Shoaling and schooling | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-05

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling


00:01:10 1 Overview
00:06:35 2 Social interaction
00:07:29 3 Foraging advantages
00:10:58 4 Reproductive advantages
00:12:47 5 Hydrodynamic efficiency
00:13:50 6 Predator avoidance
00:19:31 7 Predator countermeasures
00:23:04 8 How fish school
00:25:23 9 Describing shoal structure
00:28:28 10 Modelling school behaviour
00:28:37 10.1 Mathematical models
00:30:35 10.2 Evolutionary models
00:31:12 11 Mapping the formation of schools
00:32:26 12 Leadership and decision-making
00:34:48 13 Shoal choice
00:38:04 14 Commercial fishing
00:38:37 15 Further examples
00:41:02 16 See also



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Speaking Rate: 0.9535654071492627
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-C


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SUMMARY
=======
In biology, any group of fish that stay together for social reasons are shoaling (pronounced /ˈʃoʊlɪŋ/), and if the group is swimming in the same direction in a coordinated manner, they are schooling (pronounced /ˈskuːlɪŋ/). In common usage, the terms are sometimes used rather loosely. About one quarter of fish species shoal all their lives, and about one half shoal for part of their lives.Fish derive many benefits from shoaling behaviour including defence against predators (through better predator detection and by diluting the chance of individual capture), enhanced foraging success, and higher success in finding a mate. It is also likely that fish benefit from shoal membership through increased hydrodynamic efficiency.
Fish use many traits to choose shoalmates. Generally they prefer larger shoals, shoalmates of their own species, shoalmates similar in size and appearance to themselves, healthy fish, and kin (when recognized).
The "oddity effect" posits that any shoal member that stands out in appearance will be preferentially targeted by predators. This may explain why fish prefer to shoal with individuals that resemble themselves. The oddity effect thus tends to homogenize shoals.