Natural sciences | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-25

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_science


00:01:58 1 Criteria
00:02:30 2 Branches of natural science
00:02:40 2.1 Biology
00:04:14 2.2 Chemistry
00:05:45 2.3 Physics
00:07:23 2.4 Astronomy
00:08:49 2.5 Earth science
00:09:52 2.5.1 Atmospheric sciences
00:10:34 2.5.2 Oceanography
00:11:16 3 Interdisciplinary studies
00:13:07 3.1 Materials science
00:14:58 4 History
00:18:10 4.1 Aristotelian natural philosophy (400 BC–1100 AD)
00:20:57 4.2 Medieval natural philosophy (1100–1600)
00:25:51 4.3 Newton and the scientific revolution (1600–1800)
00:32:31 4.4 19th-century developments (1800–1900)
00:33:07 4.5 Modern natural science (1900–present)
00:34:03 5 See also



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"There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance."
- Socrates



SUMMARY
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Natural science is a branch of science concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. Mechanisms such as peer review and repeatability of findings are used to try to ensure the validity of scientific advances.
Natural science can be divided into two main branches: life science (or biological science) and physical science. Physical science is subdivided into branches, including physics, chemistry, astronomy and earth science. These branches of natural science may be further divided into more specialized branches (also known as fields).
In Western society's analytic tradition, the empirical sciences and especially natural sciences use tools from formal sciences, such as mathematics and logic, converting information about nature into measurements which can be explained as clear statements of the "laws of nature". The social sciences also use such methods, but rely more on qualitative research, so that they are sometimes called "soft science", whereas natural sciences, insofar as they emphasize quantifiable data produced, tested, and confirmed through the scientific method, are sometimes called "hard science".Modern natural science succeeded more classical approaches to natural philosophy, usually traced to ancient Greece. Galileo, Descartes, Bacon, and Newton debated the benefits of using approaches which were more mathematical and more experimental in a methodical way. Still, philosophical perspectives, conjectures, and presuppositions, often overlooked, remain necessary in natural science. Systematic data collection, including discovery science, succeeded natural history, which emerged in the 16th century by describing and classifying plants, animals, minerals, and so on. Today, "natural history" suggests observational descriptions aimed at popular audiences.