khadija. Insyd de year 610 CE, troubled by de moral decline den idolatry prevalent insyd Mecca den dey seek seclusion den spiritual contemplation, na Muhammad retreat to de Cave of Hira insyd de mountain Jabal al-Nour, near Mecca. Na ebe during ein time insyd de cave wey na dem say he receive de first revelation of de Quran from de angel Gabriel. De event of Muhammad ein retreat to de cave den subsequent revelation be known as de "Night of Power" (*Laylat al-Qadr*) wey ebe considered a significant event insyd Islamic history. During de next 22 years of ein life, from age 40 dey go, Muhammad continue dey receive revelations from God, wey he cam turn de last anaa seal of de prophets dem send to mankind.

### Early Islamic period (632–750)

Expansion of Rashidun Caliphate
Dome of the Rock insyd Jerusalem wey caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan build; dem plete for de end of de Second Fitna
Muhammad die insyd 632 den de first successors, dem call Caliphs – Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman ibn al-Affan, Ali ibn Abi Talib den sometimes Hasan ibn Ali – be known insyd Sunni Islam as *al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn* ("Rightly Guided Caliphs"). Na sam tribes lef Islam wey dem rebel under leaders wey declare demaselves new prophets buh na dem be crushed by Abu Bakr insyd de Ridda wars.

### Classical era (750–1258)

Na Al-Shafi'i codify a method make he determine de reliability of hadith. During de early Abbasid era, na scholars such as Muhammad al-Bukhari den Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj compile de major Sunni hadith collections while scholars like Al-Kulayni den Ibn Babawayh compile major Shia hadith collections. De four Sunni Madh'habs, de Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, den Shafi'i, na dem be established around de teachings of Abū Ḥanīfa, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Malik ibn Anas den al-Shafi'i.

### Pre-modern era (1258 – 18th century)

Ghazan Khan, 7th Ilkhanate ruler of de Mongol Empire, converts to Islam. 14th-century depiction
Thru Muslim trade networks den de activity of Sufi orders, Islam spread into new areas wey Muslims assimilate into new cultures.

Under de Ottoman Empire, na Islam spread to Southeast Europe. Na conversion to Islam often involve a degree of syncretism, as dem illustrate by Muhammad ein appearance insyd Hindu folklore. Na Muslim Turks incorporate elements of Turkish Shamanism beliefs to Islam.Muslims insyd Ming Dynasty China wey na dem descende from earlier immigrants na dem be assimilated, sam times thru laws wey dey mandate assimilation, by adopting Chinese names den culture while Nanjing cam turn an important centre of Islamic study.

### Modern era (18th–20th centuries)

Abdülmecid II, de last Caliph from de Ottoman dynasty.
Earlier insyd de 14th century, na Ibn Taymiyya promote a puritanical form of Islam, wey dey reject philosophical approaches in favour of simpler theology, wey he call to open de gates of itjihad rather dan blind imitation of scholars. Na he call for a jihad against those he deem heretics, buh na ein writings only play a marginal role during ein lifetime.

### Contemporary era (20th century–present)

Leaders of Muslim countries during session of de Islamic Summit Conference insyd Istanbul, Turkey
Forerunners of Islamic modernism influence Islamist political movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood den related parties insyd de Arab world, wich perform well in elections dey follow de Arab Spring, Jamaat-e-Islami insyd South Asia den de AK Party, wich na democratically dey power insyd Turkey for decades.

## Demographics

As of 2020, about 24% of de global population, anaa about 1.9 billion people, be Muslims. Instd 1900, na dis estimate be 12.3%, insyd 1990 na ebe 19.9% den projections suggest de proportion go be 29.7% by 2050. Pew Research dey estimate dat 87–90% of Muslims be Sunni wey 10–13% be Shia. Approximately 49 countries be Muslim-majority, plus 62% of de world ein Muslims dey live insyd Asia, den 683 million adherents insyd Indonesia, Pakistan, India, den Bangladesh alone. Arab Muslims dey form de largest ethnic group among Muslims insyd de world, follow by Bengalis den Punjabis. Most estimates dey indicate China get approximately 20 to 30 million Muslims (1.5% to 2% of de population). Islam insyd Europe be de second-largest religion after Christianity insyd chaw countries, plus growth rates secof primarily to immigration den higher birth rates of Muslims insyd 2005, wey dey account for 4.9% of all of Europe ein population insyd 2016.

## Main branches anaa denominations

### Sunni

De nine volumes of Sahih Al-Bukhari, one of de six Sunni hadith books
Sunni Islam, anaa Sunnism, be de name for de largest denomination insyd Islam. De term be a contraction of de phrase "ahl as-sunna wa'l-jamaat", wich dey mean "people of de sunna (de traditions of Muhammad) den de community".

### Shia

Nahj al-balagha, collection of sermons, letters, den sayings dem attribute to Imam Ali.
Shia Islam, anaa Shi'ism, be de second-largest Muslim denomination. Shias, anaa Shiites, dey maintain dat Muhammad ein successor as leader, for be from certain descendants of Muhammad ein family dem know as de Ahl al-Bayt den those leaders, dem refer to as Imams, get additional spiritual authority. Shias be guided by de Ja'fari school of jurisprudence.

### Muhakkima

Ibadi Islam anaa Ibadism be practised by 1.45 million Muslims around de world (~0.08% of all Muslims), chaw of dem insyd Oman. Dem often associate Ibadism plus den viewed as a moderate variation of de kharijites, though Ibadis demaselves object to dis classification.

An overview of de major sects den *madhahib* of Islam
### Oda denominations

* De Ahmadiyya Movement na ebe founded insyd British India insyd 1889 by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian, wey claim he be de promised Messiah ("Second Coming of Christ"), de Mahdi wey be awaited by de Muslims as well as a "subordinate" prophet to de Islamic prophet Muhammad.

* Alevism be a syncretic den heterodox local Islamic tradition, wey ein adherents dey follow de mystical (bāṭenī) teachings of Ali den Haji Bektash Veli.
* Quranism be a religious movement of Islam base for de belief dat Islamic law den guidance for be based for de Quran per den no be sunnah anaa Hadith, plus Quranists notably dey differ insyd dema approach to de five pillars of Islam.

### Non-denominational Muslims

Non-denominational Muslims be an umbrella term wey na e be used for den by Muslims wey no dey belong to anaa no dey self-identify plus a specific Islamic denomination.

## Mysticism

De Whirling Dervishes, anaa Mevlevi Order by de tomb of Sufi-mystic Rumi
Sufism insyd Konya, Turkey
Sufism (Arabic: تصوف, tasawwuf), be a mystical-ascetic approach to Islam wey dey seek to find a direct personal experience of God. Classical Sufi scholars define *tasawwuf* as "a science wey ein objective be de reparation of de heart den dey turn am away from all else buh God", thru "intuitive den emotional faculties" wey one for be trained to use. Na Ahmad ibn Ajiba define tasawwuf as "a return to de tradition, wey ein beginning be knowledge, ein middle be action [upon dat knowledge], wey ein end be a gift [from Allah]." E no be a sect of Islam, wey ein adherents dey belong to de various Muslim denominations. Isma'ilism, wey ein teachings be rooted insyd Gnosticism den Neoplatonism as well as by de Illuminationist den Isfahan schools of Islamic philosophy, na dem develop mystical interpretations of Islam. Hasan al-Basri, de early Sufi ascetic dem often portray as one of de earliest Sufis, emphasize fear of failing God ein expectations of obedience. For contrast, later prominent Sufis, such as Mansur Al-Hallaj den Jalaluddin Rumi, emphasize religiosity based for love towards God. Such devotion sanso get an impact for de arts, plus Rumi still be one of de bestselling poets insyd America.

Sufis dey see *tasawwuf* as an inseparable part of Islam. Traditional Sufis, such as Bayazid Bastami, Jalaluddin Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, Junaid Baghdadi, den Al-Ghazali, argue give Sufism as e be based upon de tenets of Islam den de teachings of de prophet. Historian Nile Green argue dat na Islam insyd de medieval period be more anaa less Sufism. Followers of de Sunni revivalist movement dem know as Salafism view popular devotional practices, such as de veneration of Sufi saints, as innovations from de original religion. Na Salafists sam times physically attack Sufis, wey dey lead to a deterioration insyd Sufi–Salafi relations.

Sufi congregations form orders (*tariqa*) centre around a teacher (*wali*) wey dey trace a spiritual chain back to Muhammad. Na Sufis play an important role insyd de formation of Muslim societies thru dema missionary den educational activities. De Sufism-influenced Ahle Sunnat movement anaa Barelvi movement dey claim over 200 million followers insyd South Asia. Sufism be prominent insyd Central Asia, as well as insyd African countries like Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Senegal, Chad den Niger.

## Law den jurisprudence

Islamic schools of law insyd de Muslim world
Shariah be de body of Islamic religious law. De desire make dem delineate den discover laws insyd a comprehensive den consistent method lead to de development of de theory of law, dem call fiqh. Conversely, dem dey use bid'ah refer to unlawful innovations insyd matters of religion. Na differing methodologies, dem call principles of fiqh anaa *Usul al-fiqh*, develop den a school of jurisprudence wey dey arise around a methodology dem know as a *madhhab* (Arabic: مذهب). De conformity insyd following of decisions by a religious expert anaa school be called *taqlid*. De term *ghair muqallid* dey refer to those wey no dey use taqlid den, by extension, no get a madhab. Dem dey call de practice of an individual wey dey interprete law plus independent reasoning *ijtihad*. Dem know those wey dey interpret shariah as muftis wey dema legal opinions be called fatwas.

De primary sources of Shariah be de Quran den Sunnah. A common third source be qiyas (analogical reasoning) wich dem dey use for legal questions wey dem no deal plus literally insyd de Qur’ān anaa Sunnah. Dem go search parallels make dem find de ‘’illah’’, anaa effective cause, wich be de reason behind de existing ruling. For example, from de specific prohibition of wine be deduced a broad prohibition on alcohol as dem share de operative cause dem identify as de mind-altering nature of all alcoholic drinks. De Zahiri school dey adhere to strict literalism den thus dey reject qiyas. Consensus of opinion be ijma, while ikhtilaf dey refer to scholarly disagreement. Rulings assign actions to one of five categories dem call ahkam: mandatory (*fard*), recommended (*mustahabb*), permitted (*mubah*), abhorred (*makruh*), den prohibited (*haram*).

## Society

### Religious personages

Crimean Tatar Muslim students (1856)
### Governance

### Daily den family life

Islamic veils dey represent modesty
### Arts den culture

* 14th century Sixty Dome Mosque, insyd Khalifatabad, Bangladesh
* Great Mosque of Djenné, insyd de West African country of Mali
* Dome insyd Po-i-Kalyan, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
* 14th century Great Mosque of Xi'an insyd China
* 16th century Menara Kudus Mosque insyd Indonesia wey dey show Indian influence
* De phrase *Bismillah* insyd an 18th-century Islamic calligraphy from de Ottoman region
* Geometric arabesque tiling for de underside of de dome of Hafiz Shirazi's tomb insyd Shiraz, Iran

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* Gardet, L.; Jomier, J. "Islām". In Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.) (2012) doi:10.1163/1573-3912\_islam\_COM\_0387
* *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
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* Bearman, P.J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P., eds. (2012). *Encyclopaedia of Islam* (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4. ISSN 1573-3912.
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* McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, ed. (n.d.). *Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online*. Brill Academic Publishers.`{{cite encyclopedia}}`: CS1 maint: year (link)
* McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, ed. (2002). *Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān*. Vol. 2. Brill Academic Publishers.
* McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, ed. (2003). *Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān*. Vol. 3. Brill Academic Publishers.
* Salamone, Frank, ed. (2004). *Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals*. Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society. Vol. 6 (1st ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-94180-8. JSTOR j.ctt1jd94wq.
* Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2003). *The New Encyclopedia of Islam*. Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. ISBN 978-0-7591-0190-6.
* Esposito, John, ed. (2003). *The Oxford Dictionary of Islam*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001 – via Oxford Reference.
* Esposito, John, ed. (2004). *The Oxford Dictionary of Islam*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-975726-8.
* Leaman, Oliver, ed. (2006). *The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia*. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-32639-1.

## Read further

* Encyclopedia of Sahih Al-Bukhari by Arabic Virtual Translation Center (New York 2019, Barnes & Noble ISBN 978-0-359-67265-3). The foundation of Islam: from revelation to tawhid.
* Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). *Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim*. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers. *N.B*. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. ISBN 0-87123-553-6
* Ahmad, Imad-ad-Dean (2008). "Islam". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). *The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism*. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 256–258. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n155. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. OCLC 750831024. LCCN 2008009151
* Akyol, Mustafa (2011). *Islam Without Extremes* (1st ed.). W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-07086-6.
* Arberry, A.J. (1996). *The Koran Interpreted: A Translation* (1st ed.). Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-684-82507-6.
* Cragg, Kenneth (1975). *The House of Islam*, in *The Religious Life of Man Series*. Second ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1975. xiii, 145 p. ISBN 0-8221-0139-4.
* Hourani, Albert (1991). *Islam in European Thought*. First pbk. ed. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1992, cop. 1991. xi, 199 p. ISBN 0-521-42120-9; alternative ISBN on back cover, 0-521-42120-0.
* Khan, Muhammad Muhsin; Al-Hilali Khan; Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din (1999). *Noble Quran* (1st ed.). Dar-us-Salam Publications. ISBN 978-9960-740-79-9.
* Khanbaghi, A, (2006). *The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran*. I. B. Tauris.
* Khavari, Farid A. (1990). *Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb*. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. ISBN 0-915677-55-5.
* Kramer, Martin, ed. (1999). *The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis*. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-965-224-040-8.
* Kuban, Dogan (1974). *Muslim Religious Architecture*. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-03813-4.
* Lewis, Bernard (1994). *Islam and the West*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509061-1.
* Lewis, Bernard (1996). *Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510283-3.
* Mubarkpuri, Saifur-Rahman (2002). *The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet*. Dar-us-Salam Publications. ISBN 978-1-59144-071-0.
* Najeebabadi, Akbar Shah (2001). *History of Islam*. Dar-us-Salam Publications. ISBN 978-1-59144-034-5.
* Sayilgan, Salih (2023). *God, Evil, and Suffering in Islam*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781009377294.
* Schimmel, Annemarie (1994). *Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam*. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1982-3. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
* Schuon, Frithjof (1963). *Understanding Islam* (3rd ed.). Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-0941532242. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
* Tausch, Arno (2009). *What 1.3 Billion Muslims Really Think: An Answer to a Recent Gallup Study, Based on the "World Values Survey". Foreword Mansoor Moaddel, Eastern Michigan University* (1st ed.). Nova Science Publishers, New York. ISBN 978-1-60692-731-1.
* Tausch, Arno; Heshmati, Almas; Karoui, Hichem (2015). *The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world* (1st ed.). New York: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-62948-899-8. Prepublication text available at: Tausch, Arno; Heshmati, Almas; Karoui, Hichem (January 2014). "The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world". *ResearchGate*.
* Tausch, Arno (2023). *Political Islam and Religiously Motivated Political Extremism*. SpringerBriefs in Political Science (1st ed.). Cham: Springer Nature. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-24854-2. ISBN 978-3-031-24853-5. S2CID 256852082.
* Walker, Benjamin (1998). *Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith*. Peter Owen Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7206-1038-3.