Fusion power | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-25

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_power


00:02:28 1 Background
00:02:37 1.1 Mechanism
00:04:14 1.2 Cross Section
00:06:18 1.3 Lawson Criterion
00:08:21 1.4 Triple product: density, temperature, time
00:09:27 1.5 Plasma behavior
00:10:19 1.6 Energy capture
00:11:48 2 Approaches
00:11:57 2.1 Magnetic confinement
00:15:02 2.2 Inertial confinement
00:16:49 2.3 Magnetic or electric pinches
00:18:07 2.4 Inertial electrostatic confinement
00:18:49 2.5 Other
00:21:14 3 Common tools
00:21:23 3.1 Heating
00:23:07 3.2 Measurement
00:25:21 3.3 Power production
00:26:52 4 Records
00:27:05 4.1 Q
00:28:06 4.2 Runtime
00:28:27 4.3 Beta
00:29:50 5 Confinement
00:30:55 5.1 Unconfined
00:31:25 5.2 Magnetic confinement
00:32:54 5.3 Inertial confinement
00:33:56 5.4 Electrostatic confinement
00:35:03 6 History of research
00:35:13 6.1 1920s
00:36:01 6.2 1930s
00:37:08 6.3 1940s
00:37:43 6.4 1950s
00:44:11 6.5 1960s
00:47:13 6.6 1970s
00:49:54 6.7 1980s
00:56:47 6.8 1990s
01:00:36 6.9 2000s
01:03:56 6.10 2010s
01:07:23 7 Fuels
01:08:04 7.1 Deuterium, tritium
01:11:37 7.2 Deuterium
01:14:00 7.3 Deuterium, helium-3
01:14:48 7.4 Protium, boron-11
01:16:19 8 Material selection
01:16:28 8.1 Considerations
01:17:49 8.2 Durability
01:18:18 8.3 Selection
01:20:08 9 Safety and the environment
01:20:18 9.1 Accident potential
01:23:26 9.2 Magnet quench
01:25:57 9.3 Effluents
01:26:51 9.4 Waste management
01:28:46 9.5 Nuclear proliferation
01:31:51 9.6 Energy source
01:32:58 10 Economics
01:33:30 11 Advantages
01:33:39 12 See also
01:34:54 13 References



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SUMMARY
=======
Fusion power is a theoretical form of power generation in which energy will be generated by using nuclear fusion reactions to produce heat for electricity generation. In a fusion process, two lighter atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, and at the same time, they release energy. This is the same process that powers stars like our Sun. Devices designed to harness this energy are known as fusion reactors.
Fusion processes require fuel and a highly confined environment with a high temperature and pressure, to create a plasma in which fusion can occur. In stars, the most common fuel is hydrogen, and gravity creates the high temperature and confinement needed for fusion. Fusion reactors generally use hydrogen isotopes such as deuterium and tritium, which react more easily, and create a confined plasma of millions of degrees using inertial methods (laser) or magnetic methods (tokamak and similar), although many other concepts have been attempted. The major challenges in realising fusion power are to engineer a system that can confine the plasma long enough at high enough temperature and density, for a long term reaction to occur, and for the most common reactions, managing neutrons that are released during the reaction, which over time can degrade many common materials used within the reaction chamber.
As a source of power, nuclear fusion is expected to have several theoretical advantages over fission. These include reduced radioactivity in operation and little nuclear waste, ample fuel supplies, and increased safety. However, controlled fusion has proven to be extremely difficult to produce in a practical and economical manner. Research into fusion reactors began in the 1940s, but to date, no design has produced more fusion power output than the electrical power input; therefore, all existing designs have had a negative power balance.Over the years, fusion researchers have investigated various confinement concepts. The early emphasis was on three main systems: z-pinch, stellarator and magnetic mirror. The current leading designs are the tokamak and inertial confinement (ICF) by laser. Both designs are being built at very large scales, most notably the ITER tokamak in France, and the National Ignition Facility laser in the United States. Researchers are ...