Populism | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-27

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism


00:03:38 1 Etymology and terminology
00:06:40 1.1 Use in academia
00:10:06 2 Ideational definition
00:14:52 2.1 "The People"
00:19:50 2.2 "The Elite"
00:25:24 2.3 General will
00:27:50 2.4 Populism versus elitism and pluralism
00:30:06 3 Other definitions
00:33:57 4 Populist mobilization
00:35:30 4.1 Populist leaders
00:37:02 4.1.1 Rhetorical styles
00:42:52 4.2 Populist political parties
00:45:31 4.3 Populist social movements
00:47:00 5 Populism and other themes
00:47:10 5.1 Democracy and populism
00:50:44 5.2 Mainstream responses to populism
00:52:18 5.2.1 In the United States
00:52:46 5.2.2 In Europe
00:54:46 5.2.3 In South America
00:55:11 5.3 Authoritarianism and populism
00:58:19 6 History
00:59:34 6.1 Europe
00:59:43 6.1.1 19th and 20th centuries
01:03:28 6.1.2 21st century
01:05:32 6.2 North America
01:10:16 6.3 Latin America
01:12:51 6.4 Oceania
01:13:47 6.5 Sub-Saharan Africa
01:15:24 6.6 Asia and the Arab world
01:16:36 6.7 Late 20th and early 21st century growth
01:20:21 7 See also



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- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Populism refers to a range of political stances that emphasise the idea of "the people" and often juxtapose this group against "the elite". The term developed in the 19th century and has been applied to various politicians, parties, and movements since that time, although has rarely been chosen as a self-description. Within political science and other social sciences, several different definitions of populism have been employed, with some scholars proposing that the term be rejected altogether. 
A common framework for interpreting populism is known as the ideational approach: this defines populism as an ideology which presents "the people" as a morally good force and contrasts them against "the elite", who are portrayed as corrupt and self-serving. Populists differ in how "the people" are defined, but it can be based along class, ethnic, or national lines. Populists typically present "the elite" as comprising the political, economic, cultural, and media establishment, depicted as a homogeneous entity and accused of placing their own interests, and often the interests of other groups—such as large corporations, foreign countries, or immigrants—above the interests of "the people". Populist parties and social movements are often led by charismatic or dominant figures who present themselves as the "voice of the people". According to the ideational approach, populism is often combined with other ideologies, such as nationalism, liberalism, or socialism. Thus, populists can be found at different locations along the left–right political spectrum and there exists both left-wing populism and right-wing populism.
Other scholars of the social sciences have defined the term populism differently. According to the popular agency definition used by some historians of United States history, populism refers to popular engagement of the population in political decision making. An approach associated with the political scientist Ernesto Laclau presents populism as an emancipatory social force through which marginalised groups challenge dominant power structures. Some economists have used the term in reference to governments which engage in substantial public spending financed by foreign loans, resulting in hyperinflation and emergency measures. In popular discourse—where the term has often been used pejoratively—it has sometimes been used synonymously with demagogy, to describe politicians who present overly simplistic answers to complex questions in a highly emotional manner, or with opportunism, to characterise politicians who seek to please voters without rational consideration as to the best course of action.
The term populism came into use in the late 19th century alongside the promotion of de ...