Butterfly | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 03/10/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly


00:02:15 1 Etymology
00:02:50 2 Taxonomy and phylogeny
00:04:03 3 Biology
00:04:13 3.1 General description
00:06:34 3.2 Distribution and migration
00:09:06 3.3 Life cycle
00:10:45 3.3.1 Egg
00:13:11 3.3.2 Caterpillar larva
00:16:14 3.3.3 Pupa
00:18:16 3.3.4 Adult
00:21:33 3.4 Behaviour
00:25:57 3.5 Ecology
00:26:05 3.5.1 Parasitoids, predators, and pathogens
00:27:45 3.5.2 Endangered Species
00:28:24 3.5.3 Defences
00:32:03 4 In culture
00:32:12 4.1 In art and literature
00:34:32 4.2 In mythology and folklore
00:36:20 4.3 Collecting, recording, and rearing
00:37:03 4.4 In technology



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SUMMARY
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Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The group comprises the large superfamily Papilionoidea, which contains at least one former group, the skippers (formerly the superfamily "Hesperioidea"), and the most recent analyses suggest it also contains the moth-butterflies (formerly the superfamily "Hedyloidea"). Butterfly fossils date to the Paleocene, which was about 56 million years ago.
Butterflies have the typical four-stage insect life cycle. Winged adults lay eggs on the food plant on which their larvae, known as caterpillars, will feed. The caterpillars grow, sometimes very rapidly, and when fully developed, pupate in a chrysalis. When metamorphosis is complete, the pupal skin splits, the adult insect climbs out, and after its wings have expanded and dried, it flies off. Some butterflies, especially in the tropics, have several generations in a year, while others have a single generation, and a few in cold locations may take several years to pass through their entire life cycle.
Butterflies are often polymorphic, and many species make use of camouflage, mimicry and aposematism to evade their predators. Some, like the monarch and the painted lady, migrate over long distances. Many butterflies are attacked by parasites or parasitoids, including wasps, protozoans, flies, and other invertebrates, or are preyed upon by other organisms. Some species are pests because in their larval stages they can damage domestic crops or trees; other species are agents of pollination of some plants. Larvae of a few butterflies (e.g., harvesters) eat harmful insects, and a few are predators of ants, while others live as mutualists in association with ants. Culturally, butterflies are a popular motif in the visual and literary arts.