Mutation (biology) | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-02

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation


00:02:28 1 Description
00:06:46 2 History
00:10:25 3 Causes
00:11:33 3.1 Spontaneous mutation
00:13:01 3.2 Error-prone replication bypass
00:13:54 3.3 Errors introduced during DNA repair
00:14:39 3.4 Induced mutation
00:16:54 4 Classification of types
00:17:04 4.1 By effect on structure
00:17:34 4.1.1 Small-scale mutations
00:20:27 4.1.2 Large-scale mutations
00:22:41 4.2 By effect on function
00:25:51 4.3 By effect on fitness
00:26:53 4.3.1 Distribution of fitness effects
00:32:37 4.4 By impact on protein sequence
00:36:18 4.5 By inheritance
00:38:32 4.6 Special classes
00:41:04 4.7 Nomenclature
00:44:27 5 Mutation rates
00:44:48 6 Harmful mutations
00:47:48 7 Beneficial mutations
00:50:51 8 Prion mutations
00:51:26 9 Somatic mutation
00:52:51 10 Amorphic mutations
00:54:25 11 Hypomorphic and hypermorphic mutations



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
Speaking Rate: 0.8944440912442326
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C


"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
In biology, a mutation is the alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA.Mutations result from errors during DNA replication (especially during meiosis) or other types of damage to DNA (such as may be caused by exposure to radiation or carcinogens), which then may undergo error-prone repair (especially microhomology-mediated end joining), or cause an error during other forms of repair, or else may cause an error during replication (translesion synthesis).  Mutations may also result from insertion or deletion of segments of DNA due to mobile genetic elements.  Mutations may or may not produce discernible changes in the observable characteristics (phenotype) of an organism. Mutations play a part in both normal and abnormal biological processes including: evolution, cancer, and the development of the immune system, including junctional diversity.
The genomes of RNA viruses are based on RNA rather than DNA. The RNA viral genome can be double-stranded (as in DNA) or single-stranded. In some of these viruses (such as the single-stranded human immunodeficiency virus) replication occurs quickly and there are no mechanisms to check the genome for accuracy.  This error-prone process often results in mutations.
Mutation can result in many different types of change in sequences. Mutations in genes can either have no effect, alter the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning properly or completely. Mutations can also occur in nongenic regions. One study on genetic variations between different species of Drosophila suggests that, if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, the result is likely to be harmful, with an estimated 70 percent of amino acid polymorphisms that have damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or marginally beneficial. Due to the damaging effects that mutations can have on genes, organisms have mechanisms such as DNA repair to prevent or correct mutations by reverting the mutated sequence back to its original state.