Materialism | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-14

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Materialism


00:01:51 1 Overview
00:05:10 2 History
00:05:19 2.1 Axial Age
00:07:14 2.2 Common Era
00:08:13 2.3 Modern philosophy
00:11:00 2.4 Contemporary philosophy
00:11:09 2.4.1 Continental philosophy
00:12:31 2.4.2 Analytic philosophy
00:13:52 3 Defining matter
00:16:24 4 Physicalism
00:17:39 5 Criticism and alternatives
00:17:49 5.1 From scientists
00:18:51 5.1.1 Quantum mechanics
00:20:20 5.1.2 Digital physics
00:21:22 5.2 Religious and spiritual views
00:22:49 5.3 Philosophical objections
00:23:31 5.3.1 Idealisms
00:24:36 5.4 Materialism as methodology
00:25:39 6 See also



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"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates



SUMMARY
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Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all things, including mental aspects and consciousness, are results of material interactions.
In Idealism, mind and consciousness are first-order realities to which matter is subject and secondary. In philosophical materialism the converse is true. Here mind and consciousness are by-products or epiphenomena of material processes (the biochemistry of the human brain and nervous system, for example) without which they cannot exist. According to this doctrine the material creates and determines consciousness, not vice versa. 
Materialist theories are mainly divided into three groups. Naive materialism identifies the material world with specific elements (e.g. the scheme of the four elements—fire, air, water and earth—devised by the pre-Socratic philosopher Empedocles). Metaphysical materialism examines separated parts of the world in a static, isolated environment. Dialectical materialism adapts the Hegelian dialectic for materialism, examining parts of the world in relation to each other within a dynamic environment.
Materialism is closely related to physicalism, the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the discoveries of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter, such as: spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter, and so on. Thus the term "physicalism" is preferred over "materialism" by some, while others use the terms as if they are synonymous.
Philosophies contradictory to materialism or physicalism include idealism, pluralism, dualism, and other forms of monism.