Gastrointestinal | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 29/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract


00:02:36 1 Human gastrointestinal tract
00:02:46 1.1 Structure
00:03:09 1.1.1 Upper gastrointestinal tract
00:04:29 1.1.2 Lower gastrointestinal tract
00:05:16 1.1.2.1 Small intestine
00:07:01 1.1.2.2 Large intestine
00:08:08 1.1.3 Development
00:09:48 1.1.4 Histology
00:10:18 1.1.4.1 Mucosa
00:11:19 1.1.4.2 Submucosa
00:11:46 1.1.4.3 Muscular layer
00:13:30 1.1.4.4 Adventitia and serosa
00:14:35 1.1.5 Gene and protein expression
00:15:36 1.2 Function
00:16:16 1.2.1 Immune function
00:16:24 1.2.1.1 Immune barrier
00:17:44 1.2.1.2 Immune system homeostasis
00:18:47 1.2.2 Intestinal microbiota
00:19:59 1.2.3 Detoxification and drug metabolism
00:20:22 2 Clinical significance
00:20:32 2.1 Diseases
00:22:46 2.2 Symptoms
00:23:21 2.3 Treatment
00:23:50 2.4 Imaging
00:24:41 2.5 Other related diseases
00:28:31 3 Uses of animal guts
00:30:55 4 Other animals
00:31:34 5 See also



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SUMMARY
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The gastrointestinal tract (digestive tract, digestional tract, GI tract, GIT, gut, or alimentary canal) is an organ system within humans and other animals which takes in food, digests it to extract and absorb energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste as feces. The mouth, esophagus, stomach and intestines are part of the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the stomach and intestines. A tract is a collection of related anatomic structures or a series of connected body organs.
All bilaterians have a gastrointestinal tract, also called a gut or an alimentary canal. This is a tube that transfers food to the organs of digestion. In large bilaterians, the gastrointestinal tract generally also has an exit, the anus, by which the animal disposes of feces (solid wastes). Some small bilaterians have no anus and dispose of solid wastes by other means (for example, through the mouth). The human gastrointestinal tract consists of the esophagus,  stomach, and intestines, and is divided into the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts. The GI tract includes all structures between the mouth and the anus, forming a continuous passageway that includes the main organs of digestion, namely, the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. However, the complete human digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder). The tract may also be divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut, reflecting the embryological origin of each segment. The whole human GI tract is about nine metres (30 feet) long at autopsy. It is considerably shorter in the living body because the intestines, which are tubes of smooth muscle tissue, maintain constant muscle tone in a halfway-tense state but can relax in spots to allow for local distention and peristalsis.The gastrointestinal tract contains trillions of microbes, with some 4,000 different strains of bacteria having diverse roles in maintenance of immune health and metabolism. Cells of the GI tract release hormones to help regulate the digestive process. These digestive hormones, including gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, and ghrelin, are mediated through either intracrine or autocrine mechanisms, indicating that the cells releasing these hormones are conserved structures throughout evolution.