Monarchy | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-20

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy


00:02:26 1 Etymology
00:03:06 2 History
00:06:22 3 Characteristics and role
00:09:05 3.1 Powers of the monarch
00:11:51 3.2 Person of monarch
00:13:52 3.3 Role of monarch
00:15:49 3.4 Titles of monarchs
00:18:53 3.5 Dependent monarchies
00:19:55 4 Succession
00:20:04 4.1 Hereditary monarchies
00:23:38 4.2 Elective monarchies
00:25:54 5 Current monarchies
00:26:12 5.1 Commonwealth realms
00:27:20 5.2 Other European constitutional monarchies
00:29:01 5.3 European monarchies in which the monarch retains more powers
00:30:33 5.4 Islamic monarchies
00:31:28 5.5 East and Southeast Asian constitutional monarchies
00:32:24 5.6 Other monarchies
00:34:25 6 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
A monarchy is a form of government in which a group, generally a group of people comprising a dynasty, embodies the country's national identity and its head, the monarch, exercises the role of sovereign. The power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic (crowned republic), to partial and restricted (constitutional monarchy), to completely autocratic (absolute monarchy). In most cases the monarch's position is inherited and lasts until death or abdication. In contrast, elective monarchies require the monarch to be elected. Both types have further variations as there are widely divergent structures and traditions defining monarchy. For example, in some elected monarchies family history is the only criterion for eligibility to be monarch, whereas many hereditary monarchies impose requirements regarding the religion, age, gender, or mental capacity. Occasionally this can result in more than one rival claimants, whose legitimacy is subject to election. There have been cases where the term of a monarch's reign either is fixed in years or continues until certain conditions are satisfied: an invasion being repulsed, for instance.

Monarchic rule was the most common form of government until the 20th century. Nowadays most monarchs are constitutional monarchs, who retain a unique legal and ceremonial role, but exercise limited or no political power, as under the nation's constitution others have governing authority. Currently, 45 sovereign nations in the world have monarchs acting as heads of state, 16 of which are Commonwealth realms that recognise Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state. Most modern European monarchies are constitutional and hereditary with a largely ceremonial role. Exceptions are the Vatican City, which is an elective theocracy, and the Principalities of Liechtenstein and Monaco where the monarchs exercise partly restricted authority. The monarchies of Cambodia and Malaysia are constitutional with a largely ceremonial role, despite possessing significantly more social and legal clout than their European counterparts. The monarchs of Brunei, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Eswatini have more political influence than any other single source of authority in their nations, either by tradition or by a constitutional mandate.