# Indija

| Republika Indijaभारत गणराज्य\* |
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| Zastava |  |

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| **Uzrečica:**"Satyameva Jayate" (Sanskrit) "Samo istina pobjeđuje" |
| **Himna:**"Jana Gana Mana" |
| Položaj na karti Teritorija pod kontrolom Indije prikazana tamno zelenom bojom; teritorija na koju se polaže pravo, ali nije pod kontrolom, prikazana svijetlo zelenom bojom
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| Glavni grad | New Delhi ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Službeni jezik | hindski i engleski |
| Državno uređenje |  |
| • Predsjednica | Droupadi Murmu |
| • Potpredsjednk | Jagdeep Dhankhar |
| • Premijer | Narendra Modi |
| Nezavisnost | 15. august 1947.  |
| Površina |
| • Ukupno | 3.287.263 km2 (7.) |
| • Vode (%) | 9,6 |
| Stanovništvo |
| • Ukupno (2011) | 1.210.854.000 (2.) |
| • Gustoća | 427,1/km2 (30.) |
| • Procjena (2023) | 1.428.627.663  |
| **BDP** (PKM) | 2024 (procjena) |
| • Ukupno | $16.019 biliona (3.) |
| • po stanovniku | $11.111 (122.) |
| **BDP** (nominalni) | 2024 (procjena) |
| • Ukupno | $3.889 biliona (5.) |
| • po stanovniku | $2.697 (141.) |
| **Gini** (2021.) | 32,8 (srednja nejednakost)  |
| **HDI** (2022) | 0,644 (srednji) (134.) |
| Valuta | indijska rupija  |
| Vremenska zona | UTC +5:30 |
| Pozivni broj | +91 |
| Internetska domena | .in |

**Indija**, zvanično **Republika Indija**, jest suverena država u Južnoj Aziji, koja se prostire na 3,3 miliona kvadratnih kilometara, što odgovara veličini trećine Evrope, a zauzima veći dio Indijskog potkontinenta. Indija graniči s Bangladešom, Mjanmarom, Kinom, Butanom, Nepalom i Pakistanom, a na jugu je dotiče Indijski okean, gdje se nalaze Šri Lanka i Maldivi. Najveća gradska područja su Mumbai na jugozapadu i Kolkata na rijeci Ganges. Sa preko 1,4 milijarde stanovnika, Indija je najmnogoljudnija država u svijetu.

## Etimologija

Ime Indija potječe od riječi "*Sindhu"*, lokalnog imena za rijeku Ind. Zanimljivo je da Vede nemaju posebno ime za Indiju. Razne političke stranke predlagale su za Indiju različita imena, među kojima su bili Hindustan, Hindu Rashtra i Bharat. Ime *Bharat* potječe od dva hinduska kralja po imenu Bharata. "Bha" na sanskrtu znači znanje ili svjetlost, a "rat" je glagol "raditi", pa je "bharat" onaj koji traži znanje. Indija je bila poznata i kao Hindustan (zemlja Hindusa), ali se to ime izbjegavalo nakon stjecanja nezavisnosti 1947, jer je indijski narod odlučio da će Indija biti sekularna država.

## Geografija

Geografija Indije izuzetno je raznolika s krajolikom koji se proteže od snijegom pokrivenih planinskih lanaca do pustinja, nizija, brežuljaka i visoravni. Klima se kreće od ekvatorijalne na krajnjem jugu do klime tundre na himalajskim visinama. Indija obuhvata većinu indijskog potkontinenta i ima obalu dugu preko 7.000 km, od koje većina leži na dekanskom poluostrvu, isturenom u Indijski okean. Indija na zapadu graniči s Arapskim morem, a na istoku s Bengalskim zaljevom.

Plodna indogangeska ravan zauzima većinu sjeverne, srednje i istočne Indije, dok visoravan Dekan zauzima većinu južne Indije. Na zapadu zemlje nalazi se pustinja Thar, koja se sastoji od mješovite stjenovite i pješčane pustinje, dok indijske istočne i sjeveroistočne granice čini visoki himalajski lanac. Najviša tačka u Indiji je sporna zbog teritorijalnog spora s Pakistanom. Prema indijskoj tvrdnji najviša tačka (smještena u spornoj teritoriji Kashmira) jeste K2 na visini od 8.611 m. Najviša tačka na neosporno indijskoj teritoriji je Kanchenjunga na 8.598 m.

Indija graniči s Pakistanom, Narodnom Republikom Kinom, Bangladešom, Mjanmarom, Nepalom, Butanom i Afganistanom. Šri Lanka i Maldivi su ostrvske države južno od Indije. Zemlja je podijeljena na 28 država, šest federalnih administrativnih saveznih teritorija i teritoriju glavnog grada. Političke podjele općenito slijede lingvističke i etničke granice umjesto geografskih prijelaza.

### Položaj i veličina

Indija leži sjeverno od ekvatora između 8° 4' i 37° 6' sjeverne geografske širine i 68° 7' i 97° 25' istočne geografske dužine. Po veličini je sedma najveća zemlja na svijetu s ukupnom površinom od 3.287.263 km2. Udaljenost od sjevera do juga iznosi 3.214 km, a od istoka do zapada 2.933 km. Indija ima kopnenu granicu dugu 15.200 km i obalnu liniju od 7.516,5 km. Andamanska i Nikobarska ostrva u Bengalskom zalivu i Lakshadweep u Arapskom moru također su dijelovi Indije.

Indija je omeđena Arapskim morem na jugozapadu i Bengalskim zalivom na jugoistoku. Na sjeveru, sjeveroistoku i sjeverozapadu nalaze se Himalaji. Kanyakumari tvori južni vrh indijskog poluostrva koji se sužava prije završetka u Indijskom okeanu.

### Politička geografija

Indija je podijeljena na 28 država (koje su dalje podijeljene na distrikte), šest saveznih teritorija i teritoriju glavnog grada Delhija. Države imaju vlastite izabrane vlade, dok saveznim teritorijima upravljaju administratori koje postavlja savezna vlada. Indija polaže pravo na državu Jammu i Kashmir, ali to osporavaju Pakistan i Kina, koji upravljaju dijelovima teritorije. Kina polaže pravo na državu Arunachal Pradesh, koja se nalazi pod upravom Indije.

### Geografske regije

Indija se dijeli na sedam geografskih regija. One su:

1. Sjeverne planine, koje uključuju Himalaje i sjeveroistočne planinske lance
2. Indogangeska ravan
3. Pustinja Thar
4. Središnja pobrđa i visoravan Dekan
5. Istočna obala
6. Zapadna obala
7. Granična mora i ostrva

### Planine

Veliki luk planina, sastavljen od lanaca Himalaja, Hindukuša i Patkaija, definira indijski potkontinent. Te su planine oblikovane tektonskim sudarima indijske i evroazijske ploče koji su započeli prije otprilike 50 miliona godina i traju i danas. Ovi su planinski lanci dom nekima od najviših planina na svijetu, te osiguravaju prirodnu prepreku protiv hladnih polarnih vjetrova. Oni također omogućuju monsune koji pokreću klimu u Indiji. Brojne rijeke koje izviru u tim planinama osiguravaju vodu za plodnu indogangesku ravan. Biogeografi označavaju te planine granicom između dviju velikih zemljinih ekozona: umjerenog Paleoarktika koji prekriva većinu Evroazije, te tropske i suptropske Indomalajske ekozone koja uključuje indijski potkontinent i prostire se na Jugoistočnu Aziju i Indoneziju. U historiji su ti lanci služili kao prepreka osvajačima.

Indija ima nekoliko većih planinskih lanaca čiji se vrhovi nalaze iznad 1.000 m. Himalaji su jedini planinski lanci koji imaju snijegom prekrivene vrhove. Ti lanci su:

1. Aravalli
2. Istočni Gati
3. Himalaji
4. Patkai
5. Vindhyas
6. Sahyadri ili Zapadni Gati
7. Satpuras

### Himalaji

Himalaji se protežu od države Jammu i Kashmir na zapadu do države Arunachal Pradesh na istoku. Te države uz Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal i Sikkim leže uglavnom u himalajskoj regiji. Neki od himalajskih vrhova prelaze visinu od 7.000 m, a snježna granica se proteže između 6.000 m u Sikkimu do oko 3.000 m u Kashmiru. Kanchenjunga, koja se nalazi u Sikkimu, najviša je tačka na indijskoj teritoriji (neosporno). Većina vrhunaca u Himalajama ostaje snijegom prikovana tokom čitave godine.

## Vlada

Od donošenja Ustava 1950. Indija je parlamentarna republlika.

### Predsjednik republike

Od 25. jula 2012. predsjednik je Pranab Mukherjee.

Pranab Mukherjee
## Političke podjele

Indija je upravno podijeljena na 28 saveznih država, šest saveznih teritorija, dok glavni grad New Delhi ima poseban status.

**Savezne države:**

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 1. Andhra Pradesh
2. Arunachal Pradesh
3. Assam
4. Bihar
5. Chhattisgarh
6. Goa
7. Gujarat
8. Haryana
9. Himachal Pradesh
10. Jammu i Kashmir
11. Jharkhand
12. Karnataka
13. Kerala
14. Madhya Pradesh
 | 15. Maharashtra
16. Manipur
17. Meghalaya
18. Mizoram
19. Nagaland
20. Odisha
21. Punjab
22. Rajasthan
23. Sikkim
24. Tamil Nadu
25. Telangana
26. Tripura
27. Uttar Pradesh
28. Uttarakhand
29. West Bengal
 |

Savezne države i teritorije Indije
**Savezne teritorije:**

1. Andamani i Nikobari
2. Chandigarh
3. Dadra i Nagar Haveli
4. Daman i Diu
5. Lakshadweep
6. Pondicherry

**Teritorija glavnog grada:**

7. Delhi

## Privreda

Privredu karakteriziraju nizak GNP i velik jaz između bogatih i siromašnih. Važniji izvori prihoda su: ugalj, željezna ruda, mangan, boksit, bakar, sumpor, titan, kromit, zemni plin, dijamanti, nafta, vapnenac, čaj, kafa, guma, papar, kokosov orah, juta, pamuk itd.

## Demografija

Približno 75% stanovnika indoarijskog je porijekla, 23% čine Dravidi, koji nastanjuju južnu Indiju.

U Indiji postoji mnogo religija. Četiri petine stanovništva čine hinduisti, 13,4% muslimani, 2,4% kršćani, 2% siki, 0,7% budisti.

## Kultura

## Također pogledajte

* Agni-V

## Bilješke

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## Vanjski linkovi

* Indija na Wikimedia Commonsu