Aberration of starlight | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 06/06/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberration_of_light


00:04:00 1 Explanation
00:06:22 1.1 Classical explanation
00:10:59 1.2 Relativistic explanation
00:16:38 1.3 Relationship to light-time correction and relativistic beaming
00:19:43 2 Types of aberration
00:20:36 2.1 Annual aberration
00:25:36 2.1.1 Solar annual aberration
00:28:41 2.2 Planetary aberration
00:29:30 2.3 Diurnal aberration
00:30:15 2.4 Secular aberration
00:32:32 3 Discovery and first observations
00:33:08 3.1 Search for stellar parallax
00:35:32 3.2 James Bradley's observations
00:37:29 3.3 Early hypotheses
00:39:40 3.4 Development of the theory of aberration
00:44:32 4 Historical theories of aberration
00:46:45 4.1 Bradley's classical explanation
00:52:03 4.2 Luminiferous aether
00:55:32 4.3 Aether drag models
00:55:42 4.3.1 Fresnel's aether drag
00:57:44 4.3.2 Stokes' aether drag
00:59:51 4.4 Lorentz' length contraction
01:03:11 4.5 Special relativity
01:07:19 5 See also



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SUMMARY
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The aberration of light (also referred to as astronomical aberration, stellar aberration, or velocity aberration) is an astronomical phenomenon which produces an apparent motion of celestial objects about their true positions, dependent on the velocity of the observer. Aberration causes objects to appear to be displaced towards the direction of motion of the observer compared to when the observer is stationary. The change in angle is typically very small — of the order of v/c where c is the speed of light and v the velocity of the observer. In the case of "stellar" or "annual" aberration, the apparent position of a star to an observer on Earth varies periodically over the course of a year as the Earth's velocity changes as it revolves around the Sun, by a maximum angle of approximately 20 arcseconds in right ascension or declination.
The term aberration has historically been used to refer to a number of related phenomena concerning the propagation of light in moving bodies. 
Aberration should not be confused with parallax. The latter is a change in the apparent position of a relatively nearby object, as measured by a moving observer, relative to more distant objects that define a reference frame. The amount of parallax depends on the distance of the object from the observer, whereas aberration does not. Aberration is also related to light-time correction and relativistic beaming, although it is often considered separately from these effects.
Aberration is historically significant because of its role in the development of the theories of light, electromagnetism and, ultimately, the theory of special relativity. It was first observed in the late 1600s by astronomers searching for stellar parallax in order to confirm the heliocentric model of the Solar System.  However, it was not understood at the time to be a different phenomenon.
In 1727, James Bradley provided a classical explanation for it in terms of the finite speed of light relative to the motion of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun, 
which he used to make one of the earliest measurements of the speed of light. However, Bradley's theory was incompatible with 19th century theories of light, and aberration became a major motivation for the aether drag theories of Augustin Fresnel (in 1818) and G. G. Stokes (in 1845), and for Hendrik Lorentz's aether theory of electromagnetism in 1892. The aberration of light, together with Lorentz's elaboration of Maxwell's electrodynamics, the moving magnet and conductor problem, the negative aether drift experiments, as well as the Fizeau experiment, led Albert Einstein to develop the theory of special relativity in 1905, which presents a general form of the equation for aberration in terms of such theory.