Science policy of the United States | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 26/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_policy_of_the_United_States


00:00:54 1 Legislating science policy
00:02:54 2 Research and development in the federal budget
00:05:39 2.1 Defense research and development
00:09:14 3 Intellectual property policy
00:10:40 4 Science in political discourse
00:11:30 5 Science policy in the states
00:11:40 5.1 State government initiatives
00:12:03 5.2 Overall research spending in the states
00:16:41 6 History
00:18:00 6.1 Creation of the NSF
00:19:48 7 See also



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SUMMARY
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The science policy of the United States is the responsibility of many organizations throughout the federal government.  Much of the large-scale policy is made through the legislative budget process of enacting the yearly federal budget, although there are other legislative issues that directly involve science, such as energy policy, climate change, and stem cell research.  Further decisions are made by the various federal agencies which spend the funds allocated by Congress, either on in-house research or by granting funds to outside organizations and researchers.
The USA devoted 2.81% of GDP to research and development (R&D) in 2012. The private sector contributed two-thirds of the total. The Obama administration had fixed a target of a 3% ratio by the end of his presidency in 2016.