Deforestation | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-20

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation


00:03:04 1 Causes
00:07:07 2 Environmental effects
00:07:17 2.1 Atmospheric
00:11:32 2.2 Hydrological
00:15:30 2.3 Soil
00:17:03 2.4 Biodiversity
00:20:37 3 Economic impact
00:23:48 4 Forest transition theory
00:26:17 5 Historical causes
00:26:28 5.1 Prehistory
00:26:38 5.2 Pre-industrial history
00:30:17 6 Industrial era
00:37:39 6.1 Rates of deforestation
00:39:12 6.1.1 Regions
00:45:50 7 Control
00:46:25 7.1 Reducing emissions
00:46:34 7.1.1 Payments for conserving forests
00:50:44 7.2 Land rights
00:51:52 7.3 Farming
00:52:39 7.4 Monitoring deforestation
00:53:58 7.5 Forest management
00:55:31 7.5.1 Sustainable practices
00:57:38 7.6 Reforestation
00:59:43 7.7 Forest plantations
01:03:41 8 Military context
01:06:03 9 Public health context
01:07:59 10 See also



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SUMMARY
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Deforestation, clearance, clearcutting or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees from land which is then converted to a non-forest use. Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or urban use. The most concentrated deforestation occurs in tropical rainforests. About 31% of Earth's land surface is covered by forests.Deforestation can occur for several reasons: trees can be cut down to be used for building or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form of charcoal or timber), while cleared land can be used as pasture for livestock and plantation. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in habitat damage, biodiversity loss, and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforestation has also been used in war to deprive the enemy of vital resources and cover for its forces. Modern examples of this were the use of Agent Orange by the British military in Malaya during the Malayan Emergency and by the United States military in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. As of 2005, net deforestation rates had ceased to increase in countries with a per capita GDP of at least US$4,600. Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade into wasteland.
Disregard of ascribed value, lax forest management, and deficient environmental laws are some of the factors that lead to large-scale deforestation. In many countries, deforestation–both naturally occurring and human-induced–is an ongoing issue. Deforestation causes extinction, changes to climatic conditions, desertification, and displacement of populations, as observed by current conditions and in the past through the fossil record. More than half of all plant and land animal species in the world live in tropical forests.Between 2000 and 2012, 2.3 million square kilometres (890,000 sq mi) of forests around the world were cut down. As a result of deforestation, only 6.2 million square kilometres (2.4 million square miles) remain of the original 16 million square kilometres (6 million square miles) of tropical rainforest that formerly covered the Earth. An area the size of a football pitch is cleared from the Amazon rainforest every minute, with 136 million acres (55 million hectares) of rainforest cleared for animal agriculture overall.