Climate sensitivity | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-17

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_sensitivity


00:02:37 1 Different forms of climate sensitivity
00:04:04 1.1 Equilibrium climate sensitivity
00:05:23 1.1.1 Effective climate sensitivity
00:06:09 1.2 Transient climate response
00:07:22 1.3 Earth system sensitivity
00:08:17 2 Radiative forcing
00:09:38 3 Sensitivity to nature of the forcing
00:10:47 4 State dependence
00:11:55 5 Estimating climate sensitivity
00:12:48 5.1 Historical estimates
00:15:51 5.1.1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
00:19:10 5.2 Using industrial-age data
00:24:40 5.2.1 Other strategies
00:26:13 5.3 Using data from Earth's past
00:28:58 5.4 Using climate models
00:29:47 5.4.1 Constrained models
00:32:04 6 Economics
00:32:35 7 See also



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SUMMARY
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Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO2).  Although the term climate sensitivity is usually used in the context of radiative forcing by CO2, it is thought of as a general property of the climate system: the change in surface air temperature following a unit change in radiative forcing, and the climate sensitivity parameter is therefore expressed in units of °C/(W/m2).  For this to be useful, the measure must be independent of the nature of the forcing (e.g. from greenhouse gases or solar variation); which is true approximately. When climate sensitivity is expressed for a doubling of CO2, its units are degrees Celsius (°C).
In the context of global warming, different measures of climate sensitivity are used. The so-called equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) denotes the temperature increase in °C that would result from sustained doubling of the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere relative to that of the initial state, after the climate system had reached a new steady state called equilibrium. The transient climate response (TCR) is the amount of temperature increase that might occur at the time when CO2 doubles, having increased gradually by 1% each year (compounded). The earth system sensitivity (ESS) includes the effects of very-long-term Earth system feedback loops, such as changes in ice sheets or changes in the distribution of vegetative cover.Climate sensitivity is typically estimated in three ways; by using observations taken during the industrial age, by using temperature and other data from the Earth's past and by modelling the physical equations of the climate system in computers. For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models the climate sensitivity is an emergent property; rather than being a model parameter it is a result of a combination of model physics and parameters. By contrast, simpler energy-balance models may have climate sensitivity as an explicit parameter.