Polarization of light | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-05

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)


00:03:49 1 Introduction
00:03:58 1.1 Wave propagation and polarization
00:05:14 1.1.1 Transverse electromagnetic waves
00:06:06 1.1.2 Non-transverse waves
00:09:26 2 Polarization state
00:15:30 2.1 Polarization ellipse
00:16:23 2.2 Jones vector
00:19:24 2.3 Coordinate frame
00:22:41 2.3.1 is/i and ip/i designations
00:24:18 2.4 Unpolarized and partially polarized light
00:24:51 2.4.1 Definition
00:27:36 2.4.2 Motivation
00:28:38 2.4.3 Coherency matrix
00:29:48 2.4.4 Stokes parameters
00:29:59 2.4.4.1 Poincaré sphere
00:31:55 3 Implications for reflection and propagation
00:33:07 3.1 Polarization in wave propagation
00:37:01 3.1.1 Birefringence
00:39:33 3.1.2 Dichroism
00:44:28 3.2 Specular reflection
00:44:39 4 Measurement techniques involving polarization
00:48:53 4.1 Measurement of stress
00:49:12 4.2 Ellipsometry
00:53:12 4.3 Geology
00:54:25 4.4 Chemistry
00:57:23 4.5 Astronomy
00:57:49 5 Applications and examples
00:58:43 5.1 Polarized sunglasses
01:00:19 5.2 Sky polarization and photography
01:01:13 5.3 Display technologies
01:02:47 5.4 Radio transmission and reception
01:04:01 5.5 Polarization and vision
01:04:11 5.6 Angular momentum using circular polarization
01:05:16 6 See also
01:06:48 7 References
01:12:05 7.1 General references
01:17:33 7.2 Cited references
01:19:15 8 External links



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SUMMARY
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Polarization (also polarisation) is a property applying to transverse waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations.  In a transverse wave, the direction of the oscillation is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the wave.  A simple example of a polarized transverse wave is vibrations traveling along a taut string (see image); for example, in a musical instrument like a guitar string. Depending on how the string is plucked, the vibrations can be in a vertical direction, horizontal direction, or at any angle perpendicular to the string.  In contrast, in longitudinal waves, such as sound waves in a liquid or gas, the displacement of the particles in the oscillation is always in the direction of propagation, so these waves do not exhibit polarization.  Transverse waves that exhibit polarization include electromagnetic waves such as light and radio waves, gravitational waves, and transverse sound waves (shear waves) in solids. 
An electromagnetic wave such as light consists of a coupled oscillating electric field and magnetic field which are always perpendicular; by convention, the "polarization" of electromagnetic waves refers to the direction of the electric field.  In linear polarization, the fields oscillate in a single direction.  In circular or elliptical polarization, the fields rotate at a constant rate in a plane as the wave travels.  The rotation can have two possible directions; if the fields rotate in a right hand sense with respect to the direction of wave travel, it is called right circular polarization, while if the fields rotate in a left hand sense, it is called left circular polarization.
Light or other electromagnetic radiation from many sources, such as the sun, flames, and incandescent lamps, consists of short wave trains with an equal mixture of polarizations; this is called unpolarized light.  Polarized light can be produced by passing unpolarized light through a polarizer, which allows waves of only one polarization to pass through.   The most common optical materials (such as glass) are isotropic and do not affect the polarization of light passing through them; however, some materials—those that exhibit birefringence, dichroism, or optical activity—can change the polarization of light.  Some of these are used to make polarizing filters.  Light is also partially polarized when it reflects from a surface.
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