Mediterranean | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: Subhajit Sahu
Date: 2019-01-01

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea


00:03:01 1 Names and etymology
00:06:31 2 History
00:06:40 2.1 Ancient civilizations
00:07:59 2.2 Middle Ages and empires
00:11:58 2.3 21st century and migrations
00:13:18 3 Geography
00:14:39 3.1 Extent
00:16:04 3.2 Oceanography
00:17:24 3.3 Coastal countries
00:18:20 3.4 Coastal cities
00:18:37 3.5 Subdivisions
00:19:33 3.5.1 Other seas
00:20:29 3.5.2 Other features
00:23:00 3.6 10 largest islands by area
00:23:10 3.7 Climate
00:23:18 3.7.1 Sea temperature
00:23:26 4 Geology
00:25:43 4.1 Tectonics and paleoenvironmental analysis
00:27:19 4.1.1 Messinian salinity crisis
00:29:05 4.1.2 Desiccation and exchanges of flora and fauna
00:32:07 4.1.3 Shift to a "Mediterranean climate"
00:33:15 5 Paleoclimate
00:34:12 6 Ecology and biota
00:35:28 7 Environmental history
00:38:44 7.1 Natural hazards
00:41:03 7.2 Biodiversity
00:41:44 7.2.1 Invasive species
00:45:18 7.2.2 Arrival of new tropical Atlantic species
00:46:04 7.3 Sea-level rise
00:47:31 7.4 Pollution
00:48:58 7.5 Shipping
00:50:27 7.6 Tourism
00:52:31 7.7 Overfishing
00:53:38 8 Gallery



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
Speaking Rate: 0.9549660284937902
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-F


"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa and on the east by the Levant. Although the sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean, it is usually identified as a separate body of water. Geological evidence indicates that around 5.9 million years ago, the Mediterranean was cut off from the Atlantic and was partly or completely desiccated over a period of some 600,000 years, the Messinian salinity crisis, before being refilled by the Zanclean flood about 5.3 million years ago.
It covers an approximate area of 2.5 million km2 (965,000 sq mi), but its connection to the Atlantic (the Strait of Gibraltar) is only 14 km (8.7 mi) wide. The Strait of Gibraltar is a narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Gibraltar and Spain in Europe from Morocco in Africa.  In oceanography, it is sometimes called the Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea or the European Mediterranean Sea to distinguish it from mediterranean seas elsewhere.The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of 1,500 m (4,900 ft) and  the deepest recorded point is 5,267 m (17,280 ft) in the Calypso Deep in the Ionian Sea. The sea is bordered on the north by Europe, the east by Asia, and in the south by Africa.  It is located between latitudes 30° and 46° N and longitudes 6° W and 36° E. Its west-east length, from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Gulf of Iskenderun, on the southwestern coast of Turkey, is approximately 4,000 km (2,500 miles). The sea's average north-south length, from Croatia's southern shore to Libya, is approximately 800 km (500 miles). The Mediterranean Sea, including the Sea of Marmara (connected by the Dardanelles to the Aegean Sea), has a surface area of approximately 2,510,000 square km (970,000 square miles).The sea was an important route for merchants and travellers of ancient times that allowed for trade and cultural exchange between emergent peoples of the region. The history of the Mediterranean region is crucial to understanding the origins and development of many modern societies.
The countries surrounding the Mediterranean in clockwise order are Spain, France, Monaco, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco; Malta and Cyprus are island countries in the sea. In addition, the Gaza Strip and the British Overseas Territories of Gibraltar and Akrotiri and Dhekelia have coastlines on the sea.