Photo-bioreactors | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-27

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae_fuel


00:02:48 1 History
00:07:37 2 Food supplementation
00:08:04 3 Fuels
00:08:46 3.1 Biodiesel
00:11:02 3.2 Biobutanol
00:11:58 3.3 Biogasoline
00:12:22 3.4 Methane
00:13:33 3.5 Ethanol
00:14:04 3.6 Green diesel
00:15:42 3.7 Jet fuel
00:16:43 4 Species
00:20:03 5 Nutrients and growth inputs
00:22:53 6 Cultivation
00:23:50 6.1 Closed-loop system
00:24:49 6.2 Photobioreactors
00:25:33 6.3 Open pond
00:26:05 6.4 Turf scrubber
00:28:17 7 Fuel production
00:29:04 7.1 Dehydration
00:29:51 7.2 Hydrothermal liquefaction
00:30:45 8 Nutrients
00:31:15 8.1 Carbon dioxide
00:32:14 8.2 Nitrogen
00:33:37 8.3 Wastewater
00:35:36 9 Environmental impact
00:39:54 9.1 Polycultures
00:41:00 10 Economic viability
00:42:04 11 Use of Byproducts
00:45:36 12 Advantages
00:45:45 12.1 Ease of growth
00:46:51 12.2 Impact on food
00:47:00 12.3 Minimalisation of waste
00:47:13 13 Disadvantages
00:48:02 13.1 Commercial Viability
00:48:11 13.2 Stability
00:49:09 14 Research
00:49:20 14.1 Current projects
00:50:30 14.1.1 United States
00:50:43 14.1.2 Europe
00:52:17 14.1.3 India
00:52:25 14.1.4 Other
00:52:56 14.2 Genetic engineering
00:53:05 14.3 Funding programs
00:53:18 15 International policies
00:55:54 15.1 Canada
00:58:41 15.2 United States
00:59:20 15.3 Other
01:02:49 16 Companies
01:04:53 16.1 Algenol Biofuels
01:06:29 16.2 Blue Marble Production
01:06:39 16.3 Solazyme
01:09:05 16.4 Sapphire Energy
01:11:01 16.5 Diversified Technologies Inc.
01:11:22 16.6 Origin Oils Inc.
01:12:08 16.7 Proviron
01:13:52 16.8 Genifuels
01:15:07 16.9 Qeshm Microalgae Biorefinery Co. (QMAB)
01:17:03 17 See also
01:18:03 18 References
01:20:05 19 Further reading
01:21:33 20 External links
01:22:35 Genifuels
01:23:24 Qeshm Microalgae Biorefinery Co. (QMAB)



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SUMMARY
=======
Algae fuel, algal biofuel, or algal oil is an alternative to liquid fossil fuels that uses algae as its source of energy-rich oils. Also, algae fuels are an alternative to commonly known biofuel sources, such as corn and sugarcane. Several companies and government agencies are funding efforts to reduce capital and operating costs and make algae fuel production commercially viable. Like fossil fuel, algae fuel releases CO2 when burnt, but unlike fossil fuel, algae fuel and other biofuels only release CO2 recently removed from the atmosphere via photosynthesis as the algae or plant grew. The energy crisis and the world food crisis have ignited interest in algaculture (farming algae) for making biodiesel and other biofuels using land unsuitable for agriculture. Among algal fuels' attractive characteristics are that they can be grown with minimal impact on fresh water resources, can be produced using saline and wastewater, have a high flash point, and are biodegradable and relatively harmless to the environment if spilled. Algae cost more per unit mass than other second-generation biofuel crops due to high capital and operating costs, but are claimed to yield between 10 and 100 times more fuel per unit area. The United States Department of Energy estimates that if algae fuel replaced all the petroleum fuel in the United States, it would require 15,000 square miles (39,000 km2), which is only 0.42% of the U.S. map, or about half of the land area of Maine. This is less than ​1⁄7 the area of corn harvested in the United States in 2000.The head of the Algal Biomass Organization stated in 2010 that algae fuel could reach price parity with oil in 2018 if granted production tax credits. However, in 2013, Exxon Mobil Chairman and CEO Rex Tillerson said that after committing to spend up to $600 million over 10 years on development in a joint venture with J. Craig Venter's Synthetic Genomics in 2009, Exxon pulled back after four years (and $100 million) when it realized that algae fue ...