Ionosphere | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionosphere


00:00:34 1 History
00:04:59 2 Geophysics
00:07:54 3 The ionospheric layers
00:08:32 3.1 D layer
00:10:20 3.2 E layer
00:11:57 3.3 Esubs/sub
00:13:07 3.4 F layer
00:14:29 4 Ionospheric model
00:16:25 5 Persistent anomalies to the idealized model
00:16:53 5.1 Winter anomaly
00:17:42 5.2 Equatorial anomaly
00:18:35 5.3 Equatorial electrojet
00:19:22 6 Ephemeral ionospheric perturbations
00:19:33 6.1 X-rays: sudden ionospheric disturbances (SID)
00:20:26 6.2 Protons: polar cap absorption (PCA)
00:21:14 6.3 Geomagnetic storms
00:21:43 6.4 Lightning
00:23:13 7 Applications
00:23:23 7.1 Radio communication
00:24:55 7.1.1 Mechanism of refraction
00:27:43 7.2 Other applications
00:28:09 8 Measurements
00:28:18 8.1 Overview
00:30:20 8.2 Ionograms
00:31:32 8.3 Incoherent scatter radars
00:32:11 8.4 GNSS radio occultation
00:33:03 9 Indices of the ionosphere
00:33:22 9.1 Solar intensity
00:34:24 9.2 Geomagnetic disturbances
00:35:22 10 GPS/GNSS ionospheric correction
00:36:00 11 Ionospheres of other planets and natural satellites
00:36:43 12 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
The ionosphere () is the ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere, from about 60 km (37 mi) to 1,000 km (620 mi) altitude, a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the  mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an important role in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because, among other functions, it influences radio propagation to distant places on the Earth.