Nastika | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 15/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Nastika


00:02:09 1 Etymology
00:04:15 2 Classification of schools
00:04:32 2.1 Āstika Hindu
00:05:28 2.2 Nāstika Hindu
00:06:47 3 Discussion
00:06:56 3.1 Hinduism
00:08:31 3.1.1 Definition without reference to Vedas
00:09:47 3.1.2 Definition based on belief in Atman
00:10:42 3.2 Jainism
00:12:26 3.3 Buddhism
00:14:34 4 See also



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- Socrates



SUMMARY
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Āstika (Sanskrit आस्तिक IAST: āstika) derives from the Sanskrit asti, "there is, there exists", and means “one who believes in the existence (of a soul separate from the material world, Brahman, etc.)” and nāstika means "an unbeliever" . These have been concepts used to classify Indian philosophies by modern scholars, and some Hindu, Buddhist and Jaina texts. Āstika has been defined in one of three ways; as those who accept the epistemic authority of the Vedas, as those who accept the existence of ātman, or as those who accept the existence of Ishvara. In contrast, nāstika are those who deny the respective definitions of āstika.The various definitions for āstika and nāstika philosophies has been disputed since ancient times, and there is no consensus. Buddhism is considered to be nāstika, but the Gautama Buddha is considered an avatar of Vishnu in some Hindu traditions.
The most studied Āstika schools of Indian philosophies, sometimes referred to as orthodox schools, are six: Nyāyá, Vaiśeṣika, Sāṃkhya, Yoga, Mīmāṃsā, and Vedānta. The most studied Nāstika schools of Indian philosophies, sometimes referred to as heterodox schools, are four: Buddhism, Jainism, Cārvāka, and Ājīvika. This orthodox-heterodox terminology is a construct of Western languages, and lacks scholarly roots in Sanskrit. Recent scholarly studies state that there have been various heresiological translations of Āstika and Nāstika in 20th century literature on Indian philosophies, but quite many are unsophisticated and flawed.
Astika and Nāstika do not mean "theism" and "atheism" respectively in ancient or medieval era Sanskrit literature. In current Indian languages like Hindi, āstika and its derivatives usually mean "theist", while nāstika and its derivatives denote an "atheist.” However, the terms are used differently in Hindu philosophy. For example, Sāṃkhya is both an atheist (as it does not accept an anthropomorphic God) and āstika,(Vedic) philosophy. Though “God” is often used as an epithet for consciousness (purusa) within the philosophy.