Critique of Pure Reason | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-04

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason


00:05:10 1 Background: early rationalism and Kant's rejection of Hume's empiricism
00:09:35 2 Synthetic ia priori/i judgments
00:16:24 3 Kant's approach
00:18:40 4 Contents
00:23:27 5 Table of contents
00:23:37 6 I. Transcendental Doctrine of Elements
00:23:43 6.1 Transcendental Aesthetic
00:28:53 6.1.1 Space and time
00:33:25 6.2 Transcendental Logic
00:37:24 6.2.1 First Division: Transcendental Analytic
00:38:46 6.2.1.1 The Metaphysical Deduction
00:44:35 6.2.1.2 The Transcendental Deduction
00:45:34 6.2.1.3 The Schematism
00:46:39 6.2.1.4 The Refutation of Idealism
00:48:32 6.2.1.5 Appendix: Amphiboly of Concepts of Reflection
00:50:47 6.2.2 Second Division: Transcendental Dialectic
00:52:49 6.2.2.1 The paralogisms of pure reason
00:53:16 6.2.2.1.1 The soul is substance
00:55:07 6.2.2.1.2 The soul is simple
00:56:51 6.2.2.1.3 The soul is a person
00:58:47 6.2.2.1.4 The soul is separated from the experienced world
01:02:54 6.2.2.2 The antinomy of pure reason
01:05:18 6.2.2.3 The ideal of pure reason
01:06:08 6.2.2.3.1 Refutation of the ontological proof of God's existence of Anselm of Canterbury
01:12:25 6.2.2.3.2 Refutation of the cosmological ("prime mover") proof of God's existence
01:15:57 6.2.2.3.3 Physico-theological ("watch maker") proof of God's existence
01:18:05 7 II. Transcendental Doctrine of Method
01:18:42 7.1 The discipline of pure reason
01:26:01 7.2 The canon of pure reason
01:30:02 7.3 The Architectonic of Pure Reason
01:31:32 7.4 The history of pure reason
01:33:12 8 Terms and phrases
01:34:00 8.1 Intuition and concept
01:37:16 9 Tables of principles and categories of understanding in the critique
01:38:10 10 Reception
01:38:20 10.1 Early responses: 1781–1793
01:46:52 10.2 Later responses
01:48:14 11 Referencing
01:48:49 12 English translations
01:51:22 13 See also
01:51:59 14 Notes



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SUMMARY
=======
The Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft) (1781; second edition 1787) is a book by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, in which the author seeks to determine the limits and scope of metaphysics. Also referred to as Kant's "First Critique", it was followed by the Critique of Practical Reason (1788) and the Critique of Judgment (1790). In the preface to the first edition, Kant explains that by a "critique of pure reason" he means a critique "of the faculty of reason in general, in respect of all knowledge after which it may strive independently of all experience" and that he aims to reach a decision about "the possibility or impossibility of metaphysics".
Kant builds on the work of empiricist philosophers such as John Locke and David Hume, as well as rationalist philosophers such as Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Christian Wolff. He expounds new ideas on the nature of space and time, and tries to provide solutions to the scepticism of Hume regarding knowledge of the relation of cause and effect and that of René Descartes regarding knowledge of the external world. This is argued through the transcendental idealism of objects (as appearance) and their form of appearance. Kant regards the former "as mere representations and not as things in themselves", and the latter as "only sensible forms of our intuition, but not determinations given for themselves or conditions of objects as things in themselves". This grants the possibility of a priori knowledge, since objects as appearance "must conform to our cognition . . . which is to establish something about objects before they are given to us". Knowledge independent of experience Kant calls "a priori" knowledge, while knowledge obtained through experience is termed "a posteriori". According to Kant, a proposition is a priori if it is necessary and universal. A proposition is necessary if it could not poss ...