Amphibian | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian


00:02:31 1 Classification
00:07:40 2 Evolutionary history
00:15:01 3 Characteristics
00:18:31 3.1 Anura
00:20:59 3.2 Caudata
00:25:09 3.3 Gymnophiona
00:26:56 4 Anatomy and physiology
00:27:06 4.1 Skin
00:30:01 4.2 Skeletal system and locomotion
00:33:25 4.3 Circulatory system
00:34:26 4.4 Nervous and sensory systems
00:37:20 4.5 Digestive and excretory systems
00:39:21 4.6 Respiratory system
00:40:45 5 Reproduction
00:47:02 6 Life cycle
00:48:29 6.1 Eggs
00:50:59 6.2 Larvae
00:52:26 6.2.1 Frogs
00:55:58 6.2.2 Salamanders
00:59:57 6.2.3 Caecilians
01:02:41 6.3 Parental care
01:05:50 7 Feeding and diet
01:09:55 8 Vocalization
01:12:10 9 Territorial behaviour
01:15:39 10 Defence mechanisms
01:20:27 11 Cognition
01:21:20 12 Conservation
01:25:47 13 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Amphibians are ectothermic, tetrapod vertebrates of the class Amphibia. Modern amphibians are all Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terrestrial, fossorial, arboreal or freshwater aquatic ecosystems. Thus amphibians typically start out as larvae living in water, but some species have developed behavioural adaptations to bypass this. The young generally undergo metamorphosis from larva with gills to an adult air-breathing form with lungs. Amphibians use their skin as a secondary respiratory surface and some small terrestrial salamanders and frogs lack lungs and rely entirely on their skin. They are superficially similar to lizards but, along with mammals and birds, reptiles are amniotes and do not require water bodies in which to breed. With their complex reproductive needs and permeable skins, amphibians are often ecological indicators; in recent decades there has been a dramatic decline in amphibian populations for many species around the globe.
The earliest amphibians evolved in the Devonian period from sarcopterygian fish with lungs and bony-limbed fins, features that were helpful in adapting to dry land. They diversified and became dominant during the Carboniferous and Permian periods, but were later displaced by reptiles and other vertebrates. Over time, amphibians shrank in size and decreased in diversity, leaving only the modern subclass Lissamphibia.
The three modern orders of amphibians are Anura (the frogs and toads), Urodela (the salamanders), and Apoda (the caecilians). The number of known amphibian species is approximately 8,000, of which nearly 90% are frogs. The smallest amphibian (and vertebrate) in the world is a frog from New Guinea (Paedophryne amauensis) with a length of just 7.7 mm (0.30 in). The largest living amphibian is the 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus), but this is dwarfed by the extinct 9 m (30 ft) Prionosuchus from the middle Permian of Brazil. The study of amphibians is called batrachology, while the study of both reptiles and amphibians is called herpetology.