Biogenic minerals | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-03

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomineralization


00:02:20 1 Biological roles
00:03:01 2 Biology
00:03:39 2.1 Shell formation in molluscs
00:05:56 2.2 Mineral production and degradation in fungi
00:08:45 3 Chemistry
00:09:46 4 Evolution
00:14:52 5 Astrobiology
00:16:08 6 Potential applications
00:18:01 6.1 Uranium contaminants in groundwater
00:19:52 7 List of minerals



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SUMMARY
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Biomineralization is the process by which living organisms produce minerals, often to harden or stiffen existing tissues. Such tissues are called mineralized tissues. It is an extremely widespread phenomenon; all six taxonomic kingdoms contain members that are able to form minerals, and over 60 different minerals have been identified in organisms.  Examples include silicates in algae and diatoms, carbonates in invertebrates, and calcium phosphates and carbonates in vertebrates. These minerals often form structural features such as sea shells and the bone in mammals and birds. Organisms have been producing mineralised skeletons for the past 550 million years. Ca carbonates and Ca phosphates are usually crystalline, but silica organisms (sponges, diatoms...) are always non crystalline minerals. Other examples include copper, iron and gold deposits involving bacteria. Biologically-formed minerals often have special uses such as magnetic sensors in magnetotactic bacteria (Fe3O4), gravity sensing devices (CaCO3, CaSO4, BaSO4) and iron storage and mobilization (Fe2O3•H2O in the protein ferritin).
In terms of taxonomic distribution, the most common biominerals are the phosphate and carbonate salts of calcium that are used in conjunction with organic polymers such as collagen and chitin to give structural support to bones and shells. The structures of these biocomposite materials are highly controlled from the nanometer to the macroscopic level, resulting in complex architectures that provide multifunctional properties. Because this range of control over mineral growth is desirable for materials engineering applications, there is significant interest in understanding and elucidating the mechanisms of biologically controlled biomineralization.