Ocean thermal energy conversion | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-02

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion


00:01:52 1 History
00:10:24 2 Currently operating OTEC plants
00:13:16 3 Thermodynamic efficiency
00:14:27 4 Power Cycle types
00:15:13 4.1 Closed
00:16:18 4.2 Open
00:17:56 4.3 Hybrid
00:18:36 4.4 Working fluids
00:19:29 5 Land, shelf and floating sites
00:20:06 5.1 Land-based
00:22:41 5.2 Shelf based
00:23:42 5.3 Floating
00:25:20 6 Some proposed projects
00:26:11 6.1 Bahamas
00:27:17 6.2 Hawaii
00:28:33 6.3 Hainan
00:29:06 6.4 Japan
00:30:17 6.5 United States Virgin Islands
00:32:08 6.6 Kiribati
00:32:35 6.7 Martinique
00:33:05 6.8 Maldives
00:33:47 7 Related activities
00:34:01 7.1 Desalination
00:35:31 7.2 Air conditioning
00:37:07 7.3 Chilled-soil agriculture
00:38:40 7.4 Aquaculture
00:40:39 7.5 Hydrogen production
00:41:11 7.6 Mineral extraction
00:41:59 8 Political concerns
00:42:53 9 Cost and economics
00:43:49 10 Thermodynamics
00:45:17 10.1 Variation of ocean temperature with depth
00:47:47 10.2 Open/Claude cycle
00:55:21 10.3 Closed Anderson cycle
01:00:12 11 Environmental impact
01:01:15 11.1 Hydrodynamic modeling
01:02:02 11.2 Biological modeling
01:03:06 11.3 Studies
01:03:57 12 Technical difficulties
01:04:07 12.1 Dissolved gases
01:05:23 12.2 Microbial fouling
01:07:55 12.3 Sealing
01:08:34 12.4 Parasitic power consumption by exhaust compressor
01:09:08 13 Cold air/warm water conversion
01:10:44 14 Application of the thermoelectric effect
01:11:15 15 See also



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SUMMARY
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Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the temperature difference between cooler deep and warmer shallow or surface seawaters to run a heat engine and produce useful work, usually in the form of electricity.  OTEC can operate with a very high capacity factor and so can operate in base load mode.
Among ocean energy sources, OTEC is one of the continuously available renewable energy resources that could contribute to base-load power supply. The resource potential for OTEC is considered to be much larger than for other ocean energy forms [World Energy Council, 2000]. Up to 88,000 TWh/yr of power could be generated from OTEC without affecting the ocean’s thermal structure [Pelc and Fujita, 2002].
Systems may be either closed-cycle or open-cycle. Closed-cycle OTEC uses working fluids that are typically thought of as refrigerants such as ammonia or R-134a. These fluids have low boiling points, and are therefore suitable for powering the system’s generator to generate electricity. The most commonly used heat cycle for OTEC to date is the Rankine cycle, using a low-pressure turbine. Open-cycle engines use vapour from the seawater itself as the working fluid.
OTEC can also supply quantities of cold water as a by-product. This can be used for air conditioning and refrigeration and the nutrient-rich deep ocean water can feed biological technologies. Another by-product is fresh water distilled from the sea.OTEC theory was first developed in the 1880s and the first bench size demonstration model was constructed in 1926. Currently the world's only operating OTEC plant is in Japan, overseen by Saga University.