# Biɛlimpahirili

Biɛlimpahirili

| Yaɣ sheli | mɔfim  |
| Ŋun bɔhim ŋa nyɛ | mɔfoloji  |
| Described at URL |   |

  From Wikidata
Yɛltɔɣa baŋsim puuni, **biɛlimpahirili** nyɛla mɔfim shɛli din tabiliri bachi nyabili ka ŋa namdi bachi pala bee ka ŋa bachi pubu taɣira. Yaɣa ayi shɛŋa ŋa be biɛlimpahirili ni n-nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛŋa ni *derivational* mini *inflectional* biɛlimpahira la. *Derivational* biɛlimpahira kamani, *un-*, *-ation*, *anti-*, *pre-,* ni ŋa pahi nyɛla din wuhiri di ni tabili bachi shɛŋa maa gbunni ni nyɛ shɛli. *Inflectional* biɛlimpahira nyɛla din kpɛhiri sintaɣisi taɣibu kamani bin'yini ni lɛbiri zaɣ'bɔbigu shɛm (shɛhirili. *-(e)s*), bee bɛ ni boli shɛli ni *present simple tense* la ni lɛbiri *present continuous* bee ŋa ni lɛbiri niŋsim din pun gari shɛm di yi niŋ ka biɛlimpahira ŋɔ shɛli *-ing*, *-ed* yi ti tabili Siliminsili ni bachi. Ŋanima zaa nyɛla mɔfim tuɣira ŋanima buɣisibu ni; tɔ amaa tooni biɛlimpahira mini nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira din nima ni tooi nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli ni *separable* *affixes*la.

### Adfixes, sunsuuni biɛlimpahira, ni ŋanima waligimsim

Bachi yi deei mɔfim di piligu ka ŋa gbunni taɣi lala niŋsim ŋɔ yuli booni la *prefixation*, di mii yi deei li la di sunsuuni din mii booni la *infixation*, di yi ti deei li di nyanŋa mii ka di boli *suffixation*.

Yaɣ'shɛŋa biɛlimpahira ni malila| Affix | Example | Schema | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Prefix** | un-do | prefix-stem | Appears before the stem |
| **Prefixoid**/**semi-prefix**/**pseudo-prefix** | flexi-cover | prefixoid-stem | Appears before the stem, but is only partially bound to it |
| **Suffix**/**postfix** | look-ing | stem-suffix | Appears after the stem |
| **Suffixoid**/**semi-suffix**/**pseudo-suffix** | cat-like | stem-suffixoid | Appears after the stem, but is only partially bound to it |
| **Infix** (see also tmesis) | eduTɛmplet:Infixcated | stTɛmplet:Angle bracketem | Appears within a stem — common e.g. in Austronesian languages |
| **Circumfix** | enTɛmplet:Circumfixen | circumfixTɛmplet:Circumfixcircumfix | One portion appears before the stem, the other after |
| **Interfix** | speed-o-meter | stema-interfix-stemb | Links two stems together in a compound |
| **Duplifix** | money~shmoney (shm-reduplication) | stem~duplifix | Incorporates a reduplicated portion of a stem (may occur before, after, or within the stem) |
| **Transfix** | Maltese: kTɛmplet:Angle brackettTɛmplet:Angle bracketb "he wrote" (compare root *ktb* "write") | sTɛmplet:Angle bracketteTɛmplet:Angle bracketm | A discontinuous affix that interleaves within a discontinuous stem |
| **Simulfix** | mouse → mice | stem\simulfix | Changes a segment of a stem |
| **Suprafix** | *pro*duce (noun) pro*duce* (verb) | stem\suprafix | Changes a suprasegmental feature of a stem |
| **Disfix** | Alabama: tipli "break up" (compare root *tipasli* "break") | stTɛmplet:Circumfixem | The elision of a portion of a stem |

*Tooni biɛlimpahirili* mini *nyanŋa biɛlimpahirili* ni tooi n pahi n be *adfix* ni, di yi n niŋ ka ŋanima yi sunsuuni biɛlimpahirili ni nyaaŋa *.*

Di yi ti niŋ ka bɛ makiri gbana ni bɛ nya bɛ ni boli shɛli ni *interlinear* *glossing* la, kamani din ni pun n wuhi shɛm adaka din pahi ata la ni n be teebuli shɛli ŋa do zuɣ'saa ŋɔ ni shɛm maa, biɛlimpahira ŋa ka yɛlgɔla kamani tooni biɛlimpahira mini nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira nima ni tooi n waligi ka che bachi tuŋa di yi ti niŋ ka siliminsi ni boli shɛli ni *hyphens* la kpɛ ŋa sunsuuni na. Biɛlimpahira shɛŋa ŋa bi ʒeya n tuhi nyɛbili maa bee ŋanima zooi ka ŋa chirisiri bachi nyɛbili maa nima nyɛla ŋa be bɛ ni boli shɛli ni *angle brackets* la puuni. Ŋa labiri n-namda mii nyɛla din be bɛ ni boli shɛli ni *tilde* la puuni. Biɛlimpahira shɛŋa ŋa ku tooi n pu bee n pirigi nima nyɛla ŋa be bɛ mi boli shɛli ni *a* *back slash* la puuni.

## Lexical biɛlimpahira

Yɛltɔɣa biɛhigu puuni, bɛ ni boli shɛli ni *lexical affixes* bee *semantic affixes*, yi n pahi bachinamdi tuɣira puuni ni ŋanima maɣisi taba, di tooi n zooya ka ŋanima gbunni do polo ni pam. Shɛhira, bachi shɛli ŋa mali "water (kom) gbunni ni nyɛ shɛli" ni tooi n ka bachinamdili bachikpani dominchi lala bachinamda nima maa zaa yɛrimi n wuhiri binshɛli ŋa yi ŋa di ko kamani Shɛhiranima ŋɔ ni "saltwater (yɛlimkom)", "whitewater (ko'piɛlim)", ni ŋa pahi pahi (tɔ amaa saha shɛŋa beni ka lala lexical nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira ŋɔ lɛbi bɛ ni boli shɛli ni *grammaticalized* la yaɣa pam ni.) Din ŋanima tooi niɣindi ka bɛ ni noli shɛli ni *incorporated* *noun* bachi tuŋa bee bachi nyabili la bachiniŋda puuni kamani ŋanima nyɛ din pahi bachinamda zuɣu la amaa ŋanima pala din ni tooi zani di gama zuɣu n bachinamda. *Lexical* biɛlimpahira nyɛla ŋa bi yoli biɛhigu ni amaa ka lee n be Wakashan, Salishan, n ti pahi Chimakuan bala la ni ka bɛ tooi n zooi ka bɛ mali ŋanima n tumdi tuma bɛ yɛltɔɣa ni— ŋanima yi ti n beni di wuhiri la bɛ ni boli shɛli ni *an* *areal* *feature* la mɔɣili titali shɛli ŋa be *Northwest*, North America la - di maani ka di mini bɛ ni boli shɛli ni *free nouns* din mini li gbunni di yɛn nyɛ yim la do palo ni viɛyelinga. lexical nyanŋa biɛlimpahira mini *free nouns* din be bɛ ni boli shɛli ni Northern Straits Saanich ka ŋa sabi n be *Saanich* sabbu zalisi ni la n ti pahi Americanist notation la ni zaŋ maɣisi taba:

| Lexical Suffix | Noun |
| --- | --- |
| -o, | -aʔ | "person" | , ełtálṉew̱ | ʔəɬtelŋəxʷ | "person" |
| -nát | -net | "day" | sȼićel | skʷičəl | "day" |
| -sen | -sən | "foot, lower leg" | sxene, | sx̣ənəʔ | "foot, lower leg" |
| -áwtw̱ | -ew̕txʷ | "building, house, campsite" | , á,leṉ | ʔeʔləŋ | "house" |

Yɛltɔɣa baŋdiba shɛba yɛliya ni lala *lexical* nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira ŋɔ nyɛla din tiri bachiniŋda bachiniŋdipahira bee bachibuɣisira biɛhiga. Ka bɛ shɛba mii yɛli ni ka lala n-nyɛ li ka yɛli ni din tooi n-nyɛ din pahi bɛ ni boli shɛli ni syntactic arguments la ni kamani *free nouns* nima ni nyɛ *and*, *thus*, ŋa che ka lexical nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira mini bɛ ni boli shɛli ni *incorporated nouns* la nyɛ yim. Gerdts (2003) ti shɛhiranima zaŋ kpa lexical nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira ŋɔ Halkomelem nima balli puuni (bachinima maa ni pe shɛm ŋa puuni n-nyɛ verb–subject–object):

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | VERB | SUBJ | OBJ |
| (1) | niʔ | šak’ʷ-ət-əs | łə słeniʔ | łə qeq |
|  | "the woman washed the baby" |
|   |
|  |  | VERB+LEX.SUFF | SUBJ |  |
| (2) | niʔ | šk’ʷ-əyəł | łə słeniʔ |  |
|  | "the woman baby-washed" |

Tuuli yɛltɔɣili maa ni (1), bachiniŋdili ŋɔ "wash" nyɛla **šak’ʷətəs** ka din ni **šak’ʷ-** nyɛ di bachi tuŋa ka **-ət** ni**-əs** nima mii nyɛ nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira shɛli bɛ ni boli *inflectional* la. Bachikpani ŋɔ "the woman" n-nyɛ **łə słeniʔ** ka niŋsim deera ŋɔ "the baby" nyɛ **łə qeq**. Yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ puuni, "the baby" nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ni *free noun* la. (Din bɔŋɔ **niʔ** nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ni *auxiliary* la kpe ka ŋa ni tooi n gɔhigi n bahi di yi ti niŋ ka Shɛhira yi kana.)

Yɛltɔɣili din pahi ayi la ni (2), "baby" bi yina ka nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli ni *free noun* la. Di nyɛla ŋa yina ka nyɛ *lexical* nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili **-əyəł** ka nyɛ biɛlimpahirili n-ti bachiniŋdili bachi tuŋa ŋɔ **šk’ʷ-** (ka ŋa taɣi bela ŋa bolibu puuni amaa lala taɣibu maa nyɛla din bi kpa ŋa bolibu ni kpe ŋɔ). Lala lexical nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili pa din nyɛ "*the baby*" (definite) bee "*a baby*" la zaa shɛli (indefinite); ŋanima nyɛla ŋan n wuhiri la bɛ ni boli shɛli ni *incorporated nouns* la soli.

##### Sabbu zalisi biɛlimpahira

Zalisi ŋan jɛndi sabbu puuni, biɛlimpahira nyɛla ŋa tumdi biɛlim'shɛŋa ŋa pɔri ka pahi sabbu din jɛba taba ni la tuma. Shɛhira, Maya glyphs bachinima din jɛba taba ka ŋa bɛ ni boli shɛli ni *main sign* mini *biɛlimpahira bela* joined laɣim taba n saɣisi. Ŋanima yuya n booni tooni biɛlimpahira*, superfixes, postfixes,* n ti pahi *subfixes* n zaŋ dolisi ŋanima ni pe n doya shɛm nu'zaa yaɣili polo, zuɣusaa, nudirigu yaɣili polo, bee bɛ ni boli shɛli ni *main glyph* la gbunni ni. Bɛ ni boli shɛli ni glyph la din pɔra yi n kpɛ n pahi di kpee ni ŋa yuli n booni sunsuuni biɛlimpahirili*.* Lala n lahi nyɛ li kɔnsonanti jɛba shɛli bɛ ni boli ni Indic alphabets la gba puuni. Shɛhira, Tibetan nima bachikɔba malila tooni biɛlimpahirili, nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili, superfix, n ti pahi subfix kɔnsonanti bachikɔba n tumdi tuma.

###### Nyam yaha

* Agglutination
* Augmentative
* Binary prefix
* Clitic
* Combining form
* Concatenation
* Diminutive
* English prefixes
* Family name affixes
* Internet-related prefixes
* Marker (linguistics)
* Morphological derivation
* Separable affix
* SI prefix
* Stemming - affix removal using computer software
* Unpaired word
* Word formation

## Kundivihira