Comet | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-25

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet


00:03:26 1 Etymology
00:04:13 2 Physical characteristics
00:04:23 2.1 Nucleus
00:08:26 2.2 Coma
00:11:33 2.3 Bow shock
00:12:53 2.4 Tails
00:15:39 2.5 Jets
00:16:15 3 Orbital characteristics
00:16:44 3.1 Short period
00:19:38 3.2 Long period
00:24:04 3.3 Oort cloud and Hills cloud
00:25:36 3.4 Exocomets
00:26:11 4 Effects of comets
00:26:20 4.1 Connection to meteor showers
00:26:57 4.2 Comets and impact on life
00:28:20 4.3 Fear of comets
00:29:45 5 Fate of comets
00:29:54 5.1 Departure (ejection) from Solar System
00:30:36 5.2 Volatiles exhausted
00:31:31 5.3 Breakup and collisions
00:33:50 6 Nomenclature
00:35:12 7 History of study
00:35:22 7.1 Early observations and thought
00:36:45 7.2 Orbital studies
00:38:13 7.3 Studies of physical characteristics
00:40:40 7.4 Spacecraft missions
00:42:58 7.5 Great comets
00:44:21 7.6 Sungrazing comets
00:45:24 7.7 Unusual comets
00:46:10 7.8 Centaurs
00:46:55 8 Observation
00:47:37 8.1 Lost
00:48:25 9 In popular culture
00:50:05 10 Gallery
00:50:16 11 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that, when passing close to the Sun, warms and begins to release gases, a process called outgassing. This produces a visible atmosphere or coma, and sometimes also a tail. These phenomena are due to the effects of solar radiation and the solar wind acting upon the nucleus of the comet. Comet nuclei range from a few hundred metres to tens of kilometres across and are composed of loose collections of ice, dust, and small rocky particles. The coma may be up to 15 times the Earth's diameter, while the tail may stretch one astronomical unit. If sufficiently bright, a comet may be seen from the Earth without the aid of a telescope and may subtend an arc of 30° (60 Moons) across the sky. Comets have been observed and recorded since ancient times by many cultures.
Comets usually have highly eccentric elliptical orbits, and they have a wide range of orbital periods, ranging from several years to potentially several millions of years. Short-period comets originate in the Kuiper belt or its associated scattered disc, which lie beyond the orbit of Neptune. Long-period comets are thought to originate in the Oort cloud, a spherical cloud of icy bodies extending from outside the Kuiper belt to halfway to the nearest star. Long-period comets are set in motion towards the Sun from the Oort cloud by gravitational perturbations caused by passing stars and the galactic tide. Hyperbolic comets may pass once through the inner Solar System before being flung to interstellar space. The appearance of a comet is called an apparition.
Comets are distinguished from asteroids by the presence of an extended, gravitationally unbound atmosphere surrounding their central nucleus. This atmosphere has parts termed the coma (the central part immediately surrounding the nucleus) and the tail (a typically linear section consisting of dust or gas blown out from the coma by the Sun's light pressure or outstreaming solar wind plasma). However, extinct comets that have passed close to the Sun many times have lost nearly all of their volatile ices and dust and may come to resemble small asteroids. Asteroids are thought to have a different origin from comets, having formed inside the orbit of Jupiter rather than in the outer Solar System. The discovery of main-belt comets and active centaur minor planets has blurred the distinction between asteroids and comets. Recent years, the discovery of some minor bodies that has a long-period comet orbit but has the characteristics of a inner solar system asteroid sometimes is called Manx Object (It will still be classified as Comet, such as C/2014 S3 (PANSTARRS)). 27 Manxes were found from 2013-2017. As of  July 2018 there are 6,339 known comets, a number that is steadily increasing as they are discovered ...