Steroid | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-04

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid


00:01:16 1 Nomenclature
00:03:06 2 Species distribution and function
00:03:21 2.1 Fungal steroids
00:05:03 2.2 Animal steroids
00:06:10 2.3 Plant steroids
00:06:31 2.4 Prokaryotes
00:06:53 3 Types
00:07:01 3.1 By function
00:08:15 3.2 By structure
00:08:23 3.2.1 Intact ring system
00:08:51 3.2.2 Cleaved, contracted, and expanded rings
00:10:45 4 Biological significance
00:11:28 5 Biosynthesis and metabolism
00:12:38 5.1 Mevalonate pathway
00:13:34 5.2 Steroidogenesis
00:15:11 5.3 Alternative pathways
00:16:00 6 Catabolism and excretion
00:16:49 7 Isolation, structure determination, and methods of analysis
00:18:17 8 Chemical synthesis
00:18:52 8.1 Precursors
00:19:00 8.1.1 Semisynthesis
00:19:26 8.1.2 Total synthesis
00:19:48 9 Research awards



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SUMMARY
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A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration. Steroids have two principal biological functions: as important components of cell membranes which alter membrane fluidity; and as signaling molecules. Hundreds of steroids are found in plants, animals and fungi. All steroids are manufactured in cells from the sterols lanosterol (opisthokonts) or cycloartenol (plants). Lanosterol and cycloartenol are derived from the cyclization of the triterpene squalene.The steroid core structure is typically composed of seventeen carbon atoms, bonded in four "fused" rings: three six-member cyclohexane rings (rings A, B and C in the first illustration) and one five-member cyclopentane ring (the D ring). Steroids vary by the functional groups attached to this four-ring core and by the oxidation state of the rings. Sterols are forms of steroids with a hydroxy group at position three and a skeleton derived from cholestane. Steroids can also be more radically modified, such as by changes to the ring structure, for example, cutting one of the rings. Cutting Ring B produces secosteroids one of which is vitamin D3.
Examples include the lipid cholesterol, the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone, and the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone.