Electrical telegraphy in the United Kingdom | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 29/06/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraphy_in_the_United_Kingdom


00:05:15 1 Early development
00:11:05 2 Telegraph companies
00:12:07 2.1 Electric Telegraph Company
00:15:19 2.2 Magnetic Telegraph Company
00:18:10 2.3 London District Telegraph Company
00:20:12 2.4 United Kingdom Telegraph Company
00:23:16 2.5 Universal Private Telegraph Company
00:24:40 3 Profitability
00:26:51 4 News service
00:28:25 5 Submarine cables
00:29:50 5.1 Cable manufacturing companies
00:32:26 5.2 Ocean cable companies
00:41:19 5.3 Maintenance and technical problems
00:44:54 6 Employment of women
00:46:20 7 Public take up
00:47:42 8 Nationalisation
00:50:40 8.1 Telegraph Act 1868
00:55:53 8.2 Aftermath
00:58:14 9 Post Office Telegraphs
01:02:59 9.1 Unionisation
01:04:21 9.2 Exchange Telegraph Company
01:05:17 10 Competition from the telephone
01:10:03 11 Specialist uses
01:10:12 11.1 Railway block signalling
01:11:00 11.2 News service
01:13:22 11.3 Military
01:14:37 11.4 Meteorology
01:15:33 11.5 Emergency services
01:17:15 12 Automation
01:20:20 13 Decline and recovery
01:23:12 14 World War II
01:25:01 15 End of the telegraph era
01:25:11 15.1 Telegrams
01:27:28 15.2 Telex and private wires



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SUMMARY
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Electrical telegraphy in the United Kingdom led the world in the first half of the nineteenth century.  Electrical telegraphy is telegraphy over conducting wires.  It is distinct from the optical telegraphy that preceded it and the radiotelegraphy that followed it.  Francis Ronalds first demonstrated a working telegraph over a substantial distance in 1816, but was unable to put it into use.  William Fothergill Cooke, starting in 1836, developed the first commercial telegraph put into operation with the scientific assistance of Charles Wheatstone, the battery invented by John Frederic Daniell, and the relay invented by Edward Davy.
In 1846 the Electric Telegraph Company (the Electric), the world's first telegraph company, was formed by Cooke and financier John Lewis Ricardo.  The company initially supplied telegraph systems to railway companies, but soon branched out into other businesses and slowly built a network that could be used by the general public.  Many competing companies arose; chief amongst them was the Magnetic Telegraph Company (the Magnetic) formed in 1850.  The Magnetic used the telegraph invented by William Thomas Henley which did not require batteries.  The Electric and Magnetic companies soon formed a cartel to control the market.  The London District Telegraph Company (the District), an offshoot of the Magnetic, provided a cheap telegram service in London with a rooftop to rooftop network.  The United Kingdom Telegraph Company did not launch until 1860 and struggled to compete with the big two.  Most telegraph companies were unprofitable except for the Electric and Magnetic.
Submarine telegraph cables were made possible by the introduction of gutta-percha in 1843 by Scottish military surgeon William Montgomerie while stationed in Singapore.  Gutta-percha was ideal for making underwater cables in an age before synthetic plastics.  The Submarine Telegraph Company laid the world's first international submarine cable in 1851 when they connected England with France.  Cable cores were made by the Gutta Percha Company who had a monopoly on the supply of the material until about 1863.  Completed cables were made by wire rope manufacturers who armoured the cables.  The Gutta Percha Company merged with one such wire rope manufacturer, R.S. Newall and Company, to form the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company (Telcon) in 1864 at the instigation of John Pender.  Pender was the leading entrepreneur responsible for constructing a worldwide telegraph network.  The transatlantic telegraph cable was laid by his Atlantic Telegraph Co ...