Geocentric model | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_model


00:02:18 1 Ancient Greece
00:07:19 2 Ptolemaic model
00:08:32 2.1 Ptolemaic system
00:13:27 2.2 Islamic astronomy and geocentrism
00:18:41 3 Geocentrism and rival systems
00:19:55 3.1 Copernican system
00:23:38 4 Gravitation
00:27:03 5 Relativity
00:30:16 6 Religious and contemporary adherence to geocentrism
00:32:28 6.1 Polls
00:33:26 6.2 Historical positions of the Roman Catholic hierarchy
00:43:09 6.3 Orthodox Judaism
00:44:50 6.4 Islam
00:45:32 7 Planetariums
00:46:12 8 See also



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SUMMARY
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In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, or specifically the Ptolemaic system) is a superseded description of the Universe with Earth at the center. Under the geocentric model, the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all orbited Earth. The geocentric model was the predominant description of the cosmos in many ancient civilizations, such as those of Aristotle and Ptolemy.  
Two observations supported the idea that Earth was the center of the Universe. First, from anywhere on Earth, the Sun appears to revolve around Earth once per day. While the Moon and the planets have their own motions, they also appear to revolve around Earth about once per day. The stars appeared to be fixed on a celestial sphere rotating once each day about an axis through the geographic poles of Earth. Second, Earth seems to be unmoving from the perspective of an earthbound observer; it feels solid, stable, and stationary.
Ancient Greek, ancient Roman, and medieval philosophers usually combined the geocentric model with a spherical Earth, in contrast to the older flat Earth model implied in some mythology. The ancient Jewish Babylonian uranography pictured a flat Earth with a dome-shaped, rigid canopy called the firmament placed over it (רקיע- rāqîa'). However, the ancient Greeks believed that the motions of the planets were circular and not elliptical, a view that was not challenged in Western culture until the 17th century, when Johannes Kepler postulated that orbits were heliocentric and elliptical (Kepler's first law of planetary motion). In 1687, Newton showed that elliptical orbits could be derived from his laws of gravitation.
The astronomical predictions of Ptolemy's geocentric model were used to prepare astrological and astronomical charts for over 1500 years. The geocentric model held sway into the early modern age, but from the late 16th century onward, it was gradually superseded by the heliocentric model of Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler.  There was much resistance to the transition between these two theories. Some Christian theologians were reluctant to reject a theory that agreed with Biblical passages. Others felt a new, unknown theory could not subvert an accepted consensus for geocentrism.