Proto-globalization | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 15/05/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-globalization


00:02:02 1 Description
00:05:26 2 Precursors
00:09:20 3 Changes in trade systems
00:10:52 3.1 Atlantic slave trade
00:14:46 3.2 Plantation economy
00:15:36 3.2.1 Tobacco
00:17:46 3.2.2 Sugar cane
00:19:37 4 Hostilities, war, and imperialism
00:22:26 4.1 English Civil War
00:24:44 4.2 Anglo-Dutch War
00:26:01 4.3 French and Indian War
00:28:43 4.4 American Revolutionary War
00:31:45 5 Treaties and agreements
00:34:54 6 Transition into modern globalization
00:36:12 6.1 Shift in capital
00:38:43 6.2 Shift in culture
00:42:16 6.3 Shift in global networks
00:44:10 7 See also



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SUMMARY
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Proto-globalization or early modern globalization is a period of the history of globalization roughly spanning the years between 1600 and 1800, following the period of archaic globalization. First introduced by historians A. G. Hopkins and Christopher Bayly, the term describes the phase of increasing trade links and cultural exchange that characterized the period immediately preceding the advent of so-called "modern globalization" in the 19th century.Proto-globalization distinguished itself from modern globalization on the basis of expansionism, the method of managing global trade, and the level of information exchange. The period of proto-globalization is marked by such trade arrangements as the East India Company, the shift of hegemony to Western Europe, the rise of larger-scale conflicts between powerful nations such as the Thirty Year War, and a rise of new commodities—most particularly slave trade. The Triangular Trade made it possible for Europe to take advantage of resources within the western hemisphere. The transfer of plant and animal crops and epidemic diseases associated with Alfred Crosby's concept of The Columbian Exchange also played a central role in this process. Proto-globalization trade and communications involved a vast group including European, Muslim, Indian, Southeast Asian and Chinese merchants, particularly in the Indian Ocean region.
The transition from proto-globalization to modern globalization was marked with a more complex global network based on both capitalistic and technological exchange; however, it led to a significant collapse in cultural exchange.