# Лудвиг ван Бетгьовен

**Лудвиг ван Бетгьовен** (гер. *Ludwig van Beethoven*, Герман мацӀ: [ˈluːtvɪç fan ˈbeːtˌhoːfn̩]; 17 декембер 1770 – 26 март 1827) — герман композитор ва пианист. Бетгьовен ккола БакътӀерхьул музикаялъул тарихалда бищун рикӀкӀунел композиторзабазул цоявлъун; гьесул хӀалтӀаби руго классикияб музикадул репертваралда бищун гӀемер перформация гьабулезда гъорлӀ.

## РегӀелал

### Иццал

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* Ealy, George Thomas (Spring 1994). "Of Ear Trumpets and a Resonance Plate: Early Hearing Aids and Beethoven's Hearing Perception". *19th-Century Music*. **17** (3): 262–273. doi:10.1525/ncm.1994.17.3.02a00050. JSTOR 746569.
* Einstein, Alfred (1958). *Essays on Music*. London: Faber and Faber. OCLC 713913183.
* Eisinger, Josef (2008). "The lead in Beethoven's hair". *Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry*. **90** (1): 1–5. doi:10.1080/02772240701630588. S2CID 95824344.
* Hammelmann, Han (March 1965). "Beethoven's Conversation Books". *The Musical Times*. **106** (1465): 187–189. doi:10.2307/948240. JSTOR 948240. `{{cite journal}}`: Check date values in: `|date=` (help)
* Kerman, Joseph; Tyson, Alan; Burnham, Scott G. (2001). "Ludwig van Beethoven". *Oxford Music Online*. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40026.
* Lockwood, Lewis (2005). *Beethoven: The Music and the Life*. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32638-3.
* Lorenz, Michael (Winter 2007). "Commentary on Wawruch's Report: Biographies of Andreas Wawruch and Johann Seibert, Schindler's Responses to Wawruch's Report, and Beethoven's Medical Condition and Alcohol Consumption". *Beethoven Journal*. **22** (2): 92–100. Архивация оригинал, 2021-02-16. Щвей 2023-03-30. `{{cite journal}}`: Invalid `|url-status=хвараб` (help)
* Mai, F. M. M. (2006). "Beethoven's terminal illness and death". *Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh*. **36** (3): 258–263. PMID 17214130.
* Meredith, William Rhea (2005). "The History of Beethoven's Skull Fragments". *Beethoven Journal*. **20** (1–2): 3–46. OCLC 64392567. Архивация оригинал, 2021-02-16. Щвей 2023-03-30. `{{cite journal}}`: Invalid `|url-status=хвараб` (help)
* Morris, Edmund (2010). *Beethoven: The Universal Composer*. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-075975-9.
* Nettl, Paul (1994). *Beethoven Encyclopedia*. Secaucus, New Jersey: Carel Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7351-0113-5.
* Newman, William S. (1970). "Beethoven's Pianos versus His Piano Ideals". *Journal of the American Musicological Society*. **23** (3): 484–504. doi:10.2307/830617. JSTOR 830617.
* Ronge, Julia (2013). "Beethoven's Studies with Joseph Haydn (With a Postscript on the Length of Beethoven's Bonn Employment)". *Beethoven Journal*. **28** (1): 4–25.
* Rosen, Charles (1972). *The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven*. London: Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-10234-1.
* Saccenti, Edoardo; Smilde, Age K; Saris, Wim H M (2011). "Beethoven's deafness and his three styles". *The BMJ*. **343**: d7589. doi:10.1136/bmj.d7589. PMID 22187391. S2CID 206894214.
* Saccenti, Edoardo; Smilde, Age K; Saris, Wim H M (2012). "Beethoven's deafness and his three styles". *The BMJ*. **344**: e512. doi:10.1136/bmj.e512.
* Scherer, E. M. (2004). *Quarter Notes and Bank Notes: the Economics of Music Composition in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries*. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-6911-1621-1.
* Skowroneck, Tilman (2002). "Beethoven's Erard Piano: Its Influence on His Compositions and on Viennese Fortepiano Building". *Early Music*. **30** (4). Oxford: Oxford University Press: 522–538. doi:10.1093/em/XXX.4.523. JSTOR 3519211.
* Solomon, Maynard (1972). "Beethoven's Productivity at Bonn". *Music & Letters*. **LIII** (2). Oxford: Oxford University Press: 165–172. doi:10.1093/ml/LIII.2.165.
* Solomon, Maynard (1990). *Beethoven Essays*. Harvard University Press. гь. 124. ISBN 978-0-674-06379-2. Щвей 4 August 2011. `{{cite book}}`: Check date values in: `|access-date=` (help)
* Solomon, Maynard (November 1998). *Beethoven* (2nd revised ред.). New York: Schirmer Trade Books. ISBN 978-0-8256-7268-2. `{{cite book}}`: Check date values in: `|date=` (help)
* Stanley, Glenn, ред. (2000). *The Cambridge Companion to Beethoven*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-58074-8.
* Steblin, Rita (2009). "'A dear, enchanting girl who loves me and whom I love': New Facts about Beethoven's Beloved Piano Pupil Julie Guicciardi". *Bonner Beethoven-Studien*. **8**: 89–152.
* Stevens, Michael; цгл. (November 2013). "Lead and the Deafness of Ludwig van Beethoven". *The Laryngoscope*. **123** (11): 2854–2858. doi:10.1002/lary.24120. PMID 23686526. S2CID 34595828. `{{cite journal}}`: Check date values in: `|date=` (help)
* Swafford, Jan (2014). *Beethoven: Anguish and Triumph*. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-31255-9.
* Taruskin, Richard (2010). *Music in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538482-6.
* Thayer, Alexander Wheelock (1967a). Forbes, Elliot (ред.). *Thayer's Life of Beethoven*. Том 1. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02717-3.
* Thayer, Alexander Wheelock (1967b). Forbes, Elliot (ред.). *Thayer's Life of Beethoven*. Том 2. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02718-0.
* Tyson, Alan (February 1969). "Beethoven's Heroic Phase". *The Musical Times*. **110** (1512): 139–141. doi:10.2307/952790. JSTOR 952790. `{{cite journal}}`: Check date values in: `|date=` (help)
* Winston, David (1993). "The Restoration of Beethoven's 1817 Broadwood Grand Piano". *The Galpin Society Journal*. **46**: 147–151. doi:10.2307/842353. JSTOR 842353.