Plutonium in the environment | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 15/05/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment


00:01:22 1 Plutonium production
00:02:55 2 Bomb detonations
00:05:41 3 Bomb safety trials
00:07:02 4 Atomic batteries
00:07:12 4.1 Space
00:10:34 4.2 Nuclear fuel cycle
00:11:25 4.3 Chernobyl
00:11:54 4.4 Fukushima
00:12:24 4.5 Nuclear crime
00:13:16 5 Environmental chemistry
00:13:26 5.1 Overview
00:14:37 5.2 Binding to soil
00:15:27 5.3 Microbiological chemistry
00:15:53 6 Biology



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SUMMARY
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Since the mid-20th century, plutonium in the environment has been primarily produced by human activity. The first plants to produce plutonium for use in cold war atomic bombs were at the Hanford nuclear site, in Washington, and Mayak nuclear plant, in Russia. Over a period of four decades, "both released more than 200 million curies of radioactive isotopes into the surrounding environment -- twice the amount expelled in the Chernobyl disaster in each instance".The majority of plutonium isotopes are short-lived on a geological timescale, though it has been argued that traces of the long-lived 244Pu isotope, still exist in nature. This isotope has been found in lunar soil, meteorites, and in the Oklo natural reactor. However, one paper on marine sediments for plutonium in marine sediments, atomic bomb fallout is responsible for 66% of the 239Pu and 59% 240Pu found in the English Channel, while nuclear reprocessing is responsible for the majority of the 238Pu and 241Pu present in the Earth's oceans (nuclear weapons testing is only responsible for 6.5 and 16.5% of these isotopes respectively).