Carbon tax | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 17/06/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_tax


00:02:16 1 Background
00:02:25 1.1 COsub2/sub and global warming
00:03:43 1.2 Economic theory
00:07:20 1.3 Social cost of carbon
00:13:52 1.4 Carbon leakage
00:15:39 1.5 Border adjustments, tariffs and bans
00:16:50 1.6 Other types of taxes
00:18:53 1.7 Petroleum (motor gasoline, diesel, jet fuel)
00:21:05 1.8 Calculation
00:22:33 2 Implementation
00:23:03 2.1 Africa
00:23:11 2.1.1 Zimbabwe
00:23:39 2.1.2 South Africa
00:25:53 2.2 Asia
00:26:01 2.2.1 China
00:26:39 2.2.2 India
00:28:42 2.2.3 Japan
00:30:54 2.2.4 Singapore
00:31:27 2.2.5 South Korea
00:35:50 2.2.6 Taiwan
00:37:40 2.3 Oceania
00:37:49 2.3.1 Australia
00:39:29 2.3.2 New Zealand
00:40:35 2.4 Europe
00:41:15 2.4.1 European Union
00:42:14 2.4.2 Denmark
00:44:07 2.4.3 Finland
00:45:26 2.4.4 France
00:48:03 2.4.5 Germany
00:48:55 2.4.6 Republic of Ireland
00:53:16 2.4.7 Netherlands
00:57:05 2.4.8 Sweden
00:59:05 2.4.9 United Kingdom
01:00:38 2.4.10 Norway
01:04:34 2.4.11 Switzerland
01:12:00 2.5 Central America
01:12:09 2.5.1 Costa Rica
01:12:55 2.6 North America
01:13:03 2.6.1 Canada
01:14:33 2.6.1.1 Quebec
01:15:11 2.6.1.2 British Columbia
01:18:57 2.6.1.3 Alberta
01:22:38 2.6.2 United States
01:31:37 3 Harmonized carbon taxes
01:32:47 4 Support
01:38:57 5 Stance by the Sierra Club
01:39:42 6 Carbon taxes compared to carbon emission trading
01:43:08 6.1 Views
01:44:07 6.1.1 Supporters of taxes over caps
01:46:11 6.1.2 Difficulties with taxes
01:47:59 7 Distributional impacts
01:50:25 8 Notes



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SUMMARY
=======
A carbon tax is a tax levied on the carbon content of fuels and, like carbon emissions trading, is a form of carbon pricing. 
When a hydrocarbon fuel such as coal, petroleum, or natural gas is burnt, its carbon is converted to carbon dioxide (CO2) and other compounds of carbon. In contrast, non-combustion energy sources—wind, solar, geothermal, hydropower, and nuclear—do not convert hydrocarbons to CO2.
CO2 is a heat-trapping greenhouse gas which causes global warming, which damages the environment and human health. Since greenhouse gas emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels are closely related to the carbon content of the respective fuels, this negative externality can be compensated for by taxing the carbon content of fossil fuels at any point in the product cycle of the fuel.Carbon taxes offer a potentially cost-effective means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. From an economic perspective, carbon taxes are a type of Pigovian tax and help to address the problem of emitters of greenhouse gases not facing the full social cost of their actions. To prevent them being regressive taxes carbon tax revenues can be spent on low-income groups.As of 2018 at least 27 countries and subnational units have implemented carbon taxes, and research shows that carbon taxes effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions. As of 2017, however, there are more than US$300 billion in fossil fuel subsidies annually worldwide.

Opposition to increased environmental regulation such as carbon taxes often centers on concerns that firms might relocate and/or people might lose their jobs. However, that could be prevented with carbon tariffs. Overall, carbon taxes are more efficient than direct regulation and may even lead to higher employment.Many large users of carbon resources in electricity generation, such as the United States, Russia, and China, have resisted carbon taxation.