Hellenistic science | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-07

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period


00:02:47 1 Etymology
00:04:31 2 Sources
00:06:33 3 Background
00:09:57 4 The Diadochi
00:17:08 5 Southern Europe
00:17:17 5.1 Kingdom of Epirus
00:18:46 5.2 Kingdom of Macedon
00:21:34 5.3 Rest of Greece
00:25:54 5.4 Balkans
00:27:50 5.5 Western Mediterranean
00:31:00 6 Hellenistic Near East
00:32:02 6.1 Ptolemaic Kingdom
00:35:23 6.2 Seleucid Empire
00:39:25 6.3 Attalid Pergamum
00:40:51 6.4 Galatia
00:42:38 6.5 Bithynia
00:43:52 6.6 Cappadocia
00:45:05 6.7 Kingdom of Pontus
00:46:59 6.8 Armenia
00:48:50 6.9 Parthia
00:51:02 6.10 Nabatean Kingdom
00:52:16 6.11 Judea
00:55:17 7 Greco-Bactrians
00:57:58 8 Indo-Greek kingdoms
01:01:07 9 Other states and Hellenistic influences
01:06:12 10 Rise of Rome
01:13:54 11 Culture
01:17:33 11.1 Hellenization and acculturation
01:22:07 11.2 Religion
01:26:00 11.3 Literature
01:28:27 11.4 Philosophy
01:31:15 11.5 Sciences
01:36:01 11.6 Military science
01:38:28 11.7 Art
01:41:52 12 Hellenistic period and modern culture



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SUMMARY
=======
The Hellenistic period covers the period of Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. The Ancient Greek word Hellas (Ἑλλάς, Ellás) is the original word for Greece, from which the word Hellenistic was derived.At this time, Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in Europe, North Africa and Western Asia, experiencing prosperity and progress in the arts, exploration, literature, theatre, architecture, music, mathematics, philosophy, and science. It is often considered a period of transition, sometimes even of decadence or degeneration, compared to the enlightenment of the Greek Classical era. The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, Alexandrian poetry, the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism. Greek science was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes. The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis, eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele and a syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism in Bactria and Northwest India.

After Alexander the Great's invasion of the Achaemenid Empire in 330 BC and its disintegration shortly after, the Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia (Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon), north-east Africa (Ptolemaic Kingdom) and South Asia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom). The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms, spanning as far as modern-day India. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, and Southwest Asia. This mixture gave rise to a common Attic-based Greek dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world.
Scholars and historians are divided as to what event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War, with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD. "Hellenistic" is distinguished from "Hellenic" in that the first encompasses the ...