History of chemical elements | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-02

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element


00:04:26 1 Description
00:09:13 1.1 Atomic number
00:10:38 1.2 Isotopes
00:13:12 1.3 Isotopic mass and atomic mass
00:16:02 1.4 Chemically pure and isotopically pure
00:17:10 1.5 Allotropes
00:18:37 1.6 Properties
00:19:06 1.6.1 General properties
00:20:43 1.6.2 States of matter
00:21:34 1.6.3 Melting and boiling points
00:22:14 1.6.4 Densities
00:23:20 1.6.5 Crystal structures
00:23:51 1.6.6 Occurrence and origin on Earth
00:26:23 1.7 Periodic table
00:27:57 2 Nomenclature and symbols
00:28:17 2.1 Atomic numbers
00:29:25 2.2 Element names
00:33:39 2.3 Chemical symbols
00:33:48 2.3.1 Specific chemical elements
00:36:28 2.3.2 General chemical symbols
00:38:10 2.3.3 Isotope symbols
00:39:18 3 Origin of the elements
00:43:32 4 Abundance
00:47:18 5 History
00:47:28 5.1 Evolving definitions
00:47:53 5.1.1 Classical definitions
00:49:06 5.1.2 Chemical definitions
00:50:29 5.1.3 Atomic definitions
00:52:12 5.2 Discovery and recognition of various elements
00:54:27 5.3 Recently discovered elements
00:55:58 6 List of the 118 known chemical elements



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SUMMARY
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A chemical element is a species of atom having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (that is, the same atomic number, or Z). For example, the atomic number of oxygen is 8, so the element oxygen consists of all atoms which have exactly 8 protons.
118 elements have been identified, of which the first 94 occur naturally on Earth with the remaining 24 being synthetic elements. There are 80 elements that have at least one stable isotope and 38 that have exclusively radionuclides, which decay over time into other elements. Iron is the most abundant element (by mass) making up Earth, while oxygen is the most common element in the Earth's crust.Chemical elements constitute all of the ordinary matter of the universe. However astronomical observations suggest that ordinary observable matter makes up only about 15% of the matter in the universe: the remainder is dark matter; the composition of this is unknown, but it is not composed of chemical elements.
The two lightest elements, hydrogen and helium, were mostly formed in the Big Bang and are the most common elements in the universe. The next three elements (lithium, beryllium and boron) were formed mostly by cosmic ray spallation, and are thus rarer than heavier elements. Formation of elements with from 6 to 26 protons occurred and continues to occur in main sequence stars via stellar nucleosynthesis. The high abundance of oxygen, silicon, and iron on Earth reflects their common production in such stars. Elements with greater than 26 protons are formed by supernova nucleosynthesis in supernovae, which, when they explode, blast these elements as supernova remnants far into space, where they may become incorporated into planets when they are formed.The term "element" is used for atoms with a given number of protons (regardless of whether or not they are ionized or chemically bonded, e.g. hydrogen in water) as well as for a pure chemical substance consisting of a single element (e.g. hydrogen gas). For the second meaning, the terms "elementary substance" and "simple substance" have been suggested, but they have not gained much acceptance in English chemical literature, whereas in some other languages their equivalent is widely used (e.g. French corps simple, Russian простое вещество). A single element can form multiple substances differing in their structure; they are called allotropes of the element.
When different elements are chemically combined, with the atoms held together by chemical bonds, they form chemical compounds. Only a minority of elements are found uncombined as relatively pure minerals. Among the more common of such native elements are copper, silver, go ...