El Niño–Southern Oscillation | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-10

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation


00:01:43 1 Outline
00:03:14 2 Walker circulation
00:05:51 3 Sea surface temperature oscillation
00:07:09 3.1 Neutral phase
00:08:01 3.2 Warm phase
00:09:16 3.3 Cold phase
00:10:45 3.4 Transitional phases
00:11:23 4 Southern Oscillation
00:13:43 5 Madden–Julian oscillation
00:16:40 6 Impacts
00:16:49 6.1 On precipitation
00:19:23 6.2 On Tehuantepecers
00:20:47 6.3 On global warming
00:22:57 6.4 On coral bleaching
00:23:20 6.5 On hurricanes
00:23:52 7 Diversity
00:26:45 8 Climate networks and El Niño
00:27:35 9 Paleoclimate records



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SUMMARY
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El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics. The warming phase of the sea temperature is known as El Niño and the cooling phase as La Niña. The Southern Oscillation is the accompanying atmospheric component, coupled with the sea temperature change: El Niño is accompanied by high air surface pressure in the tropical western Pacific and  La Niña with low air surface pressure there. The two periods last several months each and typically occur every few years with varying intensity per period.The two phases relate to the Walker circulation, which was discovered by Gilbert Walker during the early twentieth century. The Walker circulation is caused by the pressure gradient force that results from a high pressure system over the eastern Pacific Ocean, and a low pressure system over Indonesia. Weakening or reversal of the Walker circulation decreases or eliminates the upwelling of cold deep sea water, thus creating an El Niño by causing the ocean surface to reach above average temperatures. An especially strong Walker circulation causes a La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures due to increased upwelling.
Mechanisms that cause the oscillation remain under study. The extremes of this climate pattern's oscillations cause extreme weather (such as floods and droughts) in many regions of the world. Developing countries dependent upon agriculture and fishing, particularly those bordering the Pacific Ocean, are the most affected.