Ecological science | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-03

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology


00:04:11 1 Levels, scope, and scale of organization
00:06:41 1.1 Hierarchy
00:08:17 1.2 Biodiversity
00:10:08 1.3 Habitat
00:12:06 1.4 Niche
00:15:05 1.5 Niche construction
00:17:44 1.6 Biome
00:19:09 1.7 Biosphere
00:20:32 1.8 Population ecology
00:24:39 1.9 Metapopulations and migration
00:28:08 1.10 Community ecology
00:28:58 1.11 Ecosystem ecology
00:31:04 1.12 Food webs
00:33:38 1.13 Trophic levels
00:36:56 1.14 Keystone species
00:38:48 2 Ecological complexity
00:41:19 2.1 Holism
00:43:21 3 Relation to evolution
00:45:16 3.1 Behavioural ecology
00:48:32 3.2 Cognitive ecology
00:49:56 3.3 Social ecology
00:51:27 3.4 Coevolution
00:54:13 3.5 Biogeography
00:56:20 3.5.1 r/K selection theory
00:58:51 3.6 Molecular ecology
01:00:59 4 Human ecology
01:03:56 4.1 Restoration and management
01:05:15 5 Relation to the environment
01:07:54 5.1 Disturbance and resilience
01:09:06 5.2 Metabolism and the early atmosphere
01:11:30 5.3 Radiation: heat, temperature and light
01:13:49 5.4 Physical environments
01:13:58 5.4.1 Water
01:16:25 5.4.2 Gravity
01:17:59 5.4.3 Pressure
01:19:23 5.4.4 Wind and turbulence
01:21:22 5.4.5 Fire
01:23:28 5.4.6 Soils
01:25:53 5.4.7 Biogeochemistry and climate
01:30:27 6 History
01:30:35 6.1 Early beginnings
01:36:03 6.2 Since 1900
01:41:52 7 See also



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SUMMARY
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Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, "house", or "environment"; -λογία, "study of") is the branch of biology which studies the interactions among organisms and their environment. Objects of study include interactions of organisms that include biotic and abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest include the biodiversity, distribution, biomass, and populations of organisms, as well as cooperation and competition within and between species. Ecosystems are dynamically interacting systems of organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and niche construction, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits. Biodiversity means the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.
Ecology is not synonymous with environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It overlaps with the closely related sciences of evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain:

Life processes, interactions, and adaptations
The movement of materials and energy through living communities
The successional development of ecosystems
The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology has practical applications in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes  acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like  biomass production (food, fuel, fiber, and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, fl ...