Rise of the Ottoman Empire | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 03/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Rise of the Ottoman Empire


00:01:59 1 Anatolia before the Ottomans
00:03:43 2 Origin of the Ottoman state
00:05:25 2.1 Gaza and gazis in early Ottoman history
00:07:01 3 Demography
00:07:40 4 Government
00:09:44 4.1 State centralization
00:12:46 5 Military
00:14:16 6 Cultural and intellectual life
00:15:28 7 Political history
00:15:38 7.1 Osman I (c. 1299–1323/4)
00:17:48 7.2 Orhan (1323/4–1362)
00:20:27 7.3 Murad I (1362–1389)
00:20:44 7.3.1 Edirne, 1362
00:25:11 7.3.2 Gallipoli, 1366
00:26:26 7.3.3 Maritsa, 1371
00:29:34 7.3.4 Dubravnica, 1381
00:30:10 7.3.5 Saurian Field, 1385
00:30:33 7.3.6 Plocnik, 1386
00:31:51 7.3.7 Bileća, 1388
00:32:31 7.3.8 Kosovo, 1389
00:34:05 7.4 Bayezid I (1389–1402)
00:37:51 7.4.1 Nicopolis
00:39:17 7.4.2 Ankara, 1402
00:40:20 7.5 Ottoman Interregnum (1402–1413)
00:42:26 7.6 Mehmed I (1413–1421)
00:45:06 7.7 Murad II  (1421–1451)
00:45:33 7.7.1 Constantinople, 1422
00:46:18 7.7.2 Thessalonika, 1430
00:49:25 7.7.3 Varna, 1444
00:50:06 7.7.4 Kosovo, 1448
00:50:52 7.8 Mehmed II (1451–1481)
00:52:59 7.8.1 Constantinople, 1453
00:56:42 8 Gallery



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SUMMARY
=======
The foundation and rise of the Ottoman Empire is a period of history that started with the emergence of the Ottoman principality in c. 1299, and ended with the conquest of Constantinople on May 29, 1453. This period witnessed the foundation of a political entity ruled by the Ottoman Dynasty in the northwestern Anatolian region of Bithynia, and its transformation from a small principality on the Byzantine frontier into an empire spanning the Balkans and Anatolia. For this reason, this period in the empire's history has been described as the Proto-Imperial Era. Throughout most of this period, the Ottomans were merely one of many competing states in the region, and relied upon the support of local warlords and vassals to maintain control over their realm. By the middle of the fifteenth century the Ottoman sultans were able to accumulate enough personal power and authority to establish a centralized imperial state, a process which was brought to fruition by Sultan Mehmed II (r. 1451-1481). The conquest of Constantinople in 1453 is seen as the symbolic moment when the emerging Ottoman state shifted from a mere principality into an empire, marking a major turning point in its history.The cause of Ottoman success cannot be attributed to any single factor, and they varied throughout the period as the Ottomans continually adapted to changing circumstances.The earlier part of this period, the fourteenth century, is particularly difficult for historians to study due to the scarcity of sources. Not a single written document survives from the reign of Osman I, and very little survives from the rest of the century. The Ottomans, furthermore, did not begin to record their own history until the fifteenth century, more than a hundred years after many of the events they describe. It is thus a great challenge for historians to differentiate between fact and myth in analyzing the stories contained in these later chronicles, so much so that one historian has even declared it impossible, describing the earliest period of Ottoman history as a "black hole."