# Underground Railroad

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 Tɛmplet:Infobox Criminal organization Tɛmplet:Slavery
```

**Underground Railroad** daa nyɛla soya mini ya' nim din sɔɣi ka "freedom seekers" doli li n-zori tiligiri ka cheri "abolitionist Northern United States" mini Eastern Canada. Daba shɛba bɛ ni daa gbahi Africamini African Americans daba daa zomi tiligi ka che dab' tali 16th century, ka bɛ pa daa bi nya sɔŋsim; amaa, amaa ya' shɛŋa ni bɛ ni daa tooi kperi ka tiligira ka bɛ booni li "Underground Railroad" daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa pili shɛli nambu 1780s, tiŋsi din daa be North ka kpuɣi niya ni bɛ kari dab'tali n daa nam li. Pan-African bɔhimbu ni wuhi shɛm, J. Blaine Hudson, ŋun daa nyɛ "dean" zaŋti College of Arts and Sciences din be University of Louisville, "Civil War" daa ti yɛn naai, niriba tuhi kɔbisinu bee n gari lala n daa nyɛ African Americans n daa nyɛ ban doli lala "Underground Railroad" n zo n-tiligi.

African Americans ŋɔ ni daa nam so' shɛŋa ŋɔ, nyɛla nambozɔriba shɛba ni daa pahi ka shɛli niŋ. Sɔ' shɛŋa daa lahi beni n-kuni Mexico, luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni kari dab'tali, zaŋ chaŋ "islands" din be Caribbean din daa ka lala daba dabu ŋɔ ni. Tuuli soli daa beni n-kuni Florida, ka shɛli daa naan yi ti pahi n-kuni Spanish (gbaa yihi yuuni 1763–1783), ka di daa ti lahi beni 17th century bahigu zaŋ chaŋ kamani yuuni 1790. "American Civil War" saha, "freedom seekers" daa zoya kuli "Union lines" din be South ni bɛ ti deei bɛ maŋsulinsi. So daa buɣisiya ni zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1850, kamani daba tuhi kɔbiga 100,000 n daa doli lala soya ŋɔ n tiligi ka che dab'tali.

## Yuli maa ni

Eric Foner n daa sabi lala bach ŋɔ "din tooi nyɛ "Washington newspaper" n daa tuui zaŋ lala bachi ŋɔ n-tum tuma yuuni 1839, bɛ daa tɔɣisirila bipuɣinga ŋun daa bori ni o doli ziliji soli n zo 'din daa be tiŋgbani ni zaŋ hali ni Boston'". Dr. Robert Clemens Smedley daa sanili mi n doli ban gbahiri daba' ni daa di barigi zaŋ chaŋ north Columbia, Pennsylvania, ka bɛ daa yɛli ni "ni ziligi soli ni tooi be tiŋgbani ni luɣ'shɛli," ka lala bachi maa daa pili ni. Scott Shane takari gbaŋ din zaŋ lala bachi ŋƆ tum tuma tuuli n-nyɛ Thomas Smallwood lahabali din daa yina August 10, 1842, *Tocsin of Liberty sabbu*, lahabali din daa yi Albany. Yuuni 1879 o daa lahi sabi buku yuli booni *Sketches ka di nyɛ "Underground Railroad" taarihi* ka daa yɛli ni lala lahabali ŋmaa maa daa be la yuuni 1839 Washington lahabali churi ni, ka lala ŋun sabi lahabali ŋɔ daa yɛli ni o teei la lala lahabai ŋɔ yuun pihinahi nyaaŋa.

### Terminology

Ban daa be Underground Railroad maani daa tooi zooya ka bɛ mali bachi shɛŋa kuri bukaata. Kotomsi:

* Ninvuɣ'shɛba abn daa sɔŋ "fugitive slaves" daa nya ka "railroad" maa nyɛla "agents"
* "Guides" nyɛla bɛ ni daa booni shɛli "conductors"
* Luɣ'shɛŋ bɛ ni daa sɔƔiri n daa nyɛ "stations" bee "way stations"
* "Station masters" daa sɔɣirila daba ban daa zori tiligiri bɛ yinsi
* Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban zori tiligiri ka cheri dab'tali n-nyɛ bɛ ni daa booni shɛba "passengers" bee "cargo"
* "Fugitive slaves" daa deeri la "ticket"
* Kamani "gospel lore", "wheels daa kuli nyɛla din labiri tiligira"
* Ban daa mali lala "Railroad" ŋɔ nyari liɣiri n daa nyɛ bɛ ni booni shɛba "stockholders"
* Promised Land – dalinli zaŋti Canada
* River Jordan – dalinli zaŋti Ohio River
* Heaven – dalinli zaŋti maŋsulinsi bee Canada

David Ruggles between two men confronting John P. Darg
### Notable people

* Ann Bamford
* John Brown
* Owen Brown (father)
* Owen Brown (son)
* Samuel Burris
* Obadiah Bush
* Levi Coffin
* Elizabeth Rous Comstock
* George Corson
* Moses Dickson
* Frederick Douglass
* Asa Drury
* George Hussey Earle Sr.
* Calvin Fairbank
* Bartholomew Fussell
* Matilda Joslyn Gage
* Thomas Galt
* Thomas Garrett
* Sydney Howard Gay
* Josiah Bushnell Grinnell
* Frances Harper
* Laura Smith Haviland
* Lewis Hayden
* John Hunn
* Roger Hooker Leavitt
* Jermain Wesley Loguen
* Samuel Joseph May
* John Berry Meachum
* Mary Meachum
* Cynthia Catlin Miller
* William M. Mitchell
* Solomon Northup
* John Parker
* Elijah F. Pennypacker
* Mary Ellen Pleasant
* John Wesley Posey
* Amy and Isaac Post
* Peter Quire
* John Rankin
* Alexander Milton Ross
* David Ruggles
* Gerrit Smith
* George Luther Stearns
* William Still
* John Ton
* Charles Turner Torrey
* William Troy
* Harriet Tubman
* Martha Coffin Wright
* John Van Zandt
* Bernardhus Van Leer
* Silvia and John Webber
* Edward Wetherill

The Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park in Dorchester County, Maryland
## International Underground Railroad Month

Anashaara goli September n daa nyɛ bɛ ni piigi shɛli International Underground Railroad goli, dama Anashaara goli September n daa nyɛ goli shɛli Harriet Tubman mini Frederick Douglass ni tiligi dab'tali ni.

## In popular culture

The Underground Railroad is memorialized on the reverse of the 2023 Ohio American Innovation dollar
### Inspirations for fiction

* *The Underground Railroad* nyɛla yuuni 2016 lahablai ka Colson Whitehead sabi li. Di daa di la yuuni 2016 National Book Award mini yuuni 2017 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.
* *The Underground Railroad* nyɛla yuuni 2021 "streaming television limited series", ka di jendi Whitehead's novel.
* *Underground*nyɛla "American television series" din daa yina yuuni 2016, WGN America.

### Literature

* David Walker (1829) *Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World*
* Harriet Beecher Stowe (1852) *Uncle Tom's Cabin*
* Caroline Lee Hentz (1854) *The Planter's Northern Bride*
* William M. Mitchell (1860) The Under-Ground Railroad
* Sarah Hopkins Bradford (1869) *Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman*; (1896) *Harriet Tubman, Moses of Her People*
* Barbara Smucker, (1977) Underground to Canada

### Binkumda

Underground Railroad nyɛla kompini shɛli Tupac Shakur ni daa nam, Big D the Impossible, Shock G, Pee Wee, Jeremy, Raw Fusion ni Live Squad ka bɛ daliri nyɛla bɛ sɔŋ paɣaba mini dobba ban nyɛ gbansabila, ka sɔŋ yɛligi bi yila tuma.

### Comics

*Big Jim mini White Boy*, David F. Walker ni Marcus Kwame Anderson's lahabali din yuli booni Mark Twain's *Adventures of Huckleberry Finn*, Big Jim mini Huck n daa niŋ Underground Railroad kpamba zaŋ chaŋ Civil War-era United States ni bɛ ti faai daba ban daa be ni bahi.

## Lihi pahi

**Lua bi niŋ dede:bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal') Ausable Chasm, NY, home of the North Star Underground Railroad Museum
* Caroline Quarlls (1824–1892), first known person to escape slavery through Wisconsin's Underground Railroad
* Fort Mose Historic State Park
* Josiah Henson Museum of African-Canadian History near Dresden, Ontario
* List of Underground Railroad sites
* Tilly Escape
* Timbuctoo, New York

## Noosi

## Kundivihira

* Bird, Tyson (January 28, 2021). "The Little Known History of Texas' Underground Railroad" (en-US).
* Blight, David W., ed. (2004). *Passages to Freedom: The Underground Railroad in History and Memory*. Smithsonian Books. ISBN 1-58834-157-7.
* Bordewich, Fergus M. (2005). *Bound for Canaan: The Underground Railroad and the War for the Soul of America*. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-052430-8.
* Brown, William W. (1848). *Narrative of William W. Brown, a fugitive slave* (2nd ed.). Boston: The Anti-slavery Office.
* Burnett, John (February 28, 2021). "A Chapter In U.S. History Often Ignored: The Flight Of Runaway Slaves To Mexico" (en). *Georgia Public Broadcasting*.  (heard on *All Things Considered*)
* Calarco, Tom (2008). *People of the Underground Railroad: A Biographical Dictionary*. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313339240. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
* —; Vogel, Cynthia; Grover, Kathryn; Hallstrom, Rae; Pope, Sharron L.; Waddy-Thibodeaux, Melissa (2011). *Places of the Underground Railroad: A Geographical Guide*. Bloomsbury Academic. doi:10.5040/9798400697135. ISBN 978-0313381461.
* Chadwick, Bruce (2000). *Traveling the Underground Railroad: A Visitor's Guide to More Than 300 Sites*. Citadel Press. ISBN 0-8065-2093-0.
* Contreras, Russell (September 16, 2020a). "Story of the Underground Railroad to Mexico gains attention" (en-US). *The Washington Post*. ISSN 0190-8286.
* Contreras, Russell (September 17, 2020b). "Story of the Underground Railroad to Mexico gains attention" (en-US). *Sentinel Colorado*.
* Crable, Margaret (February 1, 2021). "USC Dornsife historian uncovers the Underground Railroad that ran to Mexico > News > USC Dornsife" (en).
* Foner, Eric (2015). *Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad*. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-393-35219-1.
* Forbes, Ella (1998). *But We Have No Country: The 1851 Christiana Pennsylvania Resistance*. Africana Homestead Legacy Publishers. ISBN 978-0965330817.
* Frost, Karolyn Smardz; Osei, Kwasi (2007). *I've Got a Home in Glory Land: A Lost Tale of the Underground Railroad*. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-16481-2.
* Griffler, Keith P. (2004). *Front Line of Freedom: African Americans and the Forging of the Underground Railroad in the Ohio Valley*. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2298-8. Archived from the original on July 9, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
* Hagedorn, Ann (2004). *Beyond the River: The Untold Story of the Heroes of the Underground Railroad*. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-87066-5.
* Hendrick, George; Hendrick, Willene (2003). *Fleeing for Freedom: Stories of the Underground Railroad As Told by Levi Coffin and William Still*. Ivan R. Dee Publisher. ISBN 1-56663-546-2.
* —; — (2010), *Black refugees in Canada: accounts of escape during the era of slavery*, McFarland & Co, ISBN 9780786447336, archived from the original on July 9, 2020, retrieved November 20, 2015
* Hudson, J. Blaine (2002). *Fugitive Slaves and the Underground Railroad in the Kentucky Borderland*. McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-1345-X.
* — (January 9, 2015). *Encyclopedia of the Underground Railroad*. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. ISBN 9781476602301. Archived from the original on April 25, 2022. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
* LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer (2014). *Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance*. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
* Little, Becky (October 25, 2018). "Forgotten History: Mexico accepted slave migrants fleeing the U.S." (en-US). *Vallarta Daily News*.
* Little, Becky (January 29, 2021). The Little-Known Underground Railroad That Ran South to Mexico (en).
* Potter, David M. (1976). *The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861*. Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-131929-5.
* Operating the Underground Railroad.
* "Part 4: 1831–1865 Narrative, The Underground Railroad". *Africans in America c. 1780–1862: Judgment Day* (PBS).

## Karim pahi

* Blackett, R.J.M. (2013). *Making Freedom: The Underground Railroad and the Politics of Slavery*. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-0877-8.
* Bolton, S. Charles (2019). *Fugitivism: Escaping Slavery in the Lower Mississippi Valley, 1820–1860*. University of Arkansas Press. ISBN 9781682260999.
* Clifford Larson, Kate (2004). *Bound For the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman, Portrait of an American Hero*. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-45627-0.
* Curtis, Anna L. (1941). *Stories of the Underground Railroad*. Archived from the original on March 31, 2012. (Stories about Thomas Garrett, a famous agent on the Underground Railroad)
* Diemer, Andrew K. (2022). *Vigilance: The Life of William Still, Father of the Underground Railroad*. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 9780593534380.
* Frost, Karolyn Smardz (2007). *I've Got a Home in Glory Land: A Lost Tale of the Underground Railroad*. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 9780374531256.
* Jones, Leesa Bailey (January 7, 2020). "Leesa Jones Interview". *State Archives of North Carolina (Oral History)* (Interview). Interviewed by Brooks, Ellen. Washington, N.C. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
* Still, William (1872). *The Underground Railroad: A Record of Facts, Authentic Narratives, Letters, &c., Narrating the Hardships, Hair-Breadth Escapes and Death Struggles of the Slaves in Their Efforts for Freedom, As Related by Themselves and Others, or Witnessed by the Author*. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates. (Classic book documenting the Underground Railroad operations in Philadelphia).
	+ *Public domain ebook at Project Gutenberg*.
	+ Book at Internet Archive (1872).
	+ Tɛmplet:Librivox book
* Strother, Horatio T. (1962). *The Underground Railroad in Connecticut*. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 9780819560124.
* Turner, Glennette Tilley (2001). *The Underground Railroad in Illinois*. Newman Educational Pub. ISBN 978-0938990055.
* Walker, Timothy Dale, ed. (2021). *Sailing to Freedom: Maritime Dimensions of the Underground Railroad*. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1625345936.
* Whitehead, Colson (2016). *The Underground Railroad*. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-54236-4.; winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 2017 for its poetical, mythical reflection on the meaning of the Railroad in American history.

### Folklore and myth

* Documentary Evidence is Missing on Underground Railroad Quilts.
* New Jersey's Underground Railroad Myth-Buster: Giles Wright is on a Mission to Fine Tune Black History.
* Putting it in Perspective: The Symbolism of Underground Railroad quilts.
* Underground Railroad Quilts & Abolitionist Fairs.

Tɛmplet:Library resources box

* Underground Railroad – National Park Service
	+ Underground Railroad: Language of Slavery
* Underground Railroad Studies Archived Silimin gɔli April 2, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
* Underground Railroad Timeline
* Friends of the Underground Railroad
* National Underground Railroad Freedom Center
* Tɛmplet:Usurped
* Underground Railroad in Buffalo and Upstate New York: A bibliography by The Buffalo History Museum
* Newspaper articles and clippings about the Underground Railroad at Newspapers.com

Tɛmplet:Underground Railroad Tɛmplet:History of slavery in the United States Tɛmplet:African American topics Tɛmplet:American Civil War Tɛmplet:Harriet Tubman