Neuromodulation | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-04

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromodulation


00:01:28 1 Neuromodulatory systems
00:02:09 1.1 Noradrenaline system
00:03:17 1.2 Dopamine system
00:04:02 1.2.1 Dopamine pharmacology
00:04:37 1.3 Serotonin system
00:05:14 1.3.1 Serotonin pharmacology
00:06:43 1.4 Cholinergic system
00:07:44 1.5 GABA
00:08:01 1.6 Neuropeptides
00:10:58 2 Neuromuscular systems
00:11:45 3 Volume transmission
00:12:39 4 Other uses
00:13:47 5 See also



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Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-F


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SUMMARY
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Neuromodulation is the physiological process by which a given neuron uses one or more chemicals to regulate diverse populations of neurons. Neuromodulators typically bind to metabotropic, G-protein coupled receptors to initiate a second messenger signaling cascade that induces a broad, long-lasting signal. This modulation can last for hundreds of milliseconds to several minutes. Some of the effects of neuromodulators include: alter intrinsic firing activity, increase or decrease voltage-dependent currents, alter synaptic efficacy, increase bursting activity and reconfiguration of synaptic connectivity.Major neuromodulators in the central nervous system include: dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, histamine,  norepinephrine and several neuropeptides. Neuromodulators can be packaged into vesicles and released by neurons, secreted as hormones and delivered through the circulatory system. A neuromodulator can be conceptualized as a neurotransmitter that is not reabsorbed by the pre-synaptic neuron or broken down into a metabolite. Some neuromodulators end up spending a significant amount of time in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), influencing (or "modulating") the activity of several other neurons in the brain.