Secondary endosymbiotic events | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-05

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiogenesis


00:01:18 1 History
00:04:21 2 From endosymbionts to organelles
00:10:25 3 Endosymbiosis of Protomitochondria
00:10:46 3.1 Mitochondria
00:11:31 3.2 Nuclear Membrane
00:12:30 3.3 Endomembrane system
00:13:30 4 Organellar genomes
00:13:39 4.1 Plastomes and mitogenomes
00:15:25 4.2 Non-photosynthetic plastid genomes
00:18:01 5 Evidence
00:19:54 6 Secondary endosymbiosis
00:22:21 7 Date
00:23:56 8 See also



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SUMMARY
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Symbiogenesis, or endosymbiotic theory, is an evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms, first articulated in 1905 and 1910 by the Russian botanist Konstantin Mereschkowski, and advanced and substantiated with microbiological evidence by Lynn Margulis in 1967. It holds that the organelles distinguishing eukaryote cells evolved through symbiosis of individual single-celled prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea).
The theory holds that mitochondria, plastids such as chloroplasts, and possibly other organelles of eukaryotic cells represent formerly free-living prokaryotes taken one inside the other in endosymbiosis. In more detail, mitochondria appear to be related to Rickettsiales proteobacteria, and chloroplasts to nitrogen-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria.
Among the many lines of evidence supporting symbiogenesis are that new mitochondria and plastids are formed only through binary fission, and that cells cannot create new ones otherwise; that the transport proteins called porins are found in the outer membranes of mitochondria, chloroplasts and bacterial cell membranes; that cardiolipin is found only in the inner mitochondrial membrane and bacterial cell membranes; and that some mitochondria and plastids contain single circular DNA molecules similar to the chromosomes of bacteria.