Permafrost | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-21

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrost


00:01:32 1 History
00:02:51 2 Extent
00:04:50 2.1 Continuity of coverage
00:06:02 2.1.1 Discontinuous permafrost
00:08:25 2.1.2 Continuous permafrost
00:09:43 2.2 Alpine permafrost
00:10:44 2.3 Subsea permafrost
00:12:16 3 Manifestations
00:12:26 3.1 Base depth
00:14:16 3.2 Massive ground ice
00:16:27 3.3 Landforms
00:16:53 3.4 Carbon cycle in permafrost
00:17:57 4 Climate change effects
00:18:24 4.1 Historical changes
00:19:42 4.2 Thaw
00:21:29 4.3 Effect on slope stability
00:24:06 4.4 Ecological consequences
00:27:55 4.5 Predicted rate of change in the Arctic
00:30:50 5 Other issues
00:31:46 5.1 Construction on permafrost
00:33:18 5.2 Revival of organisms preserved in permafrost
00:34:14 6 See also



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SUMMARY
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In geology, permafrost is ground, including rock or (cryotic) soil, with a temperature that remains at or below the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F) for two or more years. Most permafrost is located in high latitudes (in and around the Arctic and Antarctic regions), but at lower latitudes alpine permafrost occurs at higher elevations. Ground ice is not always present, as may be in the case of non-porous bedrock, but it frequently occurs and it may be in amounts exceeding the potential hydraulic saturation of the ground material. Permafrost accounts for 0.022% of total water on Earth and the permafrost region covers 24% of exposed land in the Northern Hemisphere. It also occurs subsea on the continental shelves of the continents surrounding the Arctic Ocean, portions of which were exposed during the last glacial period.The thawing of permafrost has implications for the global climate. A global temperature rise of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above current levels would be enough to start the thawing of permafrost in Siberia, according to one group of scientists.