Eukaryotic | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-04

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote


00:01:58 1 History
00:04:31 2 Cell features
00:05:15 2.1 Internal membrane
00:07:19 2.2 Mitochondria and plastids
00:10:00 2.3 Cytoskeletal structures
00:12:08 2.4 Cell wall
00:12:55 3 Differences among eukaryotic cells
00:13:22 3.1 Animal cell
00:13:51 3.2 Plant cell
00:15:22 3.3 Fungal cell
00:16:05 3.4 Other eukaryotic cells
00:16:37 4 Reproduction
00:18:42 5 Classification
00:22:35 5.1 Phylogeny
00:24:26 5.1.1 Five supergroups
00:26:41 5.1.2 Cavalier-Smith's tree
00:27:22 6 Origin of eukaryotes
00:27:32 6.1 Fossils
00:29:38 6.2 Relationship to Archaea
00:33:01 6.3 Endomembrane system and mitochondria
00:34:16 6.4 Hypotheses
00:34:39 6.4.1 Autogenous models
00:35:50 6.4.2 Chimeric models
00:36:35 6.4.2.1 The inside-out hypothesis
00:38:50 6.4.2.2 The serial endosymbiotic hypothesis
00:40:46 6.4.2.3 The hydrogen hypothesis
00:41:59 6.4.2.4 The syntrophy hypothesis
00:43:25 6.4.2.5 6+ serial endosymbiosis scenario
00:43:57 7 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Eukaryotes () are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea), which have no membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotes belong to the domain Eukaryota or Eukarya.  Their name comes from the Greek εὖ (eu, "well" or "true") and κάρυον (karyon, "nut" or "kernel"). Eukaryotic cells also contain other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus, and in addition, some cells of plants and algae contain chloroplasts. Unlike unicellular archaea and bacteria, eukaryotes may also be multicellular and include organisms consisting of many cell types forming different kinds of tissue. Animals and plants are the most familiar eukaryotes.
Eukaryotes can reproduce both asexually through mitosis and sexually through meiosis and gamete fusion. In mitosis, one cell divides to produce two genetically identical cells. In meiosis, DNA replication is followed by two rounds of cell division to produce four haploid daughter cells. These act as sex cells (gametes). Each gamete has just one set of chromosomes, each a unique mix of the corresponding pair of parental chromosomes resulting from genetic recombination during meiosis.
The domain Eukaryota is monophyletic, and makes up one of the domains of life in the three-domain system. The two other domains, Bacteria and Archaea, are prokaryotes and have none of the above features. Eukaryotes represent a tiny minority of all living things. However, due to their generally much larger size, their collective worldwide biomass is estimated to be about equal to that of prokaryotes. Eukaryotes evolved approximately 1.6–2.1 billion years ago, during the Proterozoic eon.