Symbiodinium | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-28

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiodinium


00:01:50 1 Intracellular symbionts
00:03:01 2 Natural services and economic value
00:03:39 3 Coral bleaching
00:06:12 4 Molecular systematics
00:07:01 4.1 Phylogenetic disparity among "clades"
00:08:13 4.2 Species diversity
00:10:18 4.3 Clone diversity and population genetics
00:11:39 5 Species diversity, ecology, and biogeography
00:11:52 5.1 Geographic distributions and patterns of diversity
00:13:25 5.2 Species diversity assigned to different ecological guilds
00:14:56 5.3 Free-living and "non-symbiotic" populations
00:16:16 6 Culturing
00:17:24 7 Life cycle
00:19:22 8 Morphology
00:19:55 8.1 Flagellated (mastigote) cell
00:21:14 8.2 Coccoid cell
00:22:18 8.3 Cell wall
00:23:17 8.4 Chloroplast
00:25:42 8.5 Nucleus
00:26:47 8.6 Other cytoplasmic organelles
00:27:39 9 Species



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SUMMARY
=======
Symbiodinium is a genus that encompasses the largest and most prevalent group of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates known. These unicellular algae commonly reside in the endoderm of tropical cnidarians such as corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish, where the products of their photosynthetic processing are exchanged in the host for inorganic molecules. They are also harbored by various species of sponge, flatworms, mollusks such as the giant clams, foraminifera (soritids), and some ciliates. Generally, these dinoflagellates enter the host cell through phagocytosis, persist as intracellular symbionts, reproduce, and disperse to the environment. The exception is in most mollusks, where Symbiodinium are intercellular (between the cells). Cnidarians that are associated with Symbiodinium occur mostly in warm oligotrophic (nutrient-poor), marine environments where they are often the dominant constituents of benthic communities. These dinoflagellates are therefore among the most abundant eukaryotic microbes found in coral reef ecosystems.
Symbiodinium are colloquially called "zooxanthellae", and animals symbiotic with algae in this genus are said to be "zooxanthellate". The term was loosely used to refer to any golden-brown endosymbionts, including diatoms and other dinoflagellates. Continued use of the term in the scientific literature is discouraged because of the confusion caused by overly generalizing taxonomically diverse symbiotic relationships.Recently, systematics of Symbiodiniaceae was revised, in which the distinct clades have been reassigned into seven genera. Following this revision, the name Symbiodinium is now a genus name for only species that were previously classified as Clade A
. The other clades were reclassified as distinct genera (see Molecular Systematics below).