Chera dynasty | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-17

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Chera dynasty


00:03:02 1 Etymology
00:04:46 2 History
00:04:55 2.1 Cheras of ancient south India
00:08:29 2.1.1 Archaeological discoveries
00:11:20 2.1.2 Major Cheras according to the early Tamil literature
00:16:38 2.2 Cheras in medieval period
00:19:16 2.2.1 Kodungallur Cheras/Kulasekharas
00:21:07 2.3 End of Kodungaloor Chera Dynasty
00:23:11 2.4 Venadu Cheras: late medieval to early modern
00:24:03 2.5 Pandyan rule of Kerala
00:25:10 2.6 Tulu-Nepalese rule of Kerala
00:26:18 3 Venad after 1314
00:31:04 4 Government
00:32:31 5 Economy
00:32:53 5.1 Spice trade
00:35:05 6 Society and culture
00:35:15 6.1 Early Cheras
00:37:28 6.2 Kodungallur Cheras (Kulasekharas)
00:40:22 7 See also



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SUMMARY
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The Chera dynasty was one of the principal lineages in the early history of the present day states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu and union territory of Puducherry in southern India. Together with the Cholas of Uraiyur and the Pandyas of Madurai, the early Cheras were known as one of the three major political powers of ancient Tamilakam (southern India) in the early centuries of the Common Era.The Cheras owed their importance to exchange of spices and other products with the Middle Eastern and Mediterranean (Graeco-Roman) merchants. The geographical advantages, like the favourable Monsoon winds which carried ships directly from the Arabia to southern India as well as the abundance of exotic spices in the interior Ghat mountains and the presence of a large number of rivers connecting the Ghats with the Arabian Sea combined to make the Cheras a major power in ancient southern India.Along with the Ay-Vels in the south and the Ezhimala Mushakas in the north, the early Cheras formed the three principle ruling polities of ancient Kerala. The age and antiquity of the Cheras is difficult to establish. The exact location of the Chera homeland is also a matter of scholarly debate. The early Cheras of the early historical period (early centuries of the Common Era) are known to have established bases at various locations such as Vanchi, Karuvur, Muchiri (Muziris) and Thondi (Tyndis) among others. After the end of the early historical period, around the 5th century CE, there seems to be a period where the Cheras' power declined considerably.The anthology early Tamil poems known as the Sangam (the Academy) literature mentions the names of a number of Cheras, and the court poets who extolled them. The Pathitrupathu is devoted exclusively to the Chera royals. The internal chronology of this collection is still far from completely settled and a connected account of the history of the period is an area of active research. Uthiyan Cheral, Nedum Cheral Athan and Chenguttuvan are some of the rulers referred to in the Tamil literature. Chenguttuvan Chera, the most renowned of the Early Cheras, is also famous for the traditions surrounding Kannaki, the principal female character of the Tamil epic poem Chilapathikaram. Other sources for the early Cheras include Tamil Brahmi cave label inscriptions and coins, classical Sanskrit works and accounts by Graeco-Roman writers.The 'Kongu' Cheras are also known to have controlled Karur Vanchi in central Tamil Nadu at various points in time. The Cheras of Makotai/Kulsekharas (former Muchiri, modern Kodungallur) were in power between c. 9th and 12th century in Kerala. The exact nature of the relationships between the various lines of Chera rulers is somewhat unclear. It is known that the Cheras were intermittently subject to the Pandya Kingdom and the Chola Empire among others. The rulers of Venadu, based out of the port of Kollam in southern Kerala, claimed their ancestry from the Kodungallur Cheras. Ravi Varma Kulasekhara, their most ambitious ruler, set out to expand his kingdom by annexing the ruins of the other southern kingdoms. In the modern period the rulers of Cochin and Travancore (in Kerala) also claimed the title "Chera".