Great American Biotic Interchange | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 07/02/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Interchange


00:01:55 1 South America's endemic fauna
00:07:26 2 Island-hopping 'waif dispersers'
00:15:13 3 The Great American Biotic Interchange
00:22:12 4 Reasons for success or failure
00:26:33 5 Late Pleistocene extinctions
00:31:38 6 South American invasions of North America exclusive of Central America
00:34:01 7 South American invasions that only extended to Central America
00:36:51 8 North American invasions of South America
00:41:38 9 See also



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SUMMARY
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The Great American Interchange was an important late Cenozoic paleozoogeographic event in which land and freshwater fauna migrated from North America via Central America to South America and vice versa, as the volcanic Isthmus of Panama rose up from the sea floor and bridged the formerly separated continents. Although there were earlier dispersals, probably over water, the migration accelerated dramatically about 2.7 million years (Ma) ago during the Piacenzian age. It resulted in the joining of the Neotropic (roughly South America) and Nearctic (roughly North America) ecozones definitively to form the Americas. The interchange is visible from observation of both biostratigraphy and nature (neontology). Its most dramatic effect is on the zoogeography of mammals but it also gave an opportunity for reptiles, amphibians, arthropods, weak-flying or flightless birds, and even freshwater fish to migrate.
The occurrence of the interchange was first discussed in 1876 by the "father of biogeography", Alfred Russel Wallace. Wallace had spent 1848–1852 exploring and collecting specimens in the Amazon basin. Others who made significant contributions to understanding the event in the century that followed include Florentino Ameghino,  W. D. Matthew, W. B. Scott, Bryan Patterson, George Gaylord Simpson and S. David Webb. The Pliocene timing of the formation of the connection between North and South America was discussed in 1910 by Henry Fairfield Osborn.Analogous interchanges occurred earlier in the Cenozoic, when the formerly isolated land masses of India and Africa made contact with Eurasia c. 50 and 30 Ma ago, respectively.