Prion | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-07

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prion


00:03:14 1 Prion protein
00:03:24 1.1 Discovery
00:07:29 1.2 Structure
00:08:31 1.2.1 PrPsupC/sup
00:09:56 1.2.2 PrPsupres/sup
00:10:50 1.2.3 PrPsupSc/sup
00:12:07 1.3 Function
00:12:48 1.3.1 PrP and regulated cell death
00:13:18 1.3.2 PrP and long-term memory
00:14:05 1.3.3 PrP and stem cell renewal
00:14:42 2 Prion replication mechanism
00:17:24 3 Prion diseases and their transmission properties
00:20:38 3.1 Transmission
00:22:23 3.1.1 Prions in plants
00:23:08 3.2 Sterilization
00:25:52 4 Fungi
00:29:00 5 Potential treatments and diagnosis
00:32:42 6 Role of prions in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
00:33:17 6.1 Prion hypothesis
00:33:43 6.1.1 Protein-only hypothesis
00:36:06 6.1.2 Genetic factors
00:37:21 6.1.3 Multi-component hypothesis
00:39:34 6.1.4 Difficulties associated with the prion hypothesis
00:41:01 6.2 Heavy metal poisoning hypothesis
00:42:13 6.3 Viral hypothesis
00:44:54 6.4 Virino hypothesis
00:45:15 6.5 iSpiroplasma/i hypothesis
00:46:30 6.6 iAcinetobacter/i-autoimmunity hypothesis
00:46:55 7 Role of prions in other diseases
00:50:01 7.1 Role in neurodegenerative disease
00:52:36 8 Etymology and pronunciation



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
Speaking Rate: 0.9563440260887615
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C


"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Prions are misfolded proteins which characterize several fatal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and many other animals. It is not known what causes the normal protein to misfold; the abnormal three-dimensional structure is suspected of conferring infectious properties. The word prion derives from "proteinaceous infectious particle". Prions composed of the prion protein (PrP) are hypothesized as the cause of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), including scrapie in sheep, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle (commonly known as "mad cow disease"), and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans.
A prion disease is a proteopathy. In humans, prions are believed to be the cause of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), its variant (vCJD), Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia and kuru. All known prion diseases in mammals affect the structure of the brain or other neural tissue; all are progressive, have no known effective treatment and are always fatal. There is also evidence suggesting prions may play a part in the process of Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson's disease, and these have been termed prion-like diseases.
 Several yeast proteins have also been identified as having prionogenic properties.
The hypothesized role of a protein as an infectious agent stands in contrast to all other known infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites, all of which contain nucleic acids (DNA, RNA or both). Synthetic prions, created in the laboratory independent of any biological source, have little or no ability to cause infection with TSEs. However, when synthetic prions are administered in combination with cofactors, such as phosphatidylethanolamine and RNA molecules, then this can transmit TSEs.Several scientific observations remain unexplained by the prion hypothesis: It is known that mice with severe combined immunodeficiency do not develop scrapie following inoculation with brain tissue from animals infected with scrapie, suggesting that either the role of immunity in prion pathogenesis is incompletely understood or that there is some other flaw in current understanding of prion pathophysiology. More recently, it has been shown that scrapie and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease may require agent-specific nucleic acids for transmission of infection. For these reasons, the prion/TSE hypothesis incompletely accounts for the observed data.Prion aggregates are stable, accumulate in infected tissue and are associated with tissue damage and cell death. This ...