DNA | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 08/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
DNA


00:03:51 1 Properties
00:07:57 1.1 Nucleobase classification
00:08:39 1.2 Non-canonical bases
00:12:45 1.3 Listing of non canonical bases found in DNA
00:13:58 1.4 Grooves
00:15:04 1.5 Base pairing
00:18:37 1.6 Sense and antisense
00:19:59 1.7 Supercoiling
00:20:57 1.8 Alternative DNA structures
00:23:16 1.9 Alternative DNA chemistry
00:24:01 1.10 Quadruplex structures
00:25:58 1.11 Branched DNA
00:26:44 2 Chemical modifications and altered DNA packaging
00:26:56 2.1 Base modifications and DNA packaging
00:28:28 2.2 Damage
00:31:06 3 Biological functions
00:32:23 3.1 Genes and genomes
00:34:30 3.2 Transcription and translation
00:35:57 3.3 Replication
00:36:58 3.4 Extracellular nucleic acids
00:38:07 4 Interactions with proteins
00:38:39 4.1 DNA-binding proteins
00:42:03 4.2 DNA-modifying enzymes
00:42:13 4.2.1 Nucleases and ligases
00:43:34 4.2.2 Topoisomerases and helicases
00:44:41 4.2.3 Polymerases
00:47:37 5 Genetic recombination
00:50:05 6 Evolution
00:52:06 7 Uses in technology
00:52:16 7.1 Genetic engineering
00:53:07 7.2 DNA profiling
00:55:29 7.3 DNA enzymes or catalytic DNA
00:56:58 7.4 Bioinformatics
00:58:35 7.5 DNA nanotechnology
00:59:26 7.6 History and anthropology
01:00:07 7.7 Information storage
01:01:16 8 History



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SUMMARY
=======
Deoxyribonucleic acid ( (listen); DNA) is a molecule composed of two chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids; alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), nucleic acids are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life.
The two DNA strands are also known as polynucleotides as they are composed of simpler monomeric units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of one of four nitrogen-containing nucleobases (cytosine [C], guanine [G], adenine [A] or thymine [T]), a sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group. The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone. The nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide strands are bound together, according to base pairing rules (A with T and C with G), with hydrogen bonds to make double-stranded DNA.
The complementary nitrogenous bases are divided into two groups, pyrimidines and purines. In DNA, the pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine; the purines are adenine and guanine.
Both strands of double-stranded DNA store the same biological information. This information is replicated as and when the two strands separate. A large part of DNA (more than 98% for humans) is non-coding, meaning that these sections do not serve as patterns for protein sequences.
The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions to each other and are thus antiparallel. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of nucleobases (informally, bases). It is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes genetic information. RNA strands are created using DNA strands as a template in a process called transcription. Under the genetic code, these RNA strands specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins in a process called translation.
Within eukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within eukaryotic chromosomes, chromatin proteins ...