Bureaucracy | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-26

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy


00:01:52 1 Etymology and usage
00:03:51 2 History
00:03:59 2.1 Ancient
00:06:12 2.2 Modern
00:06:20 2.2.1 The United Kingdom
00:07:49 2.2.2 France
00:09:33 2.2.3 Other industrialized nations
00:11:28 3 Theories
00:11:36 3.1 Karl Marx
00:12:26 3.2 John Stuart Mill
00:13:19 3.3 Max Weber
00:15:50 3.4 Woodrow Wilson
00:17:03 3.5 Ludwig von Mises
00:18:48 3.6 Robert K. Merton
00:19:46 3.7 Elliott Jaques
00:21:48 4 See also



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SUMMARY
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Bureaucracy () refers to both a body of non-elective government officials and an  administrative policy-making group. Historically, a bureaucracy was a government administration managed by departments staffed with non-elected officials. Today, bureaucracy is the administrative system governing any large institution, whether publicly owned or privately owned. The public administration in many countries is an example of a bureaucracy, but so is the centralized hierarchical structure of a business firm.
Since being coined, the word bureaucracy has developed negative connotations for some. Some bureaucracies have been criticized as being inefficient, convoluted, or too inflexible to individuals. The dehumanizing effects of excessive bureaucracy became a major theme in the work of German-language writer Franz Kafka (1883–1924) and are central to his novels The Trial and The Castle. The 1985 dystopian film Brazil by Terry Gilliam portrays a farcical macabre world in which small, otherwise insignificant errors in the bureaucratic processes of government develop into maddening and tragic consequences. The elimination of unnecessary bureaucracy is a key concept in modern  managerial theory and has been an issue in some political campaigns.Some commentators have noted the necessity of bureaucracies in modern society. The German sociologist Max Weber argued that bureaucracy constitutes the most efficient and rational way in which human activity can be organized and that systematic processes and organized hierarchies are necessary to maintain order, maximize efficiency, and eliminate favoritism. On the other hand, Weber also saw unfettered bureaucracy as a threat to individual freedom, with the potential of trapping individuals in an impersonal "iron cage" of rule-based, rational control.