# Kazakhstan

| Republic of Kazakhstan* Қазақстан Республикасы (Kazakh) *Qazaqstan Respublikasy*
* Республика Казахстан (Russian) *Respublika Kazakhstan*
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Flag

Emblem

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| **Anthem:**  Менің Қазақстаным (Kazakh) *Menıñ Qazaqstanym* "My Kazakhstan" |
|  |
| Capital | Astana ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Largest city | Almaty ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Boros rasmi | * Kazakh
* Russian
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| Tinimungan etnik (2024) | * 71.0% Kazakh
* 15.1% Russian
* 3.3% Uzbek
* 1.9% Ukrainian
* 1.6% Uyghur
* 1.1% German
* 1% Tatar
* 4.9% Others
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| Ugama (2021) | * 69.3% Islam
* 17.2% Christianity
* 11.0% No response
* 2.3% Atheism
* 0.2% Others
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| Demonim | Kazakh Kazakhstani |
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential republic under an authoritarian government |
|  |
| • President  | Kassym-Jomart Tokayev |
| • Prime Minister  | Oljas Bektenov |
|  |
| Kotinanan perundangan | Parliament |
| • Upper house | Senate |
| • Lower house | Majilis |
| Formation |
|  |
| • Kazakh Khanate  | 1465 |
| • Alash Autonomy  | 13 December 1917 |
| • Kirghiz ASSR  | 26 August 1920 |
| • Kazakh ASSR  | 19 June 1925 |
| • Kazakh SSR  | 5 December 1936 |
| • Declaration of sovereignty  | 25 October 1990 |
| • Reconstituted as the Republic of Kazakhstan  | 10 December 1991 |
| • Independence from the USSR  | 16 December 1991 |
| • Recognised  | 26 December 1991 |
| • Current constitution  | 30 August 1995 |
|  |
| Area |
| • Total | 2,724,900 km2 (1,052,100 sq mi) (9th) |
| •  Waig  (%) | 1.7 |
| Population |
| • 2024 estimate | 20,075,271 (62nd) |
| • Density | 7/km2 (18.1/sq mi) (236th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2024 estimate |
| • Total |  $693.415 billion (41st) |
| • Per kapita |  $34,534 (56th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2024 estimate |
| • Ginumu |  $296.740 billion (49th) |
| • Per kapita |  $14,778 (64th) |
| Gini (2018) |  27.8 low |
| HDI (2022) |  0.802 very high · 67th |
| Mato tusin | Tenge (₸) (KZT) |
| Zon timpu | UTC+5 (West / East) |
| Driving side | right |
| Kod ISO 3166 | KZ |
| Internet TLD | * .kz
* .қаз
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**Kazakhstan** (Boros Kazakh : Qazaqstan, juga dalam tulisan Arab: قازاقستان‎ disebut [qɑzɑqˈstɑn] ; Rusia: Казахстан, tr. Kazakhstan, IPA: [kəzɐxˈstan]) toi ko' ngaran di poimbantug nopo nga **Republik Kazakhstan** (Bahasa Kazakh: Қазақстан Республикасы, tr. *Qazaqstan Respublikasy*; Rusia: Республика Казахстан, tr. *Respublika Kazakhstan*) nopo nga pogun aiso rahat di agayo, om pogun ko siam ii aagayo id pogun miampai ginayo 2,724,900 kilometer persegi (1,052,100 bt2). Kazakhstan nopo nga pogun di haro ekonomi tagayo id Asia Tenggara ii kaanu do 60% KDNK pogun di lolobi maya industri miyak om gas suai ko ogumu koonuan do mineral. Haro koboros do Kazakhstan sabaagi pogun Eropah tu kinoiyonon kotonobon Kazakhstan nopo nga id benua Eropah om nokogonop do kooturan Majli Eropah montok sumuang id Eropah.

## Etimologi

Boros Inggilis *Kazakh*, nopo nga kirati do sorupu mantad tongoulun do Kazakh, i naanu mantad boros Russia: казах. Ngaran sandad nopo nga *қазақ, qazaq*. Naanu kanto mantad do boros maan Turki *qaz-*, i kirati 'mansau', popokito koubasan nomad tongoulun do Kazakh. Istila*Cossack* nogi nga mantad dilo.

Id toud Turko-Persia nokoimbulai o istila *Özbek-Qazaq* ontok pintangaan abad ko-16 id *Tarikh-i-Rashidi* mantad di Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, songulun randari Chagatayid mantad Kashmir, i popoiliu Kazakh id boogian kosilahon *Desht-i Qipchaq*. Tumanud di Vasily Bartold, tinumimpuun kanto tongoulun Kazakh do momoguno ngaran dilo ontok abad ko-15.

Sundung pia sumuku maya tradisional o istila *Kazakh* kumaa tinaru Kazakh, kohompit no i poingiuon id Cina, Rusia, Turki, Uzbekistan om sombol pogun suai, asaru gunoon o istila diti montok sumuku kumaa isai-isai nopo mion id Kazakhstan, kohompit no mogiigion mantad tinaru suai. Id boros Kazakh, lohoon o pogun diti do *Qazaqstan* id skrip Latin.

## Sajara

Noi'on o Kazakhstan mantad di timpu Paleolitik po. Koubasanan Botai (3700–3100 BC) nopo nga noonuan do kredit sabaagi kumoiso di koilo papalaya do kuda. Populasi Botai nopo nga nakaanu soboogian tagayo do sakag diolo mantad populasi di kipionitan miampai Eropah purba, i oilaan sabaagi Tulun Eurasia Koibutan Purba, daamot popokito tokuri piroloton genetik miampaiTulun Asia Kosilahon Purba. Pastoralism nopo nga nokoburu ontok timpu Neolitik. Populasi maso Timpu Luyan om Timpu Basi nopo nga kiula' Kaukasoid.

Wilayah Kazakhstan nopo nga komponen tohontol id Rangkaian Perdagangan Steppe Route, tungkus kumaa Silk Roads. Kikotumbayaan o sorupu arekologi do tinumimpuun o tongoulun papalaya do kuda id kinoyonon gana kisakot di oliwas id rantau diti. Maamaso timpu prasajara, noi'on o Asia Tanga do tinaru miagal ko'koubasanan Afanasievo, i kisakag Indo-Eropah kanto om tinilombusan do koubasanan Indo-Iran pogulu miagal ko' Andronovo, om koubasanan kaagu do Indo-Iran miagal ko' Saka om Massagetae. Tinaru suai poinghompit no tinaru Scythians om Empayar Achaemenid Parsi id wilayah kabaatan pogun moden diti. Koubasanan Andronovo om Srubnaya, i minopogulu kumaa tinaru Scythian, nopo nga noilaan do haro sakag mantad penggembala Steppe Yamnaya om tongoulun Neolitik Tanga Eropa Tanga.

Ontok toun 329 BC, Alexander the Great om tantara Macedonian nopo nga minisangod id Pisangadan Jaxartes sumangod do tinaru Scythian id Baang Jaxartes, di baino nopo nga ointutunan sabaagi Syr Darya id gontob kabaatan Kazakhstan moden.

## Intangai nogi

* Outline of Kazakhstan
* Index of Kazakhstan-related articles
* Aurora Minerals Group

Asia Tanga, kohompit no Kazakhstan moden, maamaso Timpu Basi
## Nuut

## Sukuon

## Pambasaan Sumusuhut

* Alexandrov, Mikhail (1999). *Uneasy Alliance: Relations Between Russia and Kazakhstan in the Post-Soviet Era, 1992–1997*. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30965-5.
* Cameron, Sarah. (2018) *The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan* (Cornell University Press, 2018) online review Archived 10 Ngiop 2021 at the Wayback Machine
* Clammer, Paul; Kohn, Michael & Mayhew, Bradley (2004). *Lonely Planet Guide: Central Asia*. Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-86450-296-7.
* Cummings, Sally (2002). *Kazakhstan: Power and the Elite*. London: Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-854-1.
* Demko, George (1997). *The Russian Colonization of Kazakhstan*. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-0380-2.
* Fergus, Michael & Jandosova, Janar (2003). *Kazakhstan: Coming of Age*. London: Stacey International. ISBN 1-900988-61-5.
* George, Alexandra (2001). *Journey into Kazakhstan: The True Face of the Nazarbayev Regime*. Lanham: University Press of America. ISBN 0-7618-1964-9.
* Martin, Virginia (2000). *Law and Custom in the Steppe*. Richmond: Curzon. ISBN 0-7007-1405-7.
* Nahaylo, Bohdan and Victor Swoboda. *Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities problem in the USSR* (1990) excerpt Archived 16 Gomot 2021 at the Wayback Machine
* Nazarbayev, Nursultan (2001). *Epicenter of Peace*. Hollis, NH: Puritan Press. ISBN 1-884186-13-0.
* Nazpary, Joma (2002). *Post-Soviet Chaos: Violence and Dispossession in Kazakhstan*. London: Pluto Press. ISBN 0-7453-1503-8.
* Olcott, Martha Brill (2002). *Kazakhstan: Unfulfilled Promise*. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0-87003-189-9.
* Rall, Ted (2006). *Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia the New Middle East?*. New York: NBM. ISBN 1-56163-454-9.
* Rashid, Ahmed. *The Resurgence of Central Asia: Islam or Nationalism?* (2017)
* Robbins, Christopher (2007). *In Search of Kazakhstan: The Land That Disappeared*. London: Profile Books. ISBN 978-1-86197-868-4.
* Rosten, Keith (2005). *Once in Kazakhstan: The Snow Leopard Emerges*. New York: iUniverse. ISBN 0-595-32782-6.
* Smith, Graham, ed. *The Nationalities Question in the Soviet Union* (2nd ed. 1995)
* Thubron, Colin (1994). *The Lost Heart of Asia*. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-018226-1.

## Noputan Labus

* Caspian Pipeline Controversy from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
* Country Profile Archived 1 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine from BBC News.
* Kazakhstan Archived 9 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine. *The World Factbook*. Central Intelligence Agency.
* Kazakhstan Archived 4 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine information from the United States Department of State
* Portals to the World from the United States Library of Congress.
* Kazakhstan at *UCB Libraries GovPubs*.
* Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan Archived 29 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
* World Bank Data & Statistics for Kazakhstan
* Kazakhstan Internet Encyclopedia Archived 22 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine
* Kazakhstan at 20 years of independence, The Economist, 17 December 2011 Archived 22 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine
* "Blowing the lid off" – Unrest in Kazakhstan, The Economist, 20 December 2011 Archived 1 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine
* The Region Initiative (TRI)
* Wikimedia Atlas of Kazakhstan
* Geographic data related to Kazakhstan at OpenStreetMap
* Country Facts Archived 1 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine from Kazakhstan Discovery Archived 8 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine
* 2008 Human Rights Report: Kazakhstan. Department of State; Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor
* Key Development Forecasts for Kazakhstan Archived 30 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine from International Futures.