Presbyterian | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-07

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism


00:02:50 1 Presbyterian identity
00:03:00 1.1 Early history
00:04:19 1.2 Development
00:05:47 2 Characteristics
00:07:24 2.1 Government
00:09:49 2.2 Doctrine
00:13:08 2.3 Worship and sacraments
00:13:17 2.3.1 Worship
00:16:00 2.3.2 Sacraments
00:16:43 3 Architecture
00:19:45 4 By region
00:19:54 4.1 Europe
00:20:02 4.1.1 Scotland
00:23:08 4.1.2 England
00:26:53 4.1.3 Wales
00:27:30 4.1.4 Ireland
00:28:37 4.1.5 France
00:29:02 4.1.6 Italy
00:29:34 4.2 North America
00:30:03 4.2.1 United States
00:34:02 4.2.2 Canada
00:34:51 4.3 Latin America
00:35:05 4.3.1 Mexico
00:35:50 4.3.2 Brazil
00:37:21 4.3.3 Other Latin American states
00:38:04 4.4 Africa
00:39:36 4.4.1 Kenya
00:39:53 4.4.2 Malawi
00:40:41 4.4.3 Southern Africa
00:40:55 4.4.4 Northern Africa
00:41:51 4.5 Asia
00:41:59 4.5.1 Hong Kong
00:42:26 4.5.2 South Korea
00:45:48 4.5.3 Taiwan
00:47:09 4.5.4 India
00:48:09 4.6 Oceania
00:48:18 4.6.1 Australia
00:50:13 4.6.2 New Zealand
00:51:25 4.6.3 Vanuatu
00:52:35 5 See also
00:53:05 5.1 Churches
00:53:30 5.2 Colleges and seminaries



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SUMMARY
=======
Presbyterianism is a part of the reformed tradition within Protestantism, which traces its origins to Britain, particularly Scotland.
Presbyterian churches derive their name from the presbyterian form of church government, which is governed by representative assemblies of elders. A great number of Reformed churches are organized this way, but the word Presbyterian, when capitalized, is often applied uniquely to churches that trace their roots to the Church of Scotland, as well as several English dissenter groups that formed during the English Civil War. Presbyterian theology typically emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Scriptures, and the necessity of grace through faith in Christ. Presbyterian church government was ensured in Scotland by the Acts of Union in 1707, which created the Kingdom of Great Britain. In fact, most Presbyterians found in England can trace a Scottish connection, and the Presbyterian denomination was also taken to North America, mostly by Scots and Scots-Irish immigrants. The Presbyterian denominations in Scotland hold to the Reformed theology of John Calvin and his immediate successors, although there is a range of theological views within contemporary Presbyterianism. Local congregations of churches which use presbyterian polity are governed by sessions made up of representatives of the congregation (elders); a conciliar approach which is found at other levels of decision-making (presbytery, synod and general assembly).
The roots of Presbyterianism lie in the Reformation of the 16th century, the example of John Calvin's Republic of Geneva being particularly influential. Most Reformed churches that trace their history back to Scotland are either presbyterian or congregationalist in government. In the twentieth century, some Presbyterians played an important role in the ecumenical movement, including the World Council of Churches. Many Presbyterian denominations have found ways of working together with other Reformed denominations and Christians of other traditions, especially in the World Communion of Reformed Churches. Some Presbyterian churches have entered into unions with other churches, such as Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, and Methodists. Presbyterians in the United States came largely from Scottish immigrants, Scotch-Irish immigrants, and also from New England Yankee communities that had originally been Congregational but changed because of an agreed-upon Plan of Union of 1801 for frontier areas. Along with Episcopalians, Presbyterians tend to be considerably wealthier and better educated (having more graduate and post-graduate degrees per capita) than most other religious groups in U ...