# পানামা খাল

| পানামা খাল |
| --- |
|  |
| Specifications |
| Locks | 3 locks up, 3 down per transit; all two lanes (2 lanes of locks; locks built in three sites) |
| Status | Open, extension in process |
| History |
| Principal engineer | John Findlay Wallace (1904–05), John Frank Stevens (1905–07), George Washington Goethals (1907–14) |
| Date of first use | ১৫ আগষ্ট, ১৯১৪ |

**পানামা খাল** (ইংৰাজী: Panama Canal, স্পেনীছ: Canal de Panamá) হৈছে পানামাত অৱস্থিত ৭৭.১ কি:মি: দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ এটা খাল যি আটলান্টিক মহাসাগৰৰ সৈতে প্ৰশান্ত মহাসাগৰক স্ংযোগ কৰিছে। এই খালটি খন্দাৰ কামটো ১৮৮১ চনতে ফ্ৰাঞ্চে আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল যদিও প্ৰযুক্তিগত অসুবিধাৰ কাৰণত সফল নহ’ল। পিছত আমেৰিকাই ১৯০৪ চনত এই খালটি খন্দাৰ কাম হাতত লয় আৰু ১৯১৪ চনত এই খাল খন্দাৰ কাম সম্পূৰ্ণ হয়। এই খাল খন্দাৰ ফলত প্ৰশান্ত মহাসাগৰ আৰু আটলান্টিক মহাসাগৰৰ মাজত চলাচল কৰা জাহাজবোৰৰ দূৰত্ব বহুখিনি হ্ৰাস পালে।এই খাল সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ আগতে দক্ষিণ আমেৰিকা মহাদেশৰ দক্ষিণৰ কেপ্ হৰ্ণ পথেদি যাত্ৰা কৰিব লগা হোৱাৰ বাবে জাহাজবোৰৰ যথেষ্ট সময়, পৰিশ্ৰম আৰু ধনৰ অপচয় হৈছিল। বৰ্তমান এই খালেদি আটলান্টিক মহাসাগৰৰ পৰা প্ৰশান্ত মহাসাগৰ পাবলৈ গঢ়ে ২০ ঘণ্টাৰ পৰা ৩০ ঘণ্টা সময়হে লাগে। বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতি সূদৃঢ় কৰাৰ লগতে বিভিন্ন দেশৰ পাৰস্পৰিক সম্পৰ্ক উন্নত কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এই খালৰ যথেষ্ট অৱদান আছে। নিৰ্মাণকাৰ্য্য চলি থকাৰ সময়ৰ পৰা এই খালটি প্ৰ্থমে কলম্বিয়া, তাৰ পাচত ফ্ৰাঞ্চ আৰু তাৰ পাচত আমেৰিকাই নিয়ন্ত্ৰন কৰিছিল। অৱশেষত ১৯৭৭ চনত আমেৰিকা আৰু পানামা চৰকাৰৰ মাজত হোৱা এক চুক্তি অনুযায়ী ১৯৯৯ চনত এই খালৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ নিয়ন্ত্ৰন পানামা চৰকাৰে লাভ কৰে।

## লগতে পঢ়ক

* Brodhead, Michael J. 2012. "The Panama Canal: Writings of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Officers Who Conceived and Built It." Archived 2013-04-08 at the Wayback Machine US Army Corps of Engineers History Office, Alexandria, VA.
* Bruns, Sebastian (2010). Panama Canal Security: Expansion and Maritime Risk, in: Strategic Insights by Risk Intelligence. Global Maritime Security Analysis No. 29, December 2010, pp. 4–7 (with Guy Wilson-Roberts).
* Cullen, Ben. (2010). The Panama Canal and Me: A Panamax Special. ISBN 978-0-8212-7754-6
* Greene, Julie, *The Canal Builders: Making America's Empire at the Panama Canal* (New York: Penguin Press, 2009)
* Hoffman, Jon T.; Brodhead, Michael J; Byerly, Carol R.; Williams, Glenn F. (2009). *The Panama Canal: An Army's Enterprise*. প্ৰকাশক Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. 70–115–1. Archived from the original on 2015-04-03.  আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2014-03-17.
* Jaen, Omar. (2005). Las Negociaciones de los Tratados Torrijos-Carter, 1970-1979 (Tomos 1 y 2). Panama: Autoridad del Canal de Panama. ISBN 9962-607-32-9 (Obra completa)
* Jorden, William J. (1984). *Panama Odyssey*. 746 pages, illustrated. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-76469-3
* Maurer, Noel, and Carlos Yu. *The Big Ditch: How America Took, Ran, and Ultimately Gave Away the Panama Canal* (Princeton University Press, 2010); 420 pp. ISBN 978-0-691-14738-3. Econometric analysis of costs ($9 billion in 2009 dollars) and benefits to US and Panama
* McCullough, David. (1977). *The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870-1914*. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-22563-4
* Mellander, Gustavo A.(1971) *The United States in Panamanian Politics: The Intriguing Formative Years*. Daville,Ill.:Interstate Publishers. OCLC 138568.
* Mellander, Gustavo A.; Nelly Maldonado Mellander (1999). *Charles Edward Magoon: The Panama Years*. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial Plaza Mayor. ISBN 1-56328-155-4. OCLC 42970390.
* Mills, J. Saxon. (1913). The Panama Canal—A history and description of the enterprise A Project Gutenberg free ebook.
* Parker, Matthew. (2007). *Panama Fever: The Epic Story of One of the Greatest Human Achievements of All Time—The Building of the Panama Canal*. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-51534-4
* Sherman, Gary. "Conquering the Landscape (Gary Sherman explores the life of the great American trailblazer, John Frank Stevens)", History Magazine, July 2008.

## মানচিত্ৰ

| [লুকুৱাওক][প্ৰ • আ • স] Panama Canal |
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| Legend |
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 |  | **Atlantic Ocean**(Caribbean Sea) |
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 | 0 | Atlantic Entrance,Manzanillo Bay Breakwater entrance |
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| 5.4 |

 | বহলাওকPort of Colon, Cristobal |
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 | **Gatun Locks**3 chambers, 26 মিটাৰ (৮৫ ফুট) |
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 | **Gatun Lake** |
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 | Gamboa |
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 | **Pedro Miguel Locks**1 chamber, 9.5 মিটাৰ (৩১ ফুট) |
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 | **Miraflores Locks**2 chambers, 16.5 মিটাৰ (৫৪ ফুট); spillway |
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 | বহলাওকPort of Balboa |
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 | Bridge of the Americas (Arraiján–Panama City) |
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 | Pacific Entrance |
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 |  | **Pacific Ocean**(Gulf of Panama) |

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|  Legend  |
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 |  | Navigable canal(maximum draft: ৩৯.৫ ফুট (১২.০ মিটাৰ)) |
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 |  | *Third set of locks lane*(under construction) |
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 |  | Dock, industrial or logistical area |
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 |  | Water flow direction |
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 |  | City, village or town |

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## চিত্ৰভঁৰাল

* Location of Panama between Pacific (bottom) and Caribbean (top), with canal at top center

Panorama of Pacific entrance of the canal. Left: Pacific Ocean and Puente de las Americas (Bridge of Pan-American Highway); far right: Miraflores locks.
## তথ্যসূত্ৰ

## বাহ্যিক সংযোগ

* Panama Canal Authority website—Has a simulation showing how the canal works
* Canalmuseum—History, Documents, Photographs and Stories
* Early stereographic images of the construction Archived 2014-08-26 at the Wayback Machine University of California Archival collection of maps, blueprints, photographs, letters, and other documents, collected by Aurin B. NicholsArchived 2018-12-15 at the Wayback Machine, an engineer who worked on the canal project through from 1899 until its completion.
* *Tugboat Gatun was the first boat through Gatun locks, June 1913 Archived 2014-01-06 at the Wayback Machine*
* Panama & the Canal Digital Collection
* Footage of ships going through Panama Canal in 1917 Archived 2012-09-15 at the Wayback Machine
* The Panama Canal Archived 2014-02-10 at the Wayback Machine An American Experience Documentary
* 9 Facts about the Panama Canal Expansion - Infographic Archived 2013-09-26 at the Wayback Machine

*  — Collection of Panama Canal pictures