silver processing, preparation of the ore for use in various products.
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Date: 2022-08-13

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silver processing, preparation of the ore for use in various products.
Silver has long been valued for its white metallic lustre, its ability to be readily worked, and its resistance to the corrosive effects of moisture and oxygen. The lustre of the pure metal is due to its electron configuration, which results in its reflecting all electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths longer than 3000 angstroms (3000 angstroms is in the ultraviolet range). Thus, all visible light (that is, light with wavelengths between 4000 and 7000 angstroms) is effectively reflected, conferring the white colour.
Silver (Ag), like gold, crystallizes in the face-centred cubic system. It melts when heated to 962 °C (1,764 °F). With a density of 10.49 grams per cubic centimetre, it is the lightest of the precious metals. It is also the least noble of the precious metals, reacting readily with many common reagents such as nitric acid and sulfuric acid. Metallic silver can be dissolved from gold alloys of less than 30 per cent gold by boiling with 30-per cent-strength nitric acid in a process referred to as parting. Boiling with concentrated sulfuric acid to separate silver and gold is called affination. Both these processes are used on a commercial scale for separating silver and gold.

History
Silver was discovered after gold and copper about 4000 BCE, when it was used in jewellery and as a medium of exchange. The earliest known workings of significant size were those of the pre-Hittites of Cappadocia in eastern Anatolia. Silver is generally found in the combined state in nature, usually in copper or lead mineralization, and by 2000 BCE mining and smelting of silver-bearing lead ores were under way. Lead ores were smelted to obtain an impure lead-silver alloy, which was then fire refined by cupellation. The best-known of the ancient mines were located at the Laurium silver-lead deposit in Greece; this was actively mined from 500 BCE to 100 CE. Spanish mines were also a major source.
By the 16th century, Spanish conquistadores had discovered and developed silver mines in Mexico, Bolivia, and Peru. These New World mines, much richer in silver, resulted in the rise of South and Central America as the largest silver-producing areas in the world. For the recovery of New World silver, the Patio process was employed. Silver-bearing ore was ground and then mixed with salt, roasted copper ore, and mercury. The mixing was accomplished by tethering mules to a central post on a paved patio (hence the name of the process) and compelling them to walk in a circle through the mixture. The silver was gradually converted to the elemental state in a very finely divided form, from which it was dissolved by mercury. Periodically, the mercury was collected and distilled to recover the silver, and this was subsequently refined by cupellation. Cyanidation processes supplanted the Patio process in the late 19th century; by that time, the Moebius and Thum Balbach electrorefining processes had been introduced.
In the mid-19th century, a large silver deposit was discovered in Nevada. This resulted in the United States becoming the world’s largest silver producer until the 20th century when it was surpassed by Mexico and South America (particularly Peru). By the early 21st century, Mexico, China, Peru, Australia, and Russia had become the world’s leading silver producers.
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