Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Venus

Venus

inner planet of the Solar System, inferior planet| Part of | inner Solar System  |
| Get use | terraforming of Venus, colonization of Venus  |
| IPA transcription | ˈveːnʊs  |
| Dem name after | Venus  |
| Demonym | Venusian, Venerian, Venusano, Vénusien, زُهَرِيٌّ  |
| Ein location | inner Solar System  |
| Highest point | Skadi Mons  |
| Lowest point | Diana Chasma  |
| Studied by | observations and explorations of Venus, cytherology  |
| Child astronomical body |   |
| Parent astronomical body | Sun  |
| Described at URL |   |
| Get characteristic | orbit of Venus, life on Venus  |
| Notation | Venus symbol  |
| Epoch | J2000.0  |
| Stack Exchange tag |   |
| Unicode character | ♀  |

**Venus** (symbol: ) be de second planet for de sun. Ebe rocky planet plus de densest atmosphere of all de rocky bodies for de Solar System insyd, wey ebe de only one plus mass den size wey be close to dat of ein orbital neighbour Earth. Edey orbit inferiorly (insyd of Earth ein orbit), edey always appear for de Earth ein sky close go de Sun, as either "morning star" anaa "evening star". While dis sanso be true give Mercury, Venus dey appear much more prominently, since ebe de third brightest object for Earth ein sky insyd afta de Moon den de Sun, dey appear brighter dan any oda star-like classical planet anaa any fixed star. Plus such prominence insyd Earth ein sky, Venus historically be common den important object give humans, for both dema cultures den astronomy insyd.

## Read further

* O'Rourke, Joseph G.; Wilson, Colin F.; Borrelli, Madison E.; Byrne, Paul K.; Dumoulin, Caroline; Ghail, Richard; Gülcher, Anna J. P.; Jacobson, Seth A.; Korablev, Oleg; Spohn, Tilman; Way, M. J.; Weller, Matt; Westall, Frances (6 February 2023). "Venus, the Planet: Introduction to the Evolution of Earth's Sister Planet". *Space Science Reviews* (in English). **219** (1): 10. Bibcode:2023SSRv..219...10O. doi:10.1007/s11214-023-00956-0. hdl:20.500.11850/598198. ISSN 1572-9672. Retrieved 6 February 2025.
* Widemann, Thomas; et al. (October 2023). "Venus Evolution Through Time: Key Science Questions, Selected Mission Concepts and Future Investigations". *Space Science Reviews*. **219** (7): 56. Bibcode:2023SSRv..219...56W. doi:10.1007/s11214-023-00992-w. hdl:10852/109541.

* Venus profile at NASA's Solar System Exploration site
* Missions to Venus and Image catalogue at the National Space Science Data Center
* Soviet Exploration of Venus and Image catalogue at Mentallandscape.com
* Image catalogue from the Venera missions
* Venus page at *The Nine Planets*
* Transits of Venus Archived 19 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine at NASA.gov
* Geody Venus, a search engine for surface features
* Interactive 3D gravity simulation of the pentagram that the orbit of Venus traces when Earth is held fixed at the centre of the coordinate system

### Cartographic resources

* Map-a-Planet: Venus by the U.S. Geological Survey
* Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature: Venus by the International Astronomical Union
* Venus crater database by the Lunar and Planetary Institute
* Map of Venus by Eötvös Loránd University
* Google Venus 3D, interactive map of the planet
# Psychoactive drug

psychoactive drug

drug class| Subclass of | central nervous system agent, drug  |

A **psychoactive drug**, **psychopharmaceutical**, **mind-altering drug**, **consciousness-altering drug**, **psychoactive substance**, anaa **psychotropic substance** be a chemical substance wey dey alter psychological functioning by modulating central nervous system (CNS) activity. Psychoactive den **psychotropicdrugs** both dey affect de brain, wey psychotropics sam times dey refer to psychiatric drugs anaa high-abuse substances, while “drug” fi get negative connotations. Novel psychoactive substances be designer drugs dem make to mimic illegal ones den bypass laws.

Psychoactive drug use dey date back to prehistory for medicinal den consciousness-altering purposes, plus evidence of widespread cultural use. Chaw animals intentionally dey consume psychoactive substances, den sam traditional legends dey suggest animals first introduce humans to dema use. Dem dey use psychoactive substances across cultures for purposes wey dey range from medicinal den therapeutic treatment of mental disorders den pain, to performance enhancement. Dema effects be influenced by de drug einself, de environment, den individual factors. Psychoactive drugs be categorized by dema pharmacological effects into types such as anxiolytics (reduce anxiety), empathogen–entactogens (enhance empathy), stimulants (increase CNS activity), depressants (decrease CNS activity), den hallucinogens (alter perception den emotions). Psychoactive drugs be administered thru various routes—wey dey include oral ingestion, injection, rectal use, den inhalation—plus de method den efficiency dey differ by drug.

Psychoactive drugs dey alter brain function by interacting plus neurotransmitter systems—either enhancing anaa inhibiting activity—wich fi affect mood, perception, cognition, behavior, den potentially lead to dependence anaa long-term neural adaptations such as sensitization anaa tolerance. Addiction den dependence dey involve psychological den physical reliance on psychoactive substances, plus treatments wey dey range from psychotherapy den medication to emerging psychedelic therapies; global prevalence be highest for alcohol, cannabis, den opioid use disorders.

Na de legality of psychoactive drugs long be controversial, shaped by international treaties like de 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs den national laws such as de United States Controlled Substances Act. Dem dey make distinctions between recreational den medical use. Enforcement dey vary across countries. While na de 20th century see global criminalization, recent shifts dey favor harm reduction den regulation over prohibition. Widely used psychoactive drugs dey include legal substances like caffeine, alcohol, den nicotine; prescribed medications such as SSRIs, opioids, den benzodiazepines; den illegal recreational drugs like cocaine, LSD, den MDMA.

* Neuroscience of Psychoactive Substance Use and Dependence by the WHO