Voter turnout | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-07

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Voter turnout


00:01:34 1 Reasons for voting
00:04:45 1.1 Reasons for not voting
00:05:13 2 Significance
00:07:48 3 Determinants and demographics of turnout
00:08:20 3.1 Habit
00:08:45 3.2 Childhood influences
00:09:01 3.3 Demographics
00:11:00 3.4 Differences between elections
00:11:50 3.4.1 Competitiveness of races
00:13:37 3.5 Incarceration
00:14:16 3.6 Access to polling places
00:14:41 3.7 Costs of participation
00:15:47 3.8 Knowledge
00:16:16 3.9 Weather
00:17:37 3.10 Hereditary factors
00:19:10 3.11 Household socialization
00:19:55 3.12 Enfranchisement
00:20:30 3.13 Ballot secrecy
00:20:52 4 International differences
00:21:51 4.1 Cultural factors
00:24:28 4.2 Institutional factors
00:25:20 4.2.1 Voter registration
00:27:44 4.2.2 Compulsory voting
00:29:39 4.2.3 Salience
00:31:07 4.2.4 Proportionality
00:33:11 4.2.5 Ease of voting
00:34:54 4.2.6 Voter fatigue
00:35:36 4.2.7 Voter pledges
00:36:03 5 Measuring turnout
00:39:07 6 Trends of decreasing turnout since the 1980s
00:41:05 6.1 Reasons for decline
00:46:58 6.2 Ineligibility



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SUMMARY
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Voter turnout is the percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in an election. Eligibility varies by country, and the voting-eligible population should not be confused with the total adult population. Age and citizenship status are often among the criteria used to determine eligibility, but some countries further restrict eligibility based on sex, race, or religion.
After increasing for many decades, there has been a trend of decreasing voter turnout in most established democracies since the 1980s. In general, low turnout is attributed to disillusionment, indifference, or a sense of futility (the perception that one's vote won't make any difference). According to Stanford University political scientists Adam Bonica and Michael McFaul, there is a consensus among political scientists that "democracies perform better when more people vote."Low turnout is usually considered to be undesirable. As a result, there have been many efforts to increase voter turnout and encourage participation in the political process. In spite of significant study into the issue, scholars are divided on the reasons for the decline. Its cause has been attributed to a wide array of economic, demographic, cultural, technological, and institutional factors.
Different countries have very different voter turnout rates. For example, turnout in the United States 2012 presidential election was about 55%.  In both Belgium, which has compulsory voting, and Malta, which does not, participation reaches about 95%.