Genetically modified crops | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-04

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops


00:03:36 1 History
00:03:45 1.1 Nature and traditional agriculture
00:04:52 1.2 Direct manipulation
00:07:54 2 Methods
00:11:37 3 Types of modifications
00:11:47 3.1 Transgenic
00:13:21 3.2 Cisgenic
00:13:56 3.3 Subgenic
00:15:02 3.4 Multiple trait integration
00:15:19 4 Economics
00:20:29 5 Yield
00:22:01 6 Traits
00:22:47 6.1 Extended shelf life
00:24:13 6.2 Improved photosynthesis
00:25:18 6.3 Improved nutritional value
00:25:28 6.3.1 Edible oils
00:25:50 6.3.2 Vitamin enrichment
00:26:16 6.3.3 Toxin reduction
00:26:53 6.4 Stress resistance
00:27:54 6.4.1 Herbicides
00:28:02 6.4.1.1 Glyphosate
00:30:25 6.4.1.2 Bromoxynil
00:30:39 6.4.1.3 Glufosinate
00:31:06 6.4.1.4 2,4-D
00:31:42 6.4.1.5 Dicamba
00:32:44 6.5 Pest resistance
00:32:53 6.5.1 Insects
00:33:44 6.5.2 Viruses
00:35:16 6.6 By-products
00:35:24 6.6.1 Drugs
00:35:45 6.6.2 Biofuel
00:36:42 6.6.3 Materials
00:37:09 6.7 Bioremediation
00:38:40 6.8 Asexual reproduction
00:39:47 6.9 Other
00:40:09 7 Crops
00:40:18 7.1 Herbicide tolerance
00:40:28 7.2 Insect resistance
00:40:37 7.3 Other modified traits
00:40:46 7.4 Development
00:42:37 8 Farming practices
00:42:47 8.1 Resistance
00:42:55 8.1.1 iBacillus thuringiensis/i
00:46:46 8.1.2 Herbicide resistance
00:47:44 8.2 Plant protection
00:48:31 8.3 Tillage
00:49:22 9 Regulation
00:50:07 10 Production
00:57:01 11 Controversy



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SUMMARY
=======
Genetically modified crops (GM crops) are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering methods. In most cases, the aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species. Examples in food crops include resistance to certain pests, diseases, environmental conditions, reduction of spoilage, resistance to chemical treatments (e.g. resistance to a herbicide), or improving the nutrient profile of the crop. Examples in non-food crops include production of pharmaceutical agents, biofuels, and other industrially useful goods, as well as for bioremediation.Farmers have widely adopted GM technology. Acreage increased from 1.7 million hectares in 1996 to 185.1 million hectares in 2016, some 12% of global cropland. As of 2016, major crop (soybean, maize, canola and cotton) traits consist of herbicide tolerance (95.9 million hectares) insect resistance (25.2 million hectares), or both (58.5 million hectares). In 2015, 53.6 million ha of GM maize were under cultivation (almost 1/3 of the maize crop). GM maize outperformed  its predecessors: yield was 5.6 to 24.5% higher with less mycotoxins (−28.8%), fumonisin (−30.6%) and thricotecens (−36.5%). Non-target organisms were unaffected, except for Braconidae, represented by a parasitoid of European corn borer, the target of Lepidoptera active Bt maize. Biogeochemical parameters such as lignin content did not vary, while biomass decomposition was higher.A 2014 meta-analysis concluded that GM technology adoption had reduced chemical pesticide use by 37%, increased crop yields by 22%, and increased farmer profits by 68%. This reduction in pesticide use has been ecologically beneficial, but benefits may be reduced by overuse. Yield gains and pesticide reductions are larger for insect-resistant crops than for herbicide-tolerant crops. Yield and profit gains are higher in developing countries than in developed countries.There is a scientific consensus that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food, but that each GM food needs to be tested on a case-by-case basis before introduction. Nonetheless, members of the public are much less likely than scientists to perceive GM foods as safe. The legal and regulatory status of GM foods varies by country, with some nations  ...