Sex-determination system | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 10/05/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex-determination_system


00:01:46 1 Discovery
00:02:02 2 Chromosomal systems
00:02:11 2.1 XX/XY sex chromosomes
00:03:01 2.1.1 Y-centered sex determination
00:04:35 2.1.2 X-centered sex determination
00:04:57 2.1.3 Other variants of XX/XY sex determination
00:06:18 2.2 XX/X0 sex chromosomes
00:07:33 2.3 ZW sex chromosomes
00:09:23 2.4 UV sex chromosomes
00:09:57 2.5 Haplodiploidy
00:10:49 3 Environmental systems
00:10:58 3.1 Temperature-dependent
00:13:05 3.2 Other systems
00:14:34 4 Evolution
00:14:42 4.1 Origin of sex chromosomes
00:17:01 5 See also



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SUMMARY
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A sex-determination system is a biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism. Most organisms that create their offspring using sexual reproduction have two sexes. Occasionally, there are hermaphrodites in place of one or both sexes. There are also some species that are only one sex due to parthenogenesis, the act of a female reproducing without fertilization.
In many species, sex determination is genetic: males and females have different alleles or even different genes that specify their sexual morphology. In animals this is often accompanied by chromosomal differences, generally through combinations of XY, ZW, XO, ZO chromosomes, or haplodiploidy. The sexual differentiation is generally triggered by a main gene (a "sex locus"), with a multitude of other genes following in a domino effect.
In other cases, sex of a fetus is determined by environmental variables (such as temperature). The details of some sex-determination systems are not yet fully understood. Hopes for future fetal biological system analysis include complete-reproduction-system initialized signals that can be measured during pregnancies to more accurately determine whether a determined sex of a fetus is male, or female. Such analysis of biological systems could also signal whether the fetus is hermaphrodite, which includes total or partial of both male and female reproduction organs.
Some species such as various plants and fish do not have a fixed sex, and instead go through life cycles and change sex based on genetic cues during corresponding life stages of their type. This could be due to environmental factors such as seasons and temperature. Human fetus genitals can sometimes develop abnormalities during maternal pregnancies due to mutations in the fetuses sex-determinism system, resulting in the fetus becoming intersex.