Environmental determinism | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-15

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_determinism


00:00:58 1 A history of thought
00:01:07 1.1 Classical and medieval periods
00:03:16 1.2 Western colonial period
00:07:17 1.3 Late-20th-century growth of neo-environmental determinism
00:10:28 2 Ecological and geographic impacts on early state formation
00:10:41 2.1 Effects of species endowments, climate, and continental axes prior to 1500
00:14:50 2.2 Geography and pre-colonial African state-building
00:15:02 2.2.1 The effects of climate and land abundance on the development of state systems
00:17:17 2.2.2 The effect of disease environments
00:18:39 2.3 Llamas, chuño and the Inca Empire
00:19:50 3 Effects of geography on political regimes
00:20:15 3.1 The disease environment
00:21:11 3.2 Factor endowments
00:26:46 4 Direct effects of geography on economic development
00:26:58 4.1 Effects of terrain on trade and productivity
00:29:22 4.2 Effects of climate on productivity
00:31:27 4.3 Climatic determinism and colonization



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SUMMARY
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Environmental determinism (also known as climatic determinism or geographical determinism) is the study of how the physical environment predisposes societies and states towards particular development trajectories. Nineteenth-century approaches held that climate and terrain largely determined human activity and psychology, and it was associated with institutionalized racism and eugenics. Many scholars underscore that this approach supported colonialism and eurocentrism, and devalued human agency in non-Western societies. Jared Diamond, Jeffrey Herbst, Ian Morris, and other social scientists sparked a revival of the theory during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. This "neo-environmental determinism" school of thought examines how geographic and ecological forces influence state-building, economic development, and institutions.