Equal Protection Clause | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-04

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Equal Protection Clause


00:01:25 1 Text
00:02:07 2 Background
00:06:04 3 Ratification
00:11:00 4 Early history following ratification
00:13:18 5 Gilded Age interpretation and the iPlessy/i decision
00:18:49 6 Between iPlessy/i and iBrown/i
00:22:03 7 iBrown/i and its consequences
00:28:11 8 Application to federal government
00:29:29 9 Tiered scrutiny
00:32:48 10 Discriminatory intent and disparate impact
00:35:21 11 Voting rights
00:38:19 12 Sex, disability, and sexual orientation
00:42:44 13 Affirmative action
00:46:11 14 See also



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SUMMARY
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The Equal Protection Clause is part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The clause, which took effect in 1868, provides "nor shall any State [...] deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws".
A primary motivation for this clause was to validate the equality provisions contained in the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which guaranteed that all citizens would have the guaranteed right to equal protection by law. As a whole, the Fourteenth Amendment marked a large shift in American constitutionalism, by applying substantially more constitutional restrictions against the states than had applied before the Civil War.
The meaning of the Equal Protection Clause has been the subject of much debate, and inspired the well-known phrase "Equal Justice Under Law". This clause was the basis for Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court decision that helped to dismantle racial segregation, and also the basis for many other decisions rejecting discrimination against, and bigotry towards, people belonging to various groups.
While the Equal Protection Clause itself applies only to state and local governments, the Supreme Court held in Bolling v. Sharpe (1954) that the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment nonetheless imposes various equal protection requirements on the federal government.