1954 Guatemalan coup d'état | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-07

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat


00:05:42 1 Historical background
00:05:53 1.1 Monroe Doctrine
00:08:46 1.2 Authoritarian governments and the United Fruit Company
00:12:53 1.3 Guatemalan Revolution and presidency of Arévalo
00:16:35 1.4 Presidency of Árbenz and land reform
00:20:42 2 Genesis and prelude
00:20:52 2.1 United Fruit Company lobbying
00:25:57 2.2 Operation PBFORTUNE
00:30:58 2.3 Eisenhower administration
00:35:01 3 Operation PBSUCCESS
00:35:15 3.1 Planning
00:42:03 3.2 Caracas conference and U.S. propaganda
00:48:16 3.3 Castillo Armas' invasion
00:53:07 3.4 Psychological warfare
00:57:23 3.5 Guatemalan response
01:02:54 3.6 Árbenz's resignation
01:09:26 3.7 Military governments
01:14:35 3.8 Reactions
01:18:15 4 Aftermath
01:18:25 4.1 Operation PBHISTORY
01:23:46 4.2 Political legacy
01:28:55 4.3 Civil War
01:31:41 4.4 Apologies
01:33:36 5 See also
01:34:04 6 Notes and references
01:34:14 6.1 Footnotes
01:34:24 6.2 Citations
01:34:33 6.3 Bibliography
01:34:43 7 Further reading
01:36:09 8 External links



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SUMMARY
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The 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état, code-named Operation PBSUCCESS, was a covert operation carried out by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) that deposed the democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz and ended the Guatemalan Revolution of 1944–1954. It installed the military dictatorship of Carlos Castillo Armas, the first in a series of U.S.-backed authoritarian rulers in Guatemala.
The Guatemalan Revolution began in 1944, after a popular uprising toppled the military dictatorship of Jorge Ubico. Juan José Arévalo was elected president in Guatemala's first democratic election. He introduced a minimum wage and near-universal suffrage, and turned Guatemala into a democracy. Arévalo was succeeded by Árbenz in 1951, who instituted land reforms which granted property to landless peasants. The Guatemalan Revolution was disliked by the United States Federal government, which was predisposed during the Cold War to see it as communist. This perception grew after Árbenz had been elected and formally legalized the communist Guatemalan Party of Labour. The United Fruit Company (UFC), whose highly profitable business had been affected by the end to exploitative labor practices in Guatemala, engaged in an influential lobbying campaign to persuade the U.S. to overthrow the Guatemalan government. U.S. President Harry Truman authorized Operation PBFORTUNE to topple Árbenz in 1952; although the operation was quickly aborted, it was a precursor to PBSUCCESS.
Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected U.S. President in 1952, promising to take a harder line against communism; the links that his staff members John Foster Dulles and Allen Dulles had to the UFC also predisposed them to act against the Guatemalan government. Additionally, the U.S. Federal government drew exaggerated conclusions about the extent of communist influence among Árbenz's advisers. Eisenhower authorized the CIA to carry out Operation PBSUCCESS in August 1953. The CIA armed, funded, and trained a force of 480 men led by Carlos Castillo Armas. The coup was preceded by U.S. efforts to criticize and isolate Guatemala internationally. Castillo Armas' force invaded Guatemala on 18 June 1954, backed by a heavy campaign of psychological warfare. This included a radio station which broadcast anti-government propaganda and a version of military events favorable to the rebellion, claiming to be genuine news, as well as air bombings of Guatemala City and a naval blockade. The invasion force fared poorly militarily, and most of its offensives were defeated. However, psychological warfare and the fear of a U.S. invasion intimidated the Guatemalan army, which eventually refused to fight. Árbenz briefly and unsucc ...