Sumer | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer


00:03:36 1 Origin of name
00:04:34 2 City-states in Mesopotamia
00:06:31 3 History
00:09:06 3.1 Ubaid period
00:10:10 3.2 Uruk period
00:12:58 3.3 Early Dynastic Period
00:13:28 3.3.1 1st Dynasty of Lagash
00:14:52 3.4 Akkadian Empire
00:16:08 3.5 Gutian period
00:17:45 3.5.1 2nd Dynasty of Lagash
00:17:59 3.6 Ur III period
00:18:39 3.7 Fall and transmission
00:19:48 4 Population
00:21:53 5 Culture
00:24:23 5.1 Social and family life
00:24:32 5.2 Language and writing
00:28:57 5.3 Religion
00:32:44 5.3.1 Deities
00:34:38 5.3.2 Cosmology
00:36:58 5.3.3 Temple and temple organisation
00:38:05 5.3.4 Funerary practices
00:38:53 5.4 Agriculture and hunting
00:39:36 5.5 Architecture
00:43:36 5.6 Mathematics
00:45:40 5.7 Economy and trade
00:46:50 5.7.1 Money and credit
00:48:15 5.8 Military
00:50:11 5.9 Technology
00:51:44 6 Legacy
00:52:42 7 See also
00:55:02 8 Notes



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SUMMARY
=======
Sumer () is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia, modern-day southern Iraq, during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze ages, and one of the first civilizations in the world along with Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley. Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, Sumerian farmers were able to grow an abundance of grain and other crops, the surplus of which enabled them to settle in one place. Proto-writing in the prehistory dates back to c. 3000 BC. The earliest texts come from the cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr and date back to 3300 BC; early cuneiform script writing emerged in 3000 BC.Modern historians have suggested that Sumer was first permanently settled between c. 5500 and 4000 BC by a West Asian people who spoke the Sumerian language (pointing to the names of cities, rivers, basic occupations, etc., as evidence), an agglutinative language isolate. These prehistoric people are now called "proto-Euphrateans" or "Ubaidians", and are theorized to have evolved from the Samarra culture of northern Mesopotamia. The Ubaidians, though never mentioned by the Sumerians themselves, are assumed by modern-day scholars to have been the first civilizing force in Sumer. They drained the marshes for agriculture, developed trade, and established industries, including weaving, leatherwork, metalwork, masonry, and pottery.Some scholars contest the idea of a Proto-Euphratean language or one substrate language; they think the Sumerian language may originally have been that of the hunting and fishing peoples who lived in the marshland and the Eastern Arabia littoral region and were part of the Arabian bifacial culture. Reliable historical records begin much later; there are none in Sumer of any kind that have been dated before Enmebaragesi (c. 26th century BC). Juris Zarins believes the Sumerians lived along the coast of Eastern Arabia, today's Persian Gulf region, before it was flooded at the end of the Ice Age.Sumerian civilization took form in the Uruk period (4th millennium BC), continuing into the Jemdet Nasr and Early Dynastic periods. During the 3rd millennium BC, a close cultural symbiosis developed between the Sumerians, who spoke a language isolate, and Akkadians, which gave rise to widespread bilingualism.
The influence of Sumerian on Akkadian (and vice versa) is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a massive scale, to syntactic, morphological, and phonological convergence. This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the 3rd millennium BC as a Sprachbund. Sumer was conquered by the Semitic-speaking kings of the Akkadian Empire around 2270 BC (short chronology), but Sumerian continued as a sacred language. Native Sumerian rule re-emerged for about a century in the Third Dynasty of Ur at approximately 2100–2000 BC, but the Akkadian language also rem ...