Muhammad | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-14

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Muhammad


00:02:41 1 Quranic names and appellations
00:04:08 2 Sources
00:04:17 2.1 Quran
00:04:44 2.2 Early biographies
00:06:13 2.3 Hadith
00:07:17 3 Pre-Islamic Arabia
00:10:14 4 Life
00:10:22 4.1 Childhood and early life
00:14:01 4.2 Beginnings of the Quran
00:17:07 4.3 Opposition
00:21:46 4.4 Isra and Mi'raj
00:22:49 4.5 Last years before Hijra
00:24:50 4.6 Hijra
00:25:17 4.6.1 Migration to Medina
00:26:42 4.6.2 Establishment of a new polity
00:28:05 4.6.3 Beginning of armed conflict
00:30:55 4.6.4 Conflict with Mecca
00:34:17 4.6.5 Siege of Medina
00:37:09 4.6.6 Truce of Hudaybiyyah
00:40:09 4.7 Final years
00:40:17 4.7.1 Conquest of Mecca
00:42:00 4.7.2 Conquest of Arabia
00:43:49 4.7.3 Farewell pilgrimage
00:45:44 4.7.4 Death and tomb
00:47:49 4.8 After Muhammad
00:49:57 5 Islamic social reforms
00:51:40 6 Appearance
00:54:57 7 Household
00:58:34 8 Legacy
00:58:43 8.1 Muslim tradition
01:03:41 8.1.1 Depictions
01:06:50 8.2 Medieval Christians
01:08:13 8.3 European appreciation
01:12:02 8.4 Modern historians
01:12:57 8.5 Other religions
01:13:24 8.6 Criticism
01:14:58 9 See also



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SUMMARY
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Muhammad (Arabic: مُحمّد‎, pronounced [muħammad];  c. 570 CE – 8 June 632 CE) was the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet, sent to present and confirm the monotheistic teachings preached previously by Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. He is viewed as the final prophet of God in all the main branches of Islam, though some modern denominations diverge from this belief. Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity, with the Quran as well as his teachings and practices  forming the basis of Islamic religious belief.
Born approximately 570 CE (Year of the Elephant) in the Arabian city of Mecca, Muhammad was orphaned at six years old. He was raised under the care of his paternal uncle Abu Talib and Abu Talib's wife Fatimah bint Asad. Periodically, he would seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer; later, at age 40, he reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave, where he stated he received his first revelation from God. Three years later, in 610, Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" (islām) to God is the right course of action (dīn), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam.Muhammad gained few early followers, and experienced hostility from Meccan polytheists. To escape ongoing persecution, he sent some followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the Hijra, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri Calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent wars with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The conquest went largely uncontested and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. By his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.The revelations (each known as Ayah, lit. "Sign [of God]"), which Muhammad reported receiving until his death, form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim "Word of God" and around which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices (sunnah), found in the Hadith and sira (biography) literature, are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law (see Sharia).