# Morphine

morphine

type of chemical entity| Subclass of | morphinan alkaloid  |
| Get use | Medication  |
| Time of discovery anaa invention | 1804  |
| Stereoisomer of | (+)-morphine, Morphinan-3,6-diol, 7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methyl-, (5alpha,6alpha,14alpha)-, (5alpha,6beta)-7,8-Didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diol  |
| Chemical formula | C₁₇H₁₉NO₃  |
| Canonical SMILES | CN1CCC23C4C1CC5=C2C(=C(C=C5)O)OC3C(C=C4)O  |
| Isomeric SMILES | CN1CC[C@]23[C@@H]4[C@H]1CC5=C2C(=C(C=C5)O)O[C@H]3[C@H](C=C4)O  |
| Medical condition treated | pain, dyspnea, fibromyalgia  |
| Physically dey interact plus | Opioid receptor delta 1, opioid receptor kappa 1, opioid receptor mu 1  |
| Pregnancy category | Australian pregnancy category C, US pregnancy category C  |
| Subject has role | opioid receptor agonist, opioid, narcotic, essential medicine  |

**Morphine**, dem formerly know as **morphium**, be an opiate dem find naturally insyd opium, a dark brown resin wey be produced by drying de latex of opium poppies (*Papaver somniferum*). Dem mainly dey use am as an analgesic (pain medication). Der be chaw methods dem used to administer morphine: oral; sublingual; via inhalation; injection into a muscle, injection under de skin, anaa injection into de spinal cord area; transdermal; intravenously; anaa via rectal suppository. E dey act directly on de central nervous system (CNS) to induce analgesia den alter perception den emotional response to pain. Physical den psychological dependence den tolerance fi develop plus repeated administration. Dem fi take am for both acute pain den chronic pain wey e frequently be used for pain from myocardial infarction, kidney stones, den during labor. Ein maximum effect be reached after about 20 minutes wen dem administer am intravenously den 60 minutes wen dem administer am by mouth, while de duration of ein effect be 3–7 hours. Dem dey sell long-acting formulations of morphine under de brand names **MS Contin** den **Kadian**, among odas. Generic long-acting formulations sanso be available.

Common side effects of morphine dey include drowsiness, euphoria, nausea, dizziness, sweating, den constipation. Potentially serious side effects of morphine dey include decreased respiratory effort, vomiting, den low blood pressure. Morphine be highly addictive den prone to abuse. If one ein dose be reduced after long-term use, opioid withdrawal symptoms fi occur. Dem dey advise caution for de use of morphine during pregnancy anaa breastfeeding, as e fi affect de health of de baby.

Na dem first isolate morphine insyd 1804 by German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner. Dem dey believe dis to be de first isolation of a medicinal alkaloid from a plant. Na Merck begin dey market am commercially insyd 1827. Na morphine be more widely used after de invention of de hypodermic syringe insyd 1853–1855. Na Sertürner originally name de substance *morphium*, after de Greek god of dreams, Morpheus, as e get a tendency to cause sleep.

De primary source of morphine be isolation from poppy straw of de opium poppy. Insyd 2013, na dem produce approximately 523 tons of morphine. Approximately na dem use 45 tons directly for pain, an increase of 400% over de last twenty years. Na chaw use for dis purpose be insyd de developed world. Dem use about 70% of morphine to make oda opioids such as hydromorphone, oxymorphone, den heroin. E be a Schedule II drug insyd de United States, Class A insyd de United Kingdom, den Schedule I insyd Canada. E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Insyd 2023, na e be de 156th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 3 million prescriptions. E be available as a generic medication.

* "Morphine Injection". *MedlinePlus*.
* "Morphine Rectal". *MedlinePlus*.