Dinosaur | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 05/05/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur


00:04:36 1 Etymology
00:06:04 2 Definition
00:06:51 2.1 General description
00:09:13 2.2 Distinguishing anatomical features
00:09:23 3 Evolutionary history
00:12:34 3.1 Origins and early evolution
00:19:25 3.2 Evolution and paleobiogeography
00:19:35 4 Classification
00:23:07 4.1 Taxonomy
00:30:10 5 Biology
00:32:48 5.1 Size
00:38:37 5.1.1 Largest and smallest
00:39:27 5.2 Behavior
00:42:00 5.3 Communication
00:47:46 5.4 Reproductive biology
00:54:03 5.5 Physiology
00:56:49 6 Origin of birds
01:00:51 6.1 Feathers
01:04:56 6.2 Skeleton
01:07:02 6.3 Soft anatomy
01:11:05 6.4 Behavioral evidence
01:11:56 7 Extinction of major groups
01:13:06 7.1 Impact event
01:14:21 7.2 Deccan Traps
01:16:23 7.3 Possible Paleocene survivors
01:18:20 8 History of study
01:21:02 8.1 "Dinosaur renaissance"
01:23:01 8.2 Soft tissue and DNA
01:30:13 9 Cultural depictions
01:31:43 10 See also
01:35:13 11 Notes
01:38:31 12 References



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SUMMARY
=======
Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria. They first appeared during the Triassic period, between 243 and 233.23 million years ago, although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is the subject of active research. They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event 201 million years ago; their dominance continued through the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Reverse genetic engineering and the fossil record both demonstrate that birds are modern feathered dinosaurs, having evolved from earlier theropods during the late Jurassic Period. As such, birds were the only dinosaur lineage to survive the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago. Dinosaurs can therefore be divided into avian dinosaurs, or birds; and non-avian dinosaurs, which are all dinosaurs other than birds. This article deals primarily with non-avian dinosaurs.
Dinosaurs are a varied group of animals from taxonomic, morphological and ecological standpoints. Birds, at over 10,000 living species, are the most diverse group of vertebrates besides perciform fish. Using fossil evidence, paleontologists have identified over 500 distinct genera and more than 1,000 different species of non-avian dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are represented on every continent by both extant species (birds) and fossil remains. Through the first half of the 20th century, before birds were recognized to be dinosaurs, most of the scientific community believed dinosaurs to have been sluggish and cold-blooded. Most research conducted since the 1970s, however, has indicated that all dinosaurs were active animals with elevated metabolisms and numerous adaptations for social interaction. Some were herbivorous, others carnivorous. Evidence suggests that egg-laying and nest-building are additional traits shared by all dinosaurs, avian and non-avian alike.
While dinosaurs were ancestrally bipedal, many extinct groups included quadrupedal species, and some were able to shift between these stances. Elaborate display structures such as horns or crests are common to all dinosaur groups, and some extinct groups developed skeletal modifications such as bony armor and spines. While the dinosaurs' modern-day surviving avian lineage (birds) are generally small due to the constraints of flight, many prehistoric dinosaurs (non-avian and avian) were large-bodied—the largest sauropod dinosaurs are estimated to have reached lengths of 39.7 meters (130 feet) and heights of 18 meters (59 feet) and were the largest land animals of all time. Still, the idea that non-avian dinosaurs were uniformly gigantic is a misconception based in part on preservation bias, as large, sturdy bones are more likely to last until they are fossilized. Many dinosaurs were quite small: Xixi ...