Conservatism | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism


00:02:33 1 Forms
00:02:42 1.1 Liberal conservatism
00:05:34 1.2 Conservative liberalism
00:06:21 1.3 Libertarian conservatism
00:07:53 1.4 Fiscal conservatism
00:09:05 1.5 National and traditional conservatism
00:11:12 1.6 Cultural and social conservatism
00:13:52 1.7 Religious conservatism
00:14:42 1.8 Paternalistic conservatism
00:17:22 1.9 Authoritarian conservatism
00:20:15 2 History
00:20:24 2.1 Development of Western conservatism
00:20:35 2.1.1 United Kingdom
00:24:30 2.1.1.1 Revival
00:32:14 2.1.2 France
00:33:16 2.1.3 Germany
00:36:07 2.1.4 United States
00:37:21 2.2 Historic conservatism in different countries
00:42:08 2.2.1 Belgium
00:42:56 2.2.2 Canada
00:45:01 2.2.3 Colombia
00:46:10 2.2.4 Denmark
00:47:14 2.2.5 Finland
00:47:50 2.2.6 France
00:49:46 2.2.7 Greece
00:52:10 2.2.8 Iceland
00:53:16 2.2.9 Italy
00:54:45 2.2.10 Luxembourg
00:55:18 2.2.11 Norway
00:56:26 2.2.12 Sweden
00:56:54 2.2.13 Switzerland
00:58:50 2.2.14 United Kingdom
00:59:24 2.3 Modern conservatism in different countries
00:59:53 2.3.1 Australia
01:01:37 2.3.2 Brazil
01:02:36 2.3.3 India
01:03:00 2.3.4 Russia
01:05:12 2.3.5 South Korea
01:07:15 2.3.6 United States
01:11:05 3 Characteristics of conservatism in France, Italy, Russia, Poland, United Kingdom, United States and Israel
01:11:29 4 Psychology



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SUMMARY
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Conservatism is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. The central tenets of conservatism include tradition, human imperfection, organic solidarity, hierarchy, authority, and property rights. Conservatives seek to preserve a range of institutions such as monarchy, religion, parliamentary government, and property rights, with the aim of emphasizing social stability and continuity. The more extreme elements—reactionaries—oppose modernism and seek a return to "the way things were".The first established use of the term in a political context originated in 1818 with François-René de Chateaubriand during the period of Bourbon Restoration that sought to roll back the policies of the French Revolution. Historically associated with right-wing politics, the term has since been used to describe a wide range of views. There is no single set of policies regarded as conservative because the meaning of conservatism depends on what is considered traditional in a given place and time. Thus conservatives from different parts of the world—each upholding their respective traditions—may disagree on a wide range of issues. Edmund Burke, an 18th-century politician who opposed the French Revolution but supported the American Revolution, is credited as one of the main theorists of conservatism in Great Britain in the 1790s.According to Quintin Hogg, the chairman of the British Conservative Party in 1959: "Conservatism is not so much a philosophy as an attitude, a constant force, performing a timeless function in the development of a free society, and corresponding to a deep and permanent requirement of human nature itself". In contrast to the tradition-based definition of conservatism, some political theorists such as Corey Robin define conservatism primarily in terms of a general defense of social and economic inequality. From this perspective, conservatism is less an attempt to uphold traditional institutions and more, "a meditation on—and theoretical rendition of—the felt experience of having power, seeing it threatened, and trying to win it back".