Terraforming | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-23

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraforming


00:01:58 1 History of scholarly study
00:07:19 1.1 Aspects and definitions
00:10:10 2 Habitability requirements
00:11:21 3 Preliminary stages
00:11:58 4 Prospective targets
00:12:08 4.1 Mars
00:15:40 4.2 Venus
00:16:28 4.3 The Moon
00:17:53 4.4 Other bodies in the Solar System
00:18:21 5 Other possibilities
00:18:32 5.1 Biological terraforming
00:21:31 5.2 Paraterraforming
00:22:21 5.3 Adapting humans
00:22:47 6 Issues
00:22:57 6.1 Ethical issues
00:25:16 6.2 Economic issues
00:26:00 6.3 Political issues
00:26:32 7 In popular culture



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SUMMARY
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Terraforming or terraformation (literally, "Earth-shaping") of a planet, moon, or other body is the hypothetical process of deliberately modifying its atmosphere, temperature, surface topography or ecology to be similar to the environment of Earth to make it habitable by Earth-like life.
The concept of terraforming developed from both science fiction and actual science. The term was coined by Jack Williamson in a science-fiction short story ("Collision Orbit") published during 1942 in Astounding Science Fiction, but the concept may pre-date this work.
Even if the environment of a planet could be altered deliberately, the feasibility of creating an unconstrained planetary environment that mimics Earth on another planet has yet to be verified. Mars is usually considered to be the most likely candidate for terraforming. Much study has been done concerning the possibility of heating the planet and altering its atmosphere, and NASA has even hosted debates on the subject. Several potential methods of altering the climate of Mars may fall within humanity's technological capabilities, but at present the economic resources required to do so are far beyond that which any government or society is willing to allocate to it. The long timescales and practicality of terraforming are the subject of debate. Other unanswered questions relate to the ethics, logistics, economics, politics, and methodology of altering the environment of an extraterrestrial world.