# Quran

Qur'an

religious text, literary work| Year dem found am | 631  |
| Title | القرآن  |
| Religion anaa worldview | Islam  |
| Main subject | Islam  |
| Dey follow | Injil  |
| Genre | religious literature  |
| Language of work or name | Quranic Arabic  |
| Narrative location | Arabian Peninsula  |
| List of characters | list of Quranic characters and names  |
| Has cause | waḥy  |
| Studied by | Quranic studies, tafsir  |
| Location of creation | Mecca, Medina  |
| Work available at URL |   |
| History of topic | history of the Quran  |
| Copyright status | public domain, public domain  |
| Stack Exchange tag |   |

De **Quran**, dem sanso romanize am **Qur'an** anaa **Koran**, be de central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims say e be a revelation directly from God (*Allāh*). Ebe organized insyd 114 chapters (surah, pl. suwer) wich dey consist of individual verses (*āyah*). Besides ein religious significance, ebe widely regarded as de finest work insyd Arabic literature, wey e significantly influence de Arabic language. Ebe de object of a modern field of academic research dem know as Quranic studies.

Muslims dey believe na de Quran be orally revealed by God to de final Islamic prophet Muhammad thru de angel Gabriel incrementally over a period of sam 23 years, wey dey begin for de Laylat al-Qadr, wen na Muhammad be 40, wey e conclude insyd 632, de year of ein death. Muslims dey regard de Quran as Muhammad ein most important miracle, a proof of ein prophethood, den de culmination of a series of divine messages wey dey start plus those dem reveal to de first Islamic prophet Adam, wey dey include de holy books of de Torah, Psalms, den Gospel insyd Islam.

## Etymology den meaning

De word *qur'ān* dey appear about 70 times insyd de Quran einself, wey dey assume chaw meanings. Ebe a verbal noun (*maṣdar*) of de Arabic verb *qara'a* (قرأ‎) wey dey mean 'he read' anaa 'na he recite'. De Syriac equivalent be *qeryānā* (ܩܪܝܢܐ), wich dey refer to 'scripture reading' anaa 'lesson'. While sam Western scholars dey consider de word e be derived from de Syriac, de majority of Muslim authorities dey hold de origin of de word be *qara'a* einself. Regardless, na e cam turn an Arabic term by Muhammad ein lifetime. An important meaning of de word be de 'act of reciting', as dem reflect insyd an early Quranic passage: "*It is for Us to collect it and to recite it* (*qur'ānahu*)."

Insyd oda verses, de word dey refer to 'an individual passage [Muhammad] recite'. Ein liturgical context be seen insyd a number of passages, for example: "*So when al-qur'ān is recited, listen to it and keep silent*." De word sanso fi assume de meaning of a codified scripture wen dem mention plus oda scriptures such as de Torah den Gospel.

## Academic research

Studies for de Qur'an rarely go beyond textual criticism. Til de early 1970s, non-Muslim scholars of Islam —while dem no dey accept traditional explanations for divine intervention— accept de above-mentioned traditional origin story insyd chaw details.

De basmala as dem wrep for de Birmingham mus'haf manuscript, one of de oldest surviving copies of de Qur'an

 Rasm: "ٮسم الله الرحمں الرحىم"
University of Chicago professor Fred Donner dey state dat:

> *[T]here was a very early attempt to establish a uniform consonantal text of the Qurʾān from what was probably a wider and more varied group of related texts in early transmission.… After the creation of this standardized canonical text, earlier authoritative texts were suppressed, and all extant manuscripts—despite their numerous variants—seem to date to a time after this standard consonantal text was established.*
>
>

Although dem cease make dem transmit chaw variant readings of de text of de Quran, sam still be. Na der no be no critical text dem produce for wich dem fi base a scholarly reconstruction of de Quranic text.

## Significance insyd Islam

### Insyd worship

Surah Al-Fatiha, dem dey recite de first chapter of de Quran, in full for every rakat of salah insyd den for oda occasions. Dis sura, wich dey consist of seven verses, be de most often recited surah of de Quran:

While standing insyd prayers, worshipers dey recite de first chapter of de Quran, al-Fatiha, follow by any oda section
Recitation of Al-Fatiha insyd mujawwad.
Dem dey read oda sections of de Quran of choice insyd daily prayers. Sura Al-Ikhlāṣ be second in frequency of Qur'an recitation, for according to chaw early authorities, Muhammad say dat *Ikhlāṣ* be equivalent to one-third of de whole Quran.

### Insyd Islamic art

De Quran sanso inspire Islamic arts den specifically de so-called Quranic arts of calligraphy den illumination.

* Calligraphy, 18th century, Brooklyn Museum.
* Quranic inscriptions, Bara Gumbad mosque, Delhi, India.
* Typical mosque lamp, of enamelled glass, plus de *Ayat an-Nur* anaa "Verse of Light" (24:35).
* Quran page decoration art, Ottoman period.
* Quranic verses, Shahizinda mausoleum, Samarkand, Uzbekistan.
* De leaves from Quran dem wrep insyd gold den contoured plus brown ink plus a horizontal format dem suit to classical Kufic calligraphy, wich cam turn common under de early Abbasid caliphs.
* 9th-century Quran insyd de Reza Abbasi Museum
* *Shikasta nastaliq* script, 18th–19th centuries

* Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2022). *The Religion and Rituals of the Nomads of Pre-Islamic Arabia: A Reconstruction Based on the Safaitic Inscriptions*. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-50427-1.
* Allen, Roger (2000). *An Introduction to Arabic literature*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77657-8.
* Bentlage, Björn; Eggert, Marion; Krämer, Hans-Martin; Reichmuth, Stefan (2016). *Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism: A Sourcebook*. Brill. ISBN 9789004329003.
* Berlin, Adele (2011). "Cosmology and creation". In Berlin, Adele; Grossman, Maxine (eds.). *The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199730049.
* Clogg, Richard (1979). "An Attempt to Revive Turkish Printing in Istanbul in 1779". *International Journal of Middle East Studies*. **10** (1): 67–70. doi:10.1017/s0020743800053320. S2CID 159835641.
* Cook, David B. (2013). "Gog and Magog". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). *Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three*. doi:10.1163/1573-3912\_ei3\_COM\_27495.
* Cook, Michael (2000). *The Koran; A Very Short Introduction*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285344-8. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
* Corbin, Henry (1993) [1964 (in French)]. *History of Islamic Philosophy*. Translated by Sherrard, Liadain; Sherrard, Philip. London: Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies. ISBN 978-0-7103-0416-2.
* Dost, Suleyman (2023). "Pilgrimage in Pre-Islamic Arabia: Continuity and Rupture from Epigraphic Texts to the Qur'an". *Millennium*. **20** (1): 15–32. doi:10.1515/mill-2023-0003.
* Guessoum, Nidhal (2011). *Islam's Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science*. I.B. Tauris. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-84885-517-5.
* Jeffrey, Arthur (1952). *The Qur'an as Scripture*. New York: Russell F. Moore Company.
* Levenson, Jon Douglas (2012). *Inheriting Abraham: The Legacy of the Patriarch in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam*. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691155692.
* Lings, Martin (2004). *Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now*. Archetype. ISBN 978-1-901383-07-2.
* Krek, Miroslav (1979). "The Enigma of the First Arabic Book Printed from Movable Type". *Journal of Near Eastern Studies*. **38** (3): 203–212. doi:10.1086/372742. S2CID 162374182.
* Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2003). *Islam: Religion, History and Civilization*. San Francisco: Harper. ISBN 978-0-06-050714-5.
* Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2007). "Qurʾān". *Encyclopædia Britannica Online*. Retrieved 4 November 2007.
* Peters, Francis E. (August 1991). "The Quest of the Historical Muhammad". *International Journal of Middle East Studies*. **23** (3): 291–315. doi:10.1017/S0020743800056312. S2CID 162433825.
* Rippin, Andrew; et al., eds. (2006). *The Blackwell companion to the Qur'an*. Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-1752-4.
* Robinson, Neal (1996). *Discovering the Qur'an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text*. SCM Press.
* Tabatabae, Mohammad Hosayn (1988). *The Qur'an in Islam: Its Impact and Influence on the Life of Muslims*. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7103-0266-3.
* Watt, W. Montgomery (1960–2007). "al-Iskandar". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). *Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition*. doi:10.1163/1573-3912\_islam\_SIM\_3630.
* Watson, William J. (1968). "İbrāhīm Müteferriḳa and Turkish Incunabula". *Journal of the American Oriental Society*. **88** (3): 435–441. doi:10.2307/596868. JSTOR 596868.
* Ziolkowski, Jan M. (2007). *Fairy Tales from Before Fairy Tales: The Medieval Latin Past of Wonderful Lies*. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-03379-9.

### Reference material

* The British Library: Discovering Sacred Texts – Islam Archived 17 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine

### Manuscripts

* Several digitised Qurans in the Cambridge University Digital Library
* 2017-232-1 al-Qurʼān. / القرآن at OPenn
* Digitised Manuscripts Sorted by Verses at Corpus Coranicum

* Quran Pdf
* Al-Quran.info Archived 29 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
* Quran Archive – Texts and Studies on the Quran
* Quran text and translation at Tufts University
* Tanzil – Online Quran Navigator
* Quran.com
* Previous.quran.com – By clicking Settings and selecting The Bridges’ translation by Fadel Soliman, words that have significant variants among the ten canonical qira'at are highlighted in red, together with a footnote listing the readers or transmitters and an English translation for each of the variant readings
* Multilingual Quran (Arabic, English, French, German, Dutch, Spanish, Italian)
* Latin script transliterated Qur'an. Hans Zirker. University of Frankfurt.