# Sphingidae

| Pylsterte Tydperk: 23–0 m. jaar gelede
Ps
Es
Os
Ms
Pl
Ps |
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| Imago en ruspe van *Hyles euphorbiae* |
| Wetenskaplike klassifikasie  |
| Domein: | Eukaryota |
| Koninkryk: | Animalia |
| Filum: | Arthropoda |
| Klas: | Insecta |
| Orde: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamilie: | Bombycoidea |
| Familie: | Sphingidae Latreille, 1802 |
| Genus |
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Sien teks. |

Die **pylsterte** (Sphingidae) is 'n familie van motte in die superfamilie Bombycoidea. Die meeste pylsterte is groot vlinders wat snags vlieg; die kleiner soorte vlieg dikwels bedags. In die hele wêreld is daar meer as 'n duisend spesies bekend. Daar is veral baie soorte in die tropiese gebiede, maar hulle kom ook in Suid-Afrika voor, soos die druiwepylstert en die varkoorpylstert.

Sommige pylsterte, soos *Macroglossum stellatarum*, vermag dit om in die lug stil te hang om nektar uit 'n blom te suig. Hierdie vermoë om te swewe is slegs vier maal in nektardrinkende diere geëvolueer: kolibries, bepaalde vlermuise, die sweefvlieë en die pylsterte. Dis 'n opmerklike voorbeeld van konvergente evolusie. Pylsterte se behendige vliegvermoë is dikwels bestudeer. Hulle kan ook vinnig sywaarts vlieg, dalk om aan roofdiere te ontkom.

Die pylsterte omvat vier subfamilies, naamlik die Langiinae, Macroglossinae, Smerinthinae en Sphinginae. Die Macroglossinae is daarvoor bekend dat hulle as volwassenes voed, terwyl die Smerinthinae vermoedelik nie-voedende imago's oplewer, wat op die vetreserwes teer wat hulle in die ruspestadium opgebou het. Daar bestaan dus 'n merkwaardige veelsydigheid aan hierdie vlinderfamilie se voedingsgedrag, in teenstelling met die eenvormige situasie by die naverwante pouoogmotte, die Saturniidae, wat nooit as volwassenes voed nie.

In Engels staan hulle as *sphinx moths* of *hawk moths* bekend, en die ruspes as *horn worms*, weens die sterthorinkie.

## Kenmerke

Die naam pylstert is afgelei van 'n kenmerk van die ruspe wat 'n sagte of verharde stekel op hul agterste segment dra. Die ruspes is meesal groot en kleurryk, maar sodanig dat hulle nie op hulle gasheerplant opval nie. Die vlinder (imago) het dikwels bont kleure. Die vlerke se spanwydte wissel van 3,5 tot meer as 15 cm. Die grootste een is *Cocytius antaeus*, en het 'n spanwydte van 17,5 cm.

Die lang roltonge (of proboskiede) van imago's fasiliteer die opsuig van nektar uit blomme met diep kelke. *Xanthopan morgani* het dalk die langste roltong (proboskis) van ongeveer 30 cm, maar daar is ook spesies waar deelse of totale atrofie van die tong die norm is. Hulle liggaam is gestroomlyn en hulle kan snelhede van tot 50 km/uur bereik.

Sommige soorte van die groep Choerocampina kan ultrasoniese geluide produseer. Die funksie daarvan is nie duidelik nie.

## Leefwyse

Die volwasse diere voed op nektar, nes kolibries. Hulle slaan baie vinnig met hulle vlerke en gebruik hulle lang roltong om die nektar op te suig. Hierdie leefwyse kos baie energie en die motte moet gedurig nektar drink om aan hulle energiebehoeftes te voldoen. Die liggaamstemperatuur kan tydens hulle vlug tot 40°C oploop. Sommige spesies is daarvoor bekend dat hulle groot afstande kan aflê; hulle is trekvlinders. Die mannetjies en die wyfies kan taamlik lank lewe (10 tot 30 dae). Die wyfies lê deurskynende groen eiers wat meesal enkelvoudig gelê word. Die eiers se ontwikkeling varieer baie, van 3 tot 21 dae.

## Taksonomie

* + Genus  † *Mioclanis* Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994
	+ Genus  † *Sphingidites* Kernbach, 1967
	+ Genus  † *Teisseirei* Roselli, 1939
* Onderfamilie Langiinae Tutt, 1904
	+ Genus *Langia* Moore, 1872
* Onderfamilie Macroglossinae Harris, 1839
	+ Tribus Dilophonotini Burmeister, 1878
		- Subtribus Dilophonotina Burmeister, 1878
			* Genus *Aellopos* Hübner, [1819]
			* Genus *Baniwa* Lichy, 1981
			* Genus *Callionima* Lucas, 1857
			* Genus *Erinnyis* Hübner, [1819]
			* Genus *Eupyrrhoglossum* Grote, 1865
			* Genus *Hemeroplanes* Hübner, [1819]
			* Genus *Isognathus* Felder, C. & Felder, R., 1861
			* Genus *Kloneus* Skinner, 1923
			* Genus *Madoryx* Boisduval, [1875]
			* Genus *Nyceryx* Boisduval, [1875]
			* Genus *Oryba* Walker, 1856
			* Genus *Pachylia* Walker, 1856
			* Genus *Pachylioides* Hodges, 1971
			* Genus *Perigonia* Herrich-Schäffer, [1854]
			* Genus *Phryxus* Hübner, [1819]
			* Genus *Protaleuron* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Pseudosphinx* Burmeister, 1855
			* Genus *Stolidoptera* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Subtribus Philampelina Burmeister, 1878
			* Genus *Aleuron* Boisduval, 1870
			* Genus *Amphion* Hübner, [1819]
			* Genus *Cautethia* Grote, 1865
			* Genus *Enyo* Hübner, [1819]
			* Genus *Eumorpha* Hübner, [1807]
			* Genus *Euproserpinus* Grote & Robinson, 1865
			* Genus *Himantoides* Butler, 1876
			* Genus *Pachygonidia* Fletcher, 1982
			* Genus *Proserpinus* Hübner, [1819]
			* Genus *Sphecodina* Blanchard, 1840
			* Genus *Unzela* Walker, 1856
	+ Tribus Hemarini Tutt, 1902
		- Genus *Cephonodes* Hübner, [1819]
		- Genus *Hemaris* Dalman, 1816
	+ Tribus Macroglossini Harris, 1839
		- Subtribus "Sphingonaepiopsis Genusgroep"
			* Genus *Neogurelca* Hogenes & Treadaway, 1993
			* Genus *Sphingonaepiopsis* Wallengren, 1858
		- Subtribus Acosmerygina Tutt, 1904
			* Genus *Acosmeryx* Boisduval, [1875]
			* Genus *Dahira* Moore, 1888
			* Genus *Deidamia* Clemens, 1859
			* Genus *Micracosmeryx* Mell, 1922
		- Subtribus Choerocampina Grote & Robinson, 1865
			* Genus *Basiothia* Walker, 1856
			* Genus *Cechenena* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Cechetra* Zolotuhin & Ryabov, 2012
			* Genus *Centroctena* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Chaerocina* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Deilephila* [Laspeyres], 1809
			* Genus *Euchloron* Boisduval, [1875]
			* Genus *Griseosphinx* Cadiou & Kitching, 1990
			* Genus *Hippotion* Hübner, [1819]
			* Genus *Hyles* Hübner, [1819]
			* Genus *Pergesa* Walker, 1856
			* Genus *Phanoxyla* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Rhagastis* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Rhodafra* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Theretra* Hübner, [1819]
			* Genus *Xylophanes* Hübner, [1819]
		- Subtribus Clarinina Tutt, 1904
			* Genus *Acosmerycoides* Mell, 1922
			* Genus *Ampelophaga* Bremer & Grey, 1853
			* Genus *Clarina* Tutt, 1903
			* Genus *Darapsa* Walker, 1856
			* Genus *Elibia* Walker, 1856
			* Genus *Enpinanga* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Subtribus Macroglossina Harris, 1839
			* Genus *Altijuba* Lachlan, 1999
			* Genus *Angonyx* Boisduval, [1875]
			* Genus *Antinephele* Holland, 1889
			* Genus *Atemnora* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Cizara* Walker, 1856
			* Genus *Daphnis* Hübner, [1819]
			* Genus *Eurypteryx* Felder, C. & Felder, R., 1874
			* Genus *Giganteopalpus* Huwe, 1895
			* Genus *Hayesiana* Fletcher, 1982
			* Genus *Hypaedalea* Butler, 1877
			* Genus *Leucostrophus* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Maassenia* Saalmüller, 1884
			* Genus *Macroglossum* Scopoli, 1777
			* Genus *Nephele* Hübner, [1819]
			* Genus *Pseudenyo* Holland, 1889
			* Genus *Pseudoangonyx* Eitschberger, 2010
			* Genus *Rethera* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Temnora* Walker, 1856
			* Genus *Temnoripais* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Tinostoma* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Zacria* Haxaire & Melichar, 2003
		- Subtribus Incertae Sedis
			* Genus *Eupanacra* Cadiou & Holloway, 1989
			* Genus *Gnathothlibus* Wallengren, 1858
			* Genus *Microsphinx* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Odontosida* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
* Onderfamilie Smerinthinae Grote & Robinson, 1865
	+ "Cypa Genusgroep"
		- Genus *Cypa* Walker, [1865]
		- Genus *Cypoides* Matsumura, 1921
		- Genus *Grillotius* Rougeot, 1973
		- Genus *Rhodambulyx* Mell, 1939
		- Genus *Rhodoprasina* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Genus *Smerinthulus* Huwe, 1895
	+ "Polyptychus Genusgroep"
		- Genus *Andriasa* Walker, 1856
		- Genus *Chloroclanis* Carcasson, 1968
		- Genus *Neopolyptychus* Carcasson, 1968
		- Genus *Polyptychus* Hübner, [1819]
		- Genus *Pseudoclanis* Rothschild, 1894
	+ Tribus Ambulycini Butler, 1876
		- Genus *Adhemarius* Oiticica Filho, 1939
		- Genus *Akbesia* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Genus *Ambulyx* Westwood, 1847
		- Genus *Amplypterus* Hübner, [1819]
		- Genus *Barbourion* Clark, 1934
		- Genus *Batocnema* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Genus *Compsulyx* Holloway, 1979
		- Genus *Orecta* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Genus *Protambulyx* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Genus *Trogolegnum* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
	+ Tribus Incertae Sedis
		- Genus *Afrosphinx* Carcasson, 1968
		- Genus *Agnosia* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Genus *Anambulyx* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Genus *Callambulyx* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Genus *Ceridia* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Genus *Coequosa* Walker, 1856
		- Genus *Craspedortha* Mell, 1922
		- Genus *Falcatula* Carcasson, 1968
		- Genus *Imber* Moulds, Tuttle & Lane, 2010
		- Genus *Lophostethus* Butler, 1876
		- Genus *Microclanis* Carcasson, 1968
		- Genus *Opistoclanis* Jordan, 1929
		- Genus *Oplerclanis* Eitschberger, 2007
		- Genus *Parum* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Genus *Platysphinx* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Genus *Poliodes* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Genus *Rufoclanis* Carcasson, 1968
		- Genus *Xenosphingia* Jordan, 1920
	+ Tribus Leucophlebiini Boisduval, 1875
		- Genus *Afroclanis* Carcasson, 1968
		- Genus *Clanidopsis* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Genus *Clanis* Hübner, [1819]
		- Genus *Leptoclanis* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Genus *Leucophlebia* Westwood, 1847
		- Genus *Malgassoclanis* Carcasson, 1968
		- Genus *Neoclanis* Carcasson, 1968
		- Genus *Phylloxiphia* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Genus *Pseudandriasa* Carcasson, 1968
		- Genus *Pseudopolyptychus* Carcasson, 1968
		- Genus *Rhadinopasa* Karsch, 1891
		- Genus *Viriclanis* Aarvik, 1999
	+ Tribus Mimatini Tutt, 1902
		- Genus *Amorpha* Hübner, [1809]
		- Genus *Mimas* Hübner, [1819]
		- Genus *Morwennius* Cassidy, Allen & Harman, 2002
		- Genus *Phyllosphingia* Swinhoe, 1897
	+ Tribus Sataspedini Zolotuhin & Ryabov, 2012
		- Genus *Afrosataspes* Basquin & Cadiou, 1986
		- Genus *Sataspes* Moore, [1858]
	+ Tribus Sichiini Tutt, 1902
		- Genus *Daphnusa* Walker, 1856
		- Genus *Gynoeryx* Carcasson, 1968
		- Genus *Likoma* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Genus *Marumba* Moore, [1882]
	+ Tribus Smerinthini Grote & Robinson, 1865
		- Genus *Laothoe* Fabricius, 1807
		- Genus *Pachysphinx* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Genus *Paonias* Hübner, [1819]
		- Genus *Smerinthus* Latreille, [1802]
* Onderfamilie Sphinginae Latreille, 1802
	+ Sphinginae "Australische Sphingulini"
		- Genus *Coenotes* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Genus *Hopliocnema* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Genus *Synoecha* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Genus *Tetrachroa* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
	+ Tribus Monardini Haxaire & Minet, 2017
		- Genus *Monarda* Druce, 1896
	+ Tribus Pentateuchini Haxaire & Minet, 2017
		- Genus *Pentateucha* Swinhoe, 1908
	+ Tribus Sphingini Latreille, 1802
		- "Psilogramma Genussgroep"
			* Genus *Leucomonia* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Notonagemia* Zolotuhin & Ryabov, 2012
			* Genus *Pantophaea* Jordan, 1946
			* Genus *Poliana* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Psilogramma* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Subtribus Acherontiina Boisduval, 1875
			* Genus *Acherontia* [Laspeyres], 1809
			* Genus *Agrius* Hübner, [1819]
			* Genus *Callosphingia* Rothschild & Jordan, 1916
			* Genus *Coelonia* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Megacorma* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Subtribus Cocytiina Tutt, 1904
			* Genus *Amphimoea* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Cerberonoton* Zolotuhin & Ryabov, 2012
			* Genus *Cocytius* Hübner, [1819]
			* Genus *Neococytius* Hodges, 1971
			* Genus *Panogena* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Xanthopan* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Subtribus Sphingina Latreille, 1802
			* Genus *Apocalypsis* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Ceratomia* Harris, 1839
			* Genus *Dolba* Walker, 1856
			* Genus *Dolbogene* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Dovania* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Ellenbeckia* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Euryglottis* Boisduval, [1875]
			* Genus *Hoplistopus* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Ihlegramma* Eitschberger, 2003
			* Genus *Isoparce* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Lapara* Walker, 1856
			* Genus *Lintneria* Butler, 1876
			* Genus *Litosphingia* Jordan, 1920
			* Genus *Lomocyma* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Manduca* Hübner, [1807]
			* Genus *Meganoton* Boisduval, [1875]
			* Genus *Nannoparce* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Neogene* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Oligographa* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Paratrea* Grote, 1903
			* Genus *Praedora* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
			* Genus *Pseudodolbina* Rothschild, 1894
			* Genus *Rothinjoa* Zolotuhin & Ryabov, 2012
			* Genus *Sagenosoma* Jordan, 1946
			* Genus *Sphinx* Linnaeus, 1758
			* Genus *Taboribia* Strand, 1910
			* Genus *Thamnoecha* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
	+ Tribus Sphingulini Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
		- Genus *Dolbina* Staudinger, 1877
		- Genus *Kentrochrysalis* Staudinger, 1887
		- Genus *Sphingulus* Staudinger, 1887

## Afbeeldings

* *Acherontia atropos*
* *Agrius convolvuli*
* *Cephonodes hylas*
* *Daphnis nerii*
* *Deilephila elpenor*
* *Deilephila porcellus*
* *Eumorpha pandorus*
* *Hemaris diffinis*
* *Hemaris fuciformis*
* *Hemaris tityus*
* *Hippotion celerio*
* *Hyles gallii*
* *Hyles livornica*
* *Hyles tithymali*
* *Laothoe amurensis*
* *Laothoe populi*
* *Macroglossum stellatarum*
* *Manduca sexta*
* *Mimas tiliae*
* *Polyptychoides assimilis*
* *Smerinthus ocellata*
* *Sphinx ligustri*
* *Sphinx pinastri*
* *Xylophanes chiron*

## Verwysings

 *Hierdie artikel is merendeels vertaal vanaf die Nederlandse Wikipedia-artikel nl:Pijlstaarten*