Gerrymandering | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-05

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrymandering


00:02:02 1 Etymology
00:05:49 2 International examples of gerrymandering
00:06:58 2.1 Bahamas
00:07:11 2.2 Australia
00:09:28 2.3 Canada
00:12:03 2.4 Chile
00:14:56 2.5 France
00:17:08 2.6 Germany
00:20:06 2.7 Greece
00:22:10 2.8 Hong Kong
00:22:42 2.9 Hungary
00:23:20 2.10 Ireland
00:26:17 2.11 Kuwait
00:27:11 2.12 Malaysia
00:28:29 2.13 Malta
00:28:53 2.14 Nepal
00:29:28 2.15 Philippines
00:31:39 2.16 Singapore
00:32:48 2.17 Spain
00:34:33 2.18 Sri Lanka
00:34:57 2.19 Sudan
00:35:53 2.20 Turkey
00:36:19 2.21 United Kingdom
00:36:28 2.21.1 Northern Ireland
00:40:55 2.21.2 Boundary Review
00:44:24 2.22 United States
00:49:41 2.23 Venezuela
00:50:42 3 Gerrymandering tactics
00:54:13 4 Effects
00:56:08 4.1 Effect on electoral competition
00:58:36 4.2 Increased incumbent advantage and campaign costs
01:01:40 4.3 Less descriptive representation
01:05:35 4.4 Incumbent gerrymandering
01:07:03 4.5 Prison-based gerrymandering
01:08:00 5 Changes to achieve competitive elections
01:08:59 5.1 Redistricting by neutral or cross-party agency
01:12:28 5.2 Transparency regulations
01:14:02 5.3 Changing the voting system
01:15:49 5.4 Changing the size of districts and the elected body
01:17:47 5.5 Using fixed districts
01:19:50 5.6 Objective rules to create districts
01:21:37 5.6.1 Minimum district to convex polygon ratio
01:23:00 5.6.2 Shortest splitline algorithm
01:26:28 5.6.3 Minimum isoperimetric quotient
01:27:48 5.6.4 Efficiency Gap calculation
01:28:24 6 Use of databases and computer technology
01:30:33 7 Voting Systems
01:30:43 7.1 First-Past-The-Post
01:32:20 7.2 Proportional Systems
01:32:56 7.3 Mixed Systems
01:34:22 8 Difference from malapportionment
01:34:58 9 Related terms
01:35:16 10 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Gerrymandering ( GERR-ee-mand-ər-ing) is a practice intended to establish a political advantage for a particular party or group by manipulating district boundaries.
The term is named after Elbridge Gerry, who, as Governor of Massachusetts in 1812, signed a bill that created a partisan district in the Boston area that was compared to the shape of a mythological salamander.
In addition to its use achieving desired electoral results for a particular party, gerrymandering may be used to help or hinder a particular demographic, such as a political, ethnic, racial, linguistic, religious, or class group, such as in Northern Ireland where boundaries were constructed to guarantee Protestant Unionist majorities. The U.S. federal voting district boundaries that produce a majority of constituents representative of African-American or other racial minorities, known as "majority-minority districts". Gerrymandering can also be used to protect incumbents. Wayne Dawkings describes it as politicians picking their voters instead of voters picking their politicians.The term gerrymandering has negative connotations. Two principal tactics are used in gerrymandering: "cracking" (i.e. diluting the voting power of the opposing party's supporters across many districts) and "packing" (concentrating the opposing party's voting power in one district to reduce their voting power in other districts). A third tactic, shown in the top-left diagram in the graphic to the right, is homogenization of all districts (essentially a form of cracking where the majority party uses its superior numbers to guarantee the minority party never attains a majority in any district).
The resulting district is known as a gerrymander (); however, that word is also a verb for the process.