Peace | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-15

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Peace


00:02:31 1 Etymology
00:05:04 2 Religious beliefs
00:05:42 2.1 Christianity
00:07:02 2.2 Islam
00:07:49 2.3 Buddhism
00:08:19 2.4 Hinduism
00:10:01 3 Inner peace, meditation and prayerfulness
00:11:25 4 Satyagraha
00:13:05 5 Justice and injustice
00:14:48 6 Long periods
00:15:54 7 Movements and activism
00:16:04 7.1 Pacifism
00:17:31 7.2 Organizations
00:17:40 7.2.1 United Nations
00:18:50 7.2.2 League of Nations
00:20:30 7.2.3 Olympic Games
00:21:01 7.2.4 Nobel Peace Prize
00:21:40 7.2.5 Rhodes Scholarships and other fellowships
00:22:37 7.2.6 Gandhi Peace Prize
00:23:24 7.2.7 Student Peace Prize
00:23:43 7.2.8 Culture of Peace News Network
00:24:04 7.2.9 The Sydney Peace Prize
00:24:39 7.2.10 Other
00:25:15 8 Monuments
00:25:26 9 Theories
00:26:11 9.1 Game theory
00:27:05 9.2 Balance of power theories
00:28:52 9.3 Democratic peace theory
00:29:07 9.4 Free trade, interdependence and globalization
00:30:12 9.5 Socialism and managed capitalism
00:31:25 9.6 Theory of 'active peace'
00:32:42 9.7 International organization and law
00:33:25 9.8 Trans-national solidarity
00:34:13 9.9 Lyotard post-modernism
00:35:26 9.10 Calendar day
00:35:48 10 Peace and conflict studies
00:36:46 11 Measurement and ranking



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"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates



SUMMARY
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Peace is the concept of harmonious well-being and freedom from hostile aggression. In a social sense, peace is commonly used to mean a lack of conflict (such as war) and freedom from fear of violence between individuals or heterogeneous (relatively foreign or distinct) groups.
Throughout history some of the most extraordinary and benevolent leaders have used peace talks to establish a certain type of behavioral restraint that has resulted in the establishment of regional peace or economic growth through various forms of agreements or peace treaties.  Such behavioral restraint has often resulted in de-escalation of rhetorical and physical conflicts, greater economic interactivity, and consequently substantial prosperity.  The avoidance of war or violent hostility can be the result of thoughtful active listening and communication that enables greater genuine mutual understanding and therefore compromise.  Leaders often benefit tremendously from the prestige of peace talks and treaties that can result in substantially enhanced popularity.
“Psychological peace” (such as a peaceful thinking and emotions) is perhaps less well defined yet often a necessary precursor to establishing "behavioral peace."  Peaceful behavior sometimes results from a "peaceful inner disposition."  Some have expressed the belief that peace can be initiated with a certain quality of inner tranquility that does not depend upon the uncertainties of daily life for its existence.  The acquisition of such a "peaceful internal disposition" for oneself and others can contribute to resolving of otherwise seemingly irreconcilable competing interests.
Because psychological peace can be important to Behavioral peace, leaders sometimes de-escalate conflicts through compliments and generosity.  Small gestures of rhetorical and actual generosity have been shown in psychological research to often result in larger levels of reciprocal generosity (and even virtuous circles of generosity).  Such benevolent selfless behavior can eventually become a pattern that may become a lasting basis for improved relations between individuals and groups of people.  Peace talks often start without preconditions and preconceived notions, because they are more than just negotiating opportunities.  They place attention on peace itself over and above what may have been previously perceived as the competing needs or interests of separate individuals or parties to elicit peaceful feelings and therefore produce benevolent behavioral results.  Peace talks are sometimes also uniquely important learning opportunities for the individuals or parties involved.