Democracy | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-09

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Democracy


00:03:33 1 Characteristics
00:06:55 2 History
00:07:04 2.1 Ancient origins
00:10:40 2.2 Middle Ages
00:14:37 2.3 Modern era
00:14:46 2.3.1 Early modern period
00:16:53 2.3.2 18th and 19th centuries
00:21:08 2.3.3 20th and 21st centuries
00:26:46 3 Measurement of democracy
00:30:24 3.1 Difficulties in measuring democracy
00:31:35 4 Types of governmental democracies
00:32:23 4.1 Basic forms
00:33:05 4.1.1 Direct
00:34:29 4.1.2 Representative
00:35:36 4.1.2.1 Parliamentary
00:37:07 4.1.2.2 Presidential
00:38:22 4.1.3 Hybrid or semi-direct
00:40:32 4.2 Variants
00:40:40 4.2.1 Constitutional monarchy
00:41:49 4.2.2 Republic
00:43:11 4.2.3 Liberal democracy
00:44:07 4.2.4 Socialist
00:45:19 4.2.5 Anarchist
00:46:30 4.2.6 Sortition
00:47:03 4.2.7 Consociational
00:47:24 4.2.8 Consensus democracy
00:48:00 4.2.9 Supranational
00:48:33 4.2.10 Inclusive
00:50:21 4.2.11 Participatory politics
00:51:32 4.2.12 Cosmopolitan
00:53:08 4.2.13 Creative democracy
00:54:04 4.2.14 Guided democracy
00:54:57 5 Non-governmental democracy
00:55:40 6 Theory
00:55:49 6.1 Aristotle
00:56:57 6.2 Early Republican theory
00:57:58 6.3 Rationale
00:58:18 6.3.1 Aggregative
01:01:14 6.3.2 Deliberative
01:02:10 6.3.3 Radical
01:02:35 7 Criticism
01:02:43 7.1 Inefficiencies
01:04:05 7.2 Popular rule as a façade
01:04:51 7.3 Mob rule
01:06:22 7.4 Political instability
01:07:43 7.5 Fraudulent elections
01:08:42 7.6 Opposition
01:09:24 8 Development



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SUMMARY
=======
Democracy (Greek: δημοκρατία dēmokratía, literally "rule by people"), in modern usage, has three senses—all for a system of government where the citizens exercise power by voting. In a direct democracy, the citizens as a whole form a governing body and vote directly on each issue. In a representative democracy the citizens elect representatives from among themselves. These representatives meet to form a governing body, such as a legislature. In a constitutional democracy the powers of the majority are exercised within the framework of a representative democracy, but the constitution limits the majority and protects the minority, usually through the enjoyment by all of certain individual rights, e.g. freedom of speech, or freedom of association. "Rule of the majority" is sometimes referred to as democracy. Democracy is a system of processing conflicts in which outcomes depend on what participants do, but no single force controls what occurs and its outcomes.
The uncertainty of outcomes is inherent in democracy, which makes all forces struggle repeatedly for the realization of their interests, being the devolution of power from a group of people to a set of rules. Western democracy, as distinct from that which existed in pre-modern societies, is generally considered to have originated in city-states such as Classical Athens and the Roman Republic, where various schemes and degrees of enfranchisement of the free male population were observed before the form disappeared in the West at the beginning of late antiquity. The English word dates back to the 16th century, from the older Middle French and Middle Latin equivalents.
According to American political scientist Larry Diamond, democracy consists of four key elements: a political system for choosing and replacing the government through free and fair elections; the active participation of the people, as citizens, in politics and civic life; protection of the human rights of all citizens; a rule of law, in which the laws and procedures apply equally to all citizens. Todd Landman, nevertheless, draws our attention to the fact  that democracy and human rights are two different concepts and that "there must be greater specificity in the conceptualisation and operationalization of democracy and human rights".The term appeared in the 5th century BC to denote the political systems then existing in Greek city-states, notably Athens, to mean "rule of the people", in contrast to aristocracy (ἀριστοκ ...