# Sanskrt

| Sanskrt संस्कृत |
| --- |
|
(gore) Ilustrovani sanskritski rukopis iz 19. stoljeća iz Bhagavad Gite, sastavljeno c. 400  – 200 BCE. (bottom) Poštanska marka povodom 175. godišnjice trećeg najstarijeg sanskrtskog koledža, osnovanog 1824. |
| Regije govorenja | Južna Azija, Tibet, Mongolija, Srednja Azija |
| Jezička porodica | Indoevropski
* Indoiranski jezici
	+ Indoarijski jezici
		- **Sanskrt**
 |
| Etnički govornici | Nema poznatih govornika sanskrta |
| Sistem pisanja | Devanagari |
| Službeni status |
| Služben u | * Indija
	+ Himachal Pradesh
	+ Uttarakhand
 |
| Jezički kod |
| ISO 639-1 | `sa` |
| ISO 639-2 / 5 | `san` |
| ISO 639-3 | `san` |
| *Glottolog* |  |
| ELP | Sanskrt |
|  |
| **Također pogledajte:** Jezik | Jezičke porodice | Spisak jezika |

Riječ "Sanskrt" na devanagari pismu**Sanskrt** (संस्कृत, n., od *sam* "zajedno" i *krta* "napravljen", doslovno: "sastavljen", "sastavljeni jezik") je klasični jezik koji pripada indoarijskoj grani indoevropskih jezika. Nastao je u Južnoj Aziji nakon što su se njeni prethodni jezici proširili sa sjeverozapada u kasnom bronzanom dobu. Sanskrt je sveti jezik hinduizma, jezik klasične hinduističke filozofije i historijskih tekstova budizma i džainizma. Bio je to jezik veze u drevnoj i srednjovjekovnoj Južnoj Aziji, a nakon prenošenja hinduističke i budističke kulture u Jugoistočnu Aziju, Istočnu Aziju i Srednju Aziju u ranom srednjem vijeku, postao je jezik religije i visoke kulture i političkih elita. u nekim od ovih regiona. Kao rezultat toga, Sanskrt je imao trajan uticaj na jezike Južne Azije, Jugoistočne Azije i Istočne Azije, posebno u njihovim formalnim i naučenim rječnicima.

Sanskrt općenito konotira nekoliko staroindoarijskih jezičnih varijanti. Najarhaičniji od njih je Vedski Sanskrt koji se nalazi u Rgvedi, zbirci od 1.028 himni koju su između 1500. godine p. n. e. i 1200. godine p. n. e. sastavila indoarijska plemena koja su migrirala na istok s planina današnjeg sjevernog Afganistana preko sjevernog Pakistana i sjeverozapadne Indije. Vedski Sanskrt je stupio u interakciju sa već postojećim drevnim jezicima potkontinenta, upijajući imena novonastalih biljaka i životinja; pored toga, drevni dravidski jezici su uticali na fonologiju i sintaksu Sanskrta. Sanskrt se također uže može odnositi na klasični Sanskrt, rafinirani i standardizirani gramatički oblik koji se pojavio sredinom 1. milenijuma p. n. e. i kodificiran u najsveobuhvatnijoj drevnoj gramatici, Aṣṭādhyāyī ('Osam poglavlja') Pāṇini. Najveći dramaturg na sanskrtu, Kalidāsa, pisao je na klasičnom Sanskrtu, a osnove moderne aritmetike prvi put su opisane na klasičnom sanskrtu.}} Međutim, dva glavna Sanskrtska epa, Mahābhārata i Rāmāyaṇa, sastavljena su u jednoj knjizi. niz registara usmenog pripovijedanja pod nazivom epski Sanskrt koji se koristio u sjevernoj Indiji između 400. godine p. n. e. i 300. godine n. e, i otprilike suvremen sa klasičnim Sanskrtom. U narednim vijekovima, Sanskrt je postao vezan za tradiciju, prestao je da se uči kao prvi jezik i na kraju je prestao da se razvija kao živi jezik.

Himne Rgvede su značajno slične najarhaičnijim pjesmama iranskih i grčkih jezičkih porodica, Gâthâmi starog Avestanskog jezika i Homerove Ilijade. Kako je Rgveda usmeno prenošena metodama pamćenja izuzetne složenosti, strogosti i vjernosti, kao jedan tekst bez varijantnog čitanja, njena očuvana arhaična sintaksa i morfologija od vitalnog su značaja u rekonstrukciji jezika zajedničkog pretka Praindoevropskog jezika. Sanskrt nema potvrđeno izvorno pismo: otprilike od početka 1. milenijuma, pisano je raznim bramičkim pismima, a u modernoj eri najčešće na devanagari.

Status, funkcija i mjesto Sanskrta u indijskom kulturnom naslijeđu prepoznati su njegovim uključivanjem u Ustav indijskih jezika. Međutim, uprkos pokušajima oživljavanja, u Indiji nema govornika sanskrta. U svakom od nedavnih desetogodišnjih popisa stanovništva Indije, nekoliko hiljada građana je izjavilo da im je Sanskrt maternji jezik, ali se smatra da brojevi označavaju želju da se uskladi sa prestižem jezika. Sanskrt se učio u tradicionalnim gurukulama od davnina; danas se široko uči na nivou srednjih škola. Najstariji Sanskrtski koledž je Benares Sanskrt College osnovan 1791. a vrijeme vladavine Istočnoindijske kompanije. Sanskrt se i dalje široko koristi kao ceremonijalni i ritualni jezik u hinduističkim i budističkim himnama i pjesmama.

Nekoliko riječi iz Sanskrta (nekad i posredstvom drugih jezika) je našlo svoj put i u bosanski jezik: arijski, avatar, džungla, guru, joga, mandala, mantra, mošus, nirvana, svastika (kukasti krst), tantra.

## Historija

Sanskrt je najstariji indoarijski jezik. Iz Sanskrta su se razvili moderni jezici hindi, urdu, bengali, marathi, kašmiri, punjabi, nepalski jezici i romani (romski jezik). Osim klasičnog Sanskrta postoji i tzv. *vedski Sanskrt* na kojem su napisane četiri svete hinduske vede.

## Struktura

Sanskrt pripada indijskoj grani indogermanske porodice jezika i time ima zajedničke korijene kao i većina modernih ili klasičnih evropskih jezika. Srodnost se najjednostavnije da pokazati kroz riječi za oca i majku: *matr* i *pitr* na Sanskrtu, *mater* i *pater* na latinskom, meter (μητηρ) i pater (πατηρ) na starogrčkom. Osim toga se lako da uočiti slična gramatička struktura svih indoevropskih jezika, sa rodom, padežima, vremenima i modusima.

Sanskrt ima osam padeža: nominativ, vokativ, akuzativ, instrumental, dativ, ablativ, genitiv i lokativ. Osim jednine i množine, Sanskrt ima i tzv. dvojinu (kao npr. arapski).

## Također pogledajte

* Kalidasa

## Bilješke

## Reference

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## Vanjski linkovi

* "INDICORPUS-31". 31 Sanskrt and Dravidian dictionaries for Lingvo.
* Karen Thomson; Jonathan Slocum. "Ancient Sanskrit Online". free online lessons from the "Linguistics Research Center". University of Texas at Austin.
* "Samskrita Bharati". an organisation promoting the usage of Sanskrt
* "Sanskrit Documents". — Documents in ITX format of Upanishads, Stotras etc.
* "Sanskrit texts". *Sacred Text Archive*.
* "Sanskrit Manuscripts". Cambridge Digital Library.
* "Lexilogos Devanagari Sanskrit Keyboard". for typing Sanskrt in the Devanagari script.
* "Online Sanskrit Dictionary". — sources results from Monier Williams etc.
* "The Sanskrit Grammarian". — dynamic online declension and conjugation tool
* "Online Sanskrit Dictionary". — Sanskrt hypertext dictionary
* "Sanskrit Shlokas collection". — Collection of Sanskrt Shlokas from Various Sanskrt Texts