Photosynthesis | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-10

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Photosynthesis


00:03:03 1 Overview
00:07:23 2 Photosynthetic membranes and organelles
00:10:23 3 Light-dependent reactions
00:12:18 3.1 Z scheme
00:14:33 3.2 Water photolysis
00:16:42 4 Light-independent reactions
00:16:52 4.1 Calvin cycle
00:19:09 4.2 Carbon concentrating mechanisms
00:19:19 4.2.1 On land
00:22:17 4.2.2 In water
00:23:21 5 Order and kinetics
00:23:36 6 Efficiency
00:28:46 7 Evolution
00:30:21 7.1 Symbiosis and the origin of chloroplasts
00:32:17 7.2 Cyanobacteria and the evolution of photosynthesis
00:34:14 8 Discovery
00:39:53 8.1 Development of the concept
00:40:31 8.2 C3&#160;: C4 photosynthesis research
00:43:47 9 Factors
00:44:34 9.1 Light intensity (irradiance), wavelength and temperature
00:46:24 9.2 Carbon dioxide levels and photorespiration



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SUMMARY
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Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, "light", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, "putting together". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth's atmosphere, and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. The hydrogen freed by the splitting of water is used in the creation of two further compounds that serve as short-term stores of energy, enabling its transfer to drive other reactions: these compounds are reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the "energy currency" of cells.
In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, long-term energy storage in the form of sugars is produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle; some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle, to achieve the same end. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.
The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, rather than water, as sources of electrons. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed directly to the oxygenation of the Earth, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times  the current power consumption of human civilization.
Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 billion tonnes (91-104 petagrams) of carbon into biomass per year.