Biological warfare | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Biological warfare


00:02:17 1 Overview
00:04:14 2 History
00:10:07 3 As a means of terrorism
00:12:52 4 Modern BW Operations
00:13:03 4.1 Offensive
00:14:12 4.1.1 Anti-personnel
00:17:16 4.1.2 Anti-agriculture
00:19:40 4.1.3 Entomological warfare
00:20:48 4.2 Defensive
00:20:57 4.2.1 Research and development into medical counter-measures
00:21:45 4.2.2 Role of public health and disease surveillance
00:23:50 4.2.3 Common epidemiological clues that may signal biological attack
00:25:37 4.2.4 Identification of bioweapons
00:27:41 4.3 Genetic warfare
00:29:18 5 List of BW institutions, programs, projects and sites by country
00:29:32 5.1 United States
00:30:29 5.2 United Kingdom
00:31:12 5.3 Soviet Union and Russia
00:32:24 5.4 Japan
00:32:46 5.5 Iraq
00:33:02 5.6 South Africa
00:33:19 5.7 Rhodesia
00:33:28 5.8 Canada
00:33:47 6 List of people associated with BW
00:34:05 7 In popular culture



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SUMMARY
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Biological warfare (BW)—also known as germ warfare—is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi with the intent to kill or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war. Biological weapons (often termed "bio-weapons", "biological threat agents", or "bio-agents") are living organisms or replicating entities (viruses, which are not universally considered "alive") that reproduce or replicate within their host victims. Entomological (insect) warfare is also considered a type of biological weapon. This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare and chemical warfare, which together with biological warfare make up NBC, the military initialism for nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare using weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). None of these are considered conventional weapons, which are deployed primarily for their explosive, kinetic, or incendiary potential.
Biological weapons may be employed in various ways to gain a strategic or tactical advantage over the enemy, either by threats or by actual deployments. Like some of the chemical weapons, biological weapons may also be useful as area denial weapons. These agents may be lethal or non-lethal, and may be targeted against a single individual, a group of people, or even an entire population. They may be developed, acquired, stockpiled or deployed by nation states or by non-national groups. In the latter case, or if a nation-state uses it clandestinely, it may also be considered bioterrorism.Biological warfare and chemical warfare overlap to an extent, as the use of toxins produced by some living organisms is considered under the provisions of both the Biological Weapons Convention and the Chemical Weapons Convention. Toxins and psychochemical weapons are often referred to as midspectrum agents. Unlike bioweapons, these midspectrum agents do not reproduce in their host and are typically characterized by shorter incubation periods.The use of biological weapons is prohibited under customary international humanitarian law, as well as a variety of international treaties. The use of biological agents in armed conflict is a war crime.