Conscription | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription


00:02:15 1 History
00:02:24 1.1 In pre-modern times
00:02:33 1.1.1 Ilkum
00:03:38 1.1.2 Medieval levies
00:05:00 1.1.3 Military slavery
00:08:49 1.2 In modern times
00:11:17 1.2.1 World Wars
00:12:29 2 Arguments against conscription
00:12:39 2.1 Gender-based
00:13:29 2.2 Involuntary servitude
00:15:11 2.3 Economic
00:17:13 3 Arguments in favor of conscription
00:17:23 3.1 Political and moral motives
00:18:45 3.2 Economic and resource efficiency
00:19:26 4 Drafting of women
00:22:26 5 Conscientious objection
00:23:25 6 By country
00:23:34 6.1 China
00:24:26 6.2 Europe
00:24:34 6.2.1 Austria
00:24:57 6.2.2 Bulgaria
00:25:42 6.2.3 Cyprus
00:26:20 6.2.4 Denmark
00:28:06 6.2.5 Finland
00:30:45 6.2.6 Germany
00:31:14 6.2.7 Greece
00:33:21 6.2.8 Lithuania
00:33:47 6.2.9 Moldova
00:34:10 6.2.10 Netherlands
00:36:09 6.2.11 Norway
00:37:06 6.2.11.1 Civil defence duty in Norway
00:37:42 6.2.12 Serbia
00:38:16 6.2.13 Sweden
00:38:43 6.2.14 United Kingdom
00:40:41 6.3 Israel
00:41:37 6.4 United States
00:42:40 6.5 Main articles for conscription by country
00:42:50 7 Related concepts
00:43:20 8 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Conscription, sometimes called the draft, is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in some countries to the present day under various names. The modern system of near-universal national conscription for young men dates to the French Revolution in the 1790s, where it became the basis of a very large and powerful military. Most European nations later copied the system in peacetime, so that men at a certain age would serve 1–8 years on active duty and then transfer to the reserve force.
Conscription is controversial for a range of reasons, including conscientious objection to military engagements on religious or philosophical grounds; political objection, for example to service for a disliked government or unpopular war; and ideological objection, for example, to a perceived violation of individual rights. Those conscripted may evade service, sometimes by leaving the country, and seeking asylum in another country. Some selection systems accommodate these attitudes by providing alternative service outside combat-operations roles or even outside the military, such as 'Siviilipalvelus' (alternative civil service) in Finland, Zivildienst (compulsory community service) in Austria and Switzerland. Many post-Soviet countries conscript male soldiers not only for armed forces but also for paramilitary organizations which are dedicated to police-like domestic only service (Internal Troops) or non-combat rescue duties (Civil defence troops) – none of which is considered alternative to the military conscription.
As of the early 21st century, many states no longer conscript soldiers, relying instead upon professional militaries with volunteers enlisted to meet the demand for troops. The ability to rely on such an arrangement, however, presupposes some degree of predictability with regard to both war-fighting requirements and the scope of hostilities. Many states that have abolished conscription therefore still reserve the power to resume it during wartime or times of crisis. States involved in wars or interstate rivalries are most likely to implement conscription, whereas democracies are less likely than autocracies to implement conscription. Former British colonies are less likely to have conscription, as they are influenced by British anticonscription norms that can be traced back to the English Civil War.