Lead–acid battery | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-02

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery


00:01:52 1 History
00:03:41 2 Electrochemistry
00:03:50 2.1 Discharge
00:06:46 2.2 Charging
00:07:32 2.3 Ion motion
00:08:18 3 Measuring the charge level
00:09:16 4 Voltages for common usage
00:10:17 5 Construction
00:10:26 5.1 Plates
00:18:38 5.2 Separators
00:19:56 5.3 Absorbed glass mat (AGM)
00:24:08 5.4 Gelled electrolytes
00:25:14 5.5 "Maintenance free", "sealed" and "VRLA"
00:25:49 6 Applications
00:27:32 7 Cycles
00:27:40 7.1 Starting batteries
00:28:55 7.2 Deep-cycle batteries
00:29:45 7.3 Fast and slow charge and discharge
00:31:16 8 Valve regulated (VRLA)
00:32:41 9 Sulfation and desulfation
00:35:23 10 Stratification
00:36:30 11 Risk of explosion
00:38:37 12 Environment
00:38:46 12.1 Environmental concerns
00:40:22 12.2 Recycling
00:40:57 13 Additives
00:42:21 14 Corrosion problems
00:43:38 15 Maintenance precautions



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SUMMARY
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The lead–acid battery was invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planté and is the earliest, yet still most widely used, type of  rechargeable battery. Despite having a very low energy-to-weight ratio and a low energy-to-volume ratio, its ability to supply high surge currents means that the cells have a relatively large power-to-weight ratio. These features, along with their low cost, make them attractive for use in motor vehicles to provide the high current required by automobile starter motors.
As they are inexpensive compared to newer technologies, lead–acid batteries are widely used even when surge current is not important and other designs could provide higher energy densities. In 1999 lead–acid battery sales accounted for 40–45% of the value from batteries sold worldwide (excluding China and Russia), equivalent to a manufacturing market value of about $15 billion. Large-format lead–acid designs are widely used for storage in backup power supplies in cell phone towers, high-availability settings like hospitals, and stand-alone power systems. For these roles, modified versions of the standard cell may be used to improve storage times and reduce maintenance requirements. Gel-cells and absorbed glass-mat batteries are common in these roles, collectively known as VRLA (valve-regulated lead–acid) batteries.
The electrical energy produced by a discharging lead–acid battery can be attributed to the energy released when the strong chemical bonds of water (H2O) molecules are formed from H+ ions of the acid and O2− ions of PbO2. Conversely, during charging the battery acts as a water-splitting device, and in the charged state the chemical energy of the battery is stored in the potential difference between the pure lead at the negative side and the PbO2 on the positive side, plus the Sulphuric Acid in aqueous condition.