Fuel cell | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell


00:02:55 1 History
00:05:54 2 Types of fuel cells; design
00:08:30 2.1 Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)
00:11:13 2.1.1 Proton exchange membrane fuel cell design issues
00:14:42 2.2 Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC)
00:16:04 2.3 Solid acid fuel cell (SAFC)
00:17:02 2.4 Alkaline fuel cell (AFC)
00:18:18 2.5 High-temperature fuel cells
00:18:28 2.5.1 SOFC
00:22:16 2.5.2 MCFC
00:26:08 2.6 Electric storage fuel cell
00:26:34 2.7 Comparison of fuel cell types
00:30:17 3 Efficiency of leading fuel cell types
00:30:28 3.1 Theoretical maximum efficiency
00:32:11 3.2 In practice
00:35:28 4 Applications
00:35:38 4.1 Power
00:38:25 4.2 Cogeneration
00:40:52 4.3 Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs)
00:41:03 4.3.1 Automobiles
00:43:25 4.3.1.1 Criticism
00:46:58 4.3.2 Buses
00:48:44 4.3.3 Forklifts
00:50:15 4.3.4 Motorcycles and bicycles
00:51:19 4.3.5 Airplanes
00:53:16 4.3.6 Boats
00:53:49 4.3.7 Submarines
00:54:37 4.4 Portable power systems
00:57:55 4.5 Other applications
00:59:45 4.6 Fueling stations
01:00:53 5 Markets and economics
01:03:09 6 Research and development



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SUMMARY
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A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel (often hydrogen) and an oxidizing agent (often oxygen) into electricity through a pair of redox reactions. Fuel cells are different from most batteries in requiring a continuous source of fuel and oxygen (usually from air) to sustain the chemical reaction, whereas in a battery the chemical energy usually comes from metals and their ions or oxides  that are commonly already present in the battery, except in flow batteries. Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as fuel and oxygen are supplied.
The first fuel cells were invented in 1838. The first commercial use of fuel cells came more than a century later in NASA space programs to generate power for satellites and space capsules. Since then, fuel cells have been used in many other applications. Fuel cells are used for primary and backup power for commercial, industrial and residential buildings and in remote or inaccessible areas. They are also used to power fuel cell vehicles, including forklifts, automobiles, buses, boats, motorcycles and submarines.
There are many types of fuel cells, but they all consist of an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte that allows ions, often positively charged hydrogen ions (protons), to move between the two sides of the fuel cell. At the anode a catalyst causes the fuel to undergo oxidation reactions that generate ions (often positively charged hydrogen ions) and electrons. The ions move from the anode to the cathode through the electrolyte. At the same time, electrons flow from the anode to the cathode through an external circuit, producing direct current electricity. At the cathode, another catalyst causes ions, electrons, and oxygen to react, forming water and possibly other products. Fuel cells are classified by the type of electrolyte they use and by the difference in startup time ranging from 1 second for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEM fuel cells, or PEMFC) to 10 minutes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). A related technology is flow batteries, in which the fuel can be regenerated by recharging. Individual fuel cells produce relatively small electrical potentials, about 0.7 volts, so cells are "stacked", or placed in series, to create sufficient voltage to meet an application's requirements. In addition to electricity, fuel cells produce water, heat and, depending on the fuel source, very small amounts of nitrogen dioxide and other emissions. The energy efficiency of a fuel cell is generally between 40–60%; however, if waste heat is captured in a cogeneration scheme, efficiencies up to 85% can be obtained.
The fu ...