Universal Code (Biology) | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-07

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_code


00:01:29 1 History
00:01:58 1.1 Codons
00:02:03 1.2 Expanded genetic codes (synthetic biology)
00:05:00 2 Features
00:07:26 2.1 Reading frame
00:07:35 2.2 Start/stop codons
00:09:13 2.3 Effect of mutations
00:10:37 2.4 Degeneracy
00:13:23 2.5 Codon usage bias
00:14:53 3 Standard codon tables
00:16:36 3.1 RNA codon table
00:17:02 3.2 DNA codon table
00:17:12 4 Alternative genetic codes
00:17:55 4.1 Non-standard amino acids
00:18:14 4.2 Variations
00:18:25 4.3 List of alternative codons
00:19:32 5 Origin
00:22:12 6 See also
00:22:22 7 References
00:29:38 8 Further reading



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SUMMARY
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The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) into proteins. Translation is accomplished by the ribosome, which links amino acids in an order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA), using transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the mRNA three nucleotides at a time. The genetic code is highly similar among all organisms and can be expressed in a simple table with 64 entries.The code defines how sequences of nucleotide triplets, called codons, specify which amino acid will be added next during protein synthesis. With some exceptions, a three-nucleotide codon in a nucleic acid sequence specifies a single amino acid. The vast majority of genes are encoded with a single scheme (see the RNA codon table). That scheme is often referred to as the canonical or standard genetic code, or simply the genetic code, though variant codes (such as in human mitochondria) exist.
While the "genetic code" determines a protein's amino acid sequence, other genomic regions determine when and where these proteins are produced according to various "gene regulatory codes".