Montreal Protocol | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 21/06/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Protocol


00:01:57 1 Terms and purposes
00:02:47 1.1 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Phase-out Management Plan
00:07:00 1.2 Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) Phase-out Management Plan (HPMP)
00:09:06 1.3 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
00:11:54 2 History
00:16:13 3 Multilateral Fund
00:18:06 4 Parties
00:18:38 5 Effect
00:21:44 5.1 Regional detections of non-compliance
00:22:20 6 25th anniversary celebrations
00:24:10 7 Notes
00:24:18 8 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
The Montreal Protocol  on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer) is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion. It was agreed on 26 August 1987, and entered into force on 16 September 1989, following a first meeting in Helsinki, May 1989. Since then, it has undergone nine revisions, in 1990 (London), 1991 (Nairobi), 1992 (Copenhagen), 1993 (Bangkok), 1995 (Vienna), 1997 (Montreal), 1998 (Australia), 1999 (Beijing) and 2016 (Kigali) As a result of the international agreement, the ozone hole in Antarctica is slowly recovering. Climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2050 and 2070.  Due to its widespread adoption and implementation it has been hailed as an example of exceptional international co-operation, with Kofi Annan quoted as saying that "perhaps the single most successful international agreement to date has been the Montreal Protocol". In comparison, effective burden sharing and solution proposals mitigating regional conflicts of interest have been among the success factors for the ozone depletion challenge, where global regulation based on the Kyoto Protocol has  failed to do so. In this case of the ozone depletion challenge, there was global regulation already being installed before a scientific consensus was established. Also, overall public opinion was convinced of possible imminent risks.The two ozone treaties have been ratified by 197 parties (196 states and the European Union), making them the first universally ratified treaties in United Nations history.These truly universal treaties have also been remarkable in the expedience of the policy-making process at the global scale, where only 14 years lapsed between a basic scientific research discovery (1973) and the international agreement signed (1985 & 1987).