Kyoto Protocol | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol


00:03:45 1 Background
00:05:48 1.1 Chronology
00:07:13 1.2 Article 2 of the UNFCCC
00:08:36 2 Objectives
00:12:39 3 First commitment period: 2008–2012
00:16:22 4 Flexibility mechanisms
00:19:59 4.1 International Emissions Trading
00:20:17 4.1.1 Asia
00:20:35 4.1.2 Europe
00:21:46 4.1.3 North America
00:22:50 4.1.4 Oceania
00:23:24 4.1.5 Intergovernmental Emissions Trading
00:25:49 4.1.6 Green Investment Scheme
00:27:11 4.1.7 Trade in AAUs
00:28:25 4.1.8 Clean Development Mechanism
00:29:33 4.1.9 Joint Implementation
00:30:32 5 Stabilization of GHG concentrations
00:31:10 5.1 Background
00:32:40 5.2 Relation to temperature targets
00:34:53 6 Details of the agreement
00:36:50 6.1 Negotiations
00:39:10 6.1.1 Emissions cuts
00:41:58 6.2 Financial commitments
00:42:48 6.3 Implementational provisions
00:45:04 6.4 Mechanism of compliance
00:45:42 6.5 Enforcement
00:46:15 7 Ratification process
00:48:48 7.1 Non-ratification by the US
00:51:57 7.2 Withdrawal of Canada
00:53:28 7.3 Other states and territories where the treaty is not applicable
00:54:16 8 Government action and emissions
00:54:27 8.1 Annex I countries
00:56:17 8.1.1 Projections
00:58:23 8.1.2 Annex I Parties with targets
01:01:40 8.1.3 Annex I Parties without Kyoto targets
01:02:59 8.2 Non-Annex I
01:07:21 9 Cost estimates
01:08:35 10 Views on the Protocol
01:13:27 10.1 Views on the flexibility mechanisms
01:14:56 10.2 Philosophy
01:17:39 11 Conference of the Parties
01:19:00 12 Amendment and possible successors
01:23:11 13 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. There are currently 192 parties (Canada withdrew from the protocol, effective December 2012) to the Protocol.
The Kyoto Protocol implemented the objective of the UNFCCC to reduce the onset of global warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to "a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system" (Article 2). The Kyoto Protocol applies to the six greenhouse gases listed in Annex A: Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6).The Protocol is based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities: it acknowledges that individual countries have different capabilities in combating climate change, owing to economic development, and therefore puts the obligation to reduce current emissions on developed countries on the basis that they are historically responsible for the current levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
The Protocol's first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012. A second commitment period was agreed in 2012, known as the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol, in which 37 countries have binding targets: Australia, the European Union (and its 28 member states), Belarus, Iceland, Kazakhstan, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland, and Ukraine. Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine have stated that they may withdraw from the Kyoto Protocol or not put into legal force the Amendment with second round targets. Japan, New Zealand, and Russia have participated in Kyoto's first-round but have not taken on new targets in the second commitment period. Other developed countries without second-round targets are Canada (which withdrew from  ...