Typhoid fever | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Typhoid fever


00:03:00 1 Signs and symptoms
00:06:08 2 Cause
00:06:17 2.1 Bacteria
00:06:43 2.2 Transmission
00:07:23 3 Diagnosis
00:08:57 4 Prevention
00:09:52 4.1 Vaccination
00:12:13 5 Treatment
00:12:21 5.1 Oral rehydration therapy
00:12:40 5.2 Antibiotics
00:14:06 5.3 Surgery
00:14:43 5.4 Resistance
00:16:40 6 Epidemiology
00:18:29 6.1 Ancient Greece
00:19:46 6.2 Sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
00:20:24 6.3 Nineteenth century
00:22:05 6.4 Twentieth century
00:23:18 7 History
00:23:27 7.1 Spread
00:24:10 7.2 Organism involved
00:24:48 7.3 Vaccine
00:26:16 7.4 Chlorination of water
00:27:01 7.5 Antibiotics
00:27:24 8 Terminology
00:27:48 9 Notable cases
00:29:38 10 See also



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SUMMARY
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Typhoid fever, also known simply as typhoid, is a bacterial infection due to Salmonella typhi that causes symptoms. Symptoms may vary from mild to severe and usually begin six to thirty days after exposure. Often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several days; weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, and headaches also commonly occur. Diarrhea is uncommon and vomiting is not usually severe. Some people develop a skin rash with rose colored spots. In severe cases there may be confusion. Without treatment, symptoms may last weeks or months. Other people may carry the bacterium without being affected; however, they are still able to spread the disease to others. Typhoid fever is a type of enteric fever, along with paratyphoid fever.The cause is the bacterium Salmonella Typhi, also known as Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, growing in the intestines and blood. Typhoid is spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person. Risk factors include poor sanitation and poor hygiene. Those who travel in the developing world are also at risk. Only humans can be infected. Symptoms are similar to those of many other infectious diseases. Diagnosis is by either culturing the bacteria or detecting the bacterium's DNA in the blood, stool, or bone marrow. Culturing the bacterium can be difficult. Bone marrow testing is the most accurate.A typhoid vaccine can prevent about 40% to 90% of cases during the first two years. The vaccine may have some effect for up to seven years. It is recommended for those at high risk or people traveling to areas where the disease is common. Other efforts to prevent the disease include providing clean drinking water, good sanitation, and handwashing. Until it has been confirmed that an individual's infection is cleared, the individual should not prepare food for others. The disease is treated with antibiotics such as azithromycin, fluoroquinolones or third generation cephalosporins. Resistance to these antibiotics has been developing, which has made treatment of the disease more difficult.In 2015, there were 12.5 million new cases worldwide. The disease is most common in India. Children are most commonly affected. Rates of disease decreased in the developed world in the 1940s as a result of improved sanitation and use of antibiotics to treat the disease. Each year in the United States, about 400 cases are reported and it is estimated that the disease occurs in about 6,000 people. In 2015, it resulted in about 149,000 deaths worldwide – down from 181,000 in 1990 (about 0.3% of the global total). The risk of death may be as high as 20% without treatment. With treatment, it is between 1 and 4%. Typhus is a different disease. However, the name typhoid means "resembling typhus" due to the similarity in symptoms.