John Brown (abolitionist) | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-04

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
John Brown (abolitionist)


00:02:24 1 Early life
00:07:20 2 Transformative years in Springfield, Massachusetts
00:13:07 3 Homestead in New York
00:13:47 4 Actions in Kansas
00:14:48 4.1 Pottawatomie
00:17:23 4.2 Palmyra and Osawatomie
00:19:53 5 Later years
00:20:02 5.1 Gathering forces
00:27:37 5.2 Raid
00:33:37 5.3 Imprisonment, trial, and six weeks in jail
00:37:29 5.4 Victor Hugo's reaction
00:39:17 6 Death and aftermath
00:40:40 6.1 Transportation of his body
00:41:56 6.2 Senate investigation
00:43:54 6.3 Aftermath of the raid
00:46:04 7 Legacy
00:46:13 7.1 Monuments
00:48:30 7.1.1 Historical markers
00:54:36 7.2 Views of contemporaries
00:55:26 7.3 Views of historians and other writers
00:57:52 7.4 Historiography
01:02:37 7.5 In the arts
01:05:50 8 Influences
01:11:09 9 See also



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SUMMARY
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John Brown (May 9, 1800 – December 2, 1859) was an American abolitionist who believed in and advocated armed insurrection as the only way to overthrow the institution of slavery in the United States. He first gained attention when he led small groups of volunteers during the Bleeding Kansas crisis of 1856. He was dissatisfied with the pacifism of the organized abolitionist movement: "These men are all talk. What we need is action—action!" In May 1856, Brown and his supporters killed five supporters of slavery in the Pottawatomie massacre, which responded to the sacking of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces. Brown then commanded anti-slavery forces at the Battle of Black Jack (June 2) and the Battle of Osawatomie (August 30, 1856).
In October 1859, Brown led a raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (today West Virginia) to start a liberation movement among the slaves there. He seized the armory, but seven people were killed, and ten or more were injured. He intended to arm slaves with weapons from the arsenal, but the attack failed. Within 36 hours, Brown's men had fled or been killed or captured by local farmers, militiamen, and US Marines led by Robert E. Lee. He was tried for treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia, the murder of five men (including 3 blacks), and inciting a slave insurrection, was found guilty on all counts, and was hanged.
Historians agree that the Harpers Ferry raid escalated tensions that led to the South's secession a year later and the American Civil War. Brown's raid captured the nation's attention; Southerners feared that it was just the first of many Northern plots to cause a slave rebellion that might endanger their lives, while Republicans dismissed the notion and claimed that they would not interfere with slavery in the South. "John Brown's Body" was a popular Union marching song that portrayed him as a martyr.
Brown's actions as an abolitionist and the tactics he used still make him a controversial figure today. He is both memorialized as a heroic martyr and visionary, and vilified as a madman and a terrorist. Historian James Loewen surveyed American history textbooks and noted that historians considered Brown perfectly sane until about 1890, but generally portrayed him as insane from about 1890 until 1970 when new interpretations began to gain ground.