Stress (biological) | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 19/01/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(biology)


00:02:13 1 Overview
00:05:11 2 Psychology
00:08:07 3 Etymology and historical usage
00:10:05 4 Biological need for equilibrium
00:12:20 5 Biological background
00:14:00 6 Biology of stress
00:19:39 7 Effects of chronic stress
00:20:56 7.1 Immunological
00:22:17 7.2 Infectious
00:22:42 7.3 Chronic disease
00:23:59 7.4 Development
00:24:36 7.5 Psychopathology
00:26:11 8 Psychological concepts
00:26:21 8.1 Eustress
00:27:18 8.2 Coping
00:29:46 8.3 Cognitive appraisal
00:31:15 9 Assessment
00:31:24 9.1 Assessment
00:33:22 9.2 Health risk factors
00:35:07 9.3 General adaptation syndrome
00:36:03 9.3.1 Stage 1
00:37:28 9.3.2 Stage 2
00:38:31 9.3.3 Stage 3
00:40:04 10 History in research
00:45:15 11 See also



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SUMMARY
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Physiological or biological stress is an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition. Stress is the body's method of reacting to a condition such as a threat, challenge or physical and psychological barrier. Stimuli that alter an organism's environment are responded to by multiple systems in the body.  The autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are two major systems that respond to stress.The sympathoadrenal medullary (SAM) axis may activate the fight-or-flight response through the sympathetic nervous system, which dedicates energy to more relevant bodily systems to acute adaptation to stress, while the parasympathetic nervous system returns the body to homeostasis. The second major physiological stress, the HPA axis regulates the release of cortisol, which influences many bodily functions such as metabolic, psychological and immunological functions.  The SAM and HPA axes are regulated by several brain regions, including the limbic system, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, and stria terminalis.Through these mechanisms, stress can alter memory functions, reward, immune function, metabolism and susceptibility to diseases.  Definitions of stress differ. One system suggests there are five types of stress labeled "acute time-limited stressors", "brief naturalistic stressors", "stressful event sequences", "chronic stressors", and "distant stressors". An acute time-limited stressor involves a short-term challenge, while a brief natural stressor involves an event that is normal but nevertheless challenging. A stressful event sequence is a stressor that occurs, and then continues to yield stress into the immediate future. A chronic stressor involves exposure to a long-term stressor, and a distant stressor is a stressor that is not immediate.