Electric bulb | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-02-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb


00:03:54 1 History
00:05:29 1.1 Early pre-commercial research
00:12:05 1.2 Commercialization
00:12:14 1.2.1 Dominance of carbon filament and vacuum
00:21:35 1.2.2 Revolution of the tungsten filament, inert gas, and the coiled coil
00:26:10 2 Efficacy, efficiency, and environmental impact
00:34:17 2.1 Cost of lighting
00:36:03 2.2 Measures to ban use
00:38:19 2.3 Efforts to improve efficiency
00:40:51 3 Construction
00:45:56 3.1 Gas fill
00:51:15 4 Manufacturing
00:54:27 5 Filament
00:58:57 5.1 Coiled coil filament
01:01:19 5.2 Reducing filament evaporation
01:05:31 5.3 Bulb blackening
01:08:23 5.4 Halogen lamps
01:09:31 5.5 Incandescent arc lamps
01:10:38 6 Electrical characteristics
01:10:49 6.1 Power
01:12:29 6.2 Current and resistance
01:13:53 7 Physical characteristics
01:14:03 7.1 Bulb shapes
01:15:34 7.1.1 Examples
01:15:42 7.2 Common shape codes
01:19:23 7.3 Lamp bases
01:22:30 8 Light output and lifetime
01:29:08 9 See also



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SUMMARY
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An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to such a high temperature that it glows with visible light (incandescence). The filament is protected from oxidation with a glass or fused quartz bulb that is filled with inert gas or a vacuum. In a halogen lamp, filament evaporation is slowed by a chemical process that redeposits metal vapor onto the filament, thereby extending its life.
The light bulb is supplied with electric current by feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass. Most bulbs are used in a socket which provides mechanical support and electrical connections.
Incandescent bulbs are manufactured in a wide range of sizes, light output, and voltage ratings, from 1.5 volts to about 300 volts. They require no external regulating equipment, have low manufacturing costs, and work equally well on either alternating current or direct current. As a result, the incandescent bulb is widely used in household and commercial lighting, for portable lighting such as table lamps, car headlamps, and flashlights, and for decorative and advertising lighting.
Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than other types of electric lighting; incandescent bulbs convert less than 5% of the energy they use into visible light, with standard light bulbs averaging about 2.2%. The remaining energy is converted into heat. The luminous efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb for 120 V operation is 16 lumens per watt, compared with 60 lm/W for a compact fluorescent bulb or 150 lm/W for some white LED lamps.Some applications of the incandescent bulb (such as heat lamps) deliberately use the heat generated by the filament. Such applications include incubators, brooding boxes for poultry, heat lights for reptile tanks, infrared heating for industrial heating and drying processes, lava lamps, and the Easy-Bake Oven toy. Incandescent bulbs typically have short lifetimes compared with other types of lighting; around 1,000 hours for home light bulbs versus typically 10,000 hours for compact fluorescents and 30,000 hours for lighting LEDs.
Incandescent bulbs have been replaced in many applications by other types of electric light, such as fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL), high-intensity discharge lamps, and light-emitting diode lamps (LED). Some jurisdictions, such as the European Union, China, Canada and United States, are in the process of phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs while others, including Colombia, Mexico, Cuba, Argentina  and Brazil, have prohibited them already.