How Mind Controlled Bionic Arm works
Channel: HectoScience
Date: 2017-02-28

Mind-Controlled Bionic arms are helping thousands of people in our world. So let see how it works.
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Motor control is the process by which humans and animals use their brain to control their muscles and limbs.
So, Signals from the brain travel to muscles in the arm. And we move our arm with these neural signals.
These signals travel via nerves.
So what happens with these nerves after amputation?
Even after amputation, these nerves remain active. They are ready to transmit control signals for the missing part. 
But the signal cannot go anywhere. 
Thanks to the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago which developed TMR.
Targeted Muscle Reinnervation Surgery creates the path. TMR reassigns nerves which help the amputee to control their bionic arms. So that they can perform the action just by thinking about the task. For example, if the limb is not existed from here.  Then the Arm and hand’s nerves will be transferred into the chest muscle. Nerves then grow into this new area.
It takes months for the new nerves to grow and work completely. 
Myoelectric signals are detected by placing electrodes on the skin. 
EMG –electromyography–Records myoelectric signal and passes it on 
When the patient tries to move his missing arm, the brain signals to the nerves in this new area which then generates EMG signals. These signals are used to control a prosthesis arm.
And here comes the unintended discovery.
While observing TMR results, researchers found that the TMR procedure is unintendedly helping patients to regain sensation in their transferred nerves.
This unintended discovery is called Targeted Sensory Reinnervation (TSR).
After amputation patients lose their arm as well as receptors. So they cannot transmit sense-related information back to the brain. Like the temperature of things, they are holding.
What does TSR do? It involves the Mapping of sensory nerves for the points in the fingers and palm. 
It helps the patients to transmit the sensory information back to the brain.
Famous Patients are Melissa Loomis, Johnny Matheny, Johns Hopkins, Claudia Mitchell 

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