Artificial satellite | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 04/10/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite


00:02:27 1 History
00:07:24 2 Space Surveillance Network
00:08:39 3 Non-military satellite services
00:08:55 3.1 Fixed satellite services
00:09:17 3.2 Mobile satellite systems
00:09:41 3.3 Scientific research satellites (commercial and noncommercial)
00:10:10 4 Types
00:13:24 5 Orbit types
00:14:23 5.1 Centric classifications
00:15:29 5.2 Altitude classifications
00:16:46 5.3 Inclination classifications
00:17:29 5.4 Eccentricity classifications
00:19:22 5.5 Synchronous classifications
00:22:13 5.6 Special classifications
00:22:57 5.7 Pseudo-orbit classifications
00:24:22 6 Satellite subsystems
00:24:53 6.1 Spacecraft bus or service module
00:25:08 6.1.1 Structural subsystem
00:25:36 6.1.2 Telemetry subsystem
00:25:56 6.1.3 Power subsystem
00:26:32 6.1.4 Thermal control subsystem
00:26:56 6.1.5 Attitude and orbit control subsystem
00:27:30 6.2 Communication payload
00:28:10 7 End of life
00:29:52 8 Launch-capable countries
00:30:40 8.1 Attempted first launches
00:33:27 8.2 Other notes
00:34:50 8.3 Launch capable private entities
00:35:18 9 First satellites of countries
00:36:10 9.1 Attempted first satellites
00:37:43 9.2 Planned first satellites
00:42:32 10 Attacks on satellites
00:43:32 10.1 Jamming
00:44:33 11 Earth observation using satellites
00:45:38 11.1 NASA
00:46:37 11.2 ESA
00:48:11 11.3 SpaceX
00:49:19 11.4 Amazon and Lockheed
00:49:58 12 Satellite services



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SUMMARY
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In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an object that has been intentionally placed into orbit. These objects are called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as Earth's Moon.
On 4 October 1957 the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1. Since then, about 8,900 satellites from more than 40 countries have been launched. According to a 2018 estimate, some 5,000 remain in orbit. Of those about 1,900 were operational, while the rest have lived out their useful lives and become space debris. Approximately 63% of operational satellites are in low-Earth orbit, 6% are in medium-Earth orbit (at 20,000 km), 29% are in geostationary orbit (at 36,000 km) and the remaining 2% are in elliptic orbit.
A few large space stations have been launched in parts and assembled in orbit. Over a dozen space probes have been placed into orbit around other bodies and become artificial satellites of the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, a few asteroids, a comet and the Sun. 
Satellites are used for many purposes. Among several other applications, they can be used to make star maps and maps of planetary surfaces, and also take pictures of planets they are launched into. Common types include military and civilian Earth observation satellites, communications satellites, navigation satellites, weather satellites, and space telescopes. Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites. Satellite orbits vary greatly, depending on the purpose of the satellite, and are classified in a number of ways. Well-known (overlapping) classes include low Earth orbit, polar orbit, and geostationary orbit.
A launch vehicle is a rocket that places a satellite into orbit. Usually, it lifts off from a launch pad on land. Some are launched at sea from a submarine or a mobile maritime platform, or aboard a plane (see air launch to orbit).
Satellites are usually semi-independent computer-controlled systems. Satellite subsystems attend many tasks, such as power generation, thermal control, telemetry, attitude