Inflight refueling | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-04

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_refueling


00:02:48 1 History and development
00:02:57 1.1 Early experiments
00:08:33 1.2 First practical aerial refueling systems
00:08:44 1.2.1 Grappled-line looped-hose
00:13:05 1.2.2 Probe-and-drogue system
00:16:35 2 Systems
00:16:58 2.1 Flying boom
00:17:33 2.1.1 History
00:19:55 2.1.2 Operation
00:22:26 2.1.3 Systems in service
00:24:16 2.2 Probe-and-drogue
00:29:50 2.2.1 Systems in service
00:32:26 2.3 Boom drogue adapter units
00:34:37 2.4 Multiple systems
00:35:35 2.5 Wing-to-wing
00:36:14 2.6 Simple grappling
00:36:48 3 Compatibility issues
00:37:59 4 Uses and considerations
00:38:09 4.1 Strategic
00:45:14 4.2 Tactical
00:46:46 4.2.1 Vietnam War
00:48:25 4.2.2 Iran–Iraq War
00:49:04 4.2.3 Israeli Tunisian PLO strike
00:49:35 4.2.4 Falklands War
00:52:31 4.2.5 Libya
00:53:11 4.2.6 Gulf War
00:57:11 4.2.7 Kosovo War
00:58:17 5 Helicopters
00:58:58 6 Longest manned flight record
00:59:42 7 Developments
01:00:14 8 Operators
01:00:22 8.1 Former
01:00:39 9 Popular culture
01:02:46 10 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Aerial refueling,  also referred to as air refueling, in-flight refueling (IFR), air-to-air refueling (AAR), and tanking, is the process of transferring aviation fuel from one military aircraft (the tanker) to another (the receiver) during flight. The two main refueling systems are probe-and-drogue, which is simpler to adapt to existing aircraft, and the flying boom, which offers faster fuel transfer, but requires a dedicated boom operator station.
The procedure allows the receiving aircraft to remain airborne longer, extending its range or loiter time on station. A series of air refuelings can give range limited only by crew fatigue and engineering factors such as engine oil consumption. Because the receiver aircraft can be topped up with extra fuel in the air, air refueling can allow a takeoff with a greater payload which could be weapons, cargo, or personnel: the maximum takeoff weight is maintained by carrying less fuel and topping up once airborne. Alternatively, a shorter take-off roll can be achieved because take-off can be at a lighter weight before refueling once airborne. Aerial refueling has also been considered as a means to reduce fuel consumption on long-distance flights greater than 3,000 nautical miles (5,600 km; 3,500 mi). Potential fuel savings in the range of 35–40% have been estimated for long haul flights (including the fuel used during the tanker missions).Usually, the aircraft providing the fuel is specially designed for the task, although refueling pods can be fitted to existing aircraft designs if the "probe-and-drogue" system is to be used.  The cost of the refueling equipment on both tanker and receiver aircraft and the specialized aircraft handling of the aircraft to be refueled (very close "line astern" formation flying) has resulted in the activity only being used in military operations. There is no known regular civilian in-flight refueling activity. Originally employed shortly before World War II on a very limited scale to extend the range of British civilian transatlantic flying boats, and then after World War II on a large scale to extend the range of strategic bombers, aerial refueling since the Vietnam War has been extensively used in large-scale military operations. For instance, in the Gulf War and the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and the Iraq War, all coalition air sorties were air-refueled except for a few short-range ground attack sorties in the Kuwait area.