Scholasticism | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism


00:02:49 1 Etymology
00:03:25 2 History
00:03:54 2.1 Early Scholasticism
00:06:28 2.2 High Scholasticism
00:09:46 2.3 Spanish Scholasticism
00:09:56 2.4 Late Scholasticism
00:10:05 2.5 Lutheran Scholasticism
00:10:14 2.6 Reformed Scholasticism
00:10:35 2.7 Neo-Scholasticism
00:10:55 2.8 Thomistic Scholasticism
00:13:41 2.9 Analytical Scholasticism
00:14:24 3 Scholastic method
00:16:16 4 Scholastic instruction
00:18:05 5 See also



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"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
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Scholasticism is a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics ("scholastics", or "schoolmen") of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100 to 1700, and a program of employing that method in articulating and defending dogma in an increasingly pluralistic context. It originated as an outgrowth of and a departure from Christian theology within the monastic schools at the earliest European universities. The rise of scholasticism was closely associated with the rise of the 12th and 13th century schools that developed into the earliest modern universities, including those in Italy, France, Spain and England.Scholasticism is not so much a philosophy or a theology as a method of learning, as it places a strong emphasis on dialectical reasoning to extend knowledge by inference and to resolve contradictions. Scholastic thought is also known for rigorous conceptual analysis and the careful drawing of distinctions. In the classroom and in writing, it often takes the form of explicit disputation; a topic drawn from the tradition is broached in the form of a question, opponents' responses are given, a counterproposal is argued and opponents' arguments rebutted. Because of its emphasis on rigorous dialectical method, scholasticism was eventually applied to many other fields of study.As a program, scholasticism began as an attempt at harmonization on the part of medieval Christian thinkers, to harmonize the various authorities of their own tradition, and to reconcile Christian theology with classical and late antiquity philosophy, especially that of Aristotle but also of Neoplatonism. (See also Christian apologetics.)
Some of the main figures of scholasticism include Anselm of Canterbury (the "father of scholasticism"), Peter Abelard, Alexander of Hales, Albertus Magnus, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, Bonaventure, and Thomas Aquinas. Aquinas's masterwork Summa Theologica is considered to be the pinnacle of scholastic, medieval, and Christian philosophy; it began while Aquinas was regent master at the studium provinciale of Santa Sabina in Rome, the forerunner of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum. Important work in the scholastic tradition has been carried on well past Aquinas's time, for instance by Francisco Suárez and Luis de Molina, and also among Lutheran and Reformed thinkers. The historical legacy of scholasticism lay not in specific scientific discoveries, for these were not made, but laying the foundations for the development of natural science.