Ājīvika | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika


00:02:21 1 Etymology and meaning
00:03:58 2 History
00:04:07 2.1 Origins
00:05:59 2.1.1 Classification in Hindu philosophy
00:06:40 2.2 Biography of Makkhali Gosala
00:09:10 2.3 Inscriptions and caves
00:09:55 2.4 Reliability of sources
00:12:20 3 Philosophy
00:12:29 3.1 Absolute determinism and no free will
00:15:24 3.2 Ajivikas and theism
00:16:27 3.3 Atomism
00:19:10 3.4 Antinomian ethics
00:20:37 4 Scriptures
00:21:43 5 Influence
00:22:15 6 Conflict between Ajivikas, Buddhists and Jaina
00:23:12 7 See also



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SUMMARY
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Ajivika (IAST: Ājīvika) is one of the nāstika or "heterodox" schools of Indian philosophy. Purportedly founded in the 5th century BCE by Makkhali Gosala, it was a śramaṇa movement and a major rival of early Buddhism and Jainism. Ājīvikas were organised renunciates who formed discrete communities.Original scriptures of the Ājīvika school of philosophy may once have existed, but these are currently unavailable and probably lost. Their theories are extracted from mentions of Ajivikas in the secondary sources of ancient Indian literature. Scholars question whether Ājīvika philosophy has been fairly and completely summarized in these secondary sources, as they were written by groups (such as the Buddhists and Jains) competing with and adversarial to the philosophy and religious practices of the Ajivikas. It is therefore likely that much of the information available about the Ājīvikas is inaccurate to some degree, and characterisations of them should be regarded carefully and critically.
The Ājīvika school is known for its Niyati ("Fate") doctrine of absolute determinism, the premise that there is no free will, that everything that has happened, is happening and will happen is entirely preordained and a function of cosmic principles. Ājīvikas considered the karma doctrine as a fallacy. Ajivika metaphysics included a theory of atoms similar to the Vaisheshika school, where everything was composed of atoms, qualities emerged from aggregates of atoms, but the aggregation and nature of these atoms was predetermined by cosmic forces. Ājīvikas were atheists. They believed that in every living being is an ātman – a central premise of Hinduism and Jainism.Founded in what is now the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, Ājīvika philosophy reached the height of its popularity during the rule of the Mauryan emperor Bindusara, around the 4th century BCE. This school of thought thereafter declined, but survived for nearly 2,000 years through the 14th century CE in the southern Indian states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The Ājīvika philosophy, along with the Cārvāka philosophy, appealed most to the warrior, industrial and mercantile classes of ancient Indian society.