Bosnian War | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-03

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Bosnian War


00:03:53 1 Chronology
00:05:23 2 Background
00:05:32 2.1 Breakup of Yugoslavia
00:08:20 2.2 Beginning of the Yugoslav Wars
00:14:55 2.3 Final political crisis
00:20:10 2.4 March 1992 unrest
00:22:40 3 Factions
00:23:22 3.1 Bosnian
00:27:41 3.2 Croat
00:29:27 3.3 Serb
00:30:13 3.4 Paramilitary and volunteers
00:33:13 4 Prelude
00:34:21 5 Course of the war
00:34:30 5.1 1992
00:43:46 5.1.1 Croat–Bosniak relations in late 1992
00:46:36 5.2 1993
00:49:53 5.2.1 Outbreak of the Croat–Bosniak War
00:51:51 5.2.1.1 Central Bosnia
00:54:39 5.2.1.2 Herzegovina
00:56:05 5.2.2 June–July Offensives
00:58:57 5.2.3 May–June 1993 UN Safe Areas extension
01:00:26 5.3 1994
01:01:03 5.3.1 Markale massacre
01:02:34 5.3.2 Washington Agreement
01:04:23 5.3.3 UNPROFOR and NATO
01:08:07 5.4 1995
01:12:52 6 Casualties
01:15:23 6.1 RDC figures
01:18:34 6.2 ICTY figures
01:19:40 6.3 Other statistics
01:22:34 7 War crimes
01:23:07 7.1 Ethnic cleansing
01:24:52 7.2 Genocide
01:27:13 7.3 Rape
01:28:29 7.4 Prosecutions and legal proceedings
01:33:28 7.5 Reconciliation
01:34:49 8 Assessment
01:34:58 8.1 Civil war or a war of aggression
01:39:41 9 In popular culture
01:39:50 9.1 Film
01:44:32 9.1.1 Drama series
01:45:19 9.1.2 Documentaries
01:46:54 9.2 Books
01:50:24 9.3 Music
01:51:00 9.4 Games
01:51:22 10 See also



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SUMMARY
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The Bosnian War was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995. Following a number of violent incidents in early 1992, the war is commonly viewed as having started on 6 April 1992. The war ended on 14 December 1995. The main belligerents were the forces of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and those of the self-proclaimed Bosnian Serb and Bosnian Croat entities within Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska and Herzeg-Bosnia, which were led and supplied by Serbia and Croatia, respectively.The war was part of the breakup of Yugoslavia. Following the Slovenian and Croatian secessions from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1991, the multi-ethnic Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina – which was inhabited by mainly Muslim Bosniaks (44 percent), as well as Orthodox Serbs (32.5 percent) and Catholic Croats (17 percent) – passed a referendum for independence on 29 February 1992.
This was rejected by the political representatives of the Bosnian Serbs, who had boycotted the referendum. Following Bosnia and Herzegovina's declaration of independence (which gained international recognition), the Bosnian Serbs, led by Radovan Karadžić and supported by the Serbian government of Slobodan Milošević and the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), mobilised their forces inside Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to secure ethnic Serb territory, then war soon spread across the country, accompanied by ethnic cleansing. The conflict was initially between the Yugoslav Army units in Bosnia which later transformed into the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) on the one side, and the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) which was largely composed of Bosniaks, and the Croat forces in the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) on the other side. Tensions between Croats and Bosniaks increased throughout late 1992, resulting in the Croat–Bosniak War that escalated in early 1993. The Bosnian War was characterised by bitter fighting, indiscriminate shelling of cities and towns, ethnic cleansing and systematic mass rape, mainly perpetrated by Serb, and to a lesser extent, Croat and Bosniak forces. Events such as the Siege of Sarajevo and the Srebrenica massacre later became iconic of the conflict.
The Serbs, although initially militarily superior due to the weapons and resources provided by the JNA, eventually lost momentum as the Bosniaks and Croats allied themselves against the Republika Srpska in 1994 with the creation of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina following the Washington agreement. Pakistan defied the UN's ba ...