Bashar al-Assad | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-05

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Bashar al-Assad


00:02:49 1 Early life
00:02:58 1.1 Childhood and education: 1965–1988
00:05:03 1.2 Medicine: 1988–1994
00:05:50 1.3 Rise to power: 1994–2000
00:08:06 2 Presidency
00:08:15 2.1 Damascus Spring and pre–Civil War: 2000–2011
00:10:40 2.2 During the Syrian Civil War
00:10:49 2.2.1 2011–2015
00:17:46 2.2.2 Since Russian intervention in September 2015
00:22:02 3 Syria under Bashar al-Assad's rule
00:22:13 3.1 Economy
00:24:44 3.2 Human rights
00:27:03 3.2.1 Alleged war crimes
00:31:30 3.3 Foreign relations
00:31:39 3.3.1 Iraq War and insurgency
00:33:15 3.3.2 Egypt
00:33:46 3.3.3 Involvement in Lebanon
00:35:32 3.3.4 Arab–Israeli conflict
00:39:45 3.3.5 United States
00:40:41 3.3.6 North Korea
00:42:36 3.4 Al-Qaeda and ISIL
00:51:16 4 Public and personal life
00:51:26 4.1 Domestic opposition and support
00:53:36 4.2 International support
00:53:45 4.2.1 Right-wing
00:56:27 4.2.2 Left-wing
00:59:00 4.3 International public relations
01:02:15 4.4 Personal life
01:03:07 5 Distinctions



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SUMMARY
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Bashar Hafez al-Assad (Arabic: بشار حافظ الأسد‎ Baššār Ḥāfiẓ al-ʾAsad, Levantine pronunciation: [baʃˈʃaːr ˈħaːfezˤ elˈʔasad]; English pronunciation ; born 11 September 1965) is a Syrian politician who has been the President of Syria since 17 July 2000. He is also commander-in-chief of the Syrian Armed Forces and Regional Secretary of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party's branch in Syria. He is a son of Hafez al-Assad, who was President of Syria from 1971 to 2000.
Born and raised in Damascus, Assad graduated from the medical school of Damascus University in 1988 and started to work as a doctor in the Syrian Army. Four years later, he attended postgraduate studies at the Western Eye Hospital in London, specialising in ophthalmology. In 1994, after his elder brother Bassel died in a car crash, Bashar was recalled to Syria to take over Bassel's role as heir apparent. He entered the military academy, taking charge of the Syrian military presence in Lebanon in 1998. On 10 July 2000, Assad was elected as President, succeeding his father, who died in office a month prior. In the 2000 and subsequent 2007 election, he received 99.7% and 97.6% support, respectively, in uncontested referendums on his leadership.On 16 July 2014, Assad was sworn in for another seven-year term after receiving 88.7% of votes in the first contested presidential election in Ba'athist Syria's history. The election was held only in areas controlled by the Syrian government during the country's ongoing civil war and dismissed as a "sham" by the Syrian opposition and its Western allies, while an international delegation of observers from more than 30 countries led by Syria's allies stated that the election was "free and fair". The Assad government describes itself as secular, while some political scientists have claimed that the government exploits sectarian tensions in the country and relies upon the Alawite minority to remain in power.Previously seen by many states as a potential reformer, the United States, the European Union and the majority of the Arab League called for Assad's resignation from the presidency after he ordered crackdowns and military sieges on Arab Spring protesters, which led to the Syrian Civil War. During the Syrian Civil War, an inquiry by the United Nations reported finding evidence which implicated Assad in war crimes. In June 2014, Assad was included in a list of war crimes indictments of government officials and rebels handed to the International Criminal Court. Assad has rejected allegations of war crimes and criticised the American-led intervention in Syria for attempting regime change.