# South africa

## South africa（南非）

South Africa nikapolongan kitakit (Satimol Africa a sowal: Republiek van Suid-Afrika [rɛpɵˈblik fan səitˈafrikɑː], inkiris sowal: Republic of South Africa), kapolongan a sowal to South Africa (Satimol Africa a sowal:Suid-Afrika [səitˈafrikɑː] (Tengilen na ngiha’), Inkiris sowal: South Africa), itiraay i pakatimolay no Africa, South Africa ato katimolay Intoyang a kacacofelisan a ikapolongan kitakit[10][11].

South Africa a sera mata’elif ko 122 ’ofad pinfang kongli ko dadahal[10], o dadahal i saka 24 no hakal[4][10], i katimol mililis to katimolay Tasiyang ato katimilay Intoyang minayat to riyar 2,798 kongli ko kakaya’[11]. Kaetip no South Africa cifiyaw to Namibia, ka’amis makakafit to Botswana ato Zimbabwe, kawali ka’amis makakafit to Mozambique ato Eswatini[11][12]. Oya “laloma’ay no kitakit a kitakit” Lesotho itiniay i laloma’an no South Africa ma’eferay a sera[11][12][13].

Roma, o South Africa dengan toloay ko ci tadamaciay kitakit[10][12][14][15][16]: citodongay dademakan (sakakaay kaitiraan no sifo) a Pretoria, Pirikecan maci (kaitiraan no kalomaocan) i Cape town, Hoyingan maci (sakakaay kaitiraan no hoying) itira i Bloemfontein[10][12][15][16]. Nakawrira, nawhani kasakitakit a Embassy (tasekoan) maemin i kadademakan a maci i Pretoria, orasaka kasakitakit a syakay mihayda to nia tadamaci no South Africa[17][18][19]. Oya satadamaanay maci ato kicay, ponka ciwsin itiraay i Johannesburg[10][20][21][22][23], oya satimolay no Sahara tafokan a saka tosa maci no South Africa at Africa saka tolo ta’akay maci[24]. O South Africa o saadihayay finacadan ato kasasiromaroma a ponka kitakit no Africa[14][25], ira ko 6,014 ’ofad no tamdaw[4], o Europe mafolaway, Into tamdaw ato kasasiroma no fanges tamdaw ’aloman ato kasasisalong o sa’adihayay i Africa kitakit.

O kasahirahira no finacadan ato mala’odotay no finacadan a likisi no South Africa ato sakasakapot no sici, oya caayay kapapina tamdaw no fohecalay tamdaw ato ki’alomanay a fohetingay tamdaw ko siwtoc no finacadan ko mamikowan i ngataay likisi no South Africa a sici, syakay, ponkaan. I ’ayaw o Netherland ko mikowanay i, fahecalay tamdaw no Netherland mafolaw i Africa itiya to a caayay ko matatodongay a rikec ko tatodong a nai Europe caayay ka papina a mafolaway a mikowanay[26], malosakalatiih no fahetingay tamdaw a halafin mararid ko kasasila’odotan a masasiwtoc[27]. I 1948 mihecaan a pisingkiwan, ikor o Komintang sarekad misitapang mikowan, o Africa tamdaw ko pakiniyah a finacadan micowat patireng to saki-palaedan to finacadan a rikec[12][27][28][29].

I 1948 miheca tangasa 1990 mihecaan a romi’adan to palaedan to finacadan, o samarariday ko kasasiwtocan no finacadan itiya i South Africa[27]. Talacowa i palaedan to finacadan itiya ’alomanay fohecalay tamdaw micoker to nian a rikec to palaedan to finacadan, nikawrira ira to ko 20% fohecalay tamdaw ko caayay picoker tinian a rikec, oya papotalay a mipececay a ’icel ko sakapaherek no nia palaedan to finacadan[27]. Nai 1990 mihecaan miteka, nanoyaan sa mapalasawad ko rikec to pipalaedan to finacadan no South Africa, nikawrira o sici a rikec ko satadamaanay ko saka sasili’ay ko sapilaheci[25]. Roma, o South Africa i Africa a faniyot tangasa i mamala cemahaday a kitakit, caay kapapina i awaayay ko kasasifelihan no sician a kitakit. I 1993 mihecaan adihayay a kasarakad i kasasowalan a lomaoc micikeroh patireng to fa^elohay a South Africa sifo mitelek ato milaheci to sakidadipot to no tamdawan a kimpo[30][31][32].

Aniniay a South Africa kalosasowalen a no tamdaw o “Talakal ni Idec a kitakit” sanay[33][34], onini a pangangan sa’ayaw o nai Cape Town Anglican kiwkay ’ayaway a kakeridan ci Desmond Duto a nisafaloco’an[10][35][36], ikor oya congtong no South Africa ci Nelson Mandela ko mi’edefay, pasalong to paherekan to palaedan to finacadan no South Africa a kalaliyas ato fa^elohay mengnengen a kasasiromaroma no ponka[37], pafaloco’ to kasasiroma no finacadan a tamdaw manga’ay malalen ko ka’orip itini laloma’ nonian a fangcalay nga’ayay kitakit[35][36]. O South Africa o sa’ayaway, o dengan a cecayay tona paitemaek misanga’ to pacowat heneng a sakalalood ikor o lonok sanay mipeleng to heneng a sakalalood a kitakit[38][39].

O South Africa saka 33 ta’akay kicay lekapot no hekal[7], o satadamaanay kicay no Africa, o sakimetoay a kitakit[12][40][41][42], ira ko sakakaay macowatay ato masafaelohay panasanga’ a tatenaan, o dengan pa’arawan i Africa a fana’ to kicic to nisanga’an a fo’is a kitakit[43]. Halo kacowat no South Africa ikaka to roma i Africa kitakit ciniiraay to nga’ayay a katadamaan a ci kadofahay i hakal to fodawan kinaira, ngalef o no tada^ekim a fodawan ato tadafodawan[44][45]. To hatiniay, o South Africa tenokay a kaci’icel no kitakit to [46][47][48][49][50][51] ato sata’akay kitakit no Africa[52][53][54][55][56][57], o salaloma’an no Linhoko[58][59], o kakeridan no kingko i hekal, sakapot no ma’a’acaay no hekal, sakapot no paysoan i kasakitakit, tata'akay Inkiris a lekatep, katomilay kapolongan lekatep, katimal lekatep, liyok Into lekatep a palowaday, caayay pikapot a onto, ^kiman a kitakit, 20 kitakit kapolongan.

Pina mihecaan a South Africa macedengay ko kacakat no kicay[60][61][62], nikawrira ikor ira to a masafa^eloh ko kicay[63]. Anini, o South Africa a kaki a pikingkiw, misang’ay to lalosidan tatenaan, misanga’ay a kicic o sa’ayaway i Africa[64][65][66], mararaay ko laed to romaroma kitakit no Africa[42], o sakaciparana’an no South Africa nai 1942 miheca tangasa 1982 mihecaan a kicay padadoedo ko kacakat. O kingko no hekal pasiikeden ko South Africa o ikakaay no tenokan ko kinaira no kicay ato fa^elohay misang’ay to lalosidan a kitakit[67][68].

I 2022 miheca, South Africa a tamdaw to salaloma’an no kitakit a kinaira midotoc to no kasakitakit a payso mifalic to Amilika payso 6,979 US[7], midotoc to nipi’aca sakitamdawan salaloma’an no kitakit mafalic ira ko 15,361 US payso[7]. No tamdaw a kinaira ira ko 6,080 US, mararid i tenokan kadadefongan[69].

## Ngangan no kitakit (國名)

“South Africa” a ngangan o nai katimolay no Africa a faniyot ko kaitiraan no South Africa. Nai 1910 miheca mapatireng ko South Africa nipatatekoan a kitakit, ikor o “South Africa” itiya miteka ono Inkiris nisakamoko’an pangangan to South Africa, pahapinang to nikalakomodan no South Africa o nano sepatay a nicalapan no Inkiris a sera. Nai 1961 mihecaan, o South Africa miketon to no Inkiris ko pipangangan to “Republic of South Africa”. I Netherland a sowal malo no South Africa sasowalen no kitakit a sakasowal a to’asan, ono Netherland a sowal ngangan no kitakit i “Republiek van Zuid-Afrika”; i 1983 miheca, ono South Africa a sasowalen ma’awid to ko Netherland a sowal to malosowal no kitakit[70], no South Africa a sowal to ngangan no kitakit “Republiek van Suid-Afrika”. Nai 1994 mihecaan, o sasowalen no South Africa kitakit ira ko 11 ko kasasiroma a sakasasowal no kitakit[71].

“Mzansi” nai iKapa a sowal, todong noi a sowal “Timolay” sanay, o sasowalan no South Africa pangangan[72][73], papina a malaafricaay a sarekad kasasowalen ko “Azania” a sasowalan[74].

## Likisi (歷史)

### ’Ayaw noto’asan a pikadkad pikingkiw (史前考古學)

I South Africa ira ko no tato’asan a pikadkad ato malafokelohay tamdawan nalacolan no hakal[10][75][76][77][78]. Pikadkad no mikingkiway o nai Gauteng sa’etal kasadihif maala to ko adihayay malafokelohay ato kaitiraan no horac. Linhoko kiwiko ponka sakapot to nia sa’etal pala i Cape Town o rocek no hekal, o sasowalen “nananoyan no tamdaw” [79][80][81]. Mapacomod i salaloma’an rocek no hekal halo adihayay manengneng a malafokelohay tamdawan a kaitiraan i Steck tamina (Steck Ark) [79][80][81], i Swark Krones, i Cromdrai pipa’adingan a Gondolin a dihif, I Cooper dihif ato Malappa.

I 1924 miheca, ci Raymond Dart i Noordwes ngata no cecay niyaro’ Taon ’etal manengneng ko sa’ayaway malafokelohay a tamdaw – Taon wawa[10]. Ikor, mikadkad ko mikingkiway i Limpopo ’etal a Makapansky, i Vrystaat ’etal a Cornelia ato Floris Bard, KwaZulu – Natal ’etal lilisay a dihidihif, i Oos-Kaap ’etal a Clexis ’alo a dihif, ato i Wes-Kaap ’etal a Pinnacle Point, Pioneers ato dihif no pisaepahan menengneng ko adihayay horac a tireng.

O nia manengnengay pahapinang, i ’ayaw no 300 ’ofad miheca i South Africa iraay to ko halo Africa faniyot a Af-ongay a kasato’asan a tamdawan[82]. Roma a iraay timol ongay, fatelay tamdaw, tomirengay tamdaw, Rhodesia tamdaw, Floris Bard tangal, Naledi tamdaw ato to’asan tamdaw. Itini to’asan tamdaw ira ko 17 ’ofad miheca a romi’ad maro’ itini i sakatimol no Africa faniyot[83].

Mikingkiway tamdaw i Farr ’alo a sa’alo matama ko kasasiromaroma a fetaol fokeloh o misanga’an a sakadademak[84][85].

Nai ’ayaw ni Yis to 500 mihecaan, San a tamdaw i katimol no Africa patireng halo pi’adopan pilitodan o pakaenay to ’a’adopen ko tayal sakaira no kicay[86]. Pakaenay saka cidafong ato syakay a piti’eran no finawlan. Tanetek ato macowat ko syakay no San a tamdaw, nanoya o tatapangan a san tamdaw mapalowad ko enar a macowat. Ona San tamdaw pakaenay masowal “Koikoi tamdaw” (kalotamdaw), oya pahiceraay masowal to “Bushman tamdaw” (mademetay tamdaw). Hala:fin to kasasiramod ato camel to i, oni tosaay a finacadan mala o Koisan tamdaw.

Itaya a to’as a Koisan tamdaw midoedo mililis to riyar a macowat, o caayay ka ’aloman a San tamdaw pado’edo i laloma’ to sa’etal ma’orip.

### Picowat no Bantu tamdaw (班圖人擴張)

Salongan i ’ayaw no 2,500 miheca, Bantu a tamdaw miteka nai Niger ’alo toloay faniyot pasayra i South Africa malinah. Nawhani i tiraay South Africa a San tamdaw ato somowalay to Bantu a sowal tamdaw awaay ko no niyah a faco a tilid, saka no South Africa a to’as a likisi dengan o pikadkad to nalacolan a mikilim.

Tangasa i ’ayaw to 1200 mihecaan, miteka pasayraay i ka’amis no Africa a kalali’aca. Nanoya, kakeridan tamdaw no pakayraan itiya a miteka manengneng, o tatodong nira matifac to ko no hongti a losid[87]. Kakeridan no pakayraan o tadamaanay no niyaro’, o cipali’ayaway to ikor a demak a citataparanay a ’icel.

I saka 4 sici ano eca saka 5 sici, katimol no Limpopo ’alo (aniniay South Africa ato Botswana ato Zimbabwe ka’amisay kalangangan) manengneng to midemakay to marar a Bantu maomahay ato pakaenay kahiceraan. Ona Bantu tamdaw rara: sa pasitimol ko kalinah, itiya micalap macefang to i ’ayaway no Koisan a sowal a Koikoi tamdaw ato San tamdaw.

Mihakelong to Bantu a tamdaw miriyad malinah a tayra i South Africa, nanoya cangra malikapot cangra to Koisan tamdaw mahicera ko ’aro, o nian i South Africa ira manengneng i dihif no ’ocoy ko tilid itira. Halo Xhosa a sowal ato Zulu a sowal itira i timolay a Bantu a sowal ira masolot ko ’ayaway nano Koisan a ngiha a sowal. Roma, mikingkiway itini i Bantu tamdaw a kahiceraan manengneng ko adihayay Koisan tamdaw a lalosidan.

Midotoc to tilid, o Kwazulu-Natal sa’etal i 1050 mihecaan minengneng to ko sa’ayaway a pisamaradan. I Linpopo ’alo pakatimolay a Xhosa tamdaw, o sowal halo ’ayaway a Koisan a sowal ko kacipinangan. Ikor, Xhosa tamdaw tangasa i aniniay a Oos-Kaap a ta’akay foting ’alo. Nawhani Bantu tamdaw i finawlan ato ponka (maradan to’as pisa’alapitan) ikaka ko picalap, i kalinahan nangra ira to ko sakitado ato nisolotan to no yincumin. I Mpumalanga manengneng ko pinapina mamoloay fokeloh ato matisilay fokeloh[88].

Pakayni to kasaso’aliw to Intoyang, katimolay a Mozambique a Muslim malali’acaay tamdaw, o South Africa mala o kalali’acaan to[87]. Toni a , kalali’acaan to dafong nai tiniay a kinaira a tada^ekim, wadis no elephant, ato nai raa:yay a Congko a kaysing, talid[87].

### Kalalitemohan to Portugal tamdaw (與葡萄牙人接觸)

Yo malalitemoh to Europe tamdaw i, picalapan no finacadan nai ’ayaw ni Yis to 1000 miheca, nai Africa faniyot romaroma a sa’etal milinahay tayra i South Africa a Bantu a finacadan. I likisi no South Africa ira ko tosaay a masakapokapotay a Xhosa finacadan ato Zulu finacadan.

I 1487 miheca, o Portugal misolapay ci Bartolomeu Dias mikerid to Europe tamdaw sa’ayaw talahekal i satimolan no Africa faniyot[89][90][91]. 12 folad 4 romi’ad, ci Dias i ci ’isoay ngoso’an minato talahekal (aniniay Namibia), matifac ko no Portugal pakataminaay ci Diogo Con i 1485 miheca samaraayay katangasaan i satimolay no Africa (ka’amis no ’isoay ngoso’an minato a Cross Point), ikor padoedo heca cingra mililis to katimolay Africa faniyot a kaetipay riyar tala’ayaw.

I 1488 miheca 1 folad 8 romi’ad ikor, nawhani o ta’akay faliyos patalatimolen ko tamina ni Dias, miraay to hekal no riyar calay no Africa faniyot, orasaka caay kanengneng ningra ko katimolay a Africa faniyot[90][91]. Saka 5 folad, ci Dias tangasa i kawali a hekal no Africa faniyot, sacisowal sa cingra to “Rio do Infante alo’” (aniniay Groot alo’). I pipatikoan i, manengneng ni Dias ko ceca masangoso’ay no riyar, pangangan han ningra “Cabo das Tormentas” [90][91]. Patiko ko Portugal i, Portugal a hongti ci Johnnes saka 2 liyaw han to ningra pangangan koni to “Cabo da Boa Esperança”, nawhani o pita’elifan nai Europe tayra i Asia ko nian, nanoya o saka kadofah a cidafong no Portugal koni[90][91][92].

Ikor, ci Louis de Camis ’olic no Portugal “o radiw no Luzitania tamdaw” maradiw ko pipakatamina ni Dias to nika tadamaan no demak[93][94][95].

Matatood ko Portugal tamdaw i Africa misolap, malali’aca ato mikowan, i South Africa kinatosaay micingcing: siiked i ikor no Netherland ato Portugal kalalood ikor nai Netherland a East India Company (kawali Into kosi) i 1652 miheca patireng to Netherland Cape picingcingan a romi’ad, ato Inkiris i 1795 miheca micalap to nano Netherland Cape picingcingan sera miteka a Inkiris picingcingan to sera romi’ad.

### O picingcing no Netherland (荷蘭殖民化)

Tangasa to i17 sici, misitapang maserer ko ’icel no Portugal i riyar, o Inkiris ato Netherland a milietanay alacefocefo’ mifelih to ’icel no Lisbon, nawhani pakaynien no Portugal micalap to kalali’aca to fangsisay ko kadofah a kacidafong[96]. I ’ayaw no 1601 mihecaan itiya, o Inkiris East India Company (kawali Into kosi) a taypiaw irato itini i Cape Town ko pipadamso, nikawrira ikor mafalic to o Ascension kanatal ato Saint Helena kanatal ko sapipatarod a minato[97].

I 1647 miheca, ono Netherland a East India Company (kawali Into kosi) tatosaay matayalay ma’alol i Cape Town to pinapina a folad, ikor malakahemeken no Netherland tamdaw ko Cape Town. Pakayni nai niyaro’ay nakamayan a kafesa’ay nanom ato titian, o saka’orip to no palonanay[97]. Itira haca cangra i kadofahay a sera no Cape Town a misadateng[98], nikawrira o itiniay a Koikoi a tamdaw caay ko maomahay a finacadan, orasaka o East India Company (kawali Into kosi) nai Netherland pacomod to maomahay tamdaw a maomah mipaloma.

Pitiko tayra i Netherland, o East India Company (kawali Into kosi) masapa ko Netherland to kai Cape Town a demak o “’ariri ato sahanaan” a sakaci’icel, malopicarcaran rakat no tamina kalali’acaan tayra i Asia[97].

I 1652 miheca 4 folad 6 romi’ad, manengneng i ngoso’an ko calay no rakat to malitosaay sici to ikor i, ci Jan van Riebeck taypiaw no Netherland East India Company (kawali Into kosi) i ngata no Cape Point a Cape Town talahekal, itira patireng i Cape Town to maraayay rakat i Asia a padamso a picaferan, halo miceroh, padatengan ato palosayan[99][100].

O papinapina a pakatayalay i East India Company (kawali Into kosi) paherek ko katatelek itira sato i nicingcingan a matayal[100], ikor sa’aloman sato i Cape Town ko mapakoniraay tamdaw “Vrijlieden” i sa’etal. O milietanay no Netherland nai Indonesia, Madagascar ato kawaliay no Africa faniyot caayay ka sa’osien a nicingcingan pacomod to masafelengay sapatek ko mafadesay tayni[101]. Ikor, i South Africa sarakatay a macacamolay a finacadan a niyaro’ nai Frigiburg tamdaw, o misafadesan nangra ato kasayincumin a finacadan o matatekoay[102]. O saka ira no fa^elohay a finacadan ngoso’an a macengelay tamdaw miteka macowat, o sa’alomanay tamdaw o no Netherland a sowal ato no Kristokiw kalosasowalan ato pitooran nangra[102].

Pisiwali ko picowat no picingcing no Netherland, macacefis to kaetip katimolay a Xhosa malafelay niyaro’ mingataay to ta’akay foting ’alo a pipakaenan to ’a’adopen, orasaka malengat ko sakalalood[103]. I kasalilis no sa’etal a ma’oripay a Frigiburg tamdaw a maomahay masowal o Boolean tamdaw han, o malitosaay ko pipakaen to ’a’adopen a ’orip tamdaw o pakaenay a Boolean tamdaw han[103].

O Boolean tamdaw patireng to “pakeletan cefang” a finawlan sofitay a sakapot, malakakomod to Koisan tamdaw, misakapot to nipatatekoan patararikor to Xhosa tamdaw to pilefo[103]. Awaay ko pinang to kalalood a cimadoka’ay mapatayay, rikor to pinapina mihecaan ira ko kasasilefo to sakimasidayay a ’a’adopen[103].

### O picingcing no Inkiris (英國殖民化)

Nawhani o Frace a tamdaw micalap to macekalay kitakit, o Inkiris nai 1795 miheca tangasa 1803 miheca ko picalap to Cape Town[104], mitena’ to pipi’emet no France[103]. I 1803 miheca, caay ka halafin ko pitikol no Cape Town i Batavia nipatatekoan a mikowan[104]. Nikawrira maraod to i 1806 miheca, Inkiris a tamdaw micalap heca to Cape Town[104][105]. I 1806 miheca o pikatapi’an Cape Town a tatonekan i, o satadamaanay o pihayda to no Netherland a tamdaw to niterekan nangra i ngosoan a nicingcing a sera to piraoy a salongoc ato patodongan[106].

Ikor no paherek no kalalood ni Napoleon, o nicingcingan a sera i ngoso’an paliyas pafeli ko Inkiris, mala no sakakaay a micowatay no Inkiris hontian kitakit a todong[104][107]. Inkiris a tamdaw i 1818 miheca miteka mafolaw tayni i South Africa, nanoya i 1820 miheca pahiceraay mapahapinang ko mafolaway[107]. I kasamaamaanan no pakayraan, fa^elohay micingcingan a sapisalof o pipatongal to Europe tamdaw to sapipakalingad, mitongal i lilis no niyaro’ to sapitena’, mitena’ to picalap no Xhosa tamdaw.

I no 19 sici a ‘ayaw to 20 mhecaan, Zulu a hongti kitakit itiya to ni Chaka a nipikerid misata’ang to sera[108]. O Chaka mipalowad to kalalood to piripa’, sakacipatay ko 100 ’ofad tangasa 200 ’, saka i 1820 miheca a pitekaan mahadefek ko i laloma’ay niyaro’ a finawlan tomdaw[109][110]. Zulu tamdaw a cecay ngasaw-Madabel tamdaw patireng to cecay ta’akay a kitakit, halo i fafaway sa’etal a sera malo no ni’emetan no hongti a Mzilikazi hongti a todong[111].

Tangasa to i 19 sici i, micingcingay Netherland a Afrikaans macangal to i Kaap a nicingcingan ma’eme no Inkiris, orasaka o ’alomanay a tamdaw malinah itira. Oya Afrikaans malinah a tayra i Natal, Orange at Transva sa’etal, patireng to pinapina a Boer nikapolongan kitakit (aniniay a Gauteng, Limpopo, Mpumalanga ato Noordwes), Orange Vrystaat (Vrystaat) ato Natalia nikapolongan kitakit (aniniay KwaZulu-Natal).

I 1867 miheca i Kimberley manengneng ko cimali^emiay fokeloh ato 1886 miheca 2 folad i Johannesburg manengneng ko tada^ekim saka miteka ko mikeraday to kaloh[20][22][112], itiya ranikay ko kicay no South Africa macakat ato matongal ko malinahay[113]. O Inkiris misa’icel to yincumin a mi’emet. Mala’afas a mi’emet tonini a tadamaanay kinaira no kicay a sakalalifet no Europe tamdaw ato yincumin, ato Boolean tamdaw ato Inkiris a kasasi’ayaw[114].

I 1879 miheca, o sakakaay a micowatay no Inkiris hontian kitakit ato Zulu hongti kitakit malengat ko laloodan[115]. Ci Carnarvon tadamanay i Kanata malaheci patireng to nipatatekoan reko, sowal sa cingra o malecaday a nisa’icelan no sici nitongalan no sofitay latek i South Africa a Africa hongti kitakit, niyaro’ sa’etal ato Boolean nipatatekoan malaheci. 1879 miheca, Inkiris maocor ci Henry Bartle Freer tadamanay tayra i South Africa citodong to sakakaay dademakay, mamisafaloco’ tina halaka midemak, nikawrira madipangan oya iraay misiikeday kitakit South Africa nikapolongan kitakit ato Zulu hongti kitakit ato sofitay. Talacowa Zulu hongti kitakit ici Isandrwana a kalaloodan malowid ko Inkiris tamdaw, nikawrira ikor to malowid a mahilefek, mapacomod to i Natal nicingcingan[115].

I saka cecay Boolean a kalaloodan i, Boolean nipatatekoan no nikacawan ko pilood, mahaenay a lalood matatodong o itiraay a kadademak, orasaka malaheci ko pilifet to micalapay a Inkiris[116]. I sakatosa a kalalood no Boolean i, o Inkiris matongal to ko sofitay, fa^elohay ko rakat ato pilood, saka lasawad sato ko palakaka no Boolean tamdaw[117]. Talacowa o Inkiris nao kalaom no lalood malasawad ’icel ’aloman ko madoka’ay mapatayay, iko nia lalood matapi’ to, midotoc to “Frinisin lahakolongen” makakomod to ko Transva ato Orange[12][113].

### Niyah pikowan ato pisiiked (自治領與獨立)

I laloma’an kitakit no South Africa, Afrikaans miliyang to Inkiris a dademaken ikaka to pisiiked no South Africa[118][119]. I Netherland ato Inkiris a picingcingan, talacowa mitelek to sapi’emet to itiniay kohetingay tamdaw to pahicera ato pilafel, tinako South Africa a “1879 miheca yincumin kacingangan rikec” ato “sakaromakat rikec” lekakawa[120][121][122], nikawrira imatini a South Africa pala’ed to finacadan o pakayraay i caayay ko atodongay a rikec a midemak.

I 1908 miheca 10 folad, no Kaap picingcing, Natal picingcing, Transva picingcing ato Orange ’alo picingcing a sepatay nicingcingan no Inkeris a taypiaw saopo sa i Durban masasowal to pipatireng lacecay to nipatatekoan a kitakit no South Africa, mala no Inkiris a niyah a pikowan[15]. Nika, kasataypiaw mapalacecay icowaen ko kaitodong no syoto a masasiliyaliyang, nawhani kasa nicingcingan mangalay painiyah a sa’etal patireng to syoto[15].

Saikoray, kasanicingcingan masacecay a masikol to sakanga’ayaw a masasisorar[15][16]: I Pretorio, Cape Town ato Bloemfontein masasiiked patireng to nipatatekoan a kitakit no South Africa kadademakan a syoto, pipatirengan ko rikec syoto ato hoying syoto, o Durban o kasacomod masadak a dafong a kalali’acaan no nipatatekoan a kitakit no South Africa, o citodongay to sakowan to kicay[15].

Saikoray, kasanicingcingan masacecay a masikol to sakanga’ayaw a masasisorar[15][16]: I Pretorio, Cape Town ato Bloemfontein masasiiked patireng to nipatatekoan a kitakit no South Africa kadademakan a syoto, pipatirengan ko rikec syoto ato hoying syoto, o Durban o kasacomod masadak a dafong a kalali’acaan no nipatatekoan a kitakit no South Africa, o citodongay to sakowan to kicay[15].

Ikor no paherek i saka tosa no Boolean kalalood to 8 miheca, o 4 miheca ko kasasowalan, o Inkiris a kalomaocan mihayda to “1909 miheca South Africa rikec”, i 1910 miheca 5 folad 31 romi’ad patireng to South Africa nipatatekoan a kitakit[12][123], malayap o misiikeday ko kacingangan. nipatatekoan a kitakit halo Kaap picingcing, Natal picingcing, Transva picingcing ato Orange ’alo picingcing a sepatay nicingcingan a sera[124].

South Africa a “1913 miheca yincumin sera a rikec” tada madahdah ko kohetingay yincumin saki sera a hiyah pikowan[123][125]. Itiya a romi’ad, kohetingay tamdaw mi’emetan dengan 7% aca[123][125]. Ikor, o sifo ira ko pipatongal to no yincumin a terekan sera rafas[126].

I saka 1 lalood no hekal, o South Africa a nipatatekoan a kitakit i kasakitakit nipatatekoan patorodan miteka to ’ayaw Germany a ka’etipay South Africa patorod mikowan. Talacowa o ka’etipay South Africa i rikec caayho kaso’elin mapacomod i South Africa, nikarira so’elinay a o no South Africa a sa’etal[127]

I 1931 miheca, mihayda ko Inkiris to “Westminster a rikec”, talacowa hongtian no Inkiris oyaan to a miterek to roma a tekedan pikowan to kitakit a kakeridan, nakawrira kalomaocan no Inkiris ato sifo no Inkiris naitiya caay to kanga’ay mikihar to laloma’an demak no tekedan pikowan, orasaka palasawadan no Inkiris sifo to saki South Africa a saikora a salongoc a ’icel.

I 1934 miheca, Komin sarekad ato South Africasarekad makakomod malalikowat sarekad, mikilim to no Afrikaans ato Inkiris fohecalay tamdaw to sakalali’ay, nikawrira o na tosaay a sarekad ’aekakay naira ikor i 1939 miheca miliyas to malalikowat sarekad. I 1939 miheca, o South Africa malawidang no Inkiris mikihatiya to saka 2 lalood no hakal, nikawrira onini sakaliyang no polong micokeray to Komin sarekad, o nangra pihirateng o South Africa caay ko tomirengay i Nazi Germany nangra a sowal, mimaan mikihatiya to ’ada a Inkiris malalood. Pinapina o miingiray to Nazi a Komin sarekad micokeray mangalay to South Africa ato Nazi Germany makakmod, naniya miliyas to pi’emet no Inkiris sanay[128].

### Misitapang pala’ed to finacadan (種族隔離的開始)

I 1948 miheca, nikeridan ni Daniel Malan a Komin sarekad matifac to singkiw, misitapang mikowan[129]. Ci Malan misa’icel to saki Netherland ato Inkiris picingcing a mikowan misitapang a mipala’ed to finacadan[28], mitelek to sapikedec to mipala’ed to finacadan rikec[12][27][29][130]. Ni Malan sifo no Canada a “Intian rikec” ko pidoedoan[131], polong no finacadan pasasiromaen to kohecalay tamdaw, macengelay (color) tamdaw, Into tamdaw ato kohetingay tamdaw sapet a finacadan, kasa finacadan pasasiroma ko sa’etal a kamaro’an, kasasiroma finacadan pakniyah a solongoc ato sa’emet[27].

O kohecalay tamdaw caay ka ’aloman (caay pakata’elif to 20%[132]), nikawrira manga’ay mi’emet to ’alomanay a kohetingay tamdaw. Maparoyaroy ato mitelekan a pipala’ed o nian koya South Africa a pipala’ed to finacadan hananay[133]. O kohecalay tamdaw no South Africa i kicay macekal ko kacomahad manga’ay miraoy to Europe a kitakit a milecad to nga’ayay ’orip, nika o kohetingay tamdaw palahecad to roma Africa kitakit a kohetingay tamdaw miraoy to polong no Africa sahefong a sakakaay kanga’ay no ’orip[29]. Nikawrira pahecad han to kohecalay tamdaw, o ’alomanay tamdaw a kohetingay tamdaw saki kinaira, kiwiko, sapaising a isi, kamaro’an, ’oripan ato roma kapolongan a sapatado a maamaan caay ko sakanga’ay[29][134].

I 1954 miheca, misawad ci Malan i, ci Johannes Gerhardus Straitton ko malacongliay, kahapinangan ko Komin sarekad a maselicay to Transvaay to damsayay a Capeay ko pakalowid. Ci Straitton micikeroh to ikakaay to ni Malan ko pidemak to pipala’ed to finacadan demak[27]. I 1955 miheca, nao Africa finacadan lomaocan a citodongay to kalomaocan a nipatatekoan mihapiw to “pakoniraay a kimpo”, milongoc to South Africa paherek to pipala’ed to finacadan, patirengen ko cecay caaya ko pasafinacadan nayay a syakay. I 1958 miheca, mapatay ci Strayton i kacitodongan ho ningra, ci Hendrik Frenzy Verwald ko midotocay mala congli[27]. O kacitodong ho ni Verwald pipatireng to rikec, mirara patireng to kohetingay tamdaw ato fohecalay tamdaw ko kasasipala’edan ko demak[123][135].

## Nikapolongan Kitakit (共和國)

I 1960 mihecaan miteka, o South Africa a midemak to pipala’ed to finacadan demak mangalefmangalef ko kalaliyang, nanoya pinapina kitakit miteka mitiker to South Africa sifo ato kalaliacaan, o todong piliyang to South Africa na midemak to pipala’ed to finacadan lekakawa[136][137]. Nikawrira, o nia pidemak saki South Africa a kicay caayay ka hakowa ko maraay[29], o pidemak no South Africa to pipala’ed to finacadan a demak masasiroma aca nengnengen ko “kafahekaan a kicay” [138][139][140][141][142]

Nai 1942 miheca tangasa 1982 mihecaan a 40 miheca[6], o kicay no South Africa macakatay, salongan 7.3 miheca tangasa 7.4 miheca ko no o finawlan ko pi’arawan a sa’osi o fafelihen[138][139][140][141][142]. I 1960 mihecaan tangasa 1970 mihecaan, no South Africa a kicay ranikay malalifet macakat malalecad to hacikayay macakat a Dipong[138][140][141][143], masawal to o “ta’akay tamdaw a kicay no Africa faniyot” [138][141]. Tangasa i 1980 mihecaan, o pitiker a demak maledaf to i kasakitakit ato mihawad to ko romaay kitakit mi’esol[144][145], mangalef o Amilika Europe kitakit nai 1984 miheca miteka mikapot to sapitiker a demak, nanoya so’elin o kicay no South Africa a matefa ito[136][139][140].

I 1960 miheca tangasa1963 mihecaan, o sifo nai 350 ’ofad a kohetingay tamdaw laplapen papiliyas to nano niyaro’ nangra[29], malinah tayra i Bantustan[8], onini i aniniay a likisi ta’akay pilaplap a nidemakan[146]. Itiya, South Africa a sifo mihalaka to saki kohetingay tamdaw papilinah tayra i Bantustan, ikor o nia sa’etal o papafolawen i South Africa, nanoya patangic han a misiiked. Matiniay a mici’iwiay a pidemak nai 1970 miheca masitapang tangasa i satakaraway, palasawaden no sifo ko caay ko kohecalay tamdaw a salongan a sici salongoc, mangalef miteka milingangan to no kohetingay a nano finawlan no South Africa a ngangan. I rikec, cangra o i niyaro’ay niisalan salongoc a 10 a Bantustan a “finawlan”, o sici a salongoc dahdahen i nangraan a Bantustan, oni a Transky, Bobna, Wenda ato Hiskey mala citodongay misiikeday a kitakit[147].

Nai Afrikaans niparocekan to Komin sarekad mahapinang o nikapolongan a pakayraan, o nai Inkiris kakomodan ci Elizabeth saka tosa citodong to kakeridan no South Africa kitakit “sakakaay a micowatay no Inkiris hontian kitakit a misataray” [148]. I 1960 miheca 10 folad 5 romi’ad, o South Africa midemak to kapolongan pitopa, ’alomanay kohecalay tamdaw mitopa mihayda to South Africa pala o nikapolongan kitakit, nikawrira i nano Inkiris a teloc kohecalay tamdaw micalap i Natal sa’etal o miliyangay ko adihayay[149]. Saikor, o South Africa 52.29% ko paya mahayda mala o nikapolongan kitakit[150]

I 1961 mihea 5 folad 31 romi’ad, o South Africa masongila’ mala o nikapolongan a kitakit. O salongan o pipienec no tata'akay Inkiris a lekatep a kitakit, o South Africa mala o nikapolongan a kitakit itiya miliyas ko tata'akay Inkiris a lekatep a kitakit[123][151][9], tangasa i 1994 miheca miliyaw haca micomod[151]. O pipatireng to lekatep a kitakit o milinganganay to ni Elizabeth saka tosa to citodong to South Africa kakeridan no South Africa kitakit no Inkiris kakomodana ngangan, oya saikoray malacitodongay no South Africa ci Charles Roberts Swalt mala o sarakatay ongtong no kitakit[152].

Oya saki Westminster a telek a paliyas, o pipatireng to congtong no kitakit o kalomaocan ko patoroday, orasaka o patodong aca to kadademakan, so’elinay a ’icel itiraay i kamay no congli. 1966 miheca, ci Vervold i Cape Town malipalaw macocok mapatay cingra[27][135], o ci Balthazar Johannes Worster ko midotocay mala congli. Kacitodong ni Worster tadamaanay ko pida’oc to saki finacadan a pala’ed, nikawrira o ningra a pidemak mafohatay to no ’ayaway a congli, ci Worster mihaya to fiyaway kitakit a kohetingay tamdaw kakeridan makakomod mitanam to sakalinga’ay misalof to Rhodesia ato South West Africa a kasasietoc[27].

I 1970 mihecaan to ikor, ni Worster a sifo milengat pacomahat to nano Heneng a sakalalood a halaka[38]. I ikor no 10 mihecaan, o South Africa misanga’ to 6 manga’ayay pasadak a Heneng sakalalood[38][153][154].

I 1978 miheca, ci Worster mihapiw to sapisawad, ci Peter Wiliiam Porta ko micadaay to congli[27][155]. Sakamatira, ni Porta to saki pipala’ed to finacadan a demak ikaka ko kalohak to no ’ayaway[156]: I ’ayaw to pilalang caayay ka tatodong i rike a kararamod no finacaan; pipalasawad to pilalang patireng to milakecay to finacadan a sarekad a saopo nitelekan i kimpo; pilalang o caayay ko kohecalay tamdaw itira i sa’etal no kohecalay tamdaw a maro a rikec malohak to[156].

I 1983 miheca, ci Porta pa’owid to fa^elohay “kimpo a rikec” [157]: fa^elohay kimpo palasawad to congli a sakadademak; o sapipakidakid a pacakat to congtong no kitakit a ’icel, o congtong no kitakit dengan o pisi’ayaw to kalomaocan; oya macengelay tamdaw ati Into a tamdaw sakaira citolasay sici a salongoc[157]. Ikor, fa^elohay kimpo i kapolongan pitopa mahayda no kohecalay tamdaw a mitopa. I 1984 miheca, o todong no congli nanoya a mapalasawad, ci Porta malacongtong no kitakit ko demak ningra[155].

Orasaka, i saki kohetingay tamdaw to saki sici a salongoc, paherek no kohecalay tamdaw a pikowan a masalaloma’ay a demak i, aay paliyas ci Porta[155][156]. Ano matiratira aca laloma’ay papotalay no kitakit ira ko miliyangay ngiha i South Africa, nikawrira o sifo ni Porta oya midotoc a pakayra i nirikean ko pidemak to pipala’ed to finacadan a nitelekan. Ci Porta mitefad i karihaday hitay mipenec to laloma’ay no kitakit a saromaay kosowal a tamdaw[27][156], orasaka o karari’angan demak mato kararidan, Africa kitakit a lekatep, Azania finawlan sakapot ato Azania polongan no Africa saopo miliyang to pipala’ed to finacadan saopo ino milimekay pilood[158] ato mitastasay i mici[159] ko demak a miso’ayaw to sifo. Saan, oni a toloay a milifetay a onto malaliyaliyang macacefis to kainanengan i laloma’ no South Africa a masasiwtoc[160].

### Paherek ko pipala’ed to finacadan (種族隔離的結束)

Ci Mangosutub Tletzi ato ci Harry Schwartz i 1974 mheca masasitilis to “Mahrabtini paso’elin sowal” mipa’icel to sakalinga’ay a ’icel ato o tamdamdaw malalen ko sapidotoc, o South Africa kohetingay tamdaw atokohecalay tamdaw sici a kakeridan sarakatay malaheci kina katatelek[161]. I 1989 miheca, ci Poda mihapiw miliyas kadademakan, ci Fareddy William Day Clark ko nicadaay to congtong no kitakit[27][155][156][162].

I 1990 mihecaan, ci Day Clark sifo mihapiw to pipalasawad to saka Africa finacadan kalomaoc (ANC) ato roma miliyangay to pipala’ed to finacadan a demak, tala’ayaw mafalah to pisawaco a sa’awas[12][29][162][163]. Ci Day Clark kacitodongan o mipakoniraay mifalicay ko pakayraan ato Africa finacadan kalomaoc (ANC) kasasowal[161][162][164], nanoya micikeroh to South Africa Kyosanto ato Africa finacadan kalomaoc (ANC) a citodong i rikec[12][162], o sifo mipalafac kadadoedo i Robben kanatal, Polsmoor ato Victor West toloay pirofoan marofoay to 27 mihecaan ci Nelson Mandela [12][162][165][166][167][168]. Padoedo midemak to kasasowalan, miai to pihayda no ’alomanay kohecalay tamdaw to kapolongan pitopa, palasawaden no sifo ko pipala’ed to finacadan a rikec[29][162][164]. Nanoya tata’ang ko no kasakitakit syakay a nirekenan ato sodsod sa milaheci to sakalalen no finacadan, South Africa mihayda to mikowanay to 75 miheca West South Africa a misiiked[169].

I 1990 miheca 2 folad 9 romi’ad, i Namibia mitonek to kimpo. I saka 3 folad 21 romi’ad, Namibia so’elin mihapiw nai South Africa pikowanan misiiked[170]. Oya miheca, o South Africa mihapiw palasawad to Heneng a nipisanga', I 1991 miheca mikapot to “caay pilopisak to Heneng a telek” [38][39]. I1993 miheca, itiyaay a congtong ci Day Clark ato ci Mandela pakayni to sakadademak ato sifo a kasalaliyas masaini masasowal [161]. I 1994 miheca 3 flad 1 romi’ad, o South Africa to ’iso a hefong ato miwatawatay ko rakat a kaciw a kanatal pafeli patiko i Namibia[171].

Saka 4 folad, South Africa sa’ayaw caay kasasicilas to finacadan misingkiw[161][162], ci Mandela nikeridan a Africa finacadan kalomaoc (ANC) a adihayay a malowid[172]. Nai 1994 mihecaan i, o Africa finacadan kalomaoc (ANC) ko mikowanay[173][174][175]. Roma to nian i, South Africa miliyaw micomod to tata'akay Inkiris a lekatep[151], mala katimolay no Africa safaniyot comahaday lekatep.

I pipala’ed to finacadan a demak no South Africa i, samaanen militemoh ko masamaamanay kafafalic no demak, o kaawaayan no katayalan no South Africa ’akawang caay kaserer[25][29][176][177]. Talacowa ira ko ’alomanay khetingay tamdaw macakat tangasa to sasifo’an a selalan[25][178][179], nikawrira kohetingay tamdaw nikaawa no katayalan itiraay i 1994 miheca tangasa 2003 mihecaan ko tadanca a malanglang[177][180], halo pipaherekan to pipala’ed to finacadan a demak a masapakoyocay a kohecalay tamdaw matongal ito[181][182][183].

Roma, aniniay sifo misa’icel milaheci to sakipaysoan ato yosang mirikec, mipadama to sakadofah pala’isal[184] ato sakacakat no kicay[185]. Nai 1990 mihecaan itya macakal macakat[186]. Ira ko pakokotay to kai Aids ato cisawarakay adada malenak i South Africa, ato i ’ayaw ko nikaeca pikihar no sifo to sapisalofaw tonini a demak[187]

I 2008 miheca 5 folad, o kafangadang no South Africa ci mapatayay to 60 no tamdaw[188]. O kamaro’an a salongoc ato pilaplapa a citodongay misa’osi, ira ko 10 ’ofad no tamdaw ko milaplapan to niyah a loma’ [189]. Talacowa kararawraw o patodong to pikilim to picongacong to malinahay ato malafelay tamdaw, nikawrira ira ko tolo ira ko cecay (3/1) malatiihay a finawlan no South Africa[188]. I 2006 miheca a pitomadaw, o kafolaw no South Africa a kamok, South Africa tamdaw ikaka to romaroma a kitakit ko poliyang to mafolaway[188]. LInhoko mafolaway citodongay i 2008 mihecaan a hokok i, i South Africa misingsiay to picongacong a malafelay mata’elifay to ko 200,000 no tamdaw, ikaka to sepat no ’ayaway miheca ko ka’aloman[191].

Ona tamdaw o nai Zimbabwe a tayniay, nikawrira ira ko ’a;omanay nai Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luanda, Eritrea, Ethiopia ato Somalia[191][192][193]. Katayalan, kalali’acaan, kapolongan patado atoloma’ a kalalifetan ko saka ci malafelay ato pipakamaro’an a niyaro’ masadakay ko kararimokan[191][192][193]. Matiratira aca mi’ingtelay to papotalay harateng o nian a kacalemceman[194], nika oya karari’ari’angan a demak away to ko kamatiya ’ayaway a kacekokan a mananam ito[191]. Matiratira aca, midotoc ko South Africa misa’icel misalof to no finacadan a demak, nipasadakan sapisalof dengan kai pihayda i pirikecan, tinako mitala to mirikecay to “mi’ingtelay raraw ato mi’ingtelay nisowalan a rikec” [195], itiya mahadimel ko South Africa to saki finacadan to pitena’an ato sakalalenaw a pipa’ayawan[196][197]

## Palapalaan (地理)

O South Africa o pakatimol to no Africa faniyot, mililisay katimol Tasiyang ato katimol Intoyang minayat to riyar mata’elif ko 2,500 kongli (1,553 Inli), o sakowat no sera ira ko 1,219,912 pinfang kongli (471,011 pinfang Inli) [198]. Midotoc to (Linhoko tamdaw no mihecaan), South Africa o saka 24 i hekal ko dadahal a kitakit[199]. South Africa a sakowat milecad to Colombia ko dadahal, o tosaay no France, toloay no Dipong, sepatay no Itili ano eca limaay no Inkiris[200].

Itira i Drakensberg a Mafadi ira ko 3,450 meter (11,320 foot), o satakaraway tokos. South Africa itiniay i

timolan 22˚ tangasa 35˚, ato ’amisan 16˚ tangasa 33˚ kaitraan[10].

O South Africa a sekal kasa’etal saheto iraay ko dadaha:lay a dafdaf masakapot, nai riyar 1,000 cm tangasa 2,100 cm (3,300 foot tangasa 6,900 foot). Kawali takaraw ko sera, kaetip ato ka’amis panahal apilis, oya katimol ato kaetip katimol away mahapinang ko kasasiromaan no sera. ta’akay tono’ matafo tina akawangay dafdaf[201], o kawali ato satakaraway tokos manayaray pasowal han Drakensberg[202].

O katimol ato kaetip katimol takaraway dafdaf (nai riyar 1,100cm tangasa 1,800cm) ato kalaenoay masasiingiray dafdaf (nai riyar 700cm tangasa 800cm, nengneng coka) o sowal Great Karoo sa’etal, ka’amis a Kalahari tafotafokan o makedalay kilakilangan. Takaraway dafdaf a tenok kawali ato satakaraway a takaraway rengorengosan. I Gauteng a kafafalifalic no romi’ad o so^emetay, o kalali’acaan a omah ato sata’akay mici no South Africa. I ’akawangay rengosan a dafdaf i katimol 25˚30 pasi’amis tala’ayaw, ora mademetay rengos a dafdaf, i Limpopo poeneray sera ato dafdaf ko paherekan[201].

Itira ta’akay tono’ a lawac no riyar iraay ko nai Limpopo poeneray sera masakapot, nai kawali ka’amis pasayra kawanan manayat, oni a riyar ato no Mpumalanga a Drakensberg (kawali no ta’akay toni’) laenoay dafdaf katatokoan[203]. Poeneray dafdaf ikaka to maketonay tono’ a fafa’eday a dafdaf ikaka ko fa’edet, fo’edas, caay kalengaw ma’orip pinalengaw[201]. Itini i South Africa kawali katimol a Limpopo ato Mpumalanga a Kruger kitakit koying macalap ko poeneray rengosan dafdaf, o dadahal ira ko 19,633 pinfang kongli (7,580 pinfang inli) [204]. I poeneray dafdaf a katimol, kacinanoman to mihecaan hakelong sa to KwaZulu-Natal katongal, ngalef i kafa’edetan so’emetay riyar. KwaZulu-Natal ato Lesotho a salawacan nai a ta’akay tono’ a takaraway ato Drakensberg sakapot, ira ko nai riyar 3,000cm (9,800 foot) [205]. I laenoay no Drakensberg lotolotokan a kafafalifalic no romi’ad o maso^emetay.

Itiniay sakatimol no ta’akay tono’ ato kaetip katimol minayaray pasilaeno a lilis no riyar halo pinapina kasalecad no masangoso’ay mapiked a lotok, pasa ta’akay tono’ ato riyar masasila’ed[206][207] (onini kasalecad masapikeday lotolotok pahapinang to, mihapinang to ka’amisay no lotok a pasayraan no ta’akay tono’). O la’ed no nia lotok a sekay (nairiyar ira ko 400cm tangasa 500cm), katimol a kasapiked no lotok (oya katimolay a Outeniqua ato Langberg lotok ato ka’amisay a Swat lotok a la’ed) masowal o mimingay Karoo[201], o nai malitosaay tafotafokan a mademetay kilangan sakapot, malecaday o ta’akay Karoo, itini i Swat lotolotokan saseraan a ka’amisan o kala’oraday, orasaka ikaka to ta’akay Karoo manga’ay misanga’ to no tamdawan pipaka’orad. Mimingay Karoo i likisi o mipakaenay I liyok no Oudtshoorn niyaro’ to macekelay ’ayam.

Nai Swat lotok paka’amis tangasa ta’akay tono’ a lotok ka’amis poeneray sa’etal (nai riyar 700cm tangasa 800cm) o no ta’akay Karoo poeneray sa’etal, kafafalifalic no romi’ad ato pinalengaw a tilid awaay ko pinang misiiked i ta’akay tono’ a fafaeday Karoo. Pasiriyaran a masangoso’ay mapikeday lotok (o Langberg lotok – Oudtshoorn lotok), mangalef i hanahanaan lalan a George – Knysna – Plettenberg Bay sa’etal, sakiriyaran mararomotay to lilies no riyar polong no miheca takaraw ko katefad no ’orad. Oni sa’alomanay kilakilangan no yincumin i South Africa a cingangan.

Itini i kaetip katimol no South Africa a sangoso’an no kanatal o lilisay riyar no South Africa ato Tasiyang pakatimol a katatongodan, saikoray itira i Orange ’alo no South Africa – kalangangan no Namibia ko paherekan. angoso’an no kanatal o no Mediterranean a romi’adan, oni a sa’etal ato liyok no sa’etal mala katimolay Sahara a South Africa safaniyotan kasi’enawan ta’akay kala’oraday a sa’etal[208][209]. Midotoc i 2011 miheca no tamdaw a pipolita, itiraay i sangoso’an no kanatal a Cape Town a maci o kalomaocan no South Africa a maci, ira ko 370 ’ofad ko tamdaw.

I pasa’amis no sangoso’an no kanatal a lilies no riyar pasietip a Tasiyang, pasawali a tisil katimol ka’amis a lotok. sangoso’an no kanatal mapikeday lotok itira i katimol 32° tatihi[207], ta’akay tono’ mitaliyokay to mililisay to riyar a dafdaf. Oni a lilies no riyar pakatimol o Swartland ato Malmesbury dafdaf, o satadamaanay palomaan to ^mi a sa’etal i South Africa, mitado to no kasi^enawan a ’orad. Paka’amis a sa’etal o Namaqualand[210], midoedo to pingataan to Orange ’alo makedalay to. Mimingay ’orad itiniay i kasienawan[209], rengorengosan i kacanglahan (8 folad tangasa 9 folad) a hana o satadamaanay nengnengen i hekal a pirarakatan pinengnengan.

I Intuyang, i South Africa ira ko cecay ato Canada ci Edward kapah kanatal malecaday ko ngangan a mimingay sa’etal, pangangan han ci Edward kapah sa’etal. Onini a sa’etal o Marion sa’etal (290 pinfang kongli ano eca 110 pinfang Inli) ato Edward kapah sa’etal (45 pinfang kongli ano eca 17 pinfang Inli) masakapot[211].

## Kafafalic no romi’ad (氣候)

O South Africa fa’edetay rengorengosan ko kafafalic no romi’ad[11]. Tasiyang ato Intoyang masasiiked nai kawali, katimol, kaetip toloay ko pakayraan mataliyok ko South Africa[10][212], takaraw ko ka’amis paener ko katimol, ato kasacalay milakec to kakahaday sekal no romi’ad a masasiroma[213]. O kafafalic no romi’ad a kasakowat nai kaetip ka’amis a Namibia tafotafokan katimol tadafa’edetay makedalay a romi’ad, tangasa kawali mililis to Mozambiquesalawacan ato Intoyang a makofakofay fa’edetay romi’ad. o kasienawan no South Africa i saka 6 folad tangasa 8 folad to mihecaan.

Kaetip katomol no South Africa o sifo’ay riyar a romi’ad, kasienawan so’emet, kaciherangan fa’edet fo’edas. o South Africa mademetay ato demedemetan ira ko tadamaanay pinalengaw – Fambos, o kasadakan no fadiso’so a epah. Roma, o nia sa’etal mihecaan ira ko pacena’ay a kafalian. Onini a fali pakinali to mitaelif to Cape point a tamdaw (pakataminaay) o katalawan, adihay ko tahacarcaray mateneng ko tamina[90]. I katimolay lilis no riyar a kawali a hanahanaan a lalan, mihecaan a ’orar caay ka sarocod, masakangdaway a tanengnengan[214].

O Vrystaat itiniay i tanokay takaraway dafdf, masapanahal ko kaitiraan. I ka’amis no Farr ’alo, hawhani caay litemoh ko tadahemhem no fa’edatay, o takaraway sera a rengorengosan a sera macepa’ay to. O Johannesburg o itiraay takaraway rengorengosan a tenokan, o nairiyaray 1,740cm (5,709 foot), to mihecaan salongan ’orad ira 760mm (29.9 in). talacowa caay ka adihay ko so^eda, nikawrira oni a sa’etal o kasi’enawan pakaka ko si’enaw.

O Drakensberg lotolotokan malatakaraway rengorengosan a kawali katimol kasatono’, itini katimolay nina lotok a Tiffindell so^eda pieseran i kasa’enawan manga’ay padamso to no so^eda pieseran, o dengan pitanengan so^eda pieseran kaitiraan no South Africa[215]. O katimol no Africa safaniyot o si’enaway niyaro’ itira i kaetipay no Rochfeid lotok a Sutherland, kasi’enawan a falawfaw tangasa i -15°C (5°F). Talacowa Edward kapah kanatal to mihecaan a falawfaw maserer, o Sutherland o pakinaliay ko si’enaw nira. Katimolay sekal no Africa safaniyot takaraw ko falawfaw: I 1948 miheca, o Noord-Kaap a Upington ngataay a Kalahari a falawfaw o 51.7°C (125.06°F)[216], nikawrira o nia falawfaw caay ko no citodongay ko matatodongay ko nitilidan. I 1993 miheca 1 folad, Violsdrift a citodongay a takaraway falawfaw 48.8°C (119.84°F)[217].

## Pinalengaw a kasahirahira (生物多樣性)

O South Africa i 1994 miheca 6 folad 4 romi’ad masasitilid to “Pinalengaw a kasahirahira koyak”, i 1995 mheca 11 folad 2 romi’ad malamihaydaay to nia koyak a kitakit[218]. Padoedo, o South Africa misetek to matatodongay tina koyak a kitakit no pinalengaw a kasahirahira sakalalood ato sapidemak a halaka, i 2006 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad itiya mahayda “Pinalengaw a kasahirahira koyak” [219]. I polong no cikiw 17 ko mikapotay a kitakit to tadamaanay to pinalengaw a kasahirahira, o saka enem ko South Africa[220].

### ’A’adopen (動物)

Halo Transva layong, Africa safaniyot lokedaw, South Africa mi’adopay lokedaw, katimolay kohecalay wa’a kolong, langdaway wa’a ^efa, mawiletay wa’a ngafol, kohetingay peno ngafol, kifetolay waco, nanom ^efa ato South Africa kali’elay malonem adihayay ’a’adopen o i medemaetay rengorengosan manengneng[221]. Halo Kruger kitakit koying ato Sabi sand pi’efecan mi’adop i kawali ka’amisan sa’etal, ato i Waterberg pinalengaw a liyok ka’amisay ira ko ta’akay madematay. I South Africa adihay ko masasiromaay pinalengaw, halo itiniay Karoo sa’etal tadamaanay ko kalasawad no lotok a takolil no South Africa[222].

### Karapoy (菌類)

Tangasa i 1945 miheca, i South Africa a nitilidan mata’elif ko 4,900 a tadakarapoy (halo masariko’ay midapongay i sera) 223]. I 2006 mihecaan, nisa’osian ira ko 20 ’ofad a tadakarapoy i South Africa (caay ka sa’osi ko mikafitay a kalangaay); midotoc to nitilidan, i South Africa a tadakarapoy ikaka ko ka’edihay no pinalengawan[224].

O kadofahay ko pinalengaw a kasahirahira i South Africa, mata’elif ko 22,000 ko sasiroma no pinalengaw, micalap ko i cikiway kafana’an pinalengaw to 9%[225]. O rengorengosan ko ma’oripay i South Africa, mangalef i takaraway a sera a rengorengosan, itini ira ko masasiromaay a capoxan a rengos, paeneray mademetay ato ^kim a lopengan kilang malengaway masakapot, satadamaanay ira ko masatangilaay a kalopongay ato cicekaay kilang. Pasayra kaetip ka’amis ko rakat, nawhani awaay ko mamang ko ka’orad, saka matakal ko kalengaw; i ciherang ma’aresakay a Namaqualand a sa’etal, ira ko pinapina misopeday to nanom ciheciay a pinalengaw, tinako no lawilaw ato masalidatengay pinalengaw[226][227]. Pasiwali ka’amis ko rakat, o awaayay ko kilang a rengorengosan a malengaway nao masacapoxay ato kilang fahal sa o makofakofay a mademetay, ka’amisay no Kruger kitakit koying tatihiay ira ko lotongan facidol[228].

I Cape point pinalengaw sa’etal itira i Wes-Kaap a mimingay sa’etal, o nano South Africa pinalengwan[229]. O dadahal o picalap polong no hekal 0.04%, o enemay ta’akay pinalengawan a samimingay[10]. Nikawrira, oni a pinalengaw a sa’eatal halo 9,000 ko kasasiroma no pinalengaw, micalap i hekal to 4%[229]. I Cape point pinalengaw polong no palaan ato pinalengaw saheto o nai Fambos pinalengaw pisapotan, o i cikiway a pinalengaw a kasahirahira a sakadofahay sa’etal[229]. O adihayay a pinalengaw o marariday langdaw pinalengaw ato kifecaway papah a pinalengaw, ira ko mimingay masarinomay ko papah. Roma a tadamaanay a kacihana a pinalengawan a no riyaran kawas hana, i South Africa ira ko 130 masasiromaay riyaran kawas hana a lengaw[230].

Talacowa i South Africa ira adihayay macelakay hana pinalengaw, nikawrira dengan 1% a sera ko no kilakilangan, polong saheto nai KwaZulu-Natal lilisay no riyar so’emetay dafdaf. i cepo’, manengnengay ko katimolay Africa safaniyot awaayay a kahengangay kilang, mangalef o mimingay a kilakilang pidipotan sa’etal, oni a kilakilangan caay ka maan no katodohan, o pasowal lotokay kilakilangan. Pinalengawan o nipakaenan nai roma kitakit a kilangan, caayay ko itiniay a An kilang ato calengan kilang.

### Sakipadipotan (保育問題)

I ’ayaw to 40 mihecaan, o South Africa malasawaday to ko ta’akay tataparan macarcaran, nai 19 sici marafas ko tamdaw, o maci makidat ato maletek ko kilakilang. i hekal o South Africa ko mangalefay mitiyaay ko kakari’ang a kitakit, marapotay to adihayay nai papotalay pinalengaw (tinako kohetingay cekaay kilang, Jackson minato Willow, Hack, Lantana ato Jacaranda), saki tiniay a kasahihirahira pinalengaw ato Already cango’ot ko nanom saka kari’ang no kinaira. O Europe micingcingay sa’ayaway menengneng a pinalengaw fala’faay romi’ad a kilang caay ka tolas maletek, tangasa dengan mimingay a kilakilangan.

Anini atekakay kilang no South Africa, halo kaliyalaway kilang, ’angsotay kilang ato South Africa kohetingay marar kilang saheto o madipotay no sifo. awa’aay kolong o marariday malipalaway a ’a’adopen[231][232][233][234], nai palaan citodongay nisa’osian pahapinang, 2014 miheca i South Africa ira ko 1,215 ko ciwa’aay kolang mapatayay[235].

Kafafalifalic no romi’ad pa’ayaw to nia kakedalan romi’ad o saka’etal niyaro’ o mafo’edasay ato farawfaway, tadancaay romi’ad ira ko marafrafay fa’edet, lenlen ato makedalay a demak ato pakinali ko katongal. Midotod to no South Africa kitakit pinalengaw nifana’an mikingkiway misanga’ to sapisa’osi pihapinangay to romi’ad[236], tahira i 2050 miheca, o Africa faniyot katimol a lilis no riyar sa’etal a hemhem pali’ayaw macakat to salongan 1°C, oya i Noord-Kaap a ciherangay sera, i kacanglahan ato kaciherangan a kahemhem o mamacakat to 4°C. I Floral sangoso’ o polong no cikiw pinalengaw a kasahirahira i fa’eetay sa’etal[237], nikawrira itiniay latek i kafafalifalican no romi’ad a makari’ang. Mali’ayaw ko keal, pakacorah ki’emelay ato kararian a matongal, ato polong no cikiw o papatodong to ranikay adihayay salongan a pinalengaw o sakalasawad.

## Sici ato sifo (政治與政府)

### Kasasolek no sifo (政府結構)

O kalomaocan a nikapolongan kitakit ko South Africa, nikawrira o caayay kalecad to mitiniay a nikapolongan kitakit, o congtong o kakeridan no kitakit oya tatapangan no sifo, o kacitodong a rekad o kalomaocan ko miketonay. O midemakay, mitelekay ato mirikecay saheto o mipalitay i kimpo, ano ma’odang to kimpo, sakakaay hoying citodong midemec to midemakay citodongay ato lomaocan a nidemakan.

No finawlan a kalomaocan o i kararemay kalomaoc no South Africa a kalomaocan, polong no lomaocay ira ko 400 tamdaw, lima miheca nai kasasician a kasarekad ko mipanganganay to patatodong no taypiaw masingkiw ko fa^elohay a lomaocan[238]. Polong no kitakit a kasakanatal citodongay o fafa'eday pikaykian no South Africa a kalomaocan, ira ko 90 tamdaw no lomaocay, nai South Africa 9 a kanatal mitelekay citodongay patoro’ to 10 patodong[238]. I kasacecay rekad no singkiw, no finawlan a kalomaocan patorod to cecay mala congtong no South Africa. Nawhani o congtong citodong heca to lomaocay no finawlan kalomaocan, orasaka o congtong limaay miheca ko todong a rekad, malecad to no kalomaocan o rekad. O cecay a kacitodong no South Africa a congtong caay ka nga’ay kinatosa ko rekad[238][239]. O congtong manga’ay patorod to micokeray to congtong ato kakeridan no citodongay[238], o cangra a citodongay ato kakeridan no kasacitodongay mala o salaloma’anay. Finawlan kalomaocan manga’ay mihayda to caayan pakaso’elinan a maoc to caayay ka tatodong a nidemakan no congtong ato laloma’an citodongay.

I 2019 miheca 5 folad 8 romi’ad a ta’akay singkiw, o citodangay a sifo sician a kasarekad o Africa safaniyot finawlan lomaocay ko pakalowiday to 57.50% a paya ato230 ko lomaocay, sata’akay miliyangay a sician a kasarekad o nikapolongan nipatatekoan malowid to 20.77% paya ato 84 ko lomaocay. Oya miliyasay to Africa safaniyot finawlan lomaocay a kapah nipatatekoan a ’ayaway kakeridan ci Julius Malema patireng to Kicay pakoniraay macodahay pakalowid to 10.79% paya ato44 ko lomaocay. Nai 1994 miheca paherekan to pala’eday to finacadan, South Africa a kitakit oya to mirepetay to polong no sakowan tangasa[173][174][175], o satata’akay no South Africa a sician a kasarekad[175]. I 2018 miheca 2 folad 14 romi’ad toya dadaya, misi’ayaw to kacaayan ka paso’elinen a lomaoc, itiya congtong ci Jacob Juma papelo to sapiliyas i ka’ayaw no tilifi, oya micokeray to cngtong ci Cyril Ramaphosa ko micadaay to saka lima a congtong no South Africa[240][241][242][243][244].

O South Africa awaay ko todong no tadamaci. “South Africa kimpo” saka 4 liyad matelek: “o kalomaocan itini i Cape Toen, nikawrira midotoc to saka 76 a tosir saka 1 ato 5 a liyad mahapiw i “lomaoc a rikec” manga’ay mihayda ko kalomaocan kacitodongan to ai cowa o kaitiraan.” [245]. Mitaypiaw to South Africa a sifo to toloay a sakowan pasa toloay a maci[10][12][14][15][16]: I Pretoria o kaitiraan no congtong ato laloma’ay citodongay, o midemakay a maci; I Cape Town ko kaitiraan a lomaoc, o pirikecan a maci; I Bloemfontein ko satakaraway pacakatan a hoying kaitiraan, o sakirikec a maci; saki kimpo a hoying itira i Johannesburg[10][12][15][16]. O adihayay citodangay no kacacofelan a demak kasakitalit itiniay i Pretoria, nikawrira roma kitakit itiraay i kasamaci no South Africa pitireng to kadademakan.

Nai 2004 mihecaan, o South Africa ira ko masacicingay ko piliyangan a demak, nikawrira itini tina piliyangan saheto o karari’angan. Midotoc to cecay a hakasi a sowal, o South Africa i o “o samarenecay to piliyangan a kitakit i hekal.” [246]. O cecay a sici mipenecan a demak ato mi’odangay to kimpo a patalawan ko pipenec, o saka paheci no mikodkoday ato no finawlan syakay sakapot, saci sowal sa o saka ira no South Africa ano eca saka ira no fa^elohay a sici mipenecayay[247][248] ano eca matefaday ko pihadidi no sici[249].

I 2006 miheca 11 folad 30 romi’ad, o South Africa malasa’ayaway mihaydaay to malecaday ko ringi ko kararamad patodong no rikec a Africa safaniyot a kitakit[250][251], o South Africa tayra i polong no Africa safaniyot a cecay sa’awasan[252]. 2008 miheca, o South Africa i Ibrahim Africa safaniyot pikowan a sa’osi saka 48 a sakatimolay no Sahara a Africa safaniyot o saka lima[253]. O South Africa to saki kowan, pahapinangan ato mapohaday, ato pikihatiya ato tamdawan salongoc o satadamaanay ko nidemakan, nikawrira i sakarihaday ato sapidipotan a pinangan o tadancaay[253]. I 2018 miheca 9 folad 18 romi’ad, o South Africa a kimpo hoying mihapiw to tekedan no South Africa to pidemak ato paloma to Marijuana a marikec, o sa’ayaway i kalawlaan manga’ay i rikec midemak to Marijuana a Africa safaniyot a kitakit[254][255][11], o saka tolo saki isingan manga’ay i rikec midemak to Marijuana a Africa safaniyot a kitakit[256].

## Sarikec (法律)

O “kimpo no South Africa” o satalaraway rikec no South Africa, onini a rikec o sakaira no nikapolongan kitakit padamso to parana’an no rikec, matelek ko saki no finawlan salongoc ato sapipatado, ato sapitolas kasolekan no sifo[257]. O nano masangilay no Netherlan tamdaw a pakamaro’ ato picingcing no Inkiris ko South Africa, o rikec no South Africa o nai “Loma – Netherland rikec” ato Inkiris a “caay ka samaan rikec (Inkiris rikec)” [257][258]. O sa’ayaway rikec no South Africa o nai Europe rikec pasadakan no Netherlan Tong-Into kosi, saka “Loma – Netherland rikec” ahan. Onini a rikec oya “Napoleno rikec” i Europe a rikecan a sarikec mapacomod i South Africa, o adihayay malalecad to no “Scotland rikec” malalecaday, orasaka midotoc to 19 sici no Inkiris rikec a “caay ka samaan rikec (Inkiris rikec)” ato “malekoay a rikec” a tadamaanay. I 1910 miheca, sepatay nicingcingan no Inkiris palekapot mala nipatatekoan a kitakit no South Africa, o South Africa nanoya ira ko noniyah a kalomaocan. Ikor, oni kalomaocan kasasiiked nicingcingan parana’an to lekakawa no rikec, matelek kacitodong no nipatatekoan a kitakit a rikec.

O sakirikecan no South Africa nai sepatay hoying malekapot[257]: misawkitay hoying citodong mitengil to mimingay no finawlan demak ato kacirarawan demak; takaraway hoying mikowanay to sofal a hoying; o i satakaraway hoying o sakikimpo a dademakan a satakaraway hoying; oya kimpo hoying dengan pikowan to no kimpo a dademaken[257].

Dengan o AIDS adada, i South Africa kaciraraw no tamdaw macakat caay kaserer o katalawan no kitakit. Midotoc to Germany a parakatay ato laloma’an a mipalitaan, o nangra a pinengneng to kaciraraw no tirengan a katalawan. Salongan 18 folad a romi’ad, o sakiteked ano eca no kaciraraw a salawina a makari’angay. Roma, i pipalitaan i ’ayaw tosa miheca, ira ko 20% a kosi nikaciraraw ci malasawaday to matayalay, o 47% a katayalan, kakeridan ano eca tadamaanay tamdaw nai kaciraraw miliyas to South Africa.

I South Africa to romi’ami’ad ira ko 57 tamdaw ko mapatayay[259][260][261][262]. I 2017 miheca 4 folad tangasa 2018 miheca 3 flad a sakipayso no mihecaan, i South Africa ira ko 20,336 tamdaw milipalawan mipatay[260][261][262][263][264], i ikor to pipalasawad to pipala’edan to finacadan a telek to 24 mihecaan satakaraway a sa’osi[260][261][262]. I South Africa a mapatayay pai 10 ’ofad tamdaw ira ko 32.2 tamdaw ko mapatayay, i polong no cikiw salongan 10 ’ofad no tamdaw ira ko 6 tamdaw ti mapatayay kikaka to limaan[265].

Sakitenokan a selal no South Africa tamdaw mikilim to maedefay rihadayay niyaro’ [266][267]. I South Africa no tekedan mikacaway a katayalan o sata’akay i hekal[268][269], ira ko 9,000 laloma’an ko mitokiay a kosi ato 400,000 tamdaw ko mitokiay i no tekedan matayalay, i kaka to no South Africa a yimeng ato sofitay ko ka’aloman[270][271]. Saka ’aloman ko tayniay malinah i South Africa, todongay o kaciraraw nangra o sapiliyasaw[272]. Sakimaomahay niyaro’ a ciraraway o tadamaanay demak koni[273].

Ira ko no sici a tamdaw sapilaheciaw to sici misanga’ to miri’angay a raraw. I omahan a kasasipatay a ciraraway a demak o kohecalay tamdaw a tawki ko patosokan (ngalef o African tamdaw) ato laloma’an[274][275], orasaka malengat i laloma’an no South Africa kitakit ato manengneng no kasakitakit a mitiya[274][275].

O salong i omahay makari’angay nipatay o wawa, ira ko mato’asay tamdaw, onini nawhani ciraraway tamdaw awaay ko nitatoyan tamdaw sa ko nengneng, saka caay ko katalawan cangra sanay. Masowal ko mapatayay i omah, ’aloman ko African tamdaw o papatayen a finacadan saan, ta misanga’ to npatayan a sasa’osien. Nikawrira, citodongay mikowan a Africa kitakit ta’akay lekapot a sici miliyang to kaira no nia demak.

Papinapina tekedan tamdaw ato paitemek a nisa’osian to nipatayan a so’osi, nikawrira awaay masongila’ay nisa’osian tilid. I macito a sofal, o nano finacadan ko sakaciraraw ko adihayay nisa’osian.

I hekal satakaraway a kitakit ko South Africa to mi’odangay a raraw, salongan to romi’ad ira ko 110 tamdaw ni’odangan[276]. Midotoc nisa’osian, to mihecaan no South Africa ko 500,000 tamdaw a fafahiyan ko ni’odangan[277][278], o mitiliday a kaemangay ikaka to mato’asay ko rahoday a ma’odang[279][280]. I 2009 miheca a pipalita manengneng, ira ko toloay no cecay fafahiyan i ’ayaw to cecay mihecaan pakalitemohay to ni’odangan[283][284][285].

Ira ko ni’odangan nai 10 miheca a wawa ko mapararawan[286]. I hekalan, o wawa no South Africa ato nicocoan wawa ko sakakaay a demak, onini i o caayay kaci AIDS sanay a rihaf ko sakamaka’odang, roma a demak faloay ho a foladan a nicocoan masamsam to[286], onini a demakan mapaoningay to ko ngangan no kitakit[287].

## Kacacofelan a demak (外交關係)

I 1948 miheca tangasa 1990 mihecaan, o kohecalay tamdaw a sifo no South Africa midemak to pipala’edan to finacadan a telek, orasaka matena’ ato ka’alangen syakay no kasakitakit[288][289]. Itiya, o kacitodong no aro’ no South Africa i kasakitakit[288][289], dengan oya kohecalay tamdaw mikowanay ko malekatep. Oya mikowanay micokeray to karawrawan to pala’edan to finacadan a telek no South Africa, nikawrira cangra o nano misi’ayaway to kasasiiked no lalo’od, kohetingay a kararawraw, salifong a adada malokatalawan no kitakit, micoker to kohecalay tamdaw a sakowan to sofitay a payso o mawakelid ko kicay no South Africa.

I 1991 miheca 6 folad, o South Africa so’elin ko palamo^ecel a palasawad to palasawad to pipala’edan to finacadan a telek i, o kalohekal a kalokitakit padadoedo sa palasawad to sapi’emet to kicay no South Africa, dadoedo pacakat, patatiko ano eca patireng ato sakikacacofelan a demak to South Africa. I 1998 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad, malaliyas ko South Africa ato Taywan (ROC) kacacofelan a demak, itiya macacofel to Congko patireng kacacofelan a demak[290][291][292], o saikoray malaliyasay to Taywan a malekatep kitakit[293][294]. Ano matiratira, o South Africa mipatireng i Taywan to kadademakan[295], o papinapina tamdaw ato Taywan ira ko kasasicofelan a demak to Africa safaniyot a kitakit[291][292].

I 1994 miheca, paherek ko pala’edan to finacadan a telek i, o congtong ci Mandela a kasasicofelan a demak o sapipatiko ato sakalekapotaw to syakay no kasakitakit ko patosokan[296]. I 1999 miheca ci Tabo Mbeki kala congtongan, o kasasicofelan a demak no South Africa sapisalofaw to kasapakoyoc no finawlan a kafadesan, i Africa safaniyot ko patatenokan, ato sapipasasiket to katimolay no cikiw a cemahaday to a kitakit ko patodong, onini toloay maloparana’an no South Africa ato syakay no kasakitakit[296].

O mamidotoc to nipatatekoan a kitakit ko South Africa, o South Africa nikapolongan kitakit o sarakatay mikapotay to Linhoko a kitakit[58][59]. Itiyaay congli ci Jan Smuts mitilid to “kimpo no Linhoko” a pa’ayaw a sowal[297][298]. O South Africa o arakatay mikapotay to Africa safaniyot nipatatekoan a kitakit, orasaka polong no mikapotay o saka tosa ta’akay no kicay. Roma sato, South Africa o Africa nipatatekoan a Africa safaniyot comahaday fa^elohay lekapot sa’ayaway kitakit.

I ’ayaw no 10 miheca, i Burundi a South Africa[168], o Congo nikapolongan kitakit[299], Comoros[300] ato Zimbabwe[301] no Africa safaniyot kitakit i kasiwtocan o citodongay mipa’adingay a todongan. Ikor to paherekan ko pala’edan to finacadan, South Africa misafa^eloh mikapot to tata'akay Inkiris a lekatep[151]. South Africa o 77 kitakit a kakerikeridan a lekapot, itiya i 2006 miheca ato 2015 miheca citodong to kakeridan no nia sakapot[302]. Nanoya, o South Africa i katimolay Africa safaniyot comahaday lekatepkitakit, katimolay Tasiyang rihadayay ato kakomodan sa’etal, katimolay Africa safaniyot sataan lekapot kitakit, katimolay ’apocok tatonekan kitakit, I hekalay kalali’acaan sakapot kitakit, kasakitakit paysoan kiking sakapot, 20 kitakit a sakapot, 8 kitakit sakapot milecad to 5 kitakit ato kawaliay ato katimolay minato midipotay cefang a kitakit.

2010 mheca 8 folad 24 romi’ad, itiyaay congtong no South Africa ci Jacob Jomaa to kakeridan no Congko ci Hu Jintao malitelek to “Beijing katatelek” [303], o kasasitelek nai ’ayaway a “kalacafayan no kalalood” mapacakat i takaraway a “ledefan kalacafayan no kalalood”, halosapa’icel’ nai citodongay mikowan ato citodongay mitelek a kasasicofel[304][305]. I 2011 muheca 4 folad, itiya citodongay a congtong ci Juma misapinang to South Africa sapicomod to polong no no kitakit to Africa safaniyot ta’akay kalali’acaan a kalacafay—Brazil, Russia, Intu ato Congko malekapot a no ^kiman sakapot no kitakit[306]. Sacisowal sa ci Joma, o ^kiman a kitakit mala o sakapot malapakayraan to sakiLinafrica, 20 kitakit a sakapot ato IBSA kasasowalan a mala[307].

Nai 1994 miheca Africa kitakit lekatep ko mikowanay i, kalata’angen no South Africa sakipapotal a demak oya o Africa a kapolonfan a kakeridan, masarocod ko pipicikeroh to Africa safaniyot a malekatep ato patodong no Africa safaniyot lekapot sakapot[238]. I 2001 miheca, o South Africa a kakeridan a kitakit, Africa safaniyot kapolongan a sakapot lomaoc miketon mahayda patireng to Africa safaniyot comahad a fa^elohay kalacafayan, I 2002 mheca 7 folad i Durban no South Africa malaheci ko pifalic to Africa safaniyot nipatatekoan[238]. Anini, o South Africa to South Africa kapolongan lekatep ato caay kalekatep a onto a kakeridan, o kakeridan no saka tolo a hekal citodongay[238].

I 2018 miheca 7 folad 31 romi’ad, o congtong no South Africa ci Cyril Ramaphosa mihapiw to kakeridan a citodongay a sician a kasarekad Africa a kapolonfan a kakeridan micoker to sapisalof to kimpo, masa’icel to caayay patodong miala to no kohecalay tamdaw to nai pala’edan to finacadan itiya micefisan a sera[123][125][161][275][308][309]. I 8 folad 22 romi’ad, congtong no Amilika ci Donald Trump papelo to  i Twitter a pasowal, o Amilika a sifo mipalita to South Africa micikeroh to pifalic to sera a demak iraay ko pipatangican miala to sera no kohecalay tamdaw ato pisadadahal to pipatay to kohecalay tamdaw a demak[275][310]. Caay ka pina ko tatokian, paca’of ko sifo no South Africa, mipespes ci Trumpan moraraway pidotoc a hatoh a nipapoloan, mato mikiharay to sakilaloma’an a demak[275], micicihay to sakadanga’ay no finacadan no South Africa[310], mato milengatay to sakahiratengaw no finawlan no South Africa to nano picingcingan a ta’as[311]. O South Africa sifo paini to sowal, kao mina’onay ko demak, mihaopay, pakayni i kasasiroma a harateng ato caayay ka cawas ko kitakit[312], misa’icel paranikay micekeroh to pifalic to sera a ’awasan, sakaeca ka cawas ko kitakit[313][314]. Nikawrira, o sakiratoh a citodongay ci Novella Mocuna paini to sowal, onini a demak caay ka sasiroma ko kalali’ay to South Africa ato Amilika[315].

## Sofitay demak (軍事)

O sofitay no South Africa kitakit nai 1994 miheca mapatireng[316][317], o pa’adingay sofitay no South Africa[318][319][320], o mikomoday ti Africa sakapot (halo finawlan a ’idoc ato Azania finawlan mitedalay sofitay[321]) ato ’ayaway Bantustan miadingay sakapot ko misaopoan[316][322]. O sofitay no South Africa kitakit milisepatay: South Africa seraan hitay, South Africa kakarayan hitay, South Africa riyaray hitay ato South Africa hitay isi patadoay[323][324]. Toni mihecaan, no South Africa a sofitay mala no Africa safaniyot a tadamaanay parihadayay sofitay[325], mikihatiya to Lesotho, Congo nikapolongan kitakit[325][326]Burundi[325][327], Tenok Africa nikapolongan kitakit[325][327] ato South Sudan[331] a sera kadademak. O South Africa a sofitay sakapot hitay nao adihayay kitakit Linhoko palali’ayay ko hitay, tinako Linhoko sofitay micaraay.

Dengan o South Africa ko malaheciay ko picowat misanga’ to heneng sapihadefek a kitakit[38][39]. South Africa o sa’ayaway misanga’ to heneng sapihadefek a kitakit o niyah ko mipelengay to heneng sapihadefek a kitakit[38][39] (padoedo o Ukraine a kitakit), itiya pipelengan to heneng sapihadefek i 1991 mihecaan mitelek “caay pilesap to heneng sapihadefek a telek” [38][39][332]. O South Africa i 1970 miheca midemak to cecay heneng sapihadefek a halaka[38][39][332]. Midotoc to sowal no ka’ayaway congtong ci Day Clark, o South Africa sa’ayaw i 1970 miheca i picowat no Soviet Union a pipatalawan miketong patireng to “Hewise” [38][333]. Sacisowal saan, o South Africa i 1979 miheca i Tasiyang ato Intuyang a kasaso’aliwan mitanam to Heneng[38][39][334][335], nikawrira caay pihayda ko citodongay sifo[335]. Ci Day Clark sato, o South Africa caay ho sapitanamaw tina heneng[333]. O South Africa i 1980 miheca tangasa 1990 miheca milepon to enemay a heneng patirengan[38], nikawrira polong no nipatirengan itira i 1991 miheca mitelek ko South Africa to “caay pilesap to heneng sapihadefek a telek” to sapitadtadan[38][333].

## O kasasiiked a sakowan (行政區劃)

No South Africa a kasasiiked a sakowan nai kanatal, sa’etal ato niyaro’ tekedan si toloay a kasatoka’, polong ira ko 9 no kanatal, nai falo ko ta;akay maci a tekedan ci ato 44 ko sa’etal tekedan ci a masakapot to 52 a ’etal[336]. 1910 miheca tangasa 1994 mihecaan, no South Africa kasasiiked a sakowan milisepatay a kanatal: masilsil to Kaap kanatal, Transva kanatal, Natal kanatal ato Orange liberty kanatal[336]. I 1993 miheca 11 folad 18 romi’ad, o South Africa adihayay ko sician a kasarekad a kasasowalan lomaoc a mihayda (linci kimpo nitilidan), miketon i 1994 miheca a pisingkiwan o South Africa kasasiiked a sakowan masilsil to 9 ko kanatal: masilsil ko Noord-Kaap, Wes-Kaap, Oos-Kaap, Noordwes, Vrystaat, Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Frinisin (aniniay Gauteng), KwaZulu-Nat, East Transva (aniniay Mpumalanga), ato Limpopo[336].

Kasakanatal ira ko citodongay a mirikecay mikowanay, lima miheca mihayda to cacitodong a taypiaw a singkiwen[336]. Kasakanatal citodongay singkiwen ko kakeridan (sen-cang) o tapang no sifo, o kakeridan (sen-cang) ko patodongay to mamidemak a wuyyinhuy no kasaselal citodongay i sa’etal[336]. Kasa’etal kasasiiked a sifo a ’icel itiniay i “kimpo no South Africa” laloma’an a matisil, halo sakasomelet, kiwiko, kapolongan kamaro’an ato sakaromakat a sofal[336].

Kasaniyaro’ tekadan a mikowan a ci o ta’akay maci ko cacitodong a mikowan, milaheci to sa’etal ato niyaro’ a dademaken.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Litengan sofal siiked | Ngangan

South Africa sowal  | Maci | Tamdaw (2016 miheca) [337] | Dadahal (pinfang kongli/km2) [338] | Sakatosa selal ’etal | Cicu ngangan |
| Transva | Gauteng | Johannesburg[20] | 13,399,724 | 18,178 | 5 ’etal | 7 |
| Limpopo | Polokwane | 5,799,090 | 125,754 | 5 ’etal | 9 |
| Mpumalanga | Mbembera | 4,335,964 | 76,495 | 3 ’etal | 8 |
| Noordwes | Mayfinger | 3,748,435 | 104,882 | 4 ’etal | 6 |
| Natal | KwaZulu-Natal | Pietermaritzbyrg | 11,065,240 | 94,361 | 11 ’etal | 4 |
| Cape | Oos-Kaap | Bissau | 6,996,976 | 168,966 | 8 ’etal | 3 |
| Wes-Kaap | Cape town[339] | 6,279,730 | 129,462 | 6 ’etal | 1 |
| Noord-Kaap | Kimberly | 1,193,780 | 372,889 | 5 ’etal | 2 |
| Orange Free State | Vrystaat | Bloemfontein [340] | 2,834,714 | 129,825 | 5 ’etal | 5 |

## Kicay (經濟)

O South Africa midemak to macamolay kicay[341], aikoray no Nigeria a sakatosa a kicay no Africa safaniyot, nika so’elinay o mamanga’ay ko parana’an a comahad ko South Africa[342]. Nai katimolay no Sahara Africa safaniyot a kasakitakit i, o South Africa a tamdaw ko sa’osi no kapolongan ka rihaday no polong a tamdaw o satakaraway (tangasa 2012 miheca, o South Africa ko sapi’aca ira ko 11,750 Amilika payso), nika cidafongay ato pakoyocay tata’ang ko kararaay[25][29][177][342][343][344].

I 1983 mheca, o Asia teloc (India tamdaw) no tamdawan a sakakinaira o 37% no kohecalay tamdaw, macengelay tamdaw 26%, i maciay a kohetingay tamdaw 22%, o inakaay a kohetingay tamdaw dengan sakakinaira o 6% no kohecalay tamdaw[140]. Itira i Bantustan, tolo ira ko tosa a kohetingay tamdaw o tadapakosiya[140]. Naitiya o kasalaed no finacadan a South Africa o sata’akay ko kararaay no cidafongay ato pakoyocay itini hekal ko South Africa a kitakit[140]. Talacowa paherek to ko nia kasalaed no finacadan, nika aniniay a South Africa oyaan to misi’ayaw to takaraway no kalapakosiya ato kaawa no katayalan[25][29][177][345][346][347], orasaka i Cinisi sa’osi a kinaira caay kalalen mapacomod i saka 10 kitakit i hekal ko kacingangan[25][177][344].

### Mikasolekan a kicay (經濟結構)

Caay kalecad to i hekalay cemahaday to kitakit ato adihayay Africa safaniyot a kitakit, o South Africa caayay ko so’elinay ko nikaeca kacomahad ko kicay[348]. O South Africa a kalingadan dengan ira ko 15% o caayay ko so’elinay a citodongay, o Brazil ato India malitosaay, nika o Indonesia mangalef mangata to sepatay no tolo (4/3). Pakayni kalekapot a cefang palania kararaay pakokot i South Africa dadahalay syakay sakalemed a telek[349]. O hekal a kingko mikingkiw mihapiw, o South Africa a tamdaw to sa’osi no kapolongan ka rihaday no polong a tamdaw ato kacomahad no tamdaw kararayray o sata’akay kararaay a kitakit, dengan o Botswana mikikakaay to no South Africa ko sata’akay kararaay a kitakit[350].

I 1994 mihecaan, fa’elohay South Africa sifo misa’icel mikerod to kacakat no ‘aca no dafong, pacekal to kapolongan a sakidafong no sakadademak, misolot to papotalay a mipasorotay to payso, nikawrira oya:to caay kacakat ko kicay[351]. Nai 2004 mihecaan, o South Africa a kicay salongan masapinang ko kacakat, o katayalan ato nikasasorot no payso ira sa ko nikatongalan[351]. I 2005 miheca, no South Africa a GDP macakat to 5.1%, saka i 2006 mihecaan 5.0% ito[352]. Itiya ni Cuma a kalacongtongan, ira to ko pisitapang no sifo matongal ko no sifo a katayalan a demak. O satadamaanay no sifo a katayalan halo tingki a kosi Escom, South Africa hikoki a kosi ato marar a lalan ato Delansney kosi takedan a micalap to minato. Itini tinian, o South Africa hikoki no kitakit a kosi caayho kacikinaira, oni a kosi i 20 mihecaan mangalay to sapadang no sifo a padama to takaraway 300 walwalan South Africa piso (23 walwalan Amilika payso) [353].

O South Africa o pihamhaman no mirarakatay a nga’ayay nanengnengan[342]. Sa’aloman sa ko cikinairaay saheto o pirarakatan nanay[354]. O mikoliniway to rikec a mafolaway mikihatiya to caayay ko so’elinay a kalali’aca[355]. Nai 1994 mihecaan paherek ko pipalaliyasan to finacadan, o sapifo’ot to mafolaway a demak mangalefay, ’alomanay mafolaw tayni i South Africa mangalef mangalef i latiihay ko ka’oripan[356].

Dengan o roma Africa a kitakit, o South Africa satadamaanay a kasakitakit kalali’acaan a kapot o Germany[357][358], Amilika, Congko[212][359][360][361], Dipong[362], Inkiris[363][364] ato Spain[365].

Ono South Africa a kaliomahan masongila’ay a tayal 10 %, palecaden to no roma Africa safaniyot a kitakit masereday, o linsi a matayalay ko padamsoay a dademakay matayal i South Africa, o malapalowaday to sakaira to 2.6% no kitakit a nikaomahan a kinaira[366]. Nawhani o makedalay ko sera, dengan 13.5% ko manga’ayay kaliomahen a palomaan, oninian ira ko 3% ko satadamaanay no sera[367].

I 2013 miheca 8 folad, o “fDi cassi” midotoc to sakaci’icel no kicay ko South Africa, kalingadan no matayalan, o sakacitodong no sakalingad, kanga’ayan matayal, kanga’ayan masidama ato papotalay sapadang, paini to sasowalen o safangcalay i Africa safaniyot a kitakit[368]. O sapisimed to sakipaysoan a kakarayan i polong no cikiw o saka 50 ko sakarihaday a kitakit, i ’ayaw no Poland, nikawrira o aikoray ho no Mauritius[369].

O South Africa o sasifoan a cemahaday ho a kitakit, o samacemahaday ko kicay i Africa safaniyot a kitakit[12][42]. O kadofahay ko kinaira no South Africa, sakipaysoan a kicay, sarikec, sakalalicay, kinairaira ato kalolalan a comahad, malaheciay ko nipatirengan ato maci kalali’aca no payso mala’ayaway no 20 i polong no cikiw ko South Africa. Salonganay kingko o sepatay ta’akay kingko no South Africa, o sata’akay kingko no Africa safanitot. Itini i South Africa macowatay satakaraway sa’etal halo Cape Town, Johannesburg, Durban ato Elizabeth minato, nika o nian a sa’etalan o roma a sa’etal citolas ko nikacowat, nanoya o laloma’an no kitakit o sakapakinali a kalala’ed no cidafongay ato pakoyocay a demak[25][177][344].

Roma, i laloma’ay no South Africa kitakit nika sasiroma no finacadan, kohecalay tamdaw to sakikicay ira ko sakangilay a ’icel[275][370]. ’aloman ko katayalan a mikowanay o kohecalay tamdaw ko citodongay[370], caira ko mirepetay to ta’akay a sera a kinaira[123][125][161][274][275][371], malosaka i laenoay a kohetingay tamdaw ka’osien, o sakaci’ilo ato mikelotay mapakinaliay[370][372]; tongal sa i fiyaway a kitakit malafelay finawlan pado’edo micomod i South Africa[192][193], ato macakat ko nipidenga no AIDS[25][177], o nian ko sakadahdah a macowat no kicay no South Africa. Orasaka, talacowa no South Africa a laloma’an kinaira o saka sepat takaraway i Africa safaniyot a kitakit, nika oyanan to a o cemahaday ho a kitakit. Saki Africa safaniyot a kasakitakit i o samacemahaday a kitakit.

O nitelekan no South Africa a payso o Rand. Mataneng i 2001 mihecaan ko kasereran, o rand no South Africa a midoedo i 2002 miheca tangasa 2005 miheca nao macakatay i hakal mifalic to Amilika payso ko nia rand. Nikawrira ikor no 2005 miheca, o rand no South Africa midotoc to mararaay kicay a lowaming, matiniay demak midoedo tangasa ikor no 2006 miheca a sanga’ay sato.

I 2007 miheca tangasa 2008 miheca, 2014 miheca tangasa 2015 miheca ato 2019 miheca, o kacango’ot no tingki no South Africa kitakit ira ko katalawan to sakinairaira, mipacena’ ko sifo i kasasiroma a sa’etal macacorok paterep to tingki[373][374][375]. Nanoya tomerep ko tingki tadamaan ko sangilay i laloma’an no kitakit a sakadademak to sakatayal kalali’aca[373], nikawrira nano laloma’an no kitakit no South Africa caay to ka cekal i takaraway katayalan ato syakay, o tekedan tamdaw a sadama a payso caay to ka pisatata’ak to patodong to sakinaira a tayal, tangal sa o sifo ikaka ko ka’edes to pitomadaw, nanoya awaay ko sakasalof i mamoko’ay romi’adan[376].

#### Saka cecay a kinaira (第一產業)

Nawhani caay ko kala’oraday ko South Africa, talacowa kakahad ko sera nika saheto o makedalay, o manga’ayay kaliomahen i polong no kitakit a sera dengan 12.1% to (2005 miheca) [377], o kinairaan no maomahay a polong no kinaira polong no kitakit a GDP 3% (2009 miheca) [378]. Itiya i 18 sici, o South Africa pacomod to milino cifanohay a tadasiri, nanoya misaadihay to pisafanoh. I ’ayaw no 20 sici, o kicay no South Africa no o misafanahay ko sakaira, mangalef tadamaan ko misasiriay.

Ma’awid no pisafanoh a saka 2 ko masadakay no South Africa, aikor no ’ekim. Nikawrira ira ko lalangaw a mirawraw, o pakaenay to siri caay ka papina i, nika o saka’orip no kohecalay tamdaw, ikasata’akay maci i South Africa ko misahacolay no kolong a tayal. O South Africa i aikora no Amilika ato Congko a grapefruit (potawyo) ato karo’ sakatolo a mipalomaay cikinairaay a kitakit[379].

O roma, o paloma’ay to avocado ko South Africa[380]. Micomod i 20 sician i, o maomahay a pakayraan no South Africa nanoya sa a mafalic, halo picowat to pananoman, midemak to kikayan sakamaomah ato pifalic to sera ato sakaloma a sepal. I 1937 miheca, polong no kitakit no South Africa dengan ira ko 6,000 a kangkang, nika tangasa i 1958 mihecaan matongal to tangasa 120,000 to ko kangkang.

I hekal o saadihayay ko fodawan kinaira a kitakit ko South Africa, kadadoedo o saka lima i hekal to cikinairaay no kitakit[381]. O kinaira a fodawan no South Africa ira to ko 70 kaadihay no fodawan, o polong no kinaira o kalitosaay no Africa safaniyot ka adihay[45][381]. O kinaira no fodawan i South Africa ira ko tada’ekim, chromium, adicawcaway fokeloh, platinum, laloma’ no nia platinum ira ko ’ekim, fluorspar, chromium ko laloma’ o sakacecay i hekal, o tada’ekim, vanadium, manganese, zirconium o saka tosa, o titanium saka sepat, phosphate, uranium, lead, antimony saka lima, o sikitang, zinc saka folo, copper (tangloy) saka siwa[381]. Oya adicawcaway fokeloh kinaira i hakal ira ko 9%[381]. O roma, o mana’angay i sera no South Africa salongan pisa’osi ira ko 10 walwalan cikeng ko sasasimalen[382][383].

#### Saka tosa a kinaira (第二產業)

Misamararay o sakitosiya, kikay a misanga’an. Nawhani o i laloma’ no South Africa kahiraay ko sikitang, marar, sa macowat ko misamararay masanga’ a masa’opo a taloay ’etal[384].

I Pretoria sa’etal nai 1934 miheca, o marar a tafok nai Tabazimbi no Colokedy a saowac, o satadamaanay a nano mararan, o masalangtoay nai KwaZulu-Natal, oya masa’apolay a ongcoy itiniay masadak.

Itini i Frinisin sa’aral nai 1943 miheca, itini mipatireng to pisamararan a kaysya, o nano marar nai KwaZulu-Natal, oya masa’apolay a ongcoy o i Pretoria sa’etalay koni. Itini sa’etal o sapilinanom manga’ay i Pretoria, maedeng ko padamso no tingki.

I Mewcastle a kinaira a marar, o marar a tafokan o nai Tabazimbi ato kafiyaway Postmarsburg a mangano sa’etal a kinaira a marar, malo o sapadamso to Frinisin pisamararan a kaysya ato Witwatersrand a sikitang a pisamararay a kaysa.

I no South Africa a misanga’an saheto o kikay, o tangal no cinamalay, o sakiomah a kikay, misanga’ay to tamina ato tosiya a sakatayal, o sakitayhi a nitayalan malenak i kawali ka’amisay no Johannesburg a Maud’s Ark, o tayhi ato nisanga’an a komo ko misanga’an. O rama a mitinooyay ato misanga’ay to malokakaenen i South Africa mapatireng iraay to ko 100 mihecaan a likisi, saheto o kahemaway nitayalan. I South Africa malenak ko sepatay a misanga’ay sa’etal, dengan o i Vivatslan misanga’ay sa’etal nawhani o itiniay a malowad mangalay sa mipatirengay to misanga’ay sa’etal, o roma toloay sa’etal o i lawacay lilis no riyar a apocok, o pilitado to kaapocok manga’ay ko picolo’, palingata to kaemeday lifon no matayalay ato icifa a lalowadan a misanga’ay ’etal. O sasowalen, o pisanga’an no South Africa itiniay to nia sepatay sa’etal[385]:

I Vivatslan misanga’ay sa’etal o sata’akay no South Africa a misanga’ay sa’etal, o panasanga’ a kinaira 40% ko nisanga’ay i polong no kitakit, o kasakowat nau kaetip a Teresa’s Ark, tangasa kawali a Springs, o kararaay 100 kongli, o patodong to itiniay a fodawanan sa mipatireng to pisanga’ay sa’etal, o todong sakikikay a pisanga’ (misanga’ to sapifodawan a kikay), misariko’ay, mali^miay a fokloh misanga’ay ato lalosidan a misanga’ay.

I Cape Point misanga’ay sa’etal o kanga’ay mingata to minato sakanga’ay pacomod pasadak to sapisanga’ patireng to pisanga’ay sa’etal, mitenooyay pisanga’, sriko pisanga’, hakahira no tosisa ato mi'olac to simal. Itiniay a misanga’ay to kinaira 15.5% i polong no kitakit.

I Duban misanga’ay sa’etal todong no misataminaay, tayhi misanga’ay, mi'olac to simal. Itiniay a misanga’ay to kinaira 15% i polong no kitakit.

I Elizabeth minato a pisanga’an ira ko taya, misakocoay ato tosiya a kahiraan.

I South Africa a kinairaira misanga’ay o tadamacowatay, ono kitakit a tingki kosi Escom o saka 10 i hekal a tingkian misanga’ay ato saka 11 ta’akay tingki mipaliwalay, ira i polong no cikiw sata’akay ’icang li’etecay a pisatingan[386][387][388]. Padamsoan kasasiroma 95% no South Africa ato polong no Africa safaniyot to 60%. O dengan pilitadoan to misanga'ay to tingki a Heneng no Africa safaniyot ko South Africa a kitakit[389][390], i Cape Town patireng ko Africa apocok dengan a misanga'ay to tingki a Heneng patireng[381].

## Saka tolo a kinaira (第三產業)

Itini i kinaira a kasolekan, nai 1990 mihecaan, o South Africa a sakalahad no kicay a saka tolo kinaira micokerohan, pahapinang to cemahaday to a kitakit[391], nai 1990 mihecaan, o South Africa saka tolo a kinaira to sakikicay a comahad a katadamaan, madalef o kingko, paysoan, pirarakatan ato hikokian to saki GDP a tadamaanay demak, macalap ko polong no kitakit a GDP mata’elif ko 67%. Laloma’, rarakatan ato hikokian a GDP mata’elif ko 67%[392].

I South Africa ira ko masongila’ay pikantok a mikowan, takaraway ko kimeto a kingko a tayal[25]. Patireng to macikcikay pa’aca a tayal no kingko, patireng tosapipacefongan tayal no kingko. I South Africa ira ko sepatay kingko mi’emetay to macikcikay pa’aca a tayal no kingko no South Africa masasiroma South Africa kadep kingko, saka cecay kitakit kingko, rocek kingko ato Rily kingko[393]. Onini a sepatay kingko mi’emet to macikcikay pa’aca maci i South Africa, itini i Africa a safaniyot o cimikeriday[394]. I’ayaw to 10 miheca, o South Africa misolot to ’alomanay romaay kitakit a kingko ato mimipacefongay a citodongay mipacowat to tayal. Nanoya, o South Africa i no tingki a pipecec a faco no kingko, pali’ayaw pafeli a faco, no sata pikowan ato pitena’ to sakaeca kasa’efitaq o satadamaanay i hekal ko pidemak[392].

Mirarakatay o satadamaanay no South Africa a tayal[10][395], kinaira i laloma’ no kitakit salongan 9%, matayalay misanga’ay ira ko 140 ’ofad no tamdaw[42][396][397]. O kadofahay ko parapatan no South Africa, fangecal no kanga’ayan[42][397]. Polong no kitakit ira ko 700 laloma’an no hotel, 2,800 ko loma’ pacarcaran, ato 10,000 ko kakomaenan[42][397]. Pirarakatan masaopo i kawali ka’amis ato lawacay no riyar sa’etal[42][397]. O tarapatan pirarakatan ato ponka pihalamaan o satadamaanay pirarakatan i South Africa a macowatay[42][397]. I 2015 miheca, tayraay i South Africa a roma kitakit mirarakatay tangasa 890 ’ofad ko tamdaw[397].

O South Africa a hikokian a tayal macowatay, no South Africa o sata’akay i Africa safaniyot a kalali’aca kosi ko South Africa hikoki[42][397], i Johannesburg a Oliver Tambo kasakitakit hikokiciw o pilosimet to lalosidan o sakacecay i Africa safaniyot. Roma, o sakatatolo i hekal mimingsay hikoki mapatalapotalay a kitakit, o mapasadakay a mimingay hikoki polong no kitakit kinaira ira ko 11%[392].

## Pisalalan a patireng ato karomakatan (基建與交通)

O South Africa ira ko lalan, marar lalan, karayan picolo’, nanoman picolo’ ato no simal a calay kasasiroma a sapicolo’. Palalecad to adihayay kitakit, o hacikayay a karomakatan (kawso kanglo) no South Africa ma’edes ko pikantok, tinako parakatay to tofay, cikikayay a kitang ato no kamayan a kacipinangan saheto ’efetay a demak. Itini i South Africa, o sa’ayaway comahad ko kapolongan a sakaromakat a demak[398], o nian a sakacomahad o MyCiTi[399][400]. MyCiTi sanay o faco karomakatan no faso, pakayni kanga’ayan ato mafohatay kalamkamay a sakaromakat dado’edoen a mapadama ko sakanga’ayan no karomakatan no Cape Town, Duban ato Elizabeth a adihayay a tadaminato, o nia minato manga’ayay mahayda sapicolo’ to mirarakatay ato micolo’ay to simal.

I 1980 mihecaan, o hacikayay lalan no South Africa o nano saka tatolo no hekal, dengan aikoray no Amilika ato kaetipay Germany[138][141][142]. I 2002 miheca, o South Africa ira ko 362,099 kongli a lalan, o nia ira ko 73,506 kongli (17%) o asfareto (halo 239 kongli a hacikayay lalan) [365]. Tangasa i 2017 miheca, o South Africa ira ko 747,014 kongli a lalan, o saka 10 a lalan, o saka 10 i hekal o saka 10 ta’akay faco[401]. Anini, o romakatay i lalan no South Africa palecad to 1994 miheca matongal ko 600 ’ofad ko kaadihay[401].

I 2008 miheca itiya, o South Africa ira to ko 20,872 kongli ko mararay lalan, polong o 3.5ft (42in) karomot. Oni 20,070 kongli o 1,067mm (3ft 6in) ko lalat (no tingkian 9,090 kongli), osaw to 314 kongli o 610mm (2ft) ko sa’osi. Tangasa 2017 miheca, o South Africa ira ko 22,000 kongli a marar a lalan[402], o saka 10 a ta’akay marar lalan faco i hekal[402]. O kasaminato no South Africa manga’ay pakariyar ko kasacalay no picolo’, nika nawhani awaay ko paka’aloay a rakat micolo’, orasaka o maci awaay ko kalacalay no mararay lalan, tinako o Duban ato East London awaay ko pamo’ecelay a sapicolo’ a lalan.

I 2010 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, itiya a manga’ay ko katatongod nai Oliver Tambo kasakitakit hikokiciw ato Thornton a Howden a kisya, o cecay katatongodan a calay nai Johannesburg, Pretoria, Equuleini ato Oliver Tambo kasakitakit hikokiciw a hacikayay mararay lalan picolo’ to mirarakatay kisya a faco[403].

I 2014 mihecaan, i South Africa o polong no kitakit a kasahikociw mirarakatay ira ko 3,500 tamdaw[404]. I South Africa o samalifotay a hikokiciw kadado’edo i o Oliver Tambo kasakitakit hikokiciw, Cape Town kasakitakit hikokiciw, Shaka hongti kasakitakit hikokiciw, Elizabeth kasakitakit hikokiciw ato East London kasakitakit hikokiciw. O South Africa hikoki kosi o nano South Africa kitakit ko citodongay a hikoki kosi[405], padamso to patatikoay nai Johannesburg ato Cape Town a calay no hikoki. O roma sato satadamaanay kasakitakit hikoki kosi tinako Inkiris hikoki, Netherland hongti hikoki, Lufthansa hikoki/Switzerland, Spain hikoki ato France hikoki ira ko padamsoay to romi’ami’ad ma’efer patatikoay i kitakit a kasakitakit hikokiciw.

Orama, ira ko papina a hikoki kosi tanako o South Africa calay hikoki, Com hikoki, Kurula hikoki, Mango hikoki, Namibia hikoki, Safa hikoki ato South Africa ranikay micolo’ hikoki padamso to ka’efer i laloma’ay no kitakit ato sakafiyaw kitakit a hikoki. Oya mimingay a hikokiciw i South Africa halo i Bram Fisher kasakitakit hikokiciw no Bloemfontein, Shaka hongti kasakitakit hikokiciw no Duban, Kruger Pumalanga kitakit hikokiciw, East Londen hikokiciw, Polokwane kitakita hikokiciw ato Elizabeth hikokiciw.

Talacowa cango’ot to no ’aloan micolo’ ko South Africa, nikawrira no riyaran picolo’ o kimetoay, ira ko 96% a micomoday masadakay saheto pakayniay no riyaran ko sapicolo’ [406]. O South Africa a tadaminato ira ko Cape Town, Duban, Elizabeth, East London, Mossel sangoso’, Richards sangoso’ ato Saldanha sangoso’, manga’ay i kasaminato no hekal a romakat. I 2009 mihecaan, itini i Elixabeth sakawali ka’amis to 20 kongli no Koga fa’elohay a Nicola minato[407]. O minato no South Africa a nisanga’an a pikowan ato pidemak nai Delan Snit tosaay a capa’ a kosi -- Delan Snit kitakit minato citodongay mikowan ato South Afric minato midemakay a cacitodong.

## Dademakay a icifa (勞動力市場)

I 1995 miheca tangasa 2003 mihecaan, o South Africa misongila’ to katayalan milowan to tamdaw, o caayay ko masongila’ay a katayalan i matongal ko tamdaw, sakapolongen kaawa no katayalan mangalef ko latiih[180]. I 2009 miheca, o polong no South Africa a kitakit awaayay ko katayalan tahira i 24%[408]. Tonini i, o kohetingay tamdaw awaayay ko katayalan takaraw salongan 29%, macengelay tamdaw salongan 21%, kohecalay tamdaw salongan 5%[408].

O South Africa a sifo mipadang to kohetingay tamdaw a halaka malosaka pipespes no South Africa micowatay kingko kingkiwan ato saparatoh a tataspangan hakasi no kicay ci Neva Makitra[342], sacisowal sa cingra “saheto o sapicokerohaw to kohetingay tamdaw to sakisalongoc (caay ko sapisalofaw to kicay a kasasiromaan), talacowa cidafongay tamdaw masafaco ko kasairairaan” [409]. O citodongay mihayda to nia halaka to saka tongal no kicay cidafong no kohetingay tamdaw, mahapinang ko masafa’elohay macakay sasifo’an a selal no kohetingay tamdaw[25][178][179][410]. O rama a demak halo salongoc ato pikihar no kitakit, onini to sapicomod to adihayay sa’etal masafaco ko takaraway a dipang[411]. O cidahdahay to matayalay a rikec malosakalatiih no kaawa no katayalan no South Africa[180][183][342][412].

Malecad to ’alomanay Africa safaniyot a kitakit, o South Africa i ’ayaw to 20 mihecaan mataneng ko milaliway a cifana’ay tamdaw[177][413][414]. O sakisa’etal a kicay o sakapeleng[415], mihayda to caayay kanga’ay a miti’er to sakiisingan a nipatirengan a sakanga’ay no tamdaw a rihaday[416]. saki South Africa a nifana’an maliposakay a masidayay nanolatiih, o nano nifana’an a masiday no South Africa saheto o nanopisepenan, o sakapiliyas no kohecalay tamdaw to South Africa[29][177][183][417]. Nikawrira, oya sowal to kalasawad no cifana’ay tamdaw a nisa’osaan malosakaira no laliyangan, onini a sa’osian caay ka polong to nika paherek no telek i roma kitakit matayal a mapanokayay. Midotoc to pinapina a mipalitaan[418][419], I 2008 miheca tangasa 2009 miheca polong no cikiw a paysoan a katalawan ato karaod no tatelek no katayal, ikor malasawaday cifana’ay tamdaw masadak ko kalaliyocan. I 2011 miheca saka 1 liyad a PPS to nipalitaan masapinang, o mikingkiway tadamaanay tamdaw a cifaloco’ay no South Africa a tatodongan 84%[420].

## Misafa’elohay ko nikingkiwan (創新科研)

O pinapina a kaki ato nifana’an a nikacowat saheto o nai South Africaay: I 1967 miheca 12 folad 3 romi’ad, o nai Grote Schur isingan no faloco’ a ising ci Christine Barnard malaheci ko nidemakan sa’ayaway nipilinah to faloco’ a tokad i hekal[421][422][423]; ci Max Terrell mipalowad to cecay sapitena’ to kaliyalaway faedetay a salifong[424]; ci Alan McLeod Cormac mipalowad to nano tomography sa’osi a  X-ray (pisahecian to kasapinang a lintoking); ci Aaron Klug mipalowad to crystallography electron microscope a nifana’an. Dengan ni Barnard ising, o roma a tamdaw pakalayap to kompay no Nobel prize, o saadihayay tamdaw to kacikompay to Nobel prize ko South Africa kitakit[425][426]. I 2002 miheca, Sidney Brenner tona molecular biologyan palowaday tayal a pakalayap to kompay no Nobel prize[427].

Patireng to sa’ayaway a calay rihaday kosi Thawte ci Mark Sauderworth, ikor ma’aca no sa’ayaway i hekal a Verisign[428]. Talacowa misa’icel ko sifo to saki biology a fana’, Information (ratohay) a fana’ ato roma takaraway a kaki sofalan a palowadan katayalan, nika o South Africa awaay to ko tadamaanay a kosi. Itiya kafana’en no South Africa sifo, o misanga’ay no South Africa caay to pakatoor to kalalifet no kicay no kawaliwaliay, o kitakit caay ko mamida’oc miti’er to kinaira no fodawan. Orasaka, o patosokan no sifo o sakasaslromaaw no kicay no South Africa, kao takaraway a kaki ko sakalomahad no kicay ko pakayraan.

Ira ko fa’ehohay nano astronomy i South Africa, o saki katimolay (peci’) a cikiw a optical telescope – kaitiraan no ta’akay telescope i South Africa. Anini, o South Africa mipatireng to Karoo array a telescope, tangasa i 15 walwalan no EUR payso a pinfang kongli kamok a misolapay[429]. I 2012 miheca 5 folad 25 romi’ad, misahalakaay sakapot mihapiw misiked i South Africa ato Australia ko pipatireng to pinfang kongli a telescope[430], salongan sa’osi i 2019 miheca misitapang patireng. Maherek a mapatireng, o kahapinang nonini a telescope ikaka no i hekalay saki’emelay a musing telescope ko takaraw to 50 ko inaneng, o sapisolap to kakarayan kaharakat tangasa 10,000 inaneng nira, o kahapinangan a nengneng makikaka mata’elif ko no Hubble Space a telescope. I 2018 miheca 7 folad 13 romi’ad, nano 10 miheca ko pisafaco ato pipatireng to MeerKAT i Carnarvon no South Africa midemak. O satata’akay i katimolay (peci’) a cikiw ko MeerKAT, o macikilay a radio telescope[431], o samahapinangay masyasing ko fo’ifo’osan a syasingen[432].

## Pananom ato isian (供水與衛生)

O citodongay to no nanom no South Africa tosaay ko pahapinang o pakoniraay ko pidemak to sakinanom ato no nanoman wiyyinhuy ko sakaira, nanoman wiyyinhuy o cidemakay to calay nai misatafa’an pasimisiikeday si ko pipa’aca to ta’akay to nanom citodongay. O nia sakatadamaan o padamso no patadoay i saki dofongan payso to sakararidaw, nika cangot i pihadimel.

Talacowa matiratira i, 2014 miheca 5 folad, i Durban a nanom ato sakiisi no taliyok citodongay kai “nipifalic ato misakodaitay a pakiraan” cikompay to kasenengan to nanoman no Stockholm misang'ay to lalosidan, masowalay ko nia citodongay o “o satala’ayaway i hekal a kapolongan a siyaan”. O Durban sa’ayaway pasayra i pakoyocay a finawlan ko padamso caayay pa’aca to nanom a niyah misiikeday si, o 130 ’ofad a tamdaw macayat to nanom, i laloma’ no 14 mihecaan 70 ’ofad ko tamdaw ko mapadamsoay to tata’ian.

Itini i Durban misaopo to nanom no ’orad ato mimingay no nanoman ko pisatingki[433]. Ikor no paherek to finacadan a kasasiiked, o sakinaira no nanom i South Africa mapacakat ko miradomay to nanom, nai 1990 miheca tangasa 2010 mihecaan, o mapananomay a tamdaw nai 66% matongal tangasa 79%to [434]. Oyanan a liyad, o sakiisi a nipatirengan nai 71% matongal 79% to[434]. Ano matiratira ko patodong no sifo to sapifalic to sapatado, pasinanoman ko padamso to pacefong to patiyap to payso, naka nona mihecaan sakareteng pisafaloco’ sato ko pisi’ayaw no sifo to padamso to nanom ato sakiisi a nidemakan[435].

O kawali a sa’etal no South Africa mafodo’ to pakayniay to Holy Child (tadamaanay a wawa) a kakedalan[436]. I 2018 miheca 2 folad 13 romi’ad, o South Africa a sifo miparatoh to Cape Town to nano polongan no kitakit a talatiihay[436], nawhani no Cape Town pipananom tangasa i saka 6 folad o mamakedal to cango’ot no nanom[437]. Nawhani o nitafa’an a nanom dengan to 24.9%, mirahid to nanom i finawlan to romi’adan sa’adihayay 200 liter tangasa 250 liter makerod i 50 liter (taikor mapadahal to 87 ko liter ito), micohong ko kakeridan (siciw) tayra i mikaloyaay to nanom a laloma’an, o mamiparatoh ko kadademakan no kakeridan (siciw) ka’ayaway 100 tamdaw mikaloyaay to nanom a ngangan[438]. O malatapangay no South Africamili’ayaw paterep to nanom “paterepan romi’ad” latek i saka 4 folad ano eca saka 5 folad sanay, ikor manayar tangasa i 6 folad 4 romi’ad. Malemeday i, tangasa 2 foladan, nawhani o maomahay a sacefang halipafeli to nano hiyah nisopedan a nonom pasadak to 100 walwalan liter ko nananomen, ato nipirahid no finawlan to nanom, saka “paterepan romi’ad” manga’ay manayar tangasa 7 folad 9 romi’ad[439].

Nakawrira o South Africa sifo i saka 3 folad mihapiw, ano caay ho ka’orad ko Cape Town, kaawaayan no nanom “paterepan romi’ad” alatek o aitira i saka 8 folad 27 romi’ad, itiya o Cape Town o makedalay awaayay ko nananomen i hekal a maci[440]. Ira kopaini no matanengay to sowal tarohan ko so^eda a lotok nai Katimolay ’Apocok ta masalof ko kaawa no nanom saan, tafone to kiradom madama ko kaeca karanikay malasinol no so^eda a lotok, itiya o ta’akay pasimalan a tamna ko mikeriday to so^eda a lotok patayni i lawac no riyar i katimol no Africa safaniyot kaetip lilis no riyar a Benguela sienaw, mataroh tayni i Cape Town, itiya a micikcik pasakoli, malasinol, palapinapina semo’ot ’ofad a liter ko nananomen[441][442]. Midotoc toLinhoko pihaydaan pali’ayaw, o Cape Town o saka 11 i hekal ko makerahay ko nanom a maci[443][444].

## Tamdaw (人口)

### O nisa’osian ato kasolekan (數量與結構)

O South Africa ira ko 6,014 ’ofad (2021) o nai masasiromaay a lalengawan, ponka, sowal ato pakayraan a pitoora a tamdaw no kitakit[4]. I nacila o pipatiri’an no finawlan i 2011 mihecaan itiya, halo i nacilaay a pipatiri’ i 2016 miheca to milakecay to kitakit a pipatiri’an[445]. Imatini salongan ira ko 500 ’ofad no mitakaway a mafolaw a finawlan[192][193], o nian halo salongan 300 ’ofad tangasa 500 ’ofad a Zimbabwe tamdaw[446][447][448][449][12]. Nai 2008 miheca 5 folad 11 romi’ad miteka, cidemak ko South Africa to sapiliyang mirawraw to mafolaw a finawlan, o sakalifotan no nia litakit[450][451].

O misa’osiay citodongay no South Africa milongoc to tamdaw i pipatiri’an limaay a finacadan ko sapipahapinang to ngangan no niyah[452]. Misa’osiay citodongay i 2011 mihecaan to pipatiri’an no tamdaw a romi’ad o kohetingay tamdaw ira ko 79.2%, kohecalay tamdaw ira ko 8.9%, no macengelay tamdaw ira ko 8.9%, Asia teloc tamdaw ora ko 2.5%, o roma/caay ka patoro’an 0.5%[6][453].

Nai paterep to sakipipalaedan to finacadan a demak, ikor o pinapina a kohecalay tamdaw miliyas to South Africa, salaloma’an no nian kairaira saan a caay kasapinang. O sasowalen, kohecalay tamdaw nai 1911 mihecaan a 22% matefad tangasa 1970 mihecaan a salongan 17%, caay pisawad a matefad tangasa anini 7.8%. I 1911 miheca a pipatiri’ to tamdaw, kohecalay tamdaw ira ko 22%, nika tangasa 1980 mihecaan matefad tangasa 16%[454]. Dengan o papinapina miliyasay a kohecalay tamdaw, o kohetingay tamdaw a nisofocan ikaka to no kohecalay tamdaw ato roma finacadan o nian ko sakatefad no kohecalay tamdaw ko sakatefad[455][456][13].

O South Africa ira ko ’alomanay a malafelay finalan ato milongocay to sadama a tamdaw. Midotoc to no Amilika a malafelay finawlan ato mafolaway wuyyinhuy a piparatoh “2008 miheca no hekalan a pipalitaan to malafelay finawlan”, i 2007 miheca a South Africa ira ko salongan 144,700 tamdaw ko malafelay finawlan ano eca milongocay to sadama a tamdaw[457]. Masasiked cangra nai Zimbabwe (48,400) tamdaw, o Democratic Republic of the Congo (24,800 tamdaw), ato Somalia (12,900 tamdaw) [457], polong mataelif ko 100,000 tamdaw. O nia tamdaw itiraay i Johannesburg, Pretoria, Durban, Cape Town ato Elizabeth minato[457]. Anini, ’alomanay a malafelay finawlan misatapang i Mpumalanga kanatal, KwaZulu-Natal kanatal ato Eastern Cape kanatal a maomahay sa’etal malingad ato ma’orip.

## Sowal (語言)

Itini i South Africa ira ko 11 a sowal no kitakit[14][458][459], pasasiroma ira ko Afrikaans, Inkiris sowal, South Ndebele sowal, Northern Sotho sowal, Southern Sotho sowal, Swadi sowal, Tsonga sowal, Zana sowal, Venda sowal, Xhosa sowal ato Zulu sowal. Pakayni to nian, o sakasaspwal no South Africa a kitakit o no sakatosa to no Bolivia, India ato Zimbabwe. Talacowa polong no sakasasowal no kitakit o malecaday to a malalen, nika sakilaloma’ no nia sakasasowal no kitakit o kananaman ito[458].

Midotoc to 2011 mihecaan a pipatiri’ to tamdaw, i South Africa malasepatay ko marariday a masowal o Zulu sowal (22.7%), Xhosa sowal (16.0%), Southern Sotho sowal (13.5%) ato Inkiris sowal (9.6%)[453]. Talacowa o Inkiris sowal o sakasepat a rayray, nika i 2011 miheca dengan 9.6% ko South Africa a tamdaw o saka cepay a sasowalen, nika o Inkiris sowal o saki South Africa i sician, kalali’acaan to sakimitiyaan a sakasasowal[10][458]. O roma i, o Inkiris a sowal ko saka sasowalan no South Africa[453][458].

I South Africa mihayda to pinapina a finacadan sowal, halo Fanagaro, Kerr, Robidus, Nama, Northern Ndebele, Pudi ato South African Sign Language[460]. O nia caayay ko nano kitakit a saasasowal, o saka nidemakan no South African o no kitakit a sasowalen.

O San a tamdaw ato Khoikhoi a tamdaw ’alomanay a finacadan manayaray tangasa i Namibia, ato Botswana a kitakitan a sasowalen to caayay ko no kitakit a sakasasowal. Caay kalecad to no roma a Africa safaniyot a tamdaw, o nia tamdaw o nai mi’a’adopay a syakay, orasaka ira ko no nangra to no niyah a ponka kacingangan. O San a tamdaw ato Khoikhoi a tamdaw o maco’ecoay patayra i lawac, o mamalasawad malahedaw ko sowal.

O i South Africa a kohecalay tamdaw saheto o mafana’ay to no Europe a sowal, halo Portugal a sowal (ira ko nai Angola ato Mozambique a mafolaway tamdaw ko mafana’ay pasowal), Germany sowal ato Greece a sowal, salongan a Asia teloc a South Africa tamdaw mafana’ay pasowal to no Asia a sowal, tinako Gujarat sowal, Into sowal, Tamil sowal, Telugu sowal ato Urdu sowal. Oya itiniay i South Africa a nano Africa safaniyot France sowal a liyok mafolaway finawlan o nia Africa safaniyot France sowal ko sakasasowalan.

## Maci (城市)

I 2000 miheca, ira ko 95% a kohecalay tamdaw ato Asia safaniyot tamdaw, 79% ko cicengelay tamdaw ato 41% kohetingay tamdaw maro’ay i laloma’ no kasamaci. 2005 miheca, maro’ay i maci a tamdaw polongen macalap ko 59.5% ko tamdaw, o nia tamdaw tangasa i 2015 mihecaan matongal tangasa 64.8%. O kamaro’an caayay to ksaedeng ato sakisalawacan a kanga’ayan o sakalatiih to no maci[461][462][463]. Orasaka, taliyok no sa’etal i maci caayay ko masongila’ay a nipatirengan a loma’, tinako o talo’an, cahongan pakoyoc kamaro’an[464][465].

Tahamatini, i South Africa mipatirengay to loma’ caay to pakarenec to South Africa mangalayay to sakaira no kamaro’an a tamdaw, no Soweto maci no kohetingay tamdaw caay to pakalolol to ka’aloman no tamdaw a demak[465][466]. Itini tina maci, ira ko 300 ’ofad tangasa 400 ’ofad a tamdaw maro’ay i laloma’ no 130 pinfang kongli a sa’etal.

Ikor no paterep to kalalaedan no finacadan, o sasifo’ay selal ato i takaraway selal a milecokay a kohecalay tamdaw a ka’oripan o kafafalifalic to no syakay a kangilay a masamimingay to. Katelangay a kamaro’an no kohetingay tamdaw a kasaniyaro’ mapaterekay, nawhani dengan caay kapapina ko kohetingay tamdaw ko pakalololay patodong to ’aca to nicaliwan a loma’. Oroma caayay ka papina tamdaw malinah tayra i no kohecalay tamdaw a niyaro’ rahoday ko picamol to no kohecalay tamdaw a ka’oripan.

Ono kohetingay tamdaw a tamdaw no maci itini i 20 sici mipado’edo, masa’osi o maomahay tamdaw o mamaserer to 5% tangasa 10%[467].

Satata’angayay maci no South Africa kasarayray.

I 2016 miheca niyaro’ a pipalita[468], i hekalay maci a pi’arawan: 2018 miheca misalofan[469]

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| kasarayray | Ngangan no maci | Kanatal | Tamdaw |
| 1 | Johannesburg | Gauteng | 9,167,045 |
| 2 | Cape Town | Wes-Kaap | 4,004,793 |
| 3 | Durban | KwaZulu-Natal | 3,661,911 |
| 4 | Pretoria | Gauteng | 2,437,000 |
| 5 | Elizabeth minato | Oos-Kaap | 1,263,051 |
| 6 | Frinisin | Gauteng | 957,528 |
| 7 | Soshoguvi | Gauteng | 841,000 |
| 8 | East London | Oos-Kaap | 810,528 |
| 9 | Bloemfontein | Vrystaat | 759,693 |
| 10 | Pietermaritzburg | Limpopo | 679,76 |

## Pakayraan/pitooran (宗教)

Midotoc i 2016 miheca a pipalita to tamdaw no South Africa, o Kristokiw micalap to 78.0% to tamdaw no South Africa, to nia mitooray o fa’elohay Kristokiw ko ’alomanay[14], caayay kapapina o mitooray to tingsokiw ano eca roma a kiha[470]. Oya fa’elohay Kristokiw, roma ira ko kasakiwha no Kristokiw to 19.7% tamdaw mitooray. I South Africa o mirocokay to pakayraan 4.4%, o Islam tamdaw ira ko 1.6%, no Intokiw 1.0%. ira ko 10.9% ko awaayay ko pakayraan, 2.7% mitoor romaroma pakayraan, 1.4% caay pitoro’ to nitooran[365][470][471][472].

O nai nipalowadan no Africa safaniyot a sakapotan satata’akay a Kristokiw a komodan, ’aloman ko pasowalay to away ko kacotodongan to maanan a sakapot no pakayraan sanay a tamdaw oya mida’ocay to no Africa safaniyot a rocok pakayraan. I South Africa sa’osien ira ko 20 ’ofad a yincumin mirocokay to sapiadah (miadahay)[473], tangasa i 60% ko South Africa a tamdaw pasayraay to miadahay a milicay[474], o sowal nangra to miadahay o “Sangemas” ano eca “Inyanga” han[475][476]. O miadahay palekapoten to no to’as a salo’afangan, ato itiniay a kalo’a’adopen ato kalomalengaway a palecamol todong o sapaiyo a sakaadahaw, matiniay pipaiyo o sasowalen “Muti” ahan ko sowal[477]. ’Aloman ko finacadan pakomoday to no Kristokiw ato no to’asan a pakayraan a midemak[478].

No South Africa a Muslim saheto o macengelay tamdaw ato Into tamdaw masakapot, o nai romaay sa’etal no a South Africa tayni a mikapot to kohetingay tamdaw ano eca kohecalay tamdaw a mitooray to Muslim[479]. Sacisowal sa ko Muslim no South Africa, o nangra a pakayraan i South Africa o saranikayay macowat a pakayraan[480]. Kohetingay tamdaw a Muslim a mitooray i 1991 miheca ira ko 12,000 tamdaw macakat tangasa 2004 mihecaan a 74,700 tamdaw, enemay(6%) ko kacakat[479][481].

O South Africa o nano Yotaya tamdaw a niyaro’, o nian o nai Europe a Yotaya tamdaw, cangra haw i o caayay kapapina a mafolaway nai Europe a ’oasawan[482]. O South Africa a Yotaya tamdaw i 1970 mihecaan tangasa i satakaraway, nika imatinib dengan to salongan 67,000 tamdaw, halo ’osaw a Yotaya tamdaw miliyasay to South Africa. Talacowa a matini, o nia hatiniay a tamdaw itini i South Africa o pala tadamaanay saka 12 i hekal a Yotaya tamdaw a niyoro’an[483].

O Intokiw a mitoray mapaliyad a mapatadamaanay no South Africa[484].

## Ponka (文化)

O ’alomanay kohetingay tamdaw saheto o maomahay, o roma sato saheto i manikaway a kaliomahan a misa’oca’ocayay, nikawrira itiniay sa’etal o midotocay to rocok a rocekay ponka no South Africa[485]. Nikawrira, sa’aloman sato ko kohetingay tamdaw misatapang to masamaciay ato pasayraay to no roma pakayraan a ponka[467], o nia rocok an a ponka rara sa malasawad. Nanoya hacol no South Africa o kohecalay to tamdaw ko iraay, tangasa anini, sa’aloman sato ko kohetingay tamdaw, macengelay tamdaw ato Into tamdaw macaco’co to i sacakat kacidafong a selal[25][178][179][486], o wayway no ’orip nangra matiya o nano Europe, ka’amisay Amilika safaniyot, Australia a adihayay sa’etal a ’alomanay tamdaw.

O kaemangay sofitay no South Africa o sa’ayaway i polong no kitakit a kasafinacadan a kapah ato mato’asay a micelakay no kapah a kasakapot no South Africa. I 1977 miheca 7 folad 2 romi’ad, o nia kasakapot i kalomaocan mihayda to “O tatalacowa kako” ko piketon[487].

## Nisongila’an (藝術)

No South Africa tanengnengan a nisanga’an halo samato’asay i hekal a nisongila’an[488], o nia nisongila’an saheto o nai dihifay i South Africa a nialaan, o likisi nira nai miso’edac to mihecaan tangasa 75,000 muheca[489], onini a coka ato i ’ongcoyay a coka 3,000 ko kaitiraan i kitakit no South Africa a matama [490]. Pinapina a sician, o nito’to’an kilang, cinco, pinasanga’ ato pisakapowa o satadamaanay nisanga’an no South Africa, o nia nisongila’an tangasa anini ira i kasicowaan niyaro’ no South Africa a matama[491].

Tamatini, o nisongila’an no South Africa mararid sakadademaken matiya nisanga’an no tamdaw a canot a no aniniay a sakatayal to sasanga’en. Sa’ongan itiya ’ayaw ni Yis to 10000 mihecaan, mafolaw tayni i South Africa a Koisan tamdaw a malopisak misaniyaro misatapang ira ko nangra a niyah ponka ato nisongila’an, oya aniniay masadakay nai dihif a coka[10][491]. Nikawrira, o Bantu tamdaw ato Nguni tamdaw a ponka ato nisongila’an a rocok macelolay to ko no i dihifay a coka[491]. I kefeng no pikarkaran ato i maci, o fa’elohay a nisongila’an o macakatay ato masasiromaay: nao sapicengel sakadademak tangasa kakiniyah a nipidemak to kasasiroma a sakatayal to nipisanga’. Nai 1850 mihecaan miteka, o mapatodong no nikacangilan to nano Netherland a ponka a nisongila’ay, misakolongay a Boolean tamdaw ato marariday mitoor to nano Europe a nirocokan ponka no kohecalay tamdaw a nisongila’an tangasa anini oyanan to ko kasasicamol no ponka a masanga’ a mapasadak[491].

O nipitilid no South Africa nai mitiwa’ay to sici, syakay ato likisi a kasasiroma. Nai kohetingay tamdaw ci Saul Prachi i 1930 miheca mitilid to “Mhoudi” sa’ayaway nano Africa safaniyot a sowal ko sapitilid a nanengnengen. I 1950 mihecaan, “soni no tomtom” a cassi o sapilokes to sici, mimingay tilid ato paifaloco’ay a lalowadan, o malangihaay a sowal no i maciay kohetingay tamdaw a ponka.

O sasapinangen ko mitiliday a kohecalay tamdaw ci Alan Patton, i 1948 mihecaan cingra misadak to tadamaanay nitilidan “Tangicen, kaolahan a kitakit”. I 1991 miheca, ci Nadine Gordimer pakalayap to Nobel kompay, malasa’ayaway pakaalaay to Nobel compay a nitilidan no South Africa tamdaw[492][493], o nitilidan ningra “No saka pito folad a finawlan” i 1981 mihecaan mihapiw[492][494][495]. Ci John Maxwell Coetzee pakaala to Nobel tilidan kompay[496], i pipakompayan, o Sweden kakoying pacecay ci Coetzeean o “o nano kasasiromaan a pisakilif a mido’edo to sapikihatiya no papotalay sakacekok no tamdaw” [497].

O Arthur Fugard a kiki maketonay ko romi’ad i South Africa, London (Hongt kamaro’an pikikian) ato New York toloay kaitiraan salawacay pikikian pasadak. Ci Olivier Schreiner a “Africa safaniyot kamaomahan a kimad” (1883 miheca) o pa’arawan to Victoria tilidan: ’aloman ko tamdaw to pakifafahiyanay a pacomod to nitilidan.

Tana mikihatiya ci Bretten Breitback to piliyang to picidekay to finacadan a midemokay onto a marofo. I 1979 miheca, ci André Brinker mipasadakay to natilid “katalaremasan romi’ad” ikor mapecec no kohecalay tamdaw sifo itiya, o sa’ayaway pasadakay to nitilidan a mapanecay a mitiliday[498].

## Mitiya ato malifongay ponka (媒體與流行文化)

Ira ko tadamaanay mitiya a siya i South Africa, o Africa safaniyot a mitiya a ciwsing. I South Africa adihay ko radio kosi ato sinpon pasapinang to laloma’an no kitakit a kasasiroma tamdaw[25], o Inkiris a sowal ko sakasasowalan[458]. Nikawrira, roma a mo’etepay kasasiroma sowal iraay itira kasasiromaan a sakasasowal[458].

Adihay ko kasasiroma no radiw a ongkak i South Africa[499]. Kohetingay tamdaw a maradiway misanga’ to nano Kuwedo a mitiwa’ay, sakanga’ay i paratohay, tilifi, cassi a mitiya mapasangilay[500]. O kasapinangan i ci Brenda Fassi, o niradiwan ningra “tadamaanay pahanhanan” o Inkiris a sowal ko piparadiw a malatadamaanay. Adihay ko nai rocokay a maradiway halo ci Ladysmith Black Mabasso, a o ni Soweto sepatay ko kacaca’of a mipangiha to no Africa safaniyot a ponkaan a radiw. Mapasadak ko no South Africa tadamaanay malosiyangay i hekal a ridiwan, mangalef ko ni Hugh Masikla, Jonas Gwangwa, Abdullah Ibrahim, Miriam Macabe, Jonathan Butler, Chris McGregor ato Samar Bea Benjamin. O no South Africa sowal a radiw mapapolongay to no kasasiromaan, matiya aniniay ci Steve Hoffmeyer, punk a (Fokofpolisiekar) radiwan ato nisanga’an a maradiway ci Jeremy Robosan.

Talacowa i romaay no South Africa a ika caay ka adihay nisanga’an i South Africa, nika ’aloman ko ramaay kitakit a ika nisanga’an a laloma’ pakayniay i South Africa. Pina miheca, mitodong to no South Africa samanengnengay a ika to “saka siwa pi’efecan” [501]. Roma kasapinanang a ika ira “Karari’angan no tatiihay”, oni a ika i 2005 miheca a saka 78 lekad no Oscar a pipawacayan pakaala to no Oscar a romaay sowal a pawacay, oya “Carmen no Kayarisha” itini i 2005 miheca i Berlin kasakitakit a ikaan mapawacay to ^ekiman tomay kompay. I 2015 miheca, Oliver Hermanus a ika “awaayay ko tolas a ’alo” o sa’ayaway marapotay i Venice ikaan no South Africa a ika.

## Kakaenen (飲食)

Adihay ko kasasiroma kakaenen no South Africa[502]. O ’alomanay tamdaw maolag to kasasiromaroma no ponka a kakaenen, mangalef oya mangalayay mitenam komaen to kasasiroma no South Africa a kakaenen[502].

O kakaenen a dateng no South Africa ato ponka no kakaenen saheto o titian ko tatanaan, mala o no South Africa a tadong i kasakapotan, itiniay tamdaw paini sa o “Braai” (o mi’id’idan a titi) [503]. Anini, i South Africa macowatay to ko fadiso’so’ a epah kinairaay kitakit, o fadiso’so’ a epah misanga’ay ko kacingangan; i Stellenbosch, Franschhoek, Paal ato Barrydale a lotokan, adihayay epah a fadiso’so’ cingangan i hekal[504].

## Onto (體育)

Sahalamhaman ato kalifongan no South Africa a onto i o waay mali, katop mali ato soedaay mali[505]. Rama a salongan nicokeran a onto ira midangoyay, comikayay, kalofo, posingko, salilay mali, sapad mali ato langciyo[505]. Talacowa no waay mali o kahalamhaman no kapah, nika o langciyo, pakatapelikay, sapad seray a onto macakatay a kalamhaman ito[505].

Nao i romaay kitakit a waayay mali club a ontoing no South Africa ci Steven Pienaar, Lucas Radepe, Phil Massinga, Benny McCarthy, Aaron Mokona ato Delro Buckley. Nano midemakay ko South Africa i 2010 miheca to kasakitakit a waayay mali a hekalan kompay[506][507][508], kasakitakit waay sakapot citodongay ci Sepp Blatter malaheci ko pidemak to nia hekalan kompay mapaini cingra to 9 (10 marafi’ay) fon karahekeran[509].

Tadamanay no South Africa a posingko halo “mimingay Jack” ci Jacob Matra, Wuyani Bangu, Wellcome Sita, Digan Tobera, Gerry Kotzer ato ci Brian Mitchell. I 2010 miheca, itini i Durban pakatapelikay onto ci Jody Smith pakaala to i Jeffrey Lambey sangoso’ kalalifet, nanoya o satadamaanay i hekal a pakatapelikay ontoing. Nanoya, o South Africa i 1979 miheca o cecay selal (ici-fancese) lalifet to tosiya hekalan kompay ci Judy Scheckert. Satadamanay a onto no South Africa sapad mali a ontoing halo Abraham Benjamin de Villiers, Hashem Amra, Dale Stein, Vernon Philander, Fafa du Plessis, mikihatiyaay to cangra to no Into tadamanay a sapad mali lalifet.

Naonian, i South Africa adihay ko no hekalan a kanglangciyo a onto kalalifetan, tinako François Pinard, Jost van der Westerzen, Danny Craven, Fric du Briz, Nas Botha ato Brian Habana. Nao midemakay to i 1995 mihecaan ko South Africa to hekalan kanglangciyo kompay[510][511][512][513], itiya i 2007 miheca makaala to hekalan kanglangciyo kompay. I 1995 miheca hekalan kanglangciyo kalalifet, i 1996 miheca midemak ko South Africa to no Africa safaniyot kitakit kompay, ono kitakit a taypiaw miliyaw pakaala. Midemak ko South Africa i 2003 miheca hekalan sapadan lalifet ato 2007 miheca hekalan T20 sapadan kalalifetan. I 1998 miheca kasakitakit sapadan cefang wa’ecik lalifetan, o South Africa ki’aoten ko kaetipay Into palapalaan, pakaala to sa’ayaway kalalifetan a kompay. I 1998 miheca sa’ayaway hekalan mapohaway tamdaw a sapadan kalalifet, o South Africa pakaala to kompay.

I 2004 miheca, ci Roland Schuman, Lyndon Ferns, Darien Townsend ato Rick Netlin midangoyay pakaala to i 2004 miheca Athens Olympics a kompay, nanoya mata’elif ko 4×100 pakoniyah katatongodan a hekalan tilad[514]. Ci Penny Haines i 1996 mihecaan Atlanta Olympics pakaala to kompay. I 2012 miheca, ci Oscar Pistorius sa’ayaway mikihatiya i 2012 miheca London Olympics maposotay wa’ay mamoko’ay cikay ontoing[515]. Itini i kalofo, ci Gary Player pakaala to kinapinaay demakan a kalalifet, o satadamanay i no kalofo cingara, itini i South Africa o cecay no lalimaay kalofo a mikihatiyaay. Roma a pakaalaay to tadamanay kalofo halo ci Bobby Locke, Ernie Ayres, Retief Goosen, Tim Clark, Trevor Immelman, Louis Oosthuizen, Charles Schwartzel.

Kasakitakit onto i South Africa a ta’akay kalalifetan kalahecian: (南非在大型國際運動會的成績)：

Kaciherangan Olympics: 26 ^ekim, 31 kim, 29 fodawan, 86 ko kompay (Africa safanoyot saka 2, hekal saka 32)

Kasi’enawan Olympics: caay ka cingangan.

Hekalan ontokay: 6 ^ekim, 11 kim, 18 fodawan, 35 ko kompay (Africa safanoyot saka 2, hekal saka 35)

Kaciherangan tata’angay ontokay: 27 ^ekim, 21 kim, 28 fodawan, 76 ko kompay (Africa safanoyot saka 1, hekal saka 27)

Kasi’enawan tata’angay ontokay: caay ka cingangan.

Hekal kuntaw ontokay: 2 ^ekim, 1 kim, 8 fodawan, 11 ko kompay (Africa safanoyot saka 2, hekal saka 26)

Kaciherangan kapah Olympics: 6 ^ekim, 5 kim, 4 fodawan, 15 ko kompay (Africa safanoyot saka 4, hekal saka 27)

Kasi’enawan kapah Olympics: caay ka cingangan.

## Salongan no kitakit (國家象徵)

Salongan no kitakit no South Africa[516]

Kaliyalaw kilang, no South Africa kitakit a kilang

Langdaw tolatolaw, no South Africa kitakit a ’ayam

Cakoday mangcel, Salongan ’a’adopen no South Africa kitakit

Angola kopangan foting, foting no South Africa kitakit

## Kacedengan (節日)

Fa’elohay South Africa polong no kitakit kacedengan ato pihiratengan a hanhan[12][517][518]:

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Romi’ad | Mihecaan kacedengan | Pitelekan miheca | Pisahecian |
| 1/1 | Mihecaan romi’ad | 1910 | Saka cecay romi’ad no miheca |
| 3/21 | Kasakitakit salongoc no tamdaw | 1990 |  |
|  | Kasemseman ni Yis | 1910 | ’Ayaw piliyawan ni Yis ma’orip a saka lima |
|  | Laloma’an romi’ad | 1980 | Ikor no piliyawan ni Yis ma’orip a saka cecay |
| 4/27 | Pakoniraan romi’ad | 1994 | Pihiratengan no South Africa 1994 nikapolongan kitakit |
| 5/1 | Kasakitakit a matayalay | 1995 |  |
| 6/16 | Kapah romi’ad | 1995 | 1976 miheca pico’ayan no Soweto romi’ad |
| 8/9 | Polong no kitakit fafahiyan romi’ad | 1995 |  |
| 9/24 | Rocok romi’ad | 1995 |  |
| 12/16 | Kalali’ayan romi’ad | 1995 | Patosokan picekeroh to South Africa finacadan lali’ay ato malacecayay |
| 12/25 | Kristmas | 1910 | Kasofocan ni Yis |
| 12/26 | Saint Stephen romi’ad | 1910 | Ikor no Kristmas saka toso romi’ad |

## Kiwiko (教育)

Tina to’asan o nano micingcingan makowan no Inkiris ko South Africa, halo kiwiko a telekan i syakay saheto midotocay to no Inkirisan ko pakayraan, matiya o nikenelan sarina’ no Inkiris. Orasaka, o kiwiko no South Africa o no Inkiris a kiwiko, saka malecaday to no Inkiris[525].

Nawhani o South Africa nao midemakay to kalalaed no finacadan, i ’ayaw o kohetingay tamdaw o awaayay ko solongoc to kiwiko[526], mangalef sapiraoyaw to takaraway kiwiko. Itiya, o daykako no South Africa saheto o kohecalay tamdaw ko patirengay to pitilidan, tangasa mapalasawad ko midemakay to kalalaed no finacadan to ikor, kohetingay tamdaw ira ko malalenay to salongoc a kiwiko. Ikor no nian, mipatireng ko South Africa to patodong to kohetingay tamdaw a daykako, tinako KwaZulu-Natal daykako.

I 2007 miheca, o South Africa 15 mihecaan tamdaw mafana’ay to tilid ira ko 88.7%[527], tangasa i 2015 mihecaan macakat tangasa 94.3%[528], parana’an mapatodongay to i cemahaday to kitakit ko kafana’ to tilid. O South Africa nai kaemangay midemak to malitoloay lekad a kiwiko, ikor kowcong ato takaraway kiwiko a mikingkiway daykako ato kicik daykako. Minanamay tamdaw o ai saka 1 miheca minanam tangasa 12 miheca lekad, milayap to 12 miheca masarocoday kiwiko na pitilidan. R leyad o ’ayaw no pikiwiko a parana’an miheca[529]. Milakec to mimingay kiwiko no pitilidan to ’ayaw 7 miheca[530], oya ikor no 5 miheca o kawcong kiwiko. Paherek i 12 mihecaan lekad, o mitiliday misiking to no kitakit takaraway sapawacay, miketon to mamitilid to kakodaykako[529].

Malitoloay ko nipatirengan no kitakit a daykako no South Africa[525][531]: masiiked padamso to sakafana’ a pakayraan salalan daykako a recokan daykako, padamso’ to katayalan a sapawacay, karocekan to kicik a daykako (’ayaw no likong daykako) ato kapolongan a daykako, silsilen padamso to malatosaay pakayraan patodongan sapawacay. Tangasa i 2017 miheca, i South Africa ira ko 26 no kitakit patirengan daykako[531]: ira ko 11 nano lecokan a daykako, 6 ko sakikicik daykako, 9 ko kapolongan daykako[531].

I nano kalalaedan no finacadan, masepenay ko no kohetingay tamdaw a pitilidan cango’ot ko payso ato micidekay a Bantu kiwiko a nananamen, o nia nananamen a sifana’ dadengdeng sa cangraan to sakacifana’ a matayal[532]. I 2004 miheca, misitapang mifalic ko South Africa to takaraway kiwiko a lekakawa: oya mimingay daykako pakakomoden patata’ang to citodongay; oya nano takaraway kiwiko citodongay malice o “daykako”, misalof to caayay ka lalen. Tangasa i 2015 miheca, ira ko 140 ’ofad a mitiliday to tadamanay takaraway kiwiko miraoy to nai 1999 miheca mihapiwan dafongan sadama a halaka[533].

O kiwiko sakatadamaan no South Africa a sofal[342][534], kapolongan kiwiko pasadak to 2002 miheca tangasa 2005 miheca South Africa o finawlan ko pi’arawan a sa’osi to 5.4%[535].

## Sapaising a isi (醫療衛生)

Midotoc to South Africa kasafinacadan minga’ayan kingkiw a sa’osi, I 2009 miheca kohecalay tamdaw a pali’ayaw a ’orip ira ko 71 mihecaan, o kohetingay tamdaw ira ko 48 mihecaan[536]. O masadakay no South Africa a isingan sakatomelek macalap ko GDP to 9%[537][538].

Dengan 16% ko mapa’oripay no isingan halaka ko South Africa tamdaw[539], salongan 20% a tamdaw ko nano tekedan isingan a sakatomenek[540]. Oya rafas tamdaw mangalay to pakoniyahay to sapaising ano eca pakayni ising a no paysoan halaka ko pa’aca[540]. Toloay ko isingan sakapot a Mediclinic, saki’orip isingan ato Nit isi kapolongan mi’emetan to 75% icifa kaaisal[540]. Salongan 84% a tamdaw mimitadoay to kapolongan isingan rocek[537], o nia rocek halafinay cango’ot to saki tamdawan a kinsaira ano eca citolasay ko kinaira a cikalifotan[541].

O sakatolo kaitiraan tata’akay isingan ko Chris Hani Balawanath ising no South Africa[542].

## Cango’otay to sakalifong no tamdaw/AIDS (人類免疫缺乏病毒／愛滋病)

O sa’alomanay madenga’ay to AIDS a tamdaw i polong no cikiw ko South Africa kitakit[25][177][543][544]. Midotoc i 2015 miheca Linhoko AIDS kapolongan mihalakaay citodangay a ratoh, o South Africa sa’osien ira ko 700 ’ofad madengaay no AIDS tamdaw[544][545]. Tadamaan ko latiih no AIDS i South Africa[25][29][177][543][544], I 2013 mihecaan salongan ira ko 560 ’ofad tamdaw (mata’elif ko tamdaw no South Africa to 10%) madengaay no AIDS adada[543]. I 2008 miheca a cecay nikingkiwan pahapinang, kasasiromaroma no finacadan no South Africa ira ko kasasiromaan no salifong to AIDS adada: ira ko 13.6% a kohetingay tamdaw to nano mangalefay AIDS adada, nika dengan 0.3% kohecalay tamdaw ko ciadadaay to AIDS[546]. O South Africa to mihecaan salongan masadak 30 ’ofad fa’elohay a AIDS adada, o pakaniay i AIDS adada mapatayay tangasa to i 27 ’ofad ko tamdaw[543]. I 2005 miheca, o South Africa sa’osien pasiiked ira ko 31% a citiyaday fafahiyan ato 20% a mato’asay tamdaw madengaay to AIDS adada[547]. O South Africa a finawlan madengaay no AIDS ira ko 21.5%, oya i kalahitayan madengaay to AIDS ato ciadadaay to AIDS takaraway to 23%[548].

’Ayaway congtong ci Mbeki ato nano isian kakeridan ci Manto Shabalala-Mhiman halafinay eca paso’elin to kadengaan no AIDS adada[549], mida’oc cangra, ’alomanay South Africa tamdaw a kapatay o nano cango’otay ko kakaenen [550][551] ano eca kalapakoyocan, caay ko nano AIDS adadaan[552]. I 2007 miheca misitapang, o sapisi’ayaw to pi’enec no kasakitakit, itiya misatapang ko sifo misa’icel mico’ay to AIDS adada[553].

I 2009 mihecaan a pisingkiw, itiyaay congtong ci Juma patoro’ ci Alan Mozlledi hakasian malaise kakeridan, mimiketon cingra to sifo ningra o mamipatongal to sakiadah to AIDS adada[554]. Tangasa i 2015 miheca, South Africa to sakiisingan to AIDS macowat ko kanga’ayan[555], o sifo padamso to makeroday ko ‘aca no nga’ayay sapaiyo, saka li’ayaway ’orip no tamdaw nai 52.1 mihecaan macakat tangasa 62.5 mihecaan[549][556].

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492. Nadine Gordimer: Mita’elif to ’adipel no kohetingay tamdaw ato kohecalay tamdaw. New York kowaping sinpon calay. 2014-7-15 [2018-11-18]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-18）.

493. Miraod ci Nadine Gordimer: Kangodoan i faloco’ ni Mandela a tadamanay. Fa’elohay kowaping calay. 2014-7-17 [2018-11-18]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-18）.

494.Erritouni, Ali. Apartheid Inequality and Postapartheid Utopia in Nadine Gordimer's "July's People". Research in African Literatures. 2006 miheca kasi’enawan, 37 (4): 68–84.

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496. Pakaalaay to Nobel tilidan a mitiliday ci John Maxwell Coetzee. Congko calay. 2003-10-3 [2018-11-18]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-3-24）.

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498.Brink, André. A Long Way From Mandela's Kitchen. New York Times. 2010-9-11 [2012-10-15]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-2-7）. One of my novels had the dubious distinction of being the first book in Afrikaans to be banned under apartheid.

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501. Mafelih no South Africa ko Hollywood. Hongkong apple sinpon. 2009-8-23 [2018-11-3]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-3）.

502. Kaeso’ay kakaenen i South Africa, kasairaira no datengan. Dademakay sinpon. 2017-12-28 [2018-10-1]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-1）.

503. Mitapayay kitakit, South Africa tamdaw mihecaan 41 kg ko nikaenan titi. TVBS. 2013-3-22 [2018-10-6]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-5-2）.

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506. Fa’elohay ’apilis fa’elohay ka’ayaw, South Africa ato hekalan lalifet masanga’ ko fa’elohay to’as. Congko itini i Durban citodongay. 2010-7-12 [2018-10-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-23）.

507.Caay ko mamatawal. 2010 hekalan lalifet. Hongkong apple sinpon. 2010-7-13 [2018-10-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-23）.

508. Masiday ko maan no hekalan lalifet i South Africa. BBC kowapin calay. 2010-7-12 [2018-10-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-23）.

509.Cooper, Billy. South Africa gets 9/10 for World Cup. Mail & Guardian. 2010-7-12 [2010-9-9]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-7-15）.

510. “Filomo” Misaopo ci Mandela to South Africa. Masowal no kimad no katop malian. Taywan apple sinpon. 2013-12-6 [2018-10-24]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-1-14）.

511. Misalama ci Mandela to katop a mali, micokeroh to sakalali’ay no finacadan. Fali mitiya. 2013-12-6 [2018-10-24]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-24）.

512. Caayay ka pidah a ki’emelay, Pakaynien ni Mandela i onto ko pinengneng to hekal manengneng ko South Africa. Aniniay sinpon. 2013-12-6 [2018-10-24]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-24）.

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517.NO. 36 OF 1994: PUBLIC HOLIDAYS ACT, 1994.. Government Communications (GCIS). 2008-3-28 [2008-3-29]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2008-8-21）.

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519.Government Website: Public Holidays Archive. South African Government Online. [2014-9-15]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-9-15）.

520.First celebration of May Day in South Africa. South African History Online. [2014-9-15]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-9-15）.

521.Speech by President Nelson Mandela on South Africa Youth Day Ladysmith, 16 June 1995. South African History Online. [2014-9-15]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-9-15）.

522. South Africa, Tona ci Mandela ato kalalaed no finacadan mala likisiay to. New York sinpon kowapingcalay. 2013-12-10 [2018-11-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-11）.

523.South Africa celebrates the first National Women's Day. South African History Online. [2014-9-15]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-11-13）.

524.First celebration of National Heritage Day. South African History Online. [2014-9-15]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-9-15）.

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526. Pitilidan romi’ad no South Africa, Gauteng kanatal salongan ira ko 6 ’ofad mitilid awaay ko pitilidan. Central sinpon. 2019-1-9 [2019-1-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-1-14）.

527.National adult literacy rates (15+), youth literacy rates (15–24) and elderly literacy rates (65+). UNESCO Institute for Statistics. [2018-07-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-10-29）.

528.Adult literacy rate, population 15+ years (both sexes, female, male). UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2015-8 [2015-11-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-9-5）.

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530.Education in South Africa. South Africa Info. [2010-6-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-6-17）.

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533.Cele, S'thembile; Masondo, Sipho. Shocking cost of SA’s universities. City Press. 2015-1-18 [2015-1-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-1-19）.

534. South Africa: Micokeroh to sakanga’ay no finawlan, palolol to kasasiikedan a kiwiko. Congko kiwiko sinpon. 2011-5-17 [2018-11-9]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-9）.

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536.Peoples Budget Coalition Comments on the 2011/12 Budget. Human Sciences Research Council. [2012-2-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-5-16）.

537.‘Clinic-in-a-Box’ seeks to improve South African healthcare. SmartPlanet. [2013-8-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-7-30）.

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539.What does the demand for healthcare look like in SA? (PDF). Mediclinic Southern Africa. [2013-8-25]. （o nano tilid (PDF)mana’ang i 2013-10-2）.

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544. Madengaay no AIDS tamdaw no South Africa, mataelif ko 700 ’ofad tamdaw. on.cc calay. 2017-8-1 [2018-9-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-9-11）.

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547.HIV & Aids in South Africa. AVERT. [2006-10-8]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2006-10-13）.

548. O sofitay no South Africa ira ko 23% a hitay madengaay no AIDS, mipadang ko Amilika to sapiadah. Sina hitay. 2005-6-8 [2012-05-08]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-02-04）.

549. “Kasakitakit AIDS kalomaoc”. Nai caayay pasoelin tangasa pisa’icelan misi’ayaw, mipatireng ko South Africa mico’ay to AIDS a kanga’ayan. Fali mitiya. 2016-7-18 [2018-10-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-10）.

550. Africa safaniyot: Micalap to malitosaay no polong no cikiw ko pakoyocay kaemangay wawa, romi’adan 53 ko mapatayay no South Africa. Wenhuy sinpon. 2017-12-18 [2019-1-5]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-1-17）.

551. ira ko 40% cango’otay to kakaenen a South Africa tamdaw: cango’ot to hereraw tirengan a fana’. South Africa kowaping calay. 2017-12-9[2019-01-05]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-01-06）.

552.Sack SA Health Minister–world's AIDS experts. afrol News. [2006-10-8]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2006-10-18）.

553.Situation Analysis. HIV & AIDS and STI Strategic Plan 2007–2011 (PDF). info.gov.za. [2013-6-26]. （o nano tilid (PDF)mana’ang i 2013-5-30）.

554.Zuma announces AIDS reforms. UNPAN. [2010-3-9]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-12-27）.

555. Manengneng no South Africa ko HIV sapico’ay no tatirengan, masafaloco’ay ko no AIDS a papeno mikingkiw. Patodongan calay. 2014-3-5[2020-2-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-2-15）.

556.South Africa has excelled in treating HIV–prevention remains a disaster. The Conversation. 2015-12-1 [2020-2-8]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-7-12）.

i 29 00 S, 24 00 E, noAfilika ko South africa.
Polong no sekalay i 1,219,090 sq km “saka 25 ko rayray no ngangan. ”
“O sekalay no sera i, 1,214,470 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 4,620 sq km ”
Polong i 54,300,704 ko tamdaw.

sera(土地)
Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 79.40%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 7.60%, malo no roma to a sera 13%.

siyoto(首都)
O [[[Pretoria]] ko Siyoto.

katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)
Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasepat 27 a romi’ad.

O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci Jacob Zuma, patirengan a romi’ad i 2009 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 9 a romi’ad.

Pi’arawan to lakaw

* CIA
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