Glacier | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier


00:03:02 1 Etymology and related terms
00:03:47 2 Types
00:03:56 2.1 Classification by size, shape, and behavior
00:06:19 2.2 Classification by thermal state
00:07:34 3 Formation
00:09:33 4 Structure
00:12:21 5 Motion
00:14:06 5.1 Fracture zone and cracks
00:16:27 5.2 Speed
00:19:02 5.3 Ogives
00:19:51 6 Geography
00:23:09 7 Glacial geology
00:27:02 7.1 Moraines
00:28:19 7.2 Drumlins
00:29:20 7.3 Glacial valleys, cirques, arêtes, and pyramidal peaks
00:31:06 7.4 Roches moutonnées
00:31:55 7.5 Alluvial stratification
00:33:03 7.6 Glacial deposits
00:34:19 7.7 Loess deposits
00:34:54 8 Isostatic rebound
00:36:06 9 On Mars
00:37:12 10 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
A glacier (US:   or UK: ) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines. Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water.
On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets (also known as "continental glaciers") in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent including Oceania's high-latitude oceanic island countries such as New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran. Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth's land surface. Continental glaciers cover nearly 13 million km2 (5 million sq mi) or about 98 percent of Antarctica's 13.2 million km2 (5.1 million sq mi), with an average thickness of 2,100 m (7,000 ft). Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers.Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of fresh water on Earth.  Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially important for plants, animals and human uses when other sources may be scant. Within high-altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater.
Since glacial mass is affected by long-term climatic changes, e.g., precipitation, mean temperature, and cloud cover, glacial mass changes are considered among the most sensitive indicators of climate change and are a major source of variations in sea level.
A large piece of compressed ice, or a glacier, appears blue, as large quantities of water appear blue. This is because water molecules absorb other colors more efficiently than blue. The other reason for the blue color of glaciers is the lack of air bubbles. Air bubbles, which give a white color to ice, are squeezed out by pressure increasing the density of the created ice.