Defaunation | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-21

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defaunation


00:01:19 1 Drivers
00:01:28 1.1 Overexploitation
00:02:50 1.2 Habitat destruction and fragmentation
00:05:09 1.3 Invasive species
00:06:04 2 Global patterns
00:07:23 3 Ecological impacts
00:07:32 3.1 Genetic loss
00:08:20 3.2 Seed dispersal
00:08:29 3.2.1 Effects on plants and forest structure
00:10:08 3.2.2 Effects on small-bodied seed dispersers and predators
00:11:57 3.3 Ecosystem services
00:12:27 3.4 Conservation
00:14:08 4 Marine
00:14:54 4.1 Consequences
00:15:27 5 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
Speaking Rate: 0.8774968913893654
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-B


"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Defaunation is the global, local or functional extinction of animal populations or species from ecological communities. The growth of the human population, combined with advances in harvesting technologies, has led to more intense and efficient exploitation of the environment. This has resulted in the depletion of large vertebrates from ecological communities, creating what has been termed "empty forest". Defaunation differs from extinction; it includes both the disappearance of species and declines in abundance. Defaunation effects were first implied at the Symposium of Plant-Animal Interactions at the University of Campinas, Brazil in 1988 in the context of neotropical forests. Since then, the term has gained broader usage in conservation biology as a global phenomenon.It is estimated that more than 50 percent of all wildlife has been lost in the last 40 years. in 2020 it is estimated that 68% of the world's wildlife will be lost. In South America, there is believed to be a 70 percent loss.In November 2017, over 15,000 scientists around the world issued a second warning to humanity, which, among other things, urged for the development and implementation of policies to halt "defaunation, the poaching crisis, and the exploitation and trade of threatened species."