Space Shuttle Columbia accident | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-17

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster


00:01:59 1 Crew
00:03:07 2 Debris strike during launch
00:07:58 3 Flight risk management
00:14:56 4 Re-entry timeline
00:26:02 5 Crew survivability aspects
00:26:30 5.1 Depressurization
00:27:38 5.2 Off-nominal dynamic G environment
00:28:50 5.3 Separation of the crew members from the crew module and the seats
00:29:18 5.4 Exposure to high-speed / high-altitude environment
00:30:08 5.5 Ground impact
00:30:55 6 Presidential response
00:31:39 7 Recovery of debris
00:35:23 7.1 Crew cabin video
00:36:10 8 Investigation
00:36:19 8.1 Initial investigation
00:37:43 8.2 iColumbia/i Accident Investigation Board
00:40:44 8.3 Conclusions
00:43:45 8.4 Other contributing factors
00:44:23 8.5 Possible emergency procedures
00:47:39 9 Memorials
00:56:54 10 Effect on space programs
01:01:15 11 Sociocultural aftermath
01:01:25 11.1 Fears of terrorism
01:01:58 11.2 Purple streak image
01:02:26 11.3 2003 iArmageddon/i film hoax
01:03:03 11.4 Music
01:05:07 12 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
On February 1, 2003, the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated upon reentering Earth's atmosphere, killing all seven crew members. The disaster was the second fatal accident in the Space Shuttle program, after  Challenger, which broke apart and killed the seven-member crew 73 seconds after liftoff in 1986.
During the launch of STS-107, Columbia's 28th mission, a piece of foam insulation broke off from the Space Shuttle external tank and struck the left wing of the orbiter. A few previous shuttle launches had seen damage ranging from minor to nearly catastrophic from foam shedding, but some engineers suspected that the damage to Columbia was more serious. NASA managers limited the investigation, reasoning that the crew could not have fixed the problem if it had been confirmed. When Columbia re-entered the atmosphere of Earth, the damage allowed hot atmospheric gases to penetrate the heat shield and destroy the internal wing structure, which caused the spacecraft to become unstable and break apart.After the disaster, Space Shuttle flight operations were suspended for more than two years, as they had been after the Challenger disaster. Construction of the International Space Station (ISS) was put on hold; the station relied entirely on the Russian Roscosmos State Space Corporation for resupply for 29 months until Shuttle flights resumed with STS-114 and 41 months for crew rotation until STS-121.
Several technical and organizational changes were made, including adding a thorough on-orbit inspection to determine how well the shuttle's thermal protection system had endured the ascent, and keeping a designated rescue mission ready in case irreparable damage was found. Except for one final mission to repair the Hubble Space Telescope, subsequent shuttle missions were flown only to the ISS so that the crew could use it as a haven in case damage to the orbiter prevented safe reentry.