Munich Agreement | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-27

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Agreement


00:02:30 1 Background
00:02:39 1.1 Demands for autonomy
00:05:25 1.2 Sudeten crisis
00:20:50 1.3 Polish and Hungarian actions during the crisis
00:21:50 2 Resolution
00:23:15 3 Reactions
00:28:34 3.1 Opinions about the agreement
00:32:14 4 "Ghost of Munich"
00:34:43 5 Consequences of the Munich agreement
00:35:17 5.1 Czechoslovakia after Munich
00:35:26 5.1.1 First Vienna Award to Hungary
00:38:19 5.1.2 German invasion of the remainder of Czechoslovakia
00:41:53 5.1.3 Strengthening of Wehrmacht's armament
00:42:58 5.1.4 Birth of German resistance within the military
00:43:31 5.1.5 Italian colonial demands from France
00:44:12 6 Quotations from key participants
00:47:23 7 Legal nullification
00:51:26 8 Legacy
00:51:52 9 See also



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SUMMARY
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The Munich Agreement (Czech: Mnichovská dohoda; Slovak: Mníchovská dohoda; German: Münchner Abkommen) or Munich Betrayal (Czech: Mnichovská zrada; Slovak: Mníchovská zrada) was an agreement concluded at Munich on 29 September 1938, by Germany, Great Britain, France and Italy.  It provided "cession to Germany of the Sudeten German territory" of Czechoslovakia.  Most of Europe celebrated because it prevented the war threatened by Adolf Hitler by allowing Nazi Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland, a region of western Czechoslovakia inhabited by more than 3 million people, mainly German speakers. Hitler announced it was his last territorial claim in Europe, and the choice seemed to be between war and appeasement. 
An emergency meeting of the main European powers – not including Czechoslovakia or the Soviet Union, an ally to both France and Czechoslovakia – took place in Munich, Germany, on 29–30 September 1938. An agreement was quickly reached on Hitler's terms. It was signed by the top leaders of Germany, France, Britain, and Italy. Militarily, the Sudetenland was of strategic importance to Czechoslovakia as most of its border defenses were situated there to protect against a German attack. The agreement between the four powers was signed on the backdrop of a low-intensity undeclared German-Czechoslovak war that had started on 17 September 1938. Meanwhile Poland, which was relying on German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact, also moved its army units towards its common border with Czechoslovakia after 23 September 1938. Facing the combined force of Germany and Poland alongside most of its border (with the major part of the remaining border being with Hungary), Czechoslovakia yielded to French and British diplomatic pressure and ceded the Sudetenland to Germany in line with the terms of the agreement. 
The Munich Agreement was soon followed by the First Vienna Award on 2 November 1938, separating largely Hungarian inhabited territories in southern Slovakia and southern Subcarpathian Rus' from Czechoslovakia, while Poland also annexed territories from Czechoslovakia in the North. In March 1939, the First Slovak Republic was proclaimed, and shortly by the creation of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia Germany took full control of the remaining Czech parts. As a result, Czechoslovakia had disappeared.
Today, the Munich Agreement is widely regarded as a failed act of appeasement, and the term has become "a byword for the futility of appeasing expansionist totalitarian states".