Brown v. Board of Education | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 05/10/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education


00:03:13 1 Background
00:05:58 2 District court case
00:06:07 2.1 Filing and arguments
00:09:24 3 Supreme Court arguments
00:13:26 3.1 Consensus building
00:17:15 4 Decision
00:22:24 5 Reaction and aftermath
00:23:42 5.1 Deep South
00:26:21 5.2 Upland South
00:30:37 5.3 North
00:32:02 5.4 Topeka
00:34:38 6 Legal criticism and praise
00:46:14 7 iBrown/i II
00:48:42 8 iBrown/i III
00:50:39 9 Related cases
00:50:48 10 Other comments
00:52:26 11 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that American state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality. Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Court's unanimous (9–0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal," and therefore violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. However, the decision's 14 pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools, and the Court's second decision in Brown II (349 U.S. 294 (1955)) only ordered states to desegregate "with all deliberate speed".
The decision came out of a case from Topeka, Kansas, where the public elementary schools had been segregated by race since the late 19th century.  In 1951, the Topeka public school district refused to enroll the daughter of local black resident Oliver Brown at the school closest to their home, instead requiring her to ride a bus to a segregated black elementary school further away. The Browns and twelve other local black families in similar situations then filed a class action lawsuit in U.S. federal court against the Topeka Board of Education, alleging that its segregation policy was unconstitutional.  A three-judge panel of the U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas rendered a verdict against the Browns, relying on the precedent of the Supreme Court's 1896 decision in Plessy v. Ferguson, in which the Court had ruled that racial segregation was not in itself a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause if the facilities in question were otherwise equal, a doctrine that had come to be known as "separate but equal". The Browns, then represented by NAACP chief counsel Thurgood Marshall, appealed to the Supreme Court, which agreed to hear the case.
The Court's decision in Brown partially overruled Plessy v. Ferguson by declaring that the "separate but equal" notion was unconstitutional for American public schools and educational facilities. It paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the Civil Rights Movement, and a model for many future impact litigation cases. In the American South, especially the "Deep South", where racial segregation was deeply entrenched, the reaction to Brown among most white people was "noisy and stubborn". Many Southern governmental and political leaders embraced a plan known as "Massive Resistance", created by Virginia Senator Harry F. Byrd, in order to frustrate attempts to force them to de-segregate their school systems. Four years later,  in the case of Cooper v. Aaron, the Court reaffirmed its ruling in Brown, and explicitly stated that state officials and legislators had no power to nullify its ruling.