Proto-Earth | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 17/06/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Earth


00:05:44 1 Eons
00:06:34 2 Geologic time scale
00:07:31 3 Solar System formation
00:11:05 4 Hadean and Archean Eons
00:13:24 4.1 Formation of the Moon
00:16:04 4.2 First continents
00:19:32 4.3 Oceans and atmosphere
00:23:36 4.4 Origin of life
00:25:32 4.4.1 Replication first: RNA world
00:28:10 4.4.2 Metabolism first: iron–sulfur world
00:30:06 4.4.3 Membranes first: Lipid world
00:31:06 4.4.4 The clay theory
00:32:33 4.4.5 Last universal ancestor
00:33:50 5 Proterozoic Eon
00:34:51 5.1 Oxygen revolution
00:39:25 5.2 Snowball Earth
00:42:46 5.3 Emergence of eukaryotes
00:47:39 5.4 Supercontinents in the Proterozoic
00:50:12 5.5 Late Proterozoic climate and life
00:52:54 6 Phanerozoic Eon
00:55:35 6.1 Tectonics, paleogeography and climate
00:58:15 6.2 Cambrian explosion
01:01:22 6.3 Colonization of land
01:03:45 6.4 Evolution of tetrapods
01:07:00 6.5 Extinctions
01:09:46 6.6 Diversification of mammals
01:13:44 6.7 Human evolution
01:17:38 6.7.1 Civilization
01:24:46 6.7.2 Recent events
01:26:47 7 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
The history of Earth concerns the development of planet Earth from its formation to the present day. Nearly all branches of natural science have contributed to understanding of the main events of Earth's past, characterized by constant geological change and biological evolution.
The geological time scale (GTS), as defined by international convention, depicts the large spans of time from the beginning of the Earth to the present, and its divisions chronicle some definitive events of Earth history. (In the graphic:  Ga means "billion years ago"; Ma, "million years ago".) Earth formed around 4.54 billion years ago, approximately one-third the age of the universe, by accretion from the solar nebula. Volcanic outgassing probably created the primordial atmosphere and then the ocean, but the early atmosphere contained almost no oxygen. Much of the Earth was molten because of frequent collisions with other bodies which led to extreme volcanism. While the Earth was in its earliest stage (Early Earth), a giant impact collision with a planet-sized body named Theia is thought to have formed the Moon. Over time, the Earth cooled, causing the formation of a solid crust, and allowing liquid water on the surface.
The Hadean eon represents the time before a reliable (fossil) record of life; it began with the formation of the planet and ended 4.0  billion years ago. The following Archean and Proterozoic eons produced the beginnings of life on Earth and its earliest evolution. The succeeding eon is the Phanerozoic, divided into three eras: the Palaeozoic, an era of arthropods, fishes, and the first life on land; the Mesozoic, which spanned the rise, reign, and climactic extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs; and the Cenozoic, which saw the rise of mammals. Recognizable humans emerged at most 2 million years ago, a vanishingly small period on the geological scale.
The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era, after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils such as stromatolites found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in southwestern Greenland as well as "remains of biotic life" found  in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. According to one of the researchers, "If life arose relatively quickly on Earth … then it could be common in the universe."Photosynthetic organisms appeared between 3.2 and 2.4 billion years ago and began enriching the atmosphere with oxygen. Life remained mo ...