# Hindeŭropa lingvaro

| Hindeŭropa lingvaro
 |
| --- |
|  |
| **lingva familio**  |
| **homa lingvo • eŭrazia lingvaro** |
| Antaŭe
 | hindeŭropa pralingvo vd |
|

| [Montri]  Partoj |
| --- |
|  | Hindirana lingvaro ĝermana lingvaro kelta lingvaro Baltslava lingvaro Anatolia lingvaro Toĥara lingvaro helena lingvaro Italika lingvaro albana lingvo armena lingvo iliria lingvaro Thracian (en)  Liburnian (en)  Lusitanian (en)  Messapian (en)  friga lingvo Paeonian (en)   vd |

 |
|  |

La **hindeŭropa lingvaro** estas lingvaro devena de la hindeŭropa pralingvo, la pralingvo de granda familio de lingvoj kiu enhavas la plimulton de lingvoj en Ameriko, Barato, Eŭropo kaj Irano.

Kun nur proksimume cent lingvoj, la hindeŭropa lingvaro ne grandas je kvanto da lingvoj, sed ĝi estas la plej granda familio je kvanto de parolantoj: proksimume 1 700 milionoj da homoj denaske parolas hindeŭropan lingvon.

La hodiaŭa hindeŭropa lingvaro dividas sin inter naŭ sublingvaroj: ĝermana, kelta, italika, helena, albana, armena, balta, slava kaj hindirana.

(**Noto**: Lingvoj "*kursive*" titolitaj ne plu estas denaskaj lingvoj de grandaj komunumoj.)

## Klasifiko

Vidu ankaŭ la tabelon ĉe lingva familio.

| Fiksa arbo
 | Faldebla arbo
 |
| --- | --- |
| * Hindeŭropa lingvaro
	+ **Ĝermana lingvaro**
		- **Nordĝermana lingvaro *Praskandinavia lingvo*
				+ *Praislanda*
				+ Islanda
				+ Feroa
				+ Norvega
				+ Dana
				+ Sveda
		- **Okcidentĝermana lingvaro **Anglo-frisa lingvaro**
				+ Angla
				+ Frisa
				+ Skota
					- Ulstera skota
			* **Altgermana lingvaro**
				+ Germana
				+ Jida
				+ Luksemburga
				+ Pensilvanigermana
			* **Malaltgermana lingvaro**
				+ Afrikansa
				+ Flandra
				+ Nederlanda
				+ Platgermana
		- Orientĝermana lingvaro *Burgunda*
			* *Gota*
			* *Vandala*
	+ **Helena lingvaro**
		- Greka
	+ **Kelta lingvaro**
		- *Gaŭla*
		- **Gaela lingvaro Irlanda
			* Skota gaela
			* *Manksa*
		- **Britona lingvaro Bretona
			* Kimra
			* *Kornvala*
	+ **Italika lingvaro**
		- *Latina*
			* **Latinida lingvaro**
				+ Franca
				+ Hispana
				+ Itala
				+ Kataluna
				+ Okcitana
				+ Korsika
				+ Galega
				+ Portugala
				+ Romanĉa
				+ Rumana
				+ Valona
		- *Faliska*
		- *Oska*
		- *Umbra*
		- *Sud-picena*
	+ *Praveneta*
	+ *Ilira*
	+ *Friga*
	+ Anatolia lingvaro
		- *Hitita*
		- *Palaa*
		- *Lidia*
		- Luvika lingvaro
			* *Luvia*
				+ Kojnskriba Luvia
				+ Hieroglifa Luvia
			* *Likia*
			* *Karia*
			* *Pizidia*
			* *Sidea*
	+ Toĥara lingvaro
		- *Toĥara-A*
		- *Toĥara-B*
	+ **Albana lingvaro**
		- Albana
	+ **Armena lingvo**
		- Armena
	+ **Balta lingvaro**
		- Latva
		- Litova
		- *praprusa*
	+ **Hindirana lingvaro**
		- **Irana lingvaro Kurda
			* Oseta
			* Paŝtoa
			* Persa
			* Taĝika
		- **Nuristana lingvaro**
		- **Hindarja lingvaro *Sanskrito*
				+ Asama
				+ Bengala
				+ Guĝarata
				+ Hindia
				+ Urduo
				+ Marata
				+ Nepala
				+ Panĝaba
				+ Romaa (cigana)
				+ Sinda
				+ Singala
			* Darda lingvaro
				+ Kaŝmira
				+ Ŝinaa (kaj aliaj)
	+ **Slava lingvaro**
		- **Okcident-slava lingvaro Ĉeĥa
			* Kaŝuba
			* Pola
			* Slovaka
			* Soraba
		- **Orient-slava lingvaro Belorusa
			* Rusa
			* Ukraina
		- **Sud-slava lingvaro Bulgara
			* Makedona
			* Kroata
			* Serba
			* Slovena
 | Hindeŭropa lingvaro |
|

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| Ĝenerala klasifiko de la hindeŭropaj lingvoj

Lingvoj de Eŭropo

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
armena

 |
|  |
| Hindoirana |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| hinda |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
bengala

 |
|  |
|  |
urduo

 |
|  |
|  |
hindia

 |
|  |
|  |
nepalia

 |
|  |
|  |
cigana

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
| irana |

Irana lingvaro[Montri]

Mapo de la iranaj lingvoj

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Orientaj iranaj lingvoj |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nord-Orientaj iranaj lingvoj |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
scita lingvo †

 |
|  |
|  |
alana lingvo †

 |
|  |
|  |
oseta lingvo ka.

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
| Sud-Orientaj iranaj lingvoj |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
zebakia lingvo

 |
|  |
|  |
ruŝania lingvo

 |
|  |
|  |
Paŝtoa (puŝtua) lingvo ka.

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
| Okcidentaj iranaj lingvoj |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nord-Okcidentaj iranaj lingvoj |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
daria lingvo

 |
|  |
|  |
gila lingvo ka.

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
| Sud-Okcidentaj iranaj lingvoj |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
persa lingvo

 |
|  |
|  |
laria lingvo ka.

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |
albana

 |
|  |
|  |
greka

 |
|  |
| italida |

Italida lingvaro[Montri]

latinidaj lingvoj

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Oska-umbra lingvaro |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
oska †

 |
|  |
|  |
umbra lingvo †

 |
|  |
|  |
sud-picena lingvo †

 |
|  |
|  |
volska lingvo †

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
| Latino-faliska lingvaro |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Faliska lingvo †

 |
|  |
| latina † > Latinida lingvaro |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
itala

 |
|  |
|  |
franca

 |
|  |
|  |
okcitana

 |
|  |
|  |
kataluna

 |
|  |
|  |
hispana

 |
|  |
|  |
portugala

 |
|  |
|  |
rumana

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
| kelta |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| gaela lingvaro |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
irlanda

 |
|  |
|  |
skot-gaela

 |
|  |
|  |
manksa

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
| britona lingvaro |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
kimra

 |
|  |
|  |
bretona

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
| ĝermana |

Ĝermana lingvaro[Montri]

Ĝermanaj lingvoj | - ﻿ okcident-nordia
- ﻿ orient-nordia
- ﻿ linio inter nord- kaj okcidentĝermana
- ﻿ angla kaj skota
- ﻿ frisa
- ﻿ nederlanda
- ﻿ platgermana
- ﻿ mezgermana
- ﻿ supragermana
 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| praskandinava |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| okcident-nordia |

okcident-nordia[Montri]

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
norena [nrn] †

 |
|  |
|  |
feroa [fao] |
|  |
|  |
islanda [isl] |
|  |
|  |
norvega [nno] nynorsk (landsmål)

 |
|  |
|  |
jamtska [jmk] |
|  |

 |
|  |
| orient-nordia |

orient-nordia[Montri]

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| dana Bokmal |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
norvega [nob] bokmål

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
| dana (riksmål) |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
dana [dan] |
|  |
|  |
juta [jut] |
|  |

 |
|  |
| sveda |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
dalekarla [dlc] |
|  |
|  |
skana [scy] |
|  |
|  |
sveda [swe] |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |
gotlanda

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |
petuha

 |
|  |
| okcidentĝermana |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

anglofrisa[Montri]

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| frisa  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
okcidentfrisa [fri] |
|  |
|  |
nordfrisa [frr] |
|  |
|  |
orientfrisa (fakte saterfrisa) [stq] |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |
angla [eng] |
|  |
|  |
skota [sco] |
|  |
|  |
jingla [yib] |
|  |

 |
|  |
| germanonederlanda |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

malaltgermana[Montri]

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| malaltfranka |

Nederlanda[Montri]

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| nederlanda [nld] |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
okcidenflandra [vls] |
|  |
|  |
orientflandra

 |
|  |
|  |
zelanda [zea] Zeeuws ?

 |
|  |
|  |
holanda

 |
|  |
|  |
sud-geldera

 |
|  |
|  |
brabansona

 |
|  |
|  |
limburga [lim] |
|  |
|  |
sudorienta limburga

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |
afrikansa [afr] |
|  |

 |
|  |
| malaltsaksa |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
malaltsaksa de Nederlando

 |
|  |
|  |
orientfrisa

 |
|  |
|  |
vestfala [wep] |
|  |
|  |
ostfala

 |
|  |
|  |
platdiĉa [nds] |
|  |
|  |
aĥterhoeka [act] |
|  |
|  |
drenta [drt] |
|  |
|  |
groninga [gos] |
|  |
|  |
platdiĉa [pdt] |
|  |
|  |
sallanda [sdz] |
|  |
|  |
stelingverfa [stl] |
|  |
|  |
tventa [twd] |
|  |
|  |
veluva [vel] |
|  |

 |
|  |
| orienta malaltgermana |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
meklenburga-pomera

 |
|  |
|  |
brandenburga

 |
|  |
|  |
malaltprusa

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
| altgermana |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

mezgermana[Montri]

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| okcidenta mezgermana |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| mezfranka mezfranka [frk] |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
ripuara [ksh] |
|  |
| luksemburga [ltz] |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
luksemburga [ltz] de Belgio

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|  |
|  |
luksemburga [ltz] de Loreno

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|  |
|  |
luksemburga [ltz] de Sarlando

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|  |

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|  |
| Mozela\_franka [vmf] |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
mozela franka [vmf] de Loreno

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|  |
|  |
mozela franka [vmf] de Sarlando

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|  |

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|  |

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|  |
rejna franka ( Palatina [pfl] )

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|  |
rejna franka de Loreno

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|  |
malalthesa

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|  |
orienthesa

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|  |
|  |
mezhesa

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|  |

 |
|  |
| orienta mezgermana |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
ŝvaba [sxu] |
|  |
|  |
turinga

 |
|  |
|  |
silezia [sli] |
|  |
|  |
nordaltsaksa

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|  |
sumarka

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altprusa

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|  |

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|  |

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supragermana[Montri]

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| altfranka |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
orienta franka

 |
|  |
| suda franka |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
franka de Majno

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|  |

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|  |

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|  |
| altgermana *(Hochdeutsch)* |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
germana [deu] |
|  |
|  |
pensilvangermana [pdc] |
|  |

 |
|  |
| alemana [als] |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
alzaca

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|  |
|  |
ŝvaba [swg] |
|  |
|  |
malaltalemana

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|  |
|  |
mezaltalemana

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|  |
|  |
altalemana [wae] (Walser)

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|  |
|  |
alemana [gsw] |
|  |

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|  |
|  |
bavara [bar] |
|  |
|  |
germana de Colonia Tovar [gct] |
|  |
|  |
bimbria [cim] |
|  |
|  |
huterita [geh] |
|  |
|  |
moĉena [mhn] |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |

jida[Montri]

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| jida [yid]  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
alzaca jida

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|  |
orienta jida [ydd] |
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|  |
okcidenta jida [yih] |
|  |

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|  |

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|  |
vilamovica

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|  |

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|  |

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|  |

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|  |
| orientĝermana † |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
burgunda †

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|  |
gota [got] †

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|  |
|  |
vandala †

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|  |

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|  |

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|  |
| Baltoslava |

Baltoslava lingvaro[Montri]

Baltaj lingvoj
Slavaj lingvoj

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Balta lingvaro |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
praprusa

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|  |
|  |
kurona

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|  |
|  |
latva

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|  |
litova

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|  |

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|  |
| Slava lingvaro |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Okcidentslava |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
pola

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|  |
|  |
kaŝuba

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|  |
|  |
soraba

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|  |
ĉeĥa

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|  |
|  |
slovaka

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|  |

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|  |
| Sudslava |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
slovena

 |
|  |
| serbokroata |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
kroata

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|  |
|  |
bosna

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|  |
|  |
montenegra

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|  |
|  |
serba

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|  |

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|  |
|  |
makedona

 |
|  |
|  |
bulgara

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
| Orientslava |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
rusa

 |
|  |
|  |
ukraina

 |
|  |
|  |
rusina

 |
|  |
|  |
belorusa

 |
|  |

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|  |

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|  |

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|  |

 |

 |

El etnografia vidpunkto, la **hindeŭropa familio** estas familio de popoloj, kiu dividiĝas je (1) Albana, (2) Armena, (3) Balta, (4) Greka, (5) Ĝermanida, (6) Hindarja, (7) Irana, (8) Kelta, (9) Nuristana, (10) Romida kaj (11) Slava grupoj. Suma kvanto: 2.174 milionoj da homoj.

La etnogeografia distribuo de la familio estas la jena (nombroj - milionoj da etnanoj):

| Lingvogrupo | SU | Eŭropo | Azio | Afriko | Ameriko | Oceanio | Mondo
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Albana | 0.54 | 6.00 | - | - | - | - | 6.54
 |
| Armena | 4.58 | 0.32 | 0.66 | 0.02 | 0.80 | 0.02 | 6.40
 |
| Balta | 0.35 | 4.55 | - | - | 0.40 | 0.03 | 5.01
 |
| Greka | 0.35 | 10.10 | 0.68 | 0.10 | 0.72 | 0.35 | 12.30
 |
| Ĝermanida | 3.75 | 177.35 | 0.48 | 8.00 | 220.00 | 16.40 | 425.98
 |
| Hindarja | 0.25 | 2.25 | 754.70 | 1.95 | 1.60 | 0.40 | 761.15
 |
| Irana | 4.25 | 0.03 | 75.85 | - | 0.16 | - | 80.29
 |
| Kelta | - | 7.65 | - | 0.01 | 1.77 | 0.12 | 9.55
 |
| Nuristana | - | - | 0.15 | - | - | - | 0.15
 |
| Romida | 3.30 | 181.76 | 0.05 | 1.54 | 388.75 | 0.85 | 576.25
 |
| Slava | 198.30 | 83.04 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 8.56 | 0.47 | 290.50
 |
| **Totalo** | **215.35** | **467.05** | **838.67** | **11.65** | **622.76** | **18.64** | **2174.12** |

**SU** - Teritorio de iama Sovetunio sen baltaj landoj.

* malhelverde: landoj kun plimulto da hindeŭropanlingvanoj, helverde: landoj kun oficiala malplimulto da hindeŭropanlingvanoj
* mapo montranta la areon de "Centum-" (blua) kaj "Satem-" (ruĝa) lingvoj, la supozata fontoareo de la Satem-lingvoj estas skizita malplihelruĝe
* mondaj lingvoj (hindeŭropaj helverde)

## Vidu ankaŭ

* Listo de lingvoj
* Eŭrazia Stepo
* Franz Bopp
* Kurgana hipotezo
* Malnova kapadokia lingvo

## Eksteraj ligiloj

* hindeŭropaj vortoradikoj, de la Amerika Hereda Vortaro
* paĝoj de la Hindeŭropa Dokumentada Centro de la Universitato de Teksaso (Usono) Arkivigite je 2006-06-14 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine
* ĝenerala lingvofamilia priskribo de la retejo "etnologo"}
* teksto de la lingvistoj Griza kaj Atkinson de 2003 pri la hipoteza prahindeŭropa lingvo (Aŭklando, Novzelando) Arkivigite je 2007-04-02 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine