Śramaṇa | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-15

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Śramaṇa


00:01:22 1 Etymology and origin
00:04:34 2 History
00:06:01 2.1 Relationship with Vedism
00:08:32 2.2 Pre-Buddhist śrāmana schools in Buddhist texts
00:11:19 2.3 Jainism
00:12:39 2.4 Buddhism
00:14:41 2.5 Ājīvika
00:16:04 2.6 Conflict between śramaṇa movements
00:17:09 3 Philosophy
00:17:18 3.1 Jain philosophy
00:18:22 3.2 Usage in Jain texts
00:18:48 3.2.1 iĀcāranga Sūtra/i
00:20:09 3.2.2 Sūtrakrtanga
00:21:15 3.3 Buddhist philosophy
00:22:25 3.4 Ajivika philosophy
00:23:15 3.5 Comparison of philosophies
00:24:53 4 Influences on Indian culture
00:27:28 4.1 Hinduism
00:28:57 5 In Western literature
00:29:16 5.1 Clement of Alexandria (150-211)
00:30:15 5.2 Porphyry (233-305)
00:34:09 6 In contemporary Western culture
00:34:32 7 See also



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SUMMARY
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Śramaṇa (Sanskrit: श्रमण; Pali: samaṇa) means "one who labors, toils, or exerts themselves (for some higher or religious purpose)" or "seeker, one who performs acts of austerity, ascetic". The term in the early Vedic literature is predominantly used as an epithet for the Rishis with reference to Shrama associated with the ritualistic exertion. The term in these texts doesn't express non-Vedic connotations as it does in post-Vedic Buddhist and Jain canonical texts. During its later semantic development, the term came to refer to several non-Brahmanical ascetic movements parallel to but separate from the Vedic religion. The śramaṇa tradition includes Jainism, Buddhism, and others such as the Ājīvikas, Ajñanas and Cārvākas.The śramaṇa movements arose in the same circles of mendicants in ancient India that led to the development of yogic practices, as well as the popular concepts in all major Indian religions such as saṃsāra (the cycle of birth and death) and moksha (liberation from that cycle).The Śramaṇic traditions have a diverse range of beliefs, ranging from accepting or denying the concept of soul, fatalism to free will, idealization of extreme asceticism to that of family life, wearing dress to complete nudity in daily social life, strict ahimsa (non-violence) and vegetarianism to permissibility of violence and meat-eating.