Language | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language


00:06:09 1 Definitions
00:10:44 1.1 Mental faculty, organ or instinct
00:12:40 1.2 Formal symbolic system
00:14:57 1.3 Tool for communication
00:17:06 1.4 Unique status of human language
00:21:52 2 Origin
00:28:12 3 Study
00:28:53 3.1 Subdisciplines
00:30:32 3.2 Early history
00:32:54 3.3 Contemporary linguistics
00:35:02 4 Physiological and neural architecture of language and speech
00:36:07 4.1 The brain
00:39:47 4.2 Anatomy of speech
00:45:34 5 Structure
00:48:18 5.1 Semantics
00:50:59 5.2 Sounds and symbols
00:57:31 5.3 Grammar
00:58:28 5.3.1 Grammatical categories
00:59:36 5.3.2 Word classes
01:03:43 5.3.3 Morphology
01:10:46 5.3.4 Syntax
01:15:28 5.4 Typology and universals
01:19:15 6 Social contexts of use and transmission
01:21:29 6.1 Usage and meaning
01:25:10 6.2 Acquisition
01:28:46 6.3 Culture
01:33:22 6.4 Writing, literacy and technology
01:35:54 6.5 Change
01:41:59 6.6 Contact
01:46:52 7 Linguistic diversity
01:48:52 7.1 Languages and dialects
01:50:21 7.2 Language families of the world
01:55:19 7.3 Language endangerment
01:59:33 8 See also
01:59:43 9 Notes
01:59:52 9.1 Commentary notes
02:00:02 9.2 Citations
02:00:12 10 Works cited
02:00:22 11 External links



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"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Language is a system that consists of the development, acquisition, maintenance and use of complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so; and a language is any specific example of such a system.
The scientific study of language is called linguistics. Questions concerning the philosophy of language, such as whether words can represent experience, have been debated at least since Gorgias and Plato in ancient Greece. Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought. 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language. Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky.
Estimates of the number of human languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000. However, any precise estimate depends on a partly arbitrary distinction between languages and dialects. Natural languages are spoken or signed, but any language can be encoded into secondary media using auditory, visual, or tactile stimuli – for example, in whistling, signed, or braille. This is because human language is modality-independent. Depending on philosophical perspectives regarding the definition of language and meaning, when used as a general concept, "language" may refer to the cognitive ability to learn and use systems of complex communication, or to describe the set of rules that makes up these systems, or the set of utterances that can be produced from those rules. All languages rely on the process of semiosis to relate signs to particular meanings. Oral, manual and tactile languages contain a phonological system that governs how symbols are used to form sequences known as words or morphemes, and a syntactic system that governs how words and morphemes are combined to form phrases and utterances.
Human language has the properties of productivity and displacement, and relies entirely on social convention and learning. Its complex structure affords a much wider range of expressions than any known system of animal communication. Language is thought to have originated when early hominins started gradually changing their primate communication systems, acquiring the ability to form a theory of other minds and a shared intentionality. This development is sometimes thought to have coincided with an increase in brain volume, and many linguists see the structures of language as having evolved to serve specific communicative and social functions. ...