Federation | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-14

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Federation


00:04:05 1 Federations and other forms of state
00:04:16 1.1 Federations
00:06:12 1.2 Unitary states
00:07:36 1.2.1 Confederation
00:10:12 1.3 Empire
00:10:58 1.4 Comparison with other systems of autonomy
00:11:09 1.4.1 Federacy
00:11:34 1.4.2 Devolution
00:12:01 1.4.3 Associated states
00:12:36 1.4.4 Crown dependencies
00:13:23 1.4.5 Dependent territories
00:13:51 1.5 iDe facto/i federations
00:14:39 1.5.1 Spain
00:15:50 1.5.2 South Africa
00:16:10 1.5.3 European Union
00:19:21 1.5.4 People's Republic of China
00:19:55 1.5.5 Myanmar
00:20:18 2 Internal controversy and conflict
00:22:14 3 Federal governments
00:23:55 3.1 Contemporary
00:24:04 3.2 Long form titles
00:25:15 3.3 Defunct



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SUMMARY
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A federation (also known as a federal state) is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a central federal government (federalism). In a federation, the self-governing status of the component states, as well as the division of power between them and the central government, is typically constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral decision of either party, the states or the federal political body. Alternatively, federation is a form of government in which sovereign power is formally divided between a central authority and a number of constituent regions so that each region retains some degree of control over its internal affairs. It is often argued that federal states where the central government has the constitutional authority to suspend a constituent state's government by invoking gross mismanagement or civil unrest, or to adopt national legislation that overrides or infringe on the constituent states' powers by invoking the central government's constitutional authority to ensure "peace and good government" or to implement obligations contracted under an international treaty, are not truly federal states.
The governmental or constitutional structure found in a federation is considered to be federalist, or to be an example of federalism. It can be considered the opposite of another system, the unitary state. France, for example, has been unitary for multiple centuries. Austria and its Bundesländer was a unitary state with administrative divisions that became federated through the implementation of the Austrian Constitution following the 1918 collapse of Austria-Hungary. Germany, with its 16 states, or Bundesländer, is an example of a federation. Federations are often multiethnic and cover a large area of territory (such as Russia, the United States, Canada,  India, or Brazil), but neither is necessarily the case.
Several ancient chiefdoms and kingdoms, such as the 4th-century BCE League of Corinth, Noricum in Central Europe, and the Haudenosaunee Confederation in pre-Columbian North America, could be described as federations or confederations. The Old Swiss Confederacy was an early example of formal non-unitary statehood.
Several colonies and dominions in the New World consisted of autonomous provinces, transformed to federal states upon independence (see Spanish American wars of independence). The oldest continuous federation, and a role model for many subsequent federations, is the United States. Some of the New World federations failed; the Federal Republic of Central America broke up into independent states less than 20 years after its founding. Others, such as Argentina and Mexico, have shifted between federal, confederal, and unitary systems, before settling into federalism. Brazil became a federation only after the fall of the monarchy, and Venezuela became a federation after the Federal War. Australia and Canada are also federations.
Germany is another nation-state that has switched between confederal, federal and unitary rules, since the German Confederation was founded in 1815. The North German Confederation, the succeeding German Empire and the Weimar Republic were federation ...