Hierarchy | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 06/05/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy


00:01:29 1 Nomenclature
00:05:07 1.1 Degree of branching
00:07:18 2 History of the term
00:08:33 3 Visually representing hierarchies
00:09:48 4 Visual hierarchy
00:11:29 5 Informal representation
00:12:06 6 Mathematical representation
00:13:47 7 Subtypes
00:13:55 7.1 Nested hierarchy
00:16:18 7.1.1 Containment hierarchy
00:17:35 7.1.1.1 Subsumptive containment hierarchy
00:18:39 7.1.1.2 Compositional containment hierarchy
00:20:18 8 Contexts and applications
00:22:45 8.1 Organizations
00:23:34 8.2 Life
00:24:25 8.3 Computer graphic imaging
00:24:54 8.4 Linguistics
00:25:47 8.5 Music
00:27:09 9 Criticisms of views, concerning distinctions of type and categories well as distinguishability
00:29:10 9.1 Ethics, behavioral psychology, philosophies of identity
00:30:00 10 Examples of other applications
00:30:10 10.1 Information-based
00:31:38 10.2 City planning-based
00:31:47 10.3 Linguistics-based
00:31:56 10.4 Power- or authority-based
00:32:18 10.5 Value-based
00:32:27 10.6 Perception-based
00:36:51 10.7 History-based



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SUMMARY
=======
A hierarchy (from the Greek hierarkhia, "rule of a high priest", from hierarkhes, "president of sacred rites") is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) in which the items are represented as being "above", "below", or "at the same level as" one another. Hierarchy is an important concept in a wide variety of fields, such as philosophy, mathematics, computer science, organizational theory, systems theory, and the social sciences (especially political philosophy).
A hierarchy can link entities either directly or indirectly, and either vertically or diagonally. The only direct links in a hierarchy, insofar as they are hierarchical, are to one's immediate superior or to one of one's subordinates, although a system that is largely hierarchical can also incorporate alternative hierarchies. Hierarchical links can extend "vertically" upwards or downwards via multiple links in the same direction, following a path. All parts of the hierarchy which are not linked vertically to one another nevertheless can be "horizontally" linked through a path by traveling up the hierarchy to find a common direct or indirect superior, and then down again. This is akin to two co-workers or colleagues; each reports to a common superior, but they have the same relative amount of authority. Organizational forms exist that are both alternative and complementary to hierarchy. Heterarchy is one such form.