# Zelene alge

| Chlorophyta (Divizija zelene alge) |
| --- |
| *Stigeoclonium* (rod zelenih algi) |
| Sistematika |
| Carstvo | Plantae |
| Potcarstvo | Viridaeplantae |
| Divizija | Chlorophyta |
| vidi tetkst |

**Zelene alge** (lat. Chlorophyta) je velika neformalna grupa (bivše koljeno) algi iz koje je evoluiralo u više kopnene biljke. Chlorophyta i Charophyta/Streptophyta, sada su premještene u odvojenu diviziju, kao i potencijalno više bazne Mesostigmatophyceae, Chlorokybophyceae i Spirotaenia.

Kopnene biljke ili Embriophyta, nastale su od grupe algi Charophyta. Stoga, kladistički gledano, embriofite pripadaju i zelenim algama. Međutim, budući da su embriofite tradicijski klasificirane kao ni alge ni zelene alge, zelene alge su parafiletska skupina. Otkako je shvaćeni da su embriofite nastali iz zelenih algi, neki ih autori počinju ukljućivati u istu grupu.

Kladus koji uključuje i zelene alge i embriofite je monofiletski i naziva se Viridiplantae, carstvo Plantae. Zelene alge uključuju jednoćelijske i kolonijalne flagematne oblike, najviše s dvija biča po ćelijii, kao i različite kolonijalne, kokoidne i vlaknaste oblike, te makroskopske, višećelijske morske trave. Postoji oko 8.000 vrsta zelenih algi.. Mnoge vrste žive većinu svog života kao pojedinačne ćelije, dok ostale tvore cenobijske kolonije, dugih niti ili visoko diferencirane makroskopske morske trave.

Nekoliko drugih organizama oslanjaju se na zelene alge koje će za njih obavljati fotosintezu. Hloroplast u grupi Dinoflagellata iz roda  *Lepidodinium* , euglena i Chlorarachniophyte stečeni su iz konzumirane zelene alge, a u zadnjepomenutoj zadržavaju nukleomorf (rudimentno jedro). Zelene alge također se simbiotski nalaze u cilijatima roda  *Paramecium* , te u *Hydra viridissima* i u pljosnatim crvima. Neke vrste zelenih algi, posebno iz rodova *Trebouxia* u razredu Trebouxiophyceae i *Trentepohlia* (razreda Ulvophyceae ), mogu se naći u simbiotskim vezama s gljivama i tvore lišaje. Općenito, vrste gljivica koje su partneri u lišajevima ne mogu samostalno živjeti, dok se vrste algi često nalaze u prirodi bez gljiva. *Trentepohlia* je nitasta zelena alga koja može samostalno živjeti na vlažnom tlu, stijenama ili kori drveća ili oblikovati fotosimbiont u lišajevima porodice *Graphidaceae*. Također i makroalga *Prasiola caliphylla* (Trebouxiophyceae) je kopnena, a *Prasiola crispa*, koja živi u nadlitoralnoj zoni, je kopnena koja na Antarktiku formira velike tepihe na vlažnim tlima, posebno u blicini ptičijih kolonija.

Zelene alge obuhvataju vjerovatno od 7.500 - 10.000 vrsta, iz oko 500 rodova i 36 porodica. Većinom su svjetlozelene, iako postoje neke crvenkaste vrste.

## Opis

Skoro sve vrste imaju hloroplaste sa pigmentima *a* i *b* koji im daju karakterističnu boju, te karotenoide (beta karoten) i ksantofile (lutein). Također sadrže i složene tilakoide. U ćelijskim zidovima sadrže celulozu. Kod njih se mitoza odvija bez vidljivih centriola. Rezervne supstance su u obliku škroba i kapljica ulja, koje nastaje kao proizvod fotosinteze.

Zelene alge imaju više tjelesnih oblika (talusa): jednoćelijske, kolonijalne i heterotrihne.

## Razmnožavanje

Zelene alge razmnožavaju se nespolno (vegetativno, sporama) i spolno. Vegetativno razmnožavanje javlja se kod jednoćelijskih oblika (ćelijskom diobom, raspadanjem kolonija), dok se neke višećelijske razmnožavaju fragmentacijom talusa. Razmnožavanje sporama najčešće se odvija u obliku kruškolikih zoospora, sa dva do četiri biča iste dužine. Imaju jedno jedro, trakast hloroplast, crvenu očnu pjegu (stigmu) i kontraktilne vakuole. Neke se zelene alge se razmnožavaju i aplanosporama kod kojih nedostaju bičevi, crvena očna mrlja i kontraktilna vakuola.
Spolno razmnožavanje je u vidu gametogamije. Gamete se razvijaju u jednočelijsim gametangijama. Posljedica kopulacije je diploidni zigot, koji obično postaje trajna ćelija ili cistozigot, a proklije nakon određene faze mirovanja.

Postoji i oblik spolnog razmnožavanja pri kojem haploidna ćelija alge, sa samo jednom kopijom svoje DNK može se stapati s drugom haploidnom ćelijo, kada nastaje diploidni zigot. U takvim slučajevima, ko nitastih algi nastaju međućelijski mostovi, u procesu zvanom konjugacija.

## Ekologija

Autotrofni oblici većinom žive kao plankton ili bentos u slatkim vodama (oko 90% vrsta). Dok neke zelene alge više preferiraju čiste, oligotrofne vode, druge idu u vode bogate fosfatima, nitratima i amonijakom (eutrofne vode). Ostale se javljuju na najrazličitijim staništima, kao što su tlo, morski bentos, led i snijeg, kora vlažnog drveća, simbioza s gljivama i životinjama).

## Raznolikost

Opisani su različiti oblici zelenih algi:

* Pokretne jednoćelijske;
* Nepokretne jednoćelijske;
* Pokretne kolonije (kao što su: *Gonium,* Pandorina*,* Volvox*,* Eudorina*).*
* Palmeloidne (tetrasporne) kolonije (*Pseudosphareocystis*, *Coccomixa*, *[[Sphaerocystis*).
* Kokoidni oblici (*Ulortix*, *Spirogyra*, *Oedogonium*, *Stigeoclonium* itd).
* Laminarni oblici (*Uliva*).
* Parenhimski oblici (*Chara*, *Coleochaetae*).
* Sifonski oblici (*Derebesia*, *Codium*, *Caulerepa*).

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| Viridiplantae/ |

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Mesostigmatophyceae |
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|   | *Spirotaenia* |
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Chlorokybophyceae |
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| Chlorophyta |

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| core Chlorophyta |

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chlorophytina |

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Ulvophyceae |
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Chlorophyceae |
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Trebouxiophyceae |
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Chlorodendrophyceae |
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Pedinophyceae |
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Prasinophytes Kladus VIIA |
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Prasinophytes Kladus VIIC |
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Pycnococcaceae |
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Nephroselmidophyceae |
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Mamiellophyceae |
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Pyramimonadales |
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| Palmophyllophyceae |

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| --- | --- |
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Palmophyllales |
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Prasinococcales |
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| Streptophyta/ |

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| --- | --- |
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Klebsormidiophyceae |
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| Phragmoplastophyta |

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Charophyceae |
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Coleochaetophyceae |
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Zygnematophyceae |
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Mesotaeniaceae s.s. |
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Embryophyta (Kopnene biljke) |
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| Charophyta |

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| **Zelene alge** |

## Razredi

1. *Chlorodendrophyceae* Massjuk
2. *Chlorophyceae* Wille
3. *Chlorophyta incertae sedis*
4. *Chloropicophyceae* Lopes dos Santos & Eikrem
5. *Mamiellophyceae* Marin & Melkonian
6. *Nephrophyceae* Cavalier-Smith ; *Nephroselmidophyceae*
7. *Palmophyllophyceae* Leliaert et al.
8. *Pedinophyceae* Moestrup
9. *Picocystophyceae* Eikrem & Lopes dos Santos
10. *Pyramimonadophyceae*
11. *Trebouxiophyceae* Friedl
12. *Ulvophyceae* K.R.Mattox & K.D.Stewart

### Porodice

1. *Actinochloridaceae* Korshikov
2. *Anadyomenaceae* Kützing
3. *Ankistrodesmaceae*
4. *Aphanochaetaceae* Oltmanns
5. *Asteromonadaceae* Péterfi
6. *Barrancaceae* Caisová, Pérez Reyes, Cruz Álamo, Martel Quintana, Surek & Melkonian
7. *Bathycoccaceae* Marin & Melkonian
8. *Binucleariaceae* Škaloud & Leliaert
9. *Bolbocoleonaceae* C.J.O'Kelly & B.Rinkel
10. *Boodleaceae* Børgesen
11. *Botryococcaceae*
12. *Bracteacoccaceae* Tsarenko
13. *Bracteamorphaceae* Fuciková, P.O.Lewis & L.A.Lewis
14. *Bryopsidaceae* Bory
15. *Carteriaceae* Pascher
16. *Caulerpaceae* Kützing
17. *Chaetopeltidaceae* G.S.West
18. *Chaetophoraceae* Greville
19. *Chaetosiphonaceae* Blackman & Tansley
20. *Characiaceae* (Nägeli) Wittrock
21. *Characiochloridaceae* Skuja
22. *Characiosiphonaceae* Iyengar
23. *Chlamydomonadaceae* F.Stein
24. *Chlamydomonadales incertae sedis*
25. *Chlorangiellaceae* Bourrelly ex Fott
26. *Chlorangiopsidaceae*
27. *Chlorellaceae* Brunnthaler
28. *Chlorellales incertae sedis*
29. *Chlorochytriaceae* Setchell & N.L.Gardner
30. *Chlorococcaceae* Blackman & Tansley
31. *Chlorocystidaceae* Kornmann & Sahling
32. *Chlorodendraceae* Oltmanns
33. *Chlorophyceae familia incertae sedis*
34. *Chlorophyta familia incertae sedis*
35. *Chloropicaceae* Lopes dos Santos & Eikrem
36. *Chlorosarcinaceae* Bourrelly ex Groover & Bold
37. *Chromochloridaceae* Fuciková, P.O.Lewis & L.A.Lewis
38. *Cladophoraceae* Wille
39. *Cloniophoraceae* A.L.Carlile, C.J.O'Kelly & A.R.Sherwood
40. *Coccomyxaceae* G.M.Smith
41. *Codiaceae* Kützing
42. *Collinsiellaceae* Chihara
43. *Crustomastigaceae* Marin & Melkonian
44. *Ctenocladaceae* Borzì
45. *Cylindrocapsaceae* Wille
46. *Dangeardinellaceae* Ettl
47. *Dasycladaceae* Kützing
48. *Derbesiaceae* Hauck
49. *Dichotomosiphonaceae* G.M.Smith
50. *Dicranochaetaceae* Bourrelly ex P.C.Sillva
51. *Dictyochloridaceae* Fuciková, P.O.Lewis & L.A.Lewis
52. *Dictyococcaceae* Fuciková, P.O.Lewis & L.A.Lewis
53. *Dictyosphaeriaceae* Kützing
54. *Dolichomastigaceae* Marin & Melkonian
55. *Dunaliellaceae* T.Christensen
56. *Eremosphaeraceae*
57. *Fritschiellaceae* Caisová & Melkonian
58. *Gayraliaceae* K.L.Vinogradova
59. *Gloeotilaceae* Ettl & Gärtner
60. *Gomontiaceae* De Toni
61. *Goniaceae* (Pascher) Pascher
62. *Haematococcaceae* G.M.Smith
63. *Halimedaceae* Link
64. *Halosphaeraceae* Haeckel
65. *Hazeniaceae* Škaloud & Leliaert
66. *Helicodictyaceae* Whitford & G.J.Schumacher
67. *Hormotilaceae* Korshikov
68. *Hydrodictyaceae* Dumortier
69. *Hypnomonadaceae* Korshikov
70. *Ignatiaceae* Leliaert & Škaloud
71. *Koliellaceae* Hindák
72. *Kornmanniaceae* L.Golden & K.M.Cole
73. *Kraftionemaceae* Wetherbee & Verbruggen
74. *Mamiellaceae* Moestrup
75. *Marsupiomonadaceae* Marin
76. *Micractiniaceae* G.M.Smith
77. *Microsporaceae* Bohlin
78. *Microthamniaceae* G.S.West
79. *Monomastigaceae* Huber-Pestalozzi ex Marin & Melkonian
80. *Monostromataceae* Kunieda
81. *Mychonastaceae* Fuciková, P.O.Lewis & L.A.Lewis
82. *Neochloridaceae* Ettl & Komárek
83. *Nephroselmidaceae* Skuja ex P.C.Silva
84. *Oedogoniaceae* de Bary ex Hirn
85. *Okellyaceae* Leliaert & Rueness
86. *Oltmannsiellopsidaceae* T.Nakayama, Shin Watanabe & I.Inouye
87. *Oocystaceae* Bohlin
88. *Ostreobiaceae* P.C.Silva ex Maggs & J.Brodie
89. *Palmellaceae* Decaisne
90. *Palmellopsidaceae* Korshikov
91. *Palmophyllaceae* Zechman et al.
92. *Pedinomonadaceae* Korshikov
93. *Phacotaceae* Francé
94. *Phaeophilaceae* D.F.Chappell, C.J.O'Kelly, L.W.Wilcox, & G.L.Floyd
95. *Phyllosiphonaceae*
96. *Picocystaceae* Eikrem & Lopes dos Santos
97. *Pithophoraceae* Wittrock
98. *Planophilaceae* Škaloud & Leliaert
99. *Pleurastraceae* K.R.Mattox & K.D.Stewart
100. *Polyblepharidaceae* P.A.Dangeard
101. *Polyphysaceae* Kützing
102. *Prasinococcaceae* Leliaert et al.
103. *Prasiolaceae* F.F.Blackman & A.G.Tansley
104. *Prasiolales incertae sedis*
105. *Protosiphonaceae* Blackman & Tansley
106. *Pseudocladophoraceae* Boedeker & Leliaert
107. *Pseudocodiaceae* L.Hillis-Colinvaux
108. *Pseudomuriellaceae* Fuciková, P.O.Lewis & L.A.Lewis
109. *Pseudoudoteaceae*
110. *Pterospermataceae* Lohmann
111. *Pterosphaeridiaceae*
112. *Pycnococcaceae* R.R.L.Guillard
113. *Pyramimonadaceae* Korshikov
114. *Pyramimonadophyceae familia incertae sedis*
115. *Raciborskiellaceae* Korshikov
116. *Radiococcaceae* Fott ex P.C.Silva
117. *Resultomonadaceae* Marin
118. *Rhipiliaceae* Dragastan, D.K.Richter, Kube, Popa, Sarbu & Ciugulea
119. *Rotundellaceae* Fuciková, P.O.Lewis & L.A.Lewis
120. *Sarcinofilaceae* Škaloud & Leliaert
121. *Scenedesmaceae* Oltmanns
122. *Schizochlamydaceae* Fuciková, P.O.Lewis & L.A.Lewis
123. *Schizomeridaceae* G.M.Smith
124. *Schroederiaceae* Fuciková, P.O.Lewis & L.A.Lewis
125. *Scotinosphaeraceae* Škaloud, Kalina, Nemjová, De Clerck & Leliaert
126. *Scourfieldiaceae* Moestrup
127. *Selenastraceae* Blackman & Tansley
128. *Siphonocladaceae* F.Schmitz
129. *Sphaerocystidaceae* Fott ex Tsarenko
130. *Sphaerodictyaceae* C.-C.Jao
131. *Sphaeropleaceae* Kützing
132. *Sphaeropleales incertae sedis*
133. *Spondylomoraceae* Korshikov
134. *Tetrabaenaceae* H.Nozaki & M.Ito
135. *Tetracystaceae* Ettl & Komarek
136. *Tetrasporaceae* Wittrock
137. *Trebouxiaceae* Friedl
138. *Trebouxiophyceae incertae sedis*
139. *Trentepohliaceae* Hansgirg
140. *Treubariaceae* (Korshikov) Fott
141. *Triploporellaceae* Pia
142. *Tumidellaceae* Fuciková, P.O.Lewis & L.A.Lewis
143. *Tupiellaceae* Škaloud & Leliaert
144. *Udoteaceae* J.Agardh
145. *Ulotrichaceae* Kützing
146. *Ulotrichales familia incertae sedis*
147. *Ulvaceae* J.V.Lamouroux ex Dumortier
148. *Ulvales incertae sedis*
149. *Ulvellaceae* Schmidle
150. *Ulvophyceae familia incertae sedis*
151. *Uronemataceae* Caisová, Pérez Reyes, Cruz Álamo, Martel Quintana, Surek & Melkonian
152. *Valoniaceae* Kützing
153. *Volvocaceae* Ehrenberg

## Također pogledajte

* Alge
* Diatomeje
* Fitoplankton

## Reference

## Vanjski linkovi

* Green algae and cyanobacteria in lichens
* Green algae (UC Berkeley)
* Monterey Bay green algae