# Arciliya

## **Algeria**, the **People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (**阿爾及利亞人民民主共和國)

## Arciliya Finawlan Kapolongan Kitakit (阿爾及利亞人民民主共和國)

## Takaray Sowal (概略)

O Arciliya Finawlan Kapolongan Kitakit (Arapiya sowal: الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية‎‎ al-Jumhūriyya al-Jazāʾiriyya ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyya aš-Šaʿbiyya), kalongangan o Arciliya hananay (Arapiya sowal: الجزائر‎‎ al-Jazāʾir; Arciliya Arapiya sowal: الدزاير‎‎ al-dzāyīr, Holam sowal: 阿爾及利亞). Itiraay i ka’amis no Afrika ko kaitiraan nona kitakit, miingiday to Sifo’an Riyar (Ikiris sowal: Mediterranean Sea), isakawali malafiyaw ato Lipiya ato Tunisiya, ikatimol no sakawalian ato sakatimol matatongod ato Niro, Mali, ato Maolitaniya akitakit, isak’etip malalocok ato Moroko kitakit. O sera no Arciliya o sadadahalay itini i Afrika, ikakaayho no Sifo’an Riyar ato Arapiya a kitakit, o saka 10 ko rayray i hekal.[1]

O kaying no Popor Finacadan (Algeriangirl)
Ono sifoan sowal o Arapiya sowal ato Popor sowal. Ilaloma’an no kitakit i, o Arciliya a Arapiya sowal ko hakasasowal, nikawrira halafinay tato a makowan no Fransu, orasaka o matayalay to demak no sifo, mali’aca ato pipasifa’an ono Fransu sowal ko misatekedan.

Itiya ho o namikowanan no Fransu ko Arciliya, i 1962 miheca halafin ka pilood to Fransu, malowid to ko Fransu ’i, Misa’iked to Niyahpikowan. O to’asan a maro’ay itini a yincumin ’i, o Popor tamdaw (Popor sowal: ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, Roma a tilid: *Imaziɣen*), ona ngangan tonini i, nani Latin a sowal "barbari", o imi nonini ’i, o "makatary (cowa ho kalatamdaw)" sanany, tahira to i saka 8 sici (世紀) o Arapiya Hontian Kitakit ko mikowanay, sa malaIslam ato malaArpiya, i 16 sici satapang ko Otoman Hontian Kitakit a mikowan tona kitakit, sa macirep no Arapiya punka ato Islam a to’asan punka. Anini sato o i sifoay ko ’icel no kitakit itini i saka’amisay no Afrika, ira ko sapili’etan a pacakay to kinairaira no pala ta macakat ko ‘icel no kitakit, masafangcal ko ‘orip no kalotamdaw. O pihapinang no Linhoko to kacakat no ’orip no tamdamdaw (Ikiris sowal: Human Development Index, kamoko’ tilid: HDI; Holam sowal: 人類發展指數) o satakaraway itini i Afrika Karopaw. O sasarad no kasolin simal no Arciliya o sakatosa ko kaadihay i Afrika, saka 16 i hekal ko kaadihay, o sasarad kaso saka 9 rayray i hekal, o citodongay a mikarkar tona simal ato kaso i, o Arciliya Kasolin Kaisya no kitakit, o satata’angay i Afrika.

O Arciliya inomatini o kapot no Linhoko, Afrika Lekatep, Arapiya Lekatep, Pacakayay to simal a Saopo ato o cecay no patirengay to Arapiya Makalito Lekatep.

## **O nganagan no kitakit (國名)**

O "Arciliya" hananay i, o ni felihan nani Ikiris a pangangan, o tatapangan nona ngangaan i, o nani Tatapangay Tokai (Syoto) Arcir, onini ’i, o sowal no Arapiya to Ciasai（الجزائر‎ *al-Jazāʾir*), o imi noni i, o "kanatanatal" sanay, o pangangan toya i kihaway a 4 kanatal, iikor tono 1525 miheca ona 4 a kanatal pasado’edo sato to karopaw a malacecay,[2] nikawrira, tahanini o ngangan nona kitakit i, oyanan ho o Ciasai.

## **Rikisi (歷史)**

### **No Tato’asan ho Rekad (古代)**

Ano no ikoikor a pisa’osi itiya ho i’ayaw no kasofocan ni Yiso to ceay ofad ko mihecaan, itiniay to ko Popor Finacadan a maro’ tona taliyok no Arciliya a palapalan. Iikor tono i’ayaw no cecay a patek mihecan Ciatayki Tamdaw misatapang a patiren I lilis no riyar to sakowan. O Popor

Casitini Honti (Meister von San Vitale in Ravenna)
looden (Punika lalood) nangra ko Ciatayki a micowat mi’afas, oya paka’efaay sofitay saci’icelay, sanoyanan sato a sakakahad sa ko mikowanan no Popor Hontian Kitakit. I’ayaw no kasofocan ni Yiso to tosa so’ot miheca, makowan no Roma Hotian Kitakit ko Popor Finacadan, yo matekop sato ko Roma Hotian Kitakit, palaliyaw haca ko Popor Finacadan a masa’ike’iked a patireng to niyah a sakowan, toya a rekad o Wantar Tamdaw (o Sa’etipay Le’erman Finacadan, sano Latin sowal: *Germani*, sano Toic sowal: *Germanen*), ko micowatay to roma a pala, o kahalafin no pikowan no Wantar Tamdaw tahira i malaplap no Paycantin Hontian Kitakit a hotnti ci Casitinni Sakacecay (Latin sowal: *Justinianus I*; Kirisiya sowal: *Ιουστινιανός*); o tada ngangan ningra i, ci Falawi Potoru Saypatios Casitini (*Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus*).

Paycantin Hontian Kitakit mahaop to kaya ma’ecoay no Wantar Tamdaw a pala a mikowan, salongan i saka 7 sici i katomirengan no Arapiya Hontian Kitakit ta mapalasawad ko Paycantin Hontian Kitakit.

### **Sifo’an Sici ato Ingataay ho Mihecaan (中世紀與近代)**

Saka 7 sici misatapang a micomod a tayni ko Arapiya, malingato ko mikitira no finawlan to Islam. Itiya ho mipatirengay ko Popor tamdaw to no niyah Hontian Kitaki, o pirecepan no Islam Pitooran ato Arapiya itiraay i saka 7 sici a misatapang, ititra to ko kafalic no Pitooran ato sowal, masiwar ko pinangan no niyaro’ ato ‘orip no tamdaw, orasaka malarocok to maloficay a punka, paheci to sici ato lekakawa no niyaro’. To ikor to o Arciliya ato taliyokan a sakowan i, polong han to a pangangan to Popor katakitan.

Saka 12 sici, ika’amisay no Afrika a Popor tamdaw patireng to Islam a Moasito Hontian Kitakit (Arapiya sowal: المُوَحِّدون‎ *al-Muwaḥḥidūn, Holam sowal:* 穆瓦希德王朝) maro’ i Arciliya tangasa i kapatayan ni Moasito i 1236 miheca, mafalic ni Sakatosa a Apo Inan Faris a patireng ko Tolay Mosin kitakit, o sa’ayaway nipatireng no Popor tamdaw a kitakit ko nini. O kaitiraan nona kitakit i, o pitata’elifan no icowacowaay, orasaka kali’eki a macakat ko pili’etan a tayal. Ikor to mafafodfod ko finawlan, sanoyanan sato malikelon ko ‘icel nona kitakit, saikoray to i 1532 miheca, macowat no Aosman Hontian Kitakit.

Micakay to Kiristo a koli nani Papali kitakit (Purchase of Christian captives from the Barbary States)
Namalacecay no sakowan no Otoman ko Arciliya, mitatoyay ho to niyahpikowan a ’icel. Nani 16.17 sici malikelon ko ’icel nona Otoman Hontian Kitakit, o Sotan kakeridan sato no niyaro’ no Arciliya ko citodongay a mikowan tono niyah a pala, mipa’ekel to minato ato hahor no mi’afasay to dafong i riyar.

I sa’ayaw no 19 sici, Sotan a kitakit mi’afas to mipa’acaay to dafong a tamina no Amirika, malalood to kinacacay ato kinatosa a Papali Lalood (*The Second Barbary War, or Algerian War*).

### **Cowaten Malasakowanan no Fransu (法國殖民地)**

Tokor Congtong (Charles de Gaulle-1963)
Nani 1830 miheca patado han a misanga’ ko sician demak halalalengatan a milood to Arciliya, micowat to lilis no riyar no Arciliya, namalaplap ko mikowanay a sotok, satapang to a pasatimol ko picowat no Fransu, sapirecepaw a misiwar to pinangan ato punka no Arciliya ko Fransu, ci’icel a mitoker ko Arciliya to Fransu, tahira to i 1905 miheca hato laheci sanay to ko ha’emin no Fransu a mi’eco to Arciliya.

I kalaloodan no sakatosa lalood no kanatal a ma’emin, midama ko Arciliya to Sa’etipay Lekatep, mipadang to pilood no Fransu to Toic. I 1945 miheca pakalowad ko Malekatepay Kitakit, yo malaheci to ko lalood i, midelih a mipenec ko Congtong no Frasu ci Tokoro to sapiikedawan to niyahpikowan no Arciliya, sapihadefekaw a mipatay to Arciliya tamdaw ci Tokoro congtong no Frasu. (Fransu sowal: *Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle*; Holam sowal: 夏爾·安德烈·約瑟夫·馬里·戴高樂)

1954 miheca, o sapitedalaw a parahoday to tamdaw no Arciliya a cefang satapapang a mi’adapaw to sofitay no Fransu, 10 ko kalaloodan ato Fransu ta maala ko Niyahpikowan a ‘icel a patireng to Arciliya Finawlan a Kapolongan Kitakit i 1962 miheca.

### **Misaiked to Niyahpikowan (獨立後)**

1965 miheca, mafelih no kakerida no sofitay ci Hoari Pomaytin (Arapiya sowal: **هواري بومدين**‎, Latin: *Houari Boumediène*, Holam: 胡阿里·布邁丁) ko sa’ayaway congton (Arapiya sowal: أحمد بن بلّة‎‎; Holam sowal: 艾哈邁德·本·貝拉), nano yanan sato ko pikowan no sofitay to kitakit taha nini. 1990 a mihecahecan, adihay to kono sici a tang masadak to sinkiw, o to’asan ho ko harateng a Islam Tang ko pakaalay to congton, manaay ko sofitay mitoor, itira to ko kalalood i laloma’ no kitakit, ma’edeng ira ko 10 ofad ko mapatayay tona laloma’ay lalood. Cisafaw to 10 mihecan ta kosang sato ko papaa’orip sofitay no Islam, o roma a sofitay no Islam itira i sici ko piloodan nangra, malasifo’ay a kakeridan, to ikor to i, maala nangra ko congtong a ‘icel ato kamaro’an.

I karawrawan to ikor no sinkiw, o Sapitedalaw a Parahoday to Tamdaw no Arciliya a Cefang (*FLN*) maro’ to i sifo i, hatosa han a milekal to sano Finawaln a Syakaisyuki, ato misiwar to maci’iwiay a pinangan, ta manga’ay ko pisawidang to Yoropa, o sapi’etengaw to katalawan tamdaw safeleng saan a micomod itiya ho i sakatosa lalood no hekal ma’emin, Ka’amisay Lekatep (NATO) a kitakit pafeli to adihayay a salifong, patinako han,

Fucis sinsya (TPz FUCHS 2)
o Toic pafelien ningra ko Arciliya to kika to sapisang’ to Fuchs sinsya no Toic. 2008 miheca saka 11 folad falicen no Lipoin o pikaikian no kitakit ko kinpo ta manga’ay ko aniniay congtong ci Acicu Potofolika palalid a malacongtong, kinacecay aca ko kalacongtongan sa ko pilikec no itiyaay ho kinpo, yo mafalic to i, kinatolo to a pararid mala congtong ci Acicu Potofolika, i 2014 miheca marawraw ho to sinkiw caka pakaso’elin ko finawlan to mahaopay ko 82% a satopa, nikawrira pararid heca to sakakinasepat a malacongtong.[3] Halafin ta to ko kalacongtong, nani 2013 miheca macongfong ci Acicu Potofolika, away to a papising to ‘alomanay. Nikawrira, i 2019 miheca milekal heca to sakararidaw a malacongton ci Acicu Potofolika, cato ka ’emet ko keter no finawlan safereng sato a mikangi (mitoker). O pilalang no finawlan ato tapang no sofitan ci Aihamayto Kito Salahe, lekal sato ci Acicu Potofolika misawad malacongtong.[4]

## **Palapalaan (地理)**

O kaitiraan no Arciliya itiraay i saka’amis no sa’etipan no lislis no riyar. Mahatosaay a picih o ka’amisan ato satimolan: o ka’amisan i, o dafdaf i lilis no riyar ato Atolas Tokotokosan, ililis no riyar i, sa’emel a kala’oraday, ono Sifo’an Riyar a kakarayan; o katimol i, Sahala Atolas Tokkotokosan ato Takaraway Dafdaf, o pacarpacaray a kakarayan. Oya sakatimolan a Sahala Tafotafokan o dadahal i mahaop ko 4 no kalilima no polong a sera no kitakit, ona pala itini i, masadangahay ato takaraway palapalan, o fa’edetay a tafotafokan ko kakarayan itini. O tokatokasan no Arciliya i, tadasi’enaway i kasi’enawan.

### **Palapalaan liyad (地理分區)**

O palapalaan no Arciliya pala sepat liyad:

### **Lilis no riyar a dasdas (沿海低地區):**

Samoro kilang (Fig fruit)
Nani Atolas Tokotokosan pasa’edo’edo tara riyar, tahira i dasdas makalitosa matiya o lofoc, caay ka masadafdafay a lilis no riyar. o dasdas itirni ira ko Oran dasdas, Cilifo Saowac, Arciliya Dafdaf,Piciaya Daspolongen ko dadahal I idas ato Annapa Dasdas. Ona dasdas i mahaop ko 3% aca no polong a sera no kitakit, nikawrira, o fatad no tamdaw no kitakit i, itiniay a maro’, nawhani itiniay a masaopo ko pananoman a omah, cisafaway to 200 ofad ko tamdaw a niyaro’ itiniay ko adihayay.

O dasdas i lilis no riyar cikarapoyay ko sera, o sifo’an a kakarayan ato kaadihay no nanom sa makapah ko pinaloma malofic ko losay. Nano Cilifo ’alo a kasasaowac tada kakahad, nawhani o satata’angay a ’alo no Arciliya konini, o kakaya’ nona ’alo i,640km, o cipas nona ’alo sahetoay nani Tayr tokos. O kakahad nona saowac i, tahiraay to i 30km. I

Heci no Samoro (Figs)
i fa’edetay, o fa’edet i saka 7 ato saka 8 folad malalenay i 37.5tu, o ’orad no kalomihecaan 400 konli, tada matatodongay a mipaloma to olif, haherher (samoro) fadisoso’ ato maamaan a pinaloma, mangle ko kanga’ay a mipaloma to fadisoso’ i tofotafokan.

O kakahad no dafdaf a pala no Arciliya ira ko 100 km ko kakaya’ ira ko 20 km ko kakahad , halafinay to a pamatangen soa adihay ko tamdaw itini amaro’. Ona dafdaf i, o Mitika (Mitidja) Dafdaf hananay a pangangan, sahetoay o saowac, o ikawaliay a Piciaya dasdas i o nani Soman *(Souman)* ’alo kalafaco nonini.

### **Tayar tokotokosan (台爾山區)**

Tayar Atorlas tokotokosan nani sa’etip i Moroko pasiwali a matatongod, tangasa i lilis no Sifo’an Riyar, tona tokotokosan adihay ko masa’etoay a takaraway a dafdaf , adihay aca ko hato ’alopalay ’orad kahenayay malihoc no nanom ko aera. O kasi’enawan tangsa i saka 5 folad ko caay ka filo ko kasi’enaw. O itiraay i lilis no Sifo’an Riyar, o Takapili *(Grande Kabylie)* hananay a pala i, sahetoay o takaraway dafdaf ira ko 2000m ko ka’akawang nona dafdaf, sahetoay o tonotono’an ato tapolopoloan, orasaka, to mihecahecan nani saka 11 folad tangasa i roma miheca saka 5 folad, patosi’ay ko ‘orad tona fatad no mihecaan. Nikawrira, ’alomanay ko maro’ay tamdaw itini tona tokotokosan, o nipalomaan sa losay caay ka ’edeng malokaka’enen no itiniay maro’ a tamdaw, onini ko sakapiliyas no fainayan tayra tokay a matayal, o roma a tamdaw maraay ko katayran i Fransu matayal sa ira ko sapipanokay a payso halo kaka’enen no iloma’ay.

I kalaloodan no Arciliya ato Fransu i 1954-1062 miheca, lacemcem ko Fransu to misamaomahay a tamdaw, sa polong hanto a milaplap tayra i Takapili Takaraway Dafdaf ta manga’ay ko pipa’ekel tona tamtamdaw.

### **Syuci Takaraway Dafdaf a pala (秀茲高原區)**

Ira ho koroma apangangan to "Takaraway taporo" , ila’eday no Tayar Atolas Tokotokosan ato Sahala Atolas Tokotokosan ko kaitiraan non apala. Nani ka’amis no sakawali pasitira i katimol no saka’etip a matatongod, kakahad isaka’etip madiheco isakawali, ma’edeng 1000m ko ka’akawang, caay ka hakowa ko ’orad, kasi’enawan si’enaway a makedalay pala. O malengaway itini i, o Alfa, Sparto (*Sparte* anoca *Esparto*) a po’eneray rengos, ona rengos o sapaka’en to kolong ato siri I kasi’enawan a romi’ad. Caay ko sapaka’en aca kona rengos, saadihay han a miritrit a mipawali, sapacakay i romaroma a kitakit o sapisanga’ to fancalay tatipelok, o lamat nona rengos o sapisanga’ to towaso, sikal ato cinaw. O Sparto a rengos i, cecay a laya’ ko ’akawang, ci’icelay to kedal ato cinahcinahan a sera, sa manga’ay ha sapidipot to sera ta caay ka lihiw no ’orad.

### **Sahala-Atolas Tokotokosan (撒哈拉阿特拉斯山地)**

Piskola Langdaway Pala (City Hall of Biskra)
Safaw no 2000m ko ka’akawang nona tokos, manga’ay pisopedan to nanom no ’orad, sa defet ko rengaw no kilang ato rengos i ’apilis no tokos. O nanom no ’orad mirecep i kemod no sota’ masadak to icowa i malanemnem, ira to ko kilang ato rengos a lomengaw, masaopo to ko tamdaw a maro’ itini, oninian i, o "langdaway pala" hananay, o satata’angay i, o Piskola Langdaway Pala, mido’edoay to tokos ko katenak non apala, ira ho ko mamangay Langdaway Pala o Lakowato (Ikiris sowal: *Laghwat*; Fransu sowal: *Laghouat*), *Fiko* (Figuig) ato Pisaer.

## **O sofal no Arciliya (行政區)**

O polong no Arciliya a sofal pecihen mala 58 ko sakowan, 553 ko sofal, 1,541 ko niyaro’. 2019 miheca saka 11 folad saka 26 romi’ad, malaheci a masanga’ no Arciliya sifo ko rikec, oya kakahaday a sakowan i katimol pecihen ho a misamamang, sa citongal to 10 a sakowan.

## **Sici (政治)**

O congtong i, o tapang no kitakit ato kakeridan no sifo, o sinkiw ko kalatapang , 5 miheca ko kinacecay a kalatapang. Do’edo’en ko rikec no kinpo i, ‘edeng kinacecay aca ko kararidan a malatapang, nikawrira, i 2008 miheca saka 11 folad o Fafa’eday ato La’enoay a Lipoin (o pikaikian no kitakit) mapolong a mifalic to kinacecay aca ko kalacongtongan sanay a rokec no kinpo a palalan ta manga’ay ko aniniay congtong ci Acicu Potofolika a pararid malacongtong, sa kinatolo a pararid ci Acici Potofolika a malacongtong.

O ka’ayaway a kamaro’an ko congtong i pikaikian no citodongay a to demak no kitakit ato sakarihaday kaiki no kitakit. O kakeridan no sifo i, o congtong ko mitoro’ay, ona kakeridan ko mitoro’ay to roma a matayalay no citodongay kaiki.

O lipoin no Arciliya tosaay ko kasaiked : o Fafa’eday Kaiki ato La’enay Kaiki, o Fafa’eday Kaiki a Mikaikiay Tamdaw 144 ko tamdaw, o La’enay Kaiki a mikaikiay i, 380 ko tamdaw, 5 mihea ko kararidan a matayal.

## **O pili’etan a Kicai (經濟)**

O tamaanay a sapili’etan no Arciliya i, o kasolin simal ato kaso, mahaop ko 60% a kapolongan ‘etan no kitakit, mahaop ko 30 % no polong a ’etan no kalotamdaw no Arciliya, ato mahaop ko 95 % a ’etan no nipa’acaan i roma kitakit, i 1969 miheca malakapot no Saopo no Mipaliwalay to Kasolin Simal a Kitakit, o sarad no kasoin i saka 14 i polong no hekal.

O kaso (nani palaay lamal a fali) a sarad o sakalima i polong a hekal, sakatosa to pasadakay a pa’aca i roma a kitakit.

O nipalomaan a losay i ira ko muki, fadisoso’, mami’ dateng; o misang’an ira ko kaka’enen, kiradom ato riko’. I 2006 miheca, o polong a ’etan no kitakit (GDP) ira ko o sakatosa ko rayray i Afrika, mitoor i Katimolay Afrika.

Nikawrira, adihay ko tadah (kiyam) no Arciliya, ira ko pipadang no Kokusai Payso Kikinkai (Fransu sowal: *Fonds Monétaire International*, kamoko’ ay tilid: *FMI*; Ikiris sowal: *International Monetary Fund*, kamoko’ ay tilid: *IMF*; Holam sowal: 國際貨幣基金組織) ato Pari Kulapo to pisongila’ a misalof to faco no kicai, ikor to sangaay sato ko kicai no Arciliya, 2000 miheca ato 2001 miheca, macat ko ‘aca no kasolin ira ho ko pikedec to damak no sifo, mangalef ho kacakat no kanga’ay no kicai, saadihay sato ko ko mina’angan a payso, malowan to ko tadah. Adihay ko kasasiromaroma no kicai demak no sifo a mitongal to katayalan ato pipacakat to ’orip no tamdaw.

2001 miheca matatilid ato Yoropa Lekatep ko Arciliya sifo to sapkeroraw to ‘aca no kali’acaan a mipatongal to kafafalic to dafong.

I 2017 miheca o awaay ko tayal a tamdaw ma’edeng 11.7%[1], toya miheca o mamatayal a tamdaw no Arciliya ma’edeng 1182 ofad.[2]

## **Tamdaw (人口)**

O kasa’isal i fainayan mahaop ko 50.4%, o fafahiyan mahaop ko 49.6%. mahaop ko 90% a tamdaw itiraay i ka’amisan a lilis no riyar, i katimol tafotafokan ma’edeng ira ko 150 ofad, sahetaoay i langdaway pala ko kamaro’an nangra. O saadihay no tamdaw i mitooray to Muslim, mahaop ko 99% no polong tamdaw no kitakit.

Mahaop ko 80% a tamdaw o Arapiya sowal ko hakasasowal, 20% o Popor sowal. O Fransu a sowal matenakay tona kitakit, nikawrira cowa kono sifo a sowal, caay ka ‘aloman ko tamdaw o no inaan sowal ako konini sanay.

O pipahapinang no rayray no remes i, o Arciliya tamdaw sahetoay o teloc no Popor tamdaw, mirecep ko punka no Arapiya, namalemlam to Arpiya a pinangan sa Arapiya sato ko ’orip, sa pangangan to Arapiya-Popor Tamdaw. Itini i Arciliya taha nini iraay ho ko 15% a tamdaw o Popor tamdaw kako sanay, to romi’ami’ad ono Popor sowal ko haka sasowal, sahetoay o maro’ay i Kapiliya (Ikiris sowal:*Kabylie*; Popor sowal: *Tamurt n Yiqbayliyen*) a Kapayr tamdaw[3] (Kapayr sowal: *Izwawen, Iqbayliyen*; Fransu sowal: *Kabyles*; Popor sowal: *amurt n Yiqbayliyen*)

## Pihapinangan Tilid

[1] Country Comparison: Area. CIA World Factbook. [2013-01-17]. (原始內容存檔於2014-02-09).

[2] Online Etymological Dictionary. Etymonline.com. [2014-07-18].

[3] www.lepoint.fr – 2013-7-16

[4] 大规模抗议活动后：阿尔及利亚布特弗利卡辞职. 半島電視台中文網. 2019-04-03 [2019-04-06].

[5] Unemployment Rate. Central Intelligence Agency. [2020-06-06]. (原始內容存檔於2018-12-24).

[6] Labor Force. Central Intelligence Agency. [2020-06-06]. (原始內容存檔於2018-12-24).

[7] The World Factbook – Africa – Algeria. CIA. [2021-03-20].