Sykes–Picot Agreement | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 26/06/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement


00:04:02 1 Motivation and negotiations
00:04:13 1.1 Prior agreements with Russia and Italy (March – April 1915)
00:06:05 1.2 Prior agreement with the Arabs (July 1915 – March 1916)
00:09:01 1.3 Anglo-French negotiations (October 1915 – March 1916)
00:15:21 1.4 Formal British, French and Russian agreements (April – October 1916)
00:16:30 1.5 Agreement with Italy (April – August 1917)
00:18:26 2 Economic Aspects
00:19:57 3 The Agreement in practice
00:20:08 3.1 Syria, Palestine and the Arabs
00:20:19 3.1.1 Asquith Government (1916)
00:24:08 3.1.2 Lloyd George Government (1917 onwards)
00:29:21 3.1.3 After public disclosure (1917–18)
00:37:51 3.1.3.1 Mosul and Palestine modification
00:39:01 3.1.4 Paris Peace Conference (1919–20)
00:49:12 3.2 Iraq and the Persian Gulf
00:50:36 3.3 The Kurds and Assyrians
00:52:38 4 Conflicting promises and consequences
00:53:34 5 Modern politics



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SUMMARY
=======
The Sykes–Picot Agreement  was a 1916 secret treaty between the United Kingdom and France, with assent from the Russian Empire and Italy, to define their mutually agreed spheres of influence and control in an eventual partition of the Ottoman Empire. The agreement was based on the premise that the Triple Entente would succeed in defeating the Ottoman Empire during World War I and formed part of a series of secret agreements contemplating its partition. The primary negotiations leading to the agreement occurred between 23 November 1915 and 3 January 1916, on which date the British and French diplomats, Mark Sykes and François Georges-Picot, initialled an agreed memorandum. The agreement was ratified by their respective governments on 9 and 16 May 1916.The agreement effectively divided the Ottoman Arab provinces outside the Arabian peninsula into areas of British and French control and influence. The agreement allocated to Britain control of what is today southern Israel and Palestine, Jordan and southern Iraq, and an additional small area that included the ports of Haifa and Acre to allow access to the Mediterranean. France got control of southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq, Syria and Lebanon. As a result of the included Sazonov-Paléologue Agreement, Russia was to get Western Armenia in addition to Constantinople and the Turkish Straits already promised under the 1915 Constantinople Agreement. Italy assented to the agreement in 1917 via the Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne, and received southern Anatolia. The Palestine region, with smaller boundaries than the later Mandatory Palestine was to fall under an "international administration".
The agreement was initially used directly as the basis for the 1918 Anglo–French Modus Vivendi which agreed a framework for the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration in the Levant. More broadly it was to lead, indirectly, to the subsequent partitioning of the Ottoman Empire following Ottoman defeat in 1918. Shortly after the war, the French ceded Palestine and Mosul to the British. Mandates in the Levant and Mesopotamia were assigned at the April 1920 San Remo conference following the Sykes-Picot framework; the British Mandate for Palestine ran until 1948, the British Mandate for Mesopotamia was to be replaced by a similar treaty with Mandatory Iraq, and the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon lasted until 1946. The Anatolian parts of the agreement were assigned by the August 1920 Treaty of Sèvres; however these ambitions were thwarted by the 1919-23 Turkish War of Independence. 
The agreement is seen by many as a turning point in Western and Arab relations. It negated the UK's promises to Arabs regarding a national Arab homeland in the area of Greater Syria in exchange for supporting the British against the Ottoman Empire.  ...