Nuclear weapons and Israel | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-05

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_Israel


00:03:24 1 Development history
00:03:34 1.1 Pre-Dimona 1949–1956
00:10:08 1.2 Dimona 1956–1965
00:10:21 1.2.1 Negotiation
00:14:25 1.2.2 Excavation
00:15:23 1.2.3 Creation of LEKEM
00:16:28 1.2.4 Rift between Israel and France
00:17:57 1.2.5 British aid
00:20:15 1.3 Criticality
00:21:36 1.3.1 Costs
00:22:13 1.4 Weapons production 1966–present
00:30:28 2 Nuclear testing
00:35:02 3 Revelations
00:35:12 3.1 Negev Nuclear Research Center (Dimona)
00:37:05 3.2 Weapons production
00:42:18 3.3 South African documents
00:44:37 3.4 US pressure
00:52:49 4 Stockpile
01:00:39 5 Delivery systems
01:01:33 5.1 Missiles
01:06:41 5.2 Aircraft
01:07:20 5.3 Submarines
01:13:38 5.4 Other
01:16:06 6 Policy
01:16:59 6.1 Possession
01:19:48 6.2 Doctrine
01:22:45 6.3 Deployment
01:26:10 6.4 Maintaining nuclear superiority
01:26:37 6.4.1 Iraq
01:27:43 6.4.2 Syria
01:28:55 6.4.3 Iran
01:30:24 6.5 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and United Nations' Resolutions



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SUMMARY
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The State of Israel is widely believed to possess nuclear weapons.  Current estimates put the size of the Israeli nuclear arsenal at between 80 and 400 nuclear warheads, and the country is believed to possess the ability to deliver them in a variety of methods including: aircraft; submarine-launched cruise missiles; and the Jericho series of intermediate to intercontinental range ballistic missiles.  Its first deliverable nuclear weapon is thought to have been created in late 1966 or early 1967; which would make it the sixth country in the world to have developed them.However, Israel maintains a policy of deliberate ambiguity, never officially denying nor admitting to having nuclear weapons, instead repeating over the years that "Israel will not be the first country to introduce nuclear weapons to the Middle East". Israel has also declined to sign the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) despite international pressure to do so, saying that would be contrary to its national security interests.Additionally, Israel developed the Begin Doctrine of counter-proliferation and preventive strikes, denying other regional actors the ability to acquire their own nuclear weapons. The Israeli Air Force conducted Operation Opera and Operation Orchard, destroying the Iraqi and 
Syrian nuclear reactors in 1981 and 2007, respectively, and the Stuxnet malware that severely damaged Iranian nuclear facilities in 2010 is widely thought to have been developed by Israel. As of 2018, Israel remains the only country in the Middle East believed to possess nuclear weapons. The Samson Option refers to Israel's deterrence strategy of massive retaliation with nuclear weapons as a "last resort" against a country whose military has invaded and/or destroyed much of Israel.Israel started investigating the nuclear field soon after it declared independence in 1948, and with French co-operation secretly began building the Shimon Peres Negev Nuclear Research Center, a facility near Dimona housing a nuclear reactor and reprocessing plant in the late 1950s. The first extensive details of the weapons program came in October 5, 1986, with news coverage of information provided by Mordechai Vanunu, a technician formerly employed at the center. Vanunu was later captured by the Mossad and brought back to Israel, where he was sentenced to 18 years in prison for treason and espionage.