# League of Nations

League of Nations

intergovernmental organization, international organization| Industry | activities of other membership organisations n.e.c.  |
| Di pilli ni | 1919  |
| Yu'maŋli | League of Nations, Société des Nations  |
| Binyarsi Suɣubu Shɛi | La contemporaine  |
| Position held by head of the organization | Secretary-General of the League of Nations  |
| Daanbolo | Eric Drummond, 16th Earl of Perth, Joseph Louis Anne Avenol, Seán Lester  |
| General secretary | Eric Drummond, 16th Earl of Perth, Joseph Louis Anne Avenol, Seán Lester  |
| Yɛltɔɣa din nyɛ tuma ni dini | Silmiinsili, Farinsi, Spanish  |
| Tiŋa | Switzerland  |
| Political ideology | internationalism  |
| Child organization or unit | Women's Advisory Council, League of Nations, Permanent Court of International Justice, International Labour Organization  |
| Di duzuɣu shee | Palais Wilson, Palace of Nations  |
| Ŋun niŋ taɣibu n-nyɛ | Tiŋgbana Naŋgban Yini Laxiŋgu  |
| Pii zali | Nobel Peace Prize  |
| Wuhigi,kpihimbu, dabisili | 20 Silimin gɔli April 1946  |

  From Wikidata
**League of Nations** (**LN** bee **LoN)**; di ni n daa nyɛ tuuli dunia zaa tiŋgbana laɣinsi ni ka di niya nyɛla di bo suhudoo na dunia zaa. Di daa kpala Anashaara goli 10 January yuuni 1920, Paris Peace Conference din daa che ka First World War zani tariga n daa kpa li. Lala laɣingu ŋɔ daa che tuma tumbu Anashaara goli 18 April yuuni 1946 di ni daa niŋ ka di yaɣa pam yi n looi United Nations (UN) bɛ ni daa kpa shɛli Second World War nyaaŋa.

Di ni daa ti yɛligi pam bini din gbaai Anashaara goli 28 September yuuni 1934 zaŋ chaŋ 23 February yuunu 1935, tiŋgbana pihiyɔbu ayi ka n daa be din ni. Di ni daa niŋ ka di kuli luri ka yiɣisiri 1920s.

## Di pilli

### Background

The 1864 Geneva Convention, one of the earliest formulations of written international law
Di kpabu nari nyɛla din daa pun nari tum yuuni 1795, di ni daa niŋ ka "Immanuel Kant's *Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch* tɛhi ni di nyɛla din ni tooi laɣim tiŋgbana nangbanyini ka lahi bo suhudoo na tiŋgbana sunsuuni.

Lord Bryce, one of the earliest advocates for a League of NationsJan Smuts helped to draft the Covenant of the League of Nations.
 The League to Enforce Peace published this full-page promotion in *The New York Times* on Christmas Day 1918. It resolved that the League "should ensure peace by eliminating causes of dissension, by deciding controversies by peaceable means, and by uniting the potential force of all the members as a standing menace against any nation that seeks to upset the peace of the world".
 On his December 1918 trip to Europe, Woodrow Wilson gave speeches that "reaffirmed that the making of peace and the creation of a League of Nations must be accomplished as one single objective".

World map showing member states of the United Nations (in green and blue) and member states of the League of Nations (in green and red) on 18 April 1946, when the League of Nations ceased to exist League of Nations archives, Geneva
## Lihi pahi

**Lua bi niŋ dede:bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal') France and the League of Nations
* International relations (1919–1939)
* Latin America and the League of Nations
* League against Imperialism
* League of Small and Subject Nationalities
* Minority rights
* United Kingdom and the League of Nations

## General and cited references

### Surveys

* Bendiner, Elmer. *A time for angels: the tragicomic history of the League of Nations* (1975); well-written popular history.
* Brierly, J. L. and P. A. Reynolds. "The League of Nations" *The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. XII, The Shifting Balance of World Forces* (2nd ed. 1968) Chapter IX, .
* Tɛmplet:Cite EB1922
* Gill, George. *The League of Nations : from 1929 to 1946* (1996) online
* Ginneken, Anique H.M. van. *Historical Dictionary of the League of Nations* (2006) excerpt and text search
* Henig, Ruth B, ed. (1973). *The League of Nations*. Oliver and Boyd. ISBN 978-0-05-002592-5.
* Henig, Ruth. *The Peace that Never was: A History of the League of Nations* (Haus Publishing, 2019), a standard scholarly history.
* Housden, Martyn. *The League of Nations and the organisation of peace* (2012) online
* Ikonomou, Haakon, Karen Gram-Skjoldager, eds. *The League of Nations: Perspectives from the Present* (Aarhus University Press, 2019). online review
* Joyce, James Avery. *Broken Star: the Story of the League of Nations (1919–1939)* (1978) online
* Myers, Denys P. *Handbook of the League of Nations : a comprehensive account of its structure, operation and activities* (1935) online.
* Northedge, F.S (1986). *The League of Nations: Its Life and Times, 1920–1946*. Holmes & Meier. ISBN 978-0-7185-1316-0.
* Ostrower, Gary B. *The League of Nations: From 1919 to 1929* (1996) online, brief survey
* Pedersen, Susan. *The Guardians: the League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire* (2015) online; in-depth scholarly history of the mandate system.
* Raffo, P (1974). *The League of Nations*. The Historical Association.
* Scott, George (1973). *The Rise and Fall of the League of Nations*. Hutchinson & Co Ltd. ISBN 978-0-09-117040-0.
* Steiner, Zara. *The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919–1933* (Oxford University Press, 2005).
* Steiner, Zara. *The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939* (Oxford University Press, 2011).
* Temperley, A.C. *The Whispering Gallery Of Europe* (1938), highly influential account of League esp disarmament conference of 1932–34. online
* Walters, F. P. (1952). *A History of the League of Nations*. Oxford University Press. online free; the standard scholarly history

### League topics

* (2017) "Imperial polities, intercolonialism, and the shaping of global governing norms: Public health expert networks in Asia and the League of Nations Health Organization, 1908–37". *Journal of Global History* **12**: 4–25. DOI:10.1017/s1740022816000310.
* Azcarate, P. de. *League of Nations and National Minorities* (1945) online
* Barros, James. *Office Without Power: Secretary-General Sir Eric Drummond 1919–1933* (Oxford 1979).
* Barros, James. *The Corfu incident of 1923: Mussolini and the League of Nations* (Princeton UP, 2015).
* Borowy, Iris. *Coming to terms with world health: the League of Nations Health Organisation 1921–1946* (Peter Lang, 2009).
* Burkman, Thomas W. *Japan and the League of Nations: Empire and world order, 1914–1938* (U of Hawaii Press, 2008).
* Caravantes, Peggy (2004). *Waging Peace: The story of Jane Addams* (1st ed.). Morgan Reynolds. ISBN 978-1-931798-40-2.
* Chaudron, Gerald. *New Zealand in the League of Nations: The Beginnings of an Independent Foreign Policy, 1919–1939* (2014):
* Clavin, Patricia. *Securing the world economy: the reinvention of the League of Nations, 1920–1946* (Oxford UP, 2013).
* Cooper, John Milton. *Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations* (2001) 454pp]; a major scholarly study
* (2013) ""International terrorism" in the League of Nations and the contemporary terrorism dispositif". *Critical Studies on Terrorism* **6** (2): 225–240. DOI:10.1080/17539153.2013.764103.
* (2015) "How International was the Secretariat of the League of Nations?". *The International History Review* **37** (4): 721–744. DOI:10.1080/07075332.2014.966134.
* Egerton, George W (1978). *Great Britain and the Creation of the League of Nations: Strategy, Politics, and International Organization, 1914–1919*. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-807-81320-1.
* Ekbladh, David. *Plowshares into Swords: Weaponized Knowledge, Liberal Order, and the League of Nations* (U of Chicago Press, 2022) online book review
* (2011) "Why did the League of Nations fail?". *Cliometrica* **5**: 27–52. DOI:10.1007/s11698-010-0049-9.
* Gill, George (1996). *The League of Nations from 1929 to 1946*. Avery Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-89529-637-5.
* (2019) "Making Sense of the League of Nations Secretariat – Historiographical and Conceptual Reflections on Early International Public Administration". *European History Quarterly* **49** (3): 420–444. DOI:10.1177/0265691419854634.
* Grandjean, Martin (2018). *Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres* [*The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period*] (phdthesis) (in French). Université de Lausanne.
* Tɛmplet:Cite Q
* (2005) "On the Origins of 'Parliamentary Diplomacy'". *Cooperation and Conflict* **40** (3): 263–279. DOI:10.1177/0010836705055066.
* Housden, Martyn. *The League of Nations and the Organization of Peace* (Routledge, 2014).
* Jenne, Erin K. *Nested Security: Lessons in Conflict Management from the League of Nations and the European Union* (Cornell UP, 2015).
* Johnson, Gaynor (2013). *Lord Robert Cecil: Politician and Internationalist*. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-6944-9.
* Kaiga, Sakiko. *Britain and the Intellectual Origins of the League of Nations, 1914–1919* (Cambridge University Press, 2021).
* (2019) "Pioneers in International Administration: A Prosopography of the Directors of the League of Nations Secretariat". *New Global Studies* **13** (2): 190–227. DOI:10.1515/ngs-2018-0039.
* Knock, Thomas J (1995). *To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order*. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00150-0.
* Kuehl, Warren F; Dunn, Lynne K (1997). *Keeping the Covenant: American Internationalists and the League of Nations, 1920–1939*.
* La Porte, Pablo. "Dissenting Voices: The Secretariat of the League of Nations and the Drafting of Mandates, 1919–1923." *Diplomacy & Statecraft* 32.3 (2021): 440–463.
* League of Nations (1935). *Essential Facts about the League of Nations*. Geneva.
* Lloyd, Lorna. "'On the side of justice and peace': Canada on the League of Nations Council 1927–1930." *Diplomacy & Statecraft* 24#2 (2013): 171–191.
* Ludi, Regula. "Setting New Standards: International Feminism and the League of Nations' Inquiry into the Status of Women." *Journal of Women's History* 31.1 (2019): 12–36 online. Archived 24 Silimin gɔli November 2020 at the Wayback Machine
* McCarthy, Helen. *The British People and the League of Nations: Democracy, citizenship and internationalism, c. 1918–45* (Oxford UP, 2011). online review Archived 21 Silimin gɔli February 2019 at the Wayback Machine
* Macfadyen, David, et al. eds. *Eric Drummond and his Legacies: The League of Nations and the Beginnings of Global Governance* (2019)
* McPherson, Alan, and Yannick Wehrli, eds. *Beyond geopolitics: New histories of Latin America at the League of Nations* (UNM Press, 2015).
* Marbeau, Michel (2001). *La Société des Nations* (in French). Presses Universitaires de France. ISBN 978-2-13-051635-4.
* Mulder, Nicholas. *The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War* (2022) excerpt also see online review
* Mumby, Jane. *Dismantling the League of Nations: The Quiet Death of an International Organization, 1945-8* (Bloomsbury Academic, 2024) online review of this book
* Olivier, Sydney (1918). *The League of Nations and primitive peoples*  (1 ed.). Oxford University Press.
* Ostrower, Gary (1995). *The League of Nations from 1919 to 1929 (Partners for Peace*. Avery Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-89529-636-8.
* Shine, Cormac (2018). "Papal Diplomacy by Proxy? Catholic Internationalism at the League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation". *The Journal of Ecclesiastical History* **69** (4): 785–805. DOI:10.1017/S0022046917002731.
* Swart, William J. "The League of Nations and the Irish Question." *Sociological Quarterly* 36.3 (1995): 465–481.
* Thorne, Christopher G. *The limits of foreign policy; the West, the League, and the Far Eastern crisis of 1931–1933* (1972) online
* Tollardo, Elisabetta. *Fascist Italy and the League of Nations, 1922–1935* (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016).
* Tournès, Ludovic. "American membership of the League of Nations: US philanthropy and the transformation of an intergovernmental organisation into a think tank." *International Politics* 55.6 (2018): 852–869.
* (2019) "Communicable Disease: Information, Health, and Globalization in the Interwar Period". *The American Historical Review* **124** (3): 813–842. DOI:10.1093/ahr/rhz577.
* Wemlinger, Cherri. "Collective Security and the Italo‐Ethiopian Dispute Before the League of Nations." *Peace & Change* 40.2 (2015): 139–166.
* Wertheim, Stephen. "The League of Nations: a retreat from international law?" *Journal of Global History* 7.2 (2012): 210–232. online Archived 14 Silimin gɔli December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
* Wertheim, Stephen. "The League That Wasn't: American Designs for a Legalist‐Sanctionist League of Nations and the Intellectual Origins of International Organization, 1914–1920." *Diplomatic History* 35.5 (2011): 797–836. online Archived 16 Silimin gɔli December 2011 at the Wayback Machine
* Winkler, Henry R. *Paths Not Taken: British Labour & International Policy in the 1920s* (1994) online
* Yearwood, Peter J. *Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy 1914–1925* (Oxford UP, 2009).
	+ Yearwood, Peter. "'On the Safe and Right Lines': The Lloyd George Government and the Origins of the League of Nations, 1916–1918." *Historical Journal* 32.1 (1989): 131–155.
	+ Yearwood, Peter J. "'Consistently with Honour'; Great Britain, the League of Nations and the Corfu Crisis of 1923." *Journal of Contemporary History* 21.4 (1986): 559–579.
	+ Yearwood, Peter J. "'Real securities against new wars': Official British thinking and the origins of the League of Nations, 1914–19." *Diplomacy and Statecraft* 9.3 (1998): 83–109.
* Yearwood, Peter. ""A Genuine and Energetic League of Nations Policy": Lord Curzon and the New Diplomacy, 1918–1925." *Diplomacy & Statecraft* 21.2 (2010): 159–174.
* Zimmern, Alfred. *The League of Nations and the Rule of Law 1918-1935* (1939) online

### Related topics

* Archer, Clive (2001). *International Organizations*. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-24690-3.
* Baer, George W (1976). *Test Case: Italy, Ethiopia, and the League of Nations*. Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-6591-4.
* Barnett, Correlli (1972). *The Collapse of British Power*. Eyre Methuen. ISBN 978-0-413-27580-6.
* Baumslag, Naomi (2005). *Murderous Medicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, and Typhus*. Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-98312-3.
* Bell, P.M.H (2007). *The Origins of the Second World War in Europe*. Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 978-1-4058-4028-6.
* Bethell, Leslie (1991). *The Cambridge History of Latin America: Volume VIII 1930 to the Present*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26652-9.
* Bouchet-Saulnier, Françoise; Brav, Laura; Olivier, Clementine (2007). *The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law*. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-5496-2.
* Churchill, Winston (1986). *The Second World War: Volume I The Gathering Storm*. Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 978-0-395-41055-4.
* Crampton, Ben (1996). *Atlas of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century*. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16461-0.
* Everard, Myriam; de Haan, Francisca (2016). *Rosa Manus (1881-1942): The International Life and Legacy of a Jewish Dutch Feminist*. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-33318-5.
* Frowein, Jochen A; Rüdiger, Wolfrum (2000). *Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law*. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-90-411-1403-7.
* Goldblat, Jozef (2002). *Arms control: the new guide to negotiations and agreements*. SAGE Publications Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7619-4016-6.
* Gorodetsky, Gabriel (1994). *Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917–1991: A Retrospective*. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4506-3.
* Haigh, R. H. et al. *Soviet Foreign Policy, the League of Nations and Europe, 1917-1939* (1986)
* Henderson, Arthur (1918). *The League of Nations and labour* . Oxford University Press.
* Hill, Robert; Garvey, Marcus; Universal Negro Improvement Association (1995). *The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers*. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07208-4.
* Iriye, Akira (1987). *The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific*. Longman Group UK Limited. ISBN 978-0-582-49349-0.
* Jacobs, Aletta Henriette (1996). Feinberg, Harriet (ed.). *Memories: My Life as an International Leader in Health, Suffrage, and Peace*. Translated by Annie Wright. Feminist Press at City of New York. ISBN 978-1-55861-138-2.
* Kennedy, David (April 1987). "The Move to Institutions". *Cardozo Law Review* **8** (5): 841–988.
* Lannon, Frances (2002). *The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939*. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-369-9.
* Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin; Ringertz, Nils (2001). *The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years*. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-02-4665-5.
* Levy, Marcela López (2001). *Bolivia: Oxfam Country Profiles Series*. Oxfam Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85598-455-7.
* Magliveras, Konstantinos D (1999). *Exclusion from Participation in International Organisations: The Law and Practice behind Member States' Expulsion and Suspension of Membership*. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-90-411-1239-2.
* Marchand, C. Roland (2015). *The American Peace Movement and Social Reform, 1889-1918*. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-7025-7.
* McAllister, William B (1999). *Drug Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century: An International History*. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17990-4.
* McDonough, Frank (1997). *The Origins of the First and Second World Wars*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56861-6.
* Miers, Suzanne (2003). *Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem*. AltaMira Press. ISBN 978-0-7591-0340-5.
* Meyer, Mary K.; Prügl, Elisabeth, eds. (1999). *Gender Politics in Global Governance*. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8476-9161-6.
* Mulder, Nicholas. *The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War* (2022) excerpt
* Nish, Ian (1977). *Japanese foreign policy 1869–1942:Kasumigaseki to Miyakezaka*. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-415-27375-6.
* Osmanczyk, Edmund Jan; Mango, Anthony (2002). *Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements*. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-93924-9.
* Pietilä, Hilkka (31 March 1999). *Engendering the Global Agenda: A Success Story of Women and the United Nations* (PDF). European Consortium for Political Research Workshop. University of Mannheim. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
* Rapoport, Anatol (1995). *The Origins of Violence: Approaches to the Study of Conflict*. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56000-783-8.
* Reichard, Martin (2006). *The EU-NATO relationship: a legal and political perspective*. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-4759-1.
* Scheina, Robert L (2003). *Latin America's Wars:Volume 2 The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001*. Potomac Books Inc. ISBN 978-1-57488-452-4.
* Skirbekk, Gunnar; Gilje, Nils (2001). *History of Western Thought: From Ancient Greece to the Twentieth Century*. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-22073-6.
* Torpey, John (2000). *The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship and the State*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-63493-9.
* Tripp, Charles (2002). *A History of Iraq*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52900-6.
* Wiltsher, Anne (1985). *Most Dangerous Women: Feminist peace campaigners of the Great War* (1st ed.). Pandora Press. ISBN 978-0-86358-010-9.

### Historiography

* Almada e Santos, Aurora & Santos, Yvette (Hrsg.): *The League of Nations Experience: Overlapping Readings.* Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2024. ISBN 9783111056586
* Aufricht, Hans "Guide to League of Nations Publications" (1951).
* Gram-Skjoldager, Karen, and Haakon A. Ikonomou. "Making Sense of the League of Nations Secretariat–Historiographical and Conceptual Reflections on Early International Public Administration." *European History Quarterly* 49.3 (2019): 420–444.
* Jackson, Simon. "From Beirut to Berlin (via Geneva): The New International History, Middle East Studies and the League of Nations." *Contemporary European History* 27.4 (2018): 708–726. online
* Juntke, Fritz; Sveistrup, Hans: "Das deutsche Schrifttum über den Völkerbund" (1927).
* Pedersen, Susan "Back to the League of Nations." *American Historical Review* 112.4 (2007): 1091–1117. Tɛmplet:JSTOR.
* Tɛmplet:Cite Q

Tɛmplet:Wikisourcecat

* *The Covenant of the League of Nations* audio recording at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
* History of the League of Nations Archived 3 Silimin gɔli January 2021 at the Wayback Machine, University of Oxford-led project
* League of Nations Photo archive Archived 3 Silimin gɔli September 2021 at the Wayback Machine
* League of Nations chronology
* History (1919–1946) Archived 7 Silimin gɔli March 2019 at the Wayback Machine from the United Nations Office at Geneva
* League of Nations Archives from the United Nations Office at Geneva
* Table of Assemblies Archived 16 Silimin gɔli July 2019 at the Wayback Machine Dates of each annual assembly, links to list of members of each country's delegation
* Total Digital Access to the League of Nations Archives Project Archived 20 Silimin gɔli May 2020 at the Wayback Machine
* LONSEA – League of Nations Search Engine, Cluster of Excellence "Asia and Europe in a Global Context", Universität Heidelberg Archived 7 Silimin gɔli January 2020 at the Wayback Machine
* *The League of Nations.*, Boston: Old Colony Trust Company, 1919. A collection of charters, speeches, etc. on the topic.

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