Polygraph | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-04

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygraph


00:03:05 1 Testing procedure
00:05:52 2 Effectiveness
00:10:08 2.1 US Congress Office of Technology Assessment
00:10:51 2.2 National Academy of Sciences
00:13:36 3 Countermeasures
00:15:41 4 Use
00:16:52 4.1 Canada
00:17:40 4.2 United States
00:22:08 4.3 India
00:23:04 4.4 Israel
00:24:35 4.5 Europe
00:25:43 4.6 Australia
00:27:32 5 Security clearances
00:33:01 6 Alternative tests
00:34:43 7 History
00:38:19 8 Society and culture
00:38:29 8.1 Portrayal on television
00:41:17 8.2 Hand-held lie detector for US military
00:42:11 8.3 Notable cases
00:44:48 9 See also
00:45:16 10 Notes
00:45:25 11 Further reading
00:49:00 12 External links



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SUMMARY
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A polygraph, popularly referred to as a lie detector test, is a device or procedure that measures and records several physiological indicators such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity while a person is asked and answers a series of questions. The belief underpinning the use of the polygraph is that deceptive answers will produce physiological responses that can be differentiated from those associated with non-deceptive answers. There are, however, no specific physiological reactions associated with lying, making it difficult to identify factors that separate liars from truth tellers. Polygraph examiners also prefer to use their own individual scoring method, as opposed to computerized techniques, as they may more easily defend their own evaluations.The polygraph was invented in 1921 by John Augustus Larson, a medical   student at the University of California, Berkeley and a police officer of the Berkeley Police Department in Berkeley, California. Further work on the device was done by Leonarde Keeler. As Larson's protege, Keeler updated the device by making it portable and added the galvanic skin response to it in 1939.  His device was then purchased by the FBI, and served as the prototype of the modern polygraph.In some countries, polygraphs are used as an interrogation tool with criminal suspects or candidates for sensitive public or private sector employment. US law enforcement and federal government agencies such as the FBI, NSA and the CIA and many police departments such as the LAPD and the Virginia State Police use polygraph examinations to interrogate suspects and screen new employees. Within the US federal government, a polygraph examination is also referred to as a psychophysiological detection of deception (PDD) examination.The control question test, also known as the probable lie test, was developed to overcome or mitigate the problems with the relevant-irrelevant testing method. Although the relevant questions in the probable lie test are used to obtain a reaction from liars, the physiological reactions that "distinguish" liars may also occur in innocent individuals who fear a false detection or feel passionately that they did not commit the crime. Therefore, although a physiological reaction may be occurring, the reasoning behind the response may be different. Further examination of the probable lie test has indicated that it is biased against innocent subjects. Those who are unable to think of a lie related to the relevant question will automatically fail the test.Polygraph examiners, or polygraphers, are licensed or regulated in some jurisdictions. The American Polygraph Association sets standards for courses of training of polygraph operators, though it does not certify individual examiners.