Electroconvulsive therapy | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-13

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy


00:02:36 1 Medical use
00:03:17 1.1 Major depressive disorder
00:03:52 1.1.1 Efficacy
00:06:24 1.2 Catatonia
00:07:19 1.3 Mania
00:07:42 1.4 Schizophrenia
00:08:14 2 Effects
00:10:30 2.1 Cognitive impairment
00:10:44 2.2 Effects on memory
00:13:26 2.3 Effects on brain structure
00:15:08 2.4 Effects in pregnancy
00:16:25 3 Technique
00:20:16 3.1 Devices
00:21:18 4 Mechanism of action
00:22:09 5 Usage
00:23:28 5.1 United States
00:26:23 5.2 United Kingdom
00:29:37 5.3 China
00:30:39 6 History
00:39:25 7 Controversy
00:40:29 7.1 Legal status
00:40:37 7.1.1 Informed consent
00:44:22 7.1.2 Involuntary ECT
00:44:39 7.1.2.1 United States
00:45:59 7.1.2.2 United Kingdom
00:47:43 7.2 Public perception
00:48:21 7.2.1 Famous cases
00:49:40 7.2.2 Fictional examples
00:51:49 7.3 Gender
00:52:44 7.4 Young people
00:53:28 8 Modern ECT and Resurgence



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SUMMARY
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), formerly known as electroshock therapy, and often referred to as shock treatment, is a psychiatric treatment in which seizures are electrically induced in patients to provide relief from mental disorders. The ECT procedure was first conducted in 1938 and is the only currently used form of shock therapy in psychiatry. ECT is often used with informed consent as a last line of intervention for major depressive disorder, mania, and catatonia. ECT machines have been placed in the Class III category by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) since 1976.A round of ECT is effective for about 50% of people with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder, whether it is unipolar or bipolar. Follow-up treatment is still poorly studied, but about half of people who respond relapse within 12 months. Aside from effects in the brain, the general physical risks of ECT are similar to those of brief general anesthesia. Immediately following treatment, the most common adverse effects are confusion and memory loss. Among treatments for severely depressed pregnant women ECT is one of the least harmful to the gestating fetus.A usual course of ECT involves multiple administrations, typically given two or three times per week until the patient is no longer suffering symptoms. ECT is administered under anesthetic with a muscle relaxant. Electroconvulsive therapy can differ in its application in three ways: electrode placement, frequency of treatments, and the electrical waveform of the stimulus. These three forms of application have significant differences in both adverse side effects and symptom remission. Placement can be bilateral, in which the electric current is passed across the whole brain, or unilateral, in which the current is passed across one hemisphere of the brain. Bilateral placement seems to have greater efficacy than unilateral, but also carries greater risk of memory loss. After treatment, drug therapy is usually continued, and some patients receive maintenance ECT.ECT appears to work in the short term via an anticonvulsant effect mostly in the frontal lobes, and longer term via neurotrophic effects primarily in the medial temporal lobe.