Sculpture | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-07

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture


00:02:12 1 Types
00:05:42 2 Purposes and subjects
00:12:38 3 Materials and techniques
00:15:09 3.1 Stone
00:17:11 3.2 Metal
00:20:50 3.3 Glass
00:21:54 3.4 Pottery
00:22:47 3.5 Wood carving
00:24:10 4 Social status of sculptors
00:26:40 5 Anti-sculpture movements
00:27:50 6 History
00:27:59 6.1 Prehistoric periods
00:28:08 6.1.1 Europe
00:30:19 6.1.2 Ancient Near East
00:31:11 6.2 Ancient Near East
00:34:46 6.3 Ancient Egypt
00:37:52 6.4 Europe
00:38:01 6.4.1 Ancient Greece
00:40:30 6.4.1.1 Classical
00:43:55 6.4.1.2 Hellenistic
00:48:21 6.4.2 Europe after the Greeks
00:48:30 6.4.2.1 Roman sculpture
00:54:48 6.4.2.2 Early Medieval and Byzantine
00:57:17 6.4.2.3 Romanesque
01:01:10 6.4.2.4 Gothic
01:04:38 6.4.3 Renaissance
01:07:55 6.4.4 Mannerist
01:10:15 6.4.5 Baroque and Rococo
01:12:49 6.4.6 Neo-Classical
01:13:51 6.5 Asia
01:13:59 6.5.1 Greco-Buddhist sculpture and Asia
01:16:34 6.5.2 China
01:19:41 6.5.3 Japan
01:22:14 6.5.4 India
01:25:14 6.5.5 South-East Asia
01:26:38 6.6 Islam
01:28:16 6.7 Africa
01:32:08 6.7.1 Ethiopia and Eritrea
01:33:20 6.7.2 Sudan
01:34:21 6.8 The Americas
01:35:13 6.8.1 Pre-Columbian
01:35:21 6.9 Moving toward modern art
01:35:30 6.9.1 North America
01:39:12 6.10 19th–early 20th century, early Modernism and continuing realism
01:42:56 7 Modernism
01:48:23 7.1 Gallery of modernist sculpture
01:48:33 7.2 Contemporary movements
01:50:25 7.3 Minimalism
01:50:34 7.3.1 Postminimalism
01:50:42 7.3.2 Contemporary genres
01:52:28 8 Conservation
01:53:40 9 See also



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SUMMARY
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Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable sculptural processes originally used carving (the removal of material) and modelling (the addition of material, as clay), in stone, metal, ceramics, wood and other materials but, since Modernism, there has been an almost complete freedom of materials and process. A wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled by welding or modelling, or molded or cast.
Sculpture in stone survives far better than works of art in perishable materials, and often represents the majority of the surviving works (other than pottery) from ancient cultures, though conversely traditions of sculpture in wood may have vanished almost entirely. However, most ancient sculpture was brightly painted, and this has been lost.Sculpture has been central in religious devotion in many cultures, and until recent centuries large sculptures, too expensive for private individuals to create, were usually an expression of religion or politics. Those cultures whose sculptures have survived in quantities include the cultures of the ancient Mediterranean, India and China, as well as many in Central and South America and Africa.
The Western tradition of sculpture began in ancient Greece, and Greece is widely seen as producing great masterpieces in the classical period. During the Middle Ages, Gothic sculpture represented the agonies and passions of the Christian faith. The revival of classical models in the Renaissance produced famous sculptures such as Michelangelo's David. Modernist sculpture moved away from traditional processes and the emphasis on the depiction of the human body, with the making of constructed sculpture, and the presentation of found objects as finished art works.