Rice | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-14

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Rice


00:02:09 1 Etymology
00:03:39 2 Characteristics
00:04:34 3 Cooking
00:05:43 3.1 Preparation
00:07:36 3.2 Dishes
00:08:26 4 Food
00:08:35 4.1 Nutrition
00:11:08 4.2 Arsenic concerns
00:12:47 4.3 iBacillus cereus/i
00:13:24 5 Rice-growing environments
00:14:07 6 History of domestication and cultivation
00:17:46 7 Regional history
00:17:55 7.1 Africa
00:18:33 7.2 Asia
00:18:59 7.2.1 Nepal
00:19:37 7.2.2 Philippines
00:21:41 7.2.3 Sri Lanka
00:22:34 7.2.4 Thailand
00:24:31 7.2.5 Companion plant
00:25:02 7.3 Middle East
00:25:38 7.4 Europe
00:27:15 7.5 Caribbean and Latin America
00:28:22 7.6 United States
00:32:19 7.7 Australia
00:34:20 8 Production and commerce
00:34:30 8.1 Production
00:36:30 8.2 Processing
00:40:23 8.3 Harvesting, drying and milling
00:42:10 8.4 Distribution
00:42:56 8.5 Trade
00:45:35 8.6 World's most productive rice farms and farmers
00:46:43 9 Price
00:48:09 9.1 Worldwide consumption
00:49:19 10 Environmental impacts
00:50:44 10.1 Rainfall
00:50:52 10.2 Temperature
00:51:20 10.3 Solar radiation
00:51:37 10.4 Atmospheric water vapor
00:51:55 10.5 Wind
00:52:16 11 Pests and diseases
00:53:03 11.1 Insects
00:53:38 11.2 Diseases
00:54:09 11.3 Nematodes
00:54:55 11.4 Other pests
00:55:12 11.5 Integrated pest management
00:58:51 11.6 Parasitic weeds
00:59:07 12 Ecotypes and cultivars
01:03:02 13 Biotechnology
01:03:11 13.1 High-yielding varieties
01:04:37 13.2 Future potential
01:05:48 13.3 Golden rice
01:06:51 13.4 Expression of human proteins
01:07:28 13.5 Flood-tolerant rice
01:08:23 13.6 Drought-tolerant rice
01:09:59 13.7 Salt-tolerant rice
01:12:03 13.8 Environment-friendly rice
01:12:57 14 Meiosis and DNA repair
01:13:59 15 Cultural roles of rice



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SUMMARY
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Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice). As a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production (rice, 741.5 million tonnes in 2014), after sugarcane (1.9 billion tonnes) and maize (1.0 billion tonnes).

Since sizable portions of sugarcane and maize crops are used for purposes other than human consumption, rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans. There are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally.

Rice, a monocot, is normally grown as an annual plant, although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years. Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall, as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water. However, rice can be grown practically anywhere, even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems. Although its parent species are native to Asia and certain parts of Africa, centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide.

The traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while, or after, setting the young seedlings. This simple method requires sound planning and servicing of the water damming and channeling, but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state, and deters vermin. While flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice, all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil.
The name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera Zizania and Porteresia, both wild and domesticated, although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of Oryza.