3D simulation and Archaeological Enquiry: Measuring Astronomical Alignments in Neolithic Malta
Channel: The Ulster Archaeological Society
Date: 2022-03-01

3D simulation as a Tool for Archaeological Enquiry: Measuring Astronomical Alignments in Neolithic Malta
Dr Robert Barratt (Queen’s University Belfast)

Over the last 30 years, digital techniques have become increasingly popular for the interpretation of archaeological contexts. New methods such as photogrammetry, 3D approximation and Virtual Reality have demonstrated the advantages of digital research, by providing new ways to engage with the archaeological records. One of these techniques, 3D simulation, has provided a new venue for archaeological experimentation, allowing researchers to answer a variety of questions by testing hypothesis in a virtual environment. Far from being a mere visualisation tool, 3D simulations can analyse complex scenarios, such as crowd movement, structural integrity of ancient buildings or lighting patterns in the past. The study here presented uses 3D simulations to tackle the question of astronomical alignment in Neolithic Malta. By recreating the position of astronomical bodies and measuring the angle of orientation, it is possible to identify patterns of alignment throughout the temples of the Maltese Islands. By using a custom script in Unity3D, changes in alignments can be measured at regular intervals, providing a larger picture of astronomical alignments throughout the Neolithic. Statistical analysis of the results show that solar alignment is less significant than previously thought, while orientation with the constellation of the Southern Cross is supported by the precision of the temple plans. The results change the current interpretation of the Maltese Neolithic belief system, by reducing the significance of solar events and emphasising landscape symbology. Furthermore, the study demonstrates how 3D simulations can be used to provide new data that can shape the archaeological discourse.

Dr Robert Barratt recently completed his PhD at Queen's University Belfast. His thesis focused on the use of 3D simulations for the interpretation of archaeological evidence, especially with regards to the astronomical alignments and roofing stress in Neolithic Maltese temples. Presently, he is undertaking a post-doctorate with Dr. Maarten Blaauw, analysing 500 sediment core samples to stress test a new Pb-210 dating method.