Transformation (genetics) | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-04

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)


00:01:35 1 History
00:05:13 2 Definitions
00:07:53 3 Natural competence and transformation
00:09:46 3.1 Natural transformation
00:12:16 3.2 Transformation, as an adaptation for DNA repair
00:15:51 4 Methods and mechanisms of transformation in laboratory
00:16:03 4.1 Bacterial
00:18:55 4.2 Yeast
00:20:55 4.3 Plants
00:25:11 4.4 Fungi
00:27:42 4.5 Animals
00:27:59 5 Practical aspects of transformation in molecular biology
00:30:47 5.1 Selection and screening in plasmid transformation



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SUMMARY
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In molecular biology, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s). For transformation to take place, the recipient bacteria must be in a state of competence, which might occur in nature as a time-limited response to environmental conditions such as starvation and cell density, and may also be induced in a laboratory.Transformation is one of three processes for horizontal gene transfer, in which exogenous genetic material passes from one bacterium to another, the other two being conjugation (transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact) and transduction (injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage virus into the host bacterium). In transformation, the genetic material passes through the intervening medium, and uptake is completely dependent on the recipient bacterium.As of 2014 about 80 species of bacteria were known to be capable of transformation, about evenly divided between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; the number might be an overestimate since several of the reports are supported by single papers."Transformation" may also be used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells, including animal and plant cells; however, because "transformation" has a special meaning in relation to animal cells, indicating progression to a cancerous state, the process is usually called "transfection".