Oligocene | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-03

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocene


00:01:36 1 Subdivisions
00:01:50 2 Climate
00:03:01 3 Paleogeography
00:04:02 4 Flora
00:04:49 5 Fauna
00:07:45 6 Oceans
00:08:24 6.1 The effects of oceanic gateways on circulation
00:08:57 6.1.1 The Drake Passage
00:10:55 6.1.1.1 The late Oligocene opening of the Drake Passage
00:11:32 6.1.1.2 The early Oligocene opening of the Drake Passage
00:12:21 6.1.2 The opening of the Tasman Gateway
00:12:52 6.1.3 The Tethys Seaway closing
00:13:32 6.1.4 Greenland–Iceland–Faroes
00:14:00 6.2 Ocean cooling
00:14:33 6.3 Deep water
00:15:07 6.3.1 North Atlantic deep water
00:15:28 6.3.2 South Ocean deep water
00:15:52 7 Impact events
00:16:13 8 Supervolcanic explosions
00:16:28 9 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present (33.9±0.1 to 23.03±0.05 Ma). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the epoch are slightly uncertain. The name Oligocene was coined in 1854 by the German paleontologist Heinrich Ernst Beyrich; the name comes from the Ancient Greek ὀλίγος (olígos, "few") and καινός (kainós, "new"), and refers to the sparsity of extant forms of molluscs. The Oligocene is preceded by the Eocene Epoch and is followed by the Miocene Epoch. The Oligocene is the third and final epoch of the Paleogene Period.
The Oligocene is often considered an important time of transition, a link between the archaic world of the tropical Eocene and the more modern ecosystems of the Miocene. Major changes during the Oligocene included a global expansion of grasslands, and a regression of tropical broad leaf forests to the equatorial belt.
The start of the Oligocene is marked by a notable extinction event called the Grande Coupure; it featured the replacement of European fauna with Asian fauna, except for the endemic rodent and marsupial families. By contrast, the Oligocene–Miocene boundary is not set at an easily identified worldwide event but rather at regional boundaries between the warmer late Oligocene and the relatively cooler Miocene.