Animal coloration | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 05/05/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_coloration


00:02:23 1 History
00:08:18 2 Evolutionary reasons for animal coloration
00:08:29 2.1 Camouflage
00:11:31 2.2 Signalling
00:12:14 2.2.1 Advertising services
00:12:53 2.2.2 Sexual selection
00:14:10 2.2.3 Warning
00:16:01 2.3 Mimicry
00:18:36 2.4 Distraction
00:18:44 2.4.1 Startle
00:19:21 2.4.2 Motion dazzle
00:20:09 2.5 Physical protection
00:20:29 2.6 Temperature regulation
00:20:51 2.7 Incidental coloration
00:21:28 3 Mechanisms of color production in animals
00:21:48 3.1 Coloration by pigments
00:23:03 3.2 Variable coloration by chromatophores
00:24:49 3.3 Structural coloration
00:25:51 3.4 Bioluminescence
00:27:14 4 See also



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SUMMARY
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Animal coloration is the general appearance of an animal resulting from the reflection or emission of light from its surfaces. Some animals are brightly colored, while others are hard to see. In some species, such as the peafowl, the male has strong patterns, conspicuous colors and is iridescent, while the female is far less visible.
There are several separate reasons why animals have evolved colors. Camouflage enables an animal to remain hidden from view. Animals use color to advertise services such as cleaning to animals of other species; to signal their sexual status to other members of the same species; and in mimicry, taking advantage of the warning coloration of another species. Some animals use flashes of color to divert attacks by startling predators. Zebras may possibly use motion dazzle, confusing a predator's attack by moving a bold pattern rapidly. Some animals are colored for physical protection, with pigments in the skin to protect against sunburn, while some frogs can lighten or darken their skin for temperature regulation. Finally, animals can be colored incidentally. For example, blood is red because the heme pigment needed to carry oxygen is red. Animals  colored in these ways can have striking natural patterns.
Animals produce color in both direct and indirect ways. Direct production occurs through the presence of visible colored cells known as pigment which are particles of colored material such as freckles. Indirect production occurs by virtue of cells known as chromatophores which are pigment-containing cells such as hair follicles. The distribution of the pigment particles in the chromatophores can change under hormonal or neuronal control. For fishes it has been demonstrated that chromatophores may respond directly to environmental stimuli like visible light, UV-radiation, temperature, pH, chemicals, etc. Color change helps individuals in becoming more or less visible and is important in agonistic displays and in camouflage. Some animals, including many butterflies and birds, have microscopic structures in scales, bristles or feathers which give them brilliant iridescent colors. Other animals including squid and some deep-sea fish can produce light, sometimes of different colors. Animals often use two or more of these mechanisms together to produce the colors and effects they need.