Technological innovations of the United States | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-02-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States


00:06:55 1 Pre-European technology
00:08:43 2 Colonial era
00:08:52 2.1 Agriculture
00:09:48 2.2 Artisanship
00:10:36 2.3 Silver working
00:14:41 2.4 Factories and mills
00:20:42 2.5 Turnpikes and canals
00:28:56 2.6 Steamboats
00:31:36 2.7 Mining
00:31:45 2.8 Civil War
00:31:56 3 Technological systems and infrastructure
00:32:32 3.1 Railroads
00:35:00 3.2 Iron and steel-making
00:38:32 3.3 Telegraph and telephone
00:41:03 3.4 Petroleum
00:44:35 3.5 Electricity
00:50:18 3.6 Automobiles
00:53:35 4 Effects of industrialization
00:53:45 4.1 Agricultural production
00:56:24 4.2 Urbanization
00:57:41 4.3 Labor issues and immigration
00:59:18 4.4 Banking, trading, and financial services
00:59:54 4.5 Regulation
01:00:25 5 Military-industrial-academic complex
01:01:33 5.1 Research universities
01:03:33 5.2 World War I and World War II
01:05:28 5.3 Cold War and Space Race
01:07:16 5.4 Computers and information networks
01:08:36 6 Service industry
01:08:46 6.1 Health care and biotechnology
01:10:45 6.2 News, media, and entertainment
01:11:01 7 Technology and society
01:11:18 8 See also



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SUMMARY
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The technological and industrial history of the United States describes the United States' emergence as one of the most technologically advanced nations in the world. The availability of land and literate labor, the absence of a landed aristocracy, the prestige of entrepreneurship, the diversity of climate and a large easily accessed upscale and literate free market all contributed to America's rapid industrialisation. The availability of capital, development by the free market of navigable rivers, and coastal waterways, and the abundance of natural resources facilitated the cheap extraction of energy all contributed to America's rapid industrialization. Fast transport by the very large railroad built in the mid-19th century, and the Interstate Highway System built in the late 20th century, enlarged the markets and reducing shipping and production costs. The legal system facilitated business operations and guaranteed contracts. Cut off from Europe by the embargo and the British blockade in the War of 1812 (1807–15), entrepreneurs opened factories in the Northeast that set the stage for rapid industrialization modeled on British innovations.
From its emergence as an independent nation, the United States has encouraged science and innovation. As a result, the United States has been the birthplace of 161 of Britannica's 321 Greatest Inventions, including items such as the airplane, internet, microchip, laser, cellphone, refrigerator, email, microwave, personal computer, Liquid-crystal display and light-emitting diode technology, air conditioning, assembly line, supermarket, bar code, automated teller machine, and many more.The early technological and industrial development in the United States was facilitated by a unique confluence of geographical, social, and economic factors. The relative lack of workers kept United States wages nearly always higher than corresponding British and European workers and provided an incentive to mechanize some tasks. The United States population had some semi-unique advantages in that they were former British subjects, had high English literacy skills, for that period (over 80% in New England), had strong British institutions, with some minor American modifications, of courts, laws, right to vote, protection of property rights and in many cases personal contacts among the British innovators of the Industrial Revolution. They had a good basic structure to build on. Another major advantage, which the British lacked, was no inherited aristocratic institutions. The eastern seaboard of the United States, with a great number of rivers ...