Anti-Americanism | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-09

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Anti-Americanism


00:01:48 1 Etymology
00:02:32 2 Etymology
00:03:17 3 Interpretations
00:07:11 4 18th and 19th centuries
00:07:21 4.1 Degeneracy thesis
00:11:00 4.2 Culture
00:12:37 4.3 Politics and ideology
00:14:42 5 Modern ideological articulations
00:14:52 5.1 Intellectuals
00:15:36 5.2 Communist critiques
00:18:44 5.3 Fascist critiques
00:20:23 5.3.1 "Liberators" poster
00:24:29 5.4 September 11 attacks
00:26:19 5.5 U.S. computer technology
00:27:37 5.6 Mitigation of anti-Americanism
00:28:09 6 Regional anti-Americanism
00:28:19 6.1 Europe
00:31:33 6.1.1 France
00:34:15 6.1.2 Germany
00:36:06 6.1.3 Netherlands
00:37:16 6.1.4 Russia
00:39:04 6.1.5 United Kingdom
00:39:40 6.1.6 Ireland
00:40:34 6.2 Oceania
00:40:42 6.2.1 Australia
00:42:26 6.3 Asia
00:42:34 6.3.1 East Asia
00:42:42 6.3.1.1 China
00:48:51 6.3.1.2 Japan
00:49:54 6.3.1.3 South Korea
00:51:29 6.3.1.4 North Korea
00:52:07 6.3.2 Southeast Asia
00:52:16 6.3.2.1 Philippines
00:53:33 6.3.3 South Asia
00:53:41 6.3.3.1 Afghanistan
00:53:53 6.3.3.2 Pakistan
00:54:21 6.4 Middle East
01:00:18 6.4.1 Iran
01:01:24 6.4.2 Jordan
01:02:29 6.4.3 Palestine
01:03:41 6.4.4 Turkey
01:04:22 6.5 The Americas
01:05:01 6.5.1 Latin America
01:16:09 6.5.2 Canada
01:19:33 6.5.2.1 Canadian political rhetoric



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SUMMARY
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Anti-Americanism (also called Anti-American sentiment, and Americanophobia) is a sentiment that espouses a dislike of or opposition to the American government or its policies, especially in regards to its foreign policy, or to Americans in general.Political scientist Brendon O'Connor of the United States Studies Centre suggests that "anti-Americanism" cannot be isolated as a consistent phenomenon, since the term originated as a rough composite of stereotypes, prejudices, and criticisms evolving to more politically-based criticism. French scholar Marie-France Toinet says use of the term "anti-Americanism" is "only fully justified if it implies systematic opposition – a sort of allergic reaction – to America as a whole."Discussions on anti-Americanism have in most cases lacked a precise explanation of what the sentiment entails (other than a general disfavor), which has led to the term being used broadly and in an impressionistic manner, resulting in the inexact impressions of the many expressions described as anti-American. Author and expatriate William Russell Melton described that criticism for the United States largely originates from the perception that the U.S. wants to act as a "world policeman."Negative or critical views of the United States' influence have increased in recent years in Russia, the Middle East, Latin America, North Korea, Iran, Turkey, as well as in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, but remains low in Vietnam, Israel, the Philippines, and South Korea, and certain countries in Eastern Europe such as Poland, Romania and Lithuania.. Countries that view United States most postive in EU 2018 are Poland 79% followed by Lithuania 76% and Romania 75% according to Eurobarometer 2018.