Grand unification theories | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 18/02/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory


00:02:35 1 History
00:03:26 2 Motivation
00:05:12 3 Unification of matter particles
00:05:23 3.1 SU(5)
00:07:30 3.2 SO(10)
00:09:43 3.3 Esub6/sub
00:10:25 3.4 Extended Grand Unified Theories
00:11:48 3.5 Symplectic groups and quaternion representations
00:17:20 3.6 Octonion representations
00:18:50 3.7 Beyond Lie groups
00:19:22 4 Unification of forces and the role of supersymmetry
00:21:13 5 Neutrino masses
00:21:50 6 Proposed theories
00:24:46 7 Ingredients
00:25:35 8 Current status
00:27:11 9 See also



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SUMMARY
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A Grand Unified Theory (GUT) is a model in particle physics in which, at high energy, the three gauge interactions of the Standard Model that define the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions, or forces, are merged into a single force. Although this unified force has not been directly observed, the many GUT models theorize its existence. If unification of these three interactions is possible, it raises the possibility that there was a grand unification epoch in the very early universe in which these three fundamental interactions were not yet distinct. 
Experiments have confirmed that at high energy, the electromagnetic interaction and weak interaction unify into a single electroweak interaction. GUT models predict that at even higher energy, the strong interaction and the electroweak interaction will unify into a single electronuclear interaction. This interaction is characterized by one larger gauge symmetry and thus several force carriers, but one unified coupling constant. Unifying gravity with the electronuclear interaction would provide a theory of everything (TOE) rather than a GUT. GUTs are often seen as an intermediate step towards a TOE.
The novel particles predicted by GUT models are expected to have extremely low masses around the GUT scale—just a few orders of magnitude below the Planck scale—and so are well beyond the reach of any foreseen particle collider experiments. Therefore, the particles predicted by GUT models will be unable to be observed directly and instead the effects of grand unification might be detected through indirect observations such as proton decay, electric dipole moments of elementary particles, or the properties of neutrinos. Some GUTs, such as the Pati-Salam model, predict the existence of magnetic monopoles.
GUT models which aim to be completely realistic are quite complicated, even compared to the Standard Model, because they need to introduce additional fields and interactions, or even additional dimensions of space. The main reason for this complexity lies in the difficulty of reproducing the observed fermion masses and mixing angles which may be related to an existence of some additional family symmetries beyond the conventional GUT models. Due to this difficulty, and due to the lack of any observed effect of grand unification so far, there is no generally accepted GUT model.
Models that do not unify the three interactions using one simple group as the gauge symmetry, but do so using semisimple groups, can exhibit similar properties and are sometimes referred to as Grand Unified Theories as well.