Scientific method and religion | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-16

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method_and_religion


00:15:06 See also
00:15:21 Notes
00:15:31 Sources



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SUMMARY
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Some controversies exist over the relationship of scientific method to religion. For example, some dispute to what degree scientific method had its origins in Christian theism, or to what degree the scientific method as understood in the 21st century is compatible with religion.
In the 18th century, the birth of the scientific method was largely credited to the work of Francis Bacon, Isaac Newton, and John Locke. Modern history suggests that much earlier figures such as Roger Bacon and Islamic scientists also played an important role in shaping the experimental method. Thomas Jefferson wrote "Bacon, Locke and Newton... I consider them as the three greatest men that have ever lived, without any exception, and as having laid the foundation of those superstructures which have been raised in the Physical and Moral sciences". All three of these men were Christian theists who nonetheless rejected medieval Scholasticism with its synthesis of Aristotelianism and theology. Furthermore, Locke and Newton both espoused Unitarianism—disbelieving in the divinity of Christ.{{Dubious|I'm hardly a theology expert, but aren't "denying the", and either "Christhood" or "divinity"   "of Jesus"  clearer and less likely to  be offensive and cause for argument? Some historians speculate that Francis Bacon dabbled in esoteric beliefs such as Rosicrucianism or Freemasonry. Newton saw God as a masterful creator whose existence could not be denied in the face of creation.In his 1925 book Science and the Modern World Alfred North Whitehead argued strongly for the idea that Christianity gave the modern scientific method a boost. Whitehead also writes: "faith in the possibility of science, generated antecedently to the development of modern scientific theory, is an unconscious derivative from medieval theology". On the other hand, Bertrand Russell in his 1931 book The Scientific Outlook portrayed scientific method and theology as in conflict from the beginning, arguing that science introduced induction and therefore reasoning about the past into Western thought, and that because Galileo "questioned both Aristotle and the Scriptures, [he] thereby destroyed the whole edifice of medieval knowledge." A similar contrast of views appears in more recent publications. Christian apologist C. S. Lewis wrote in Miracles in 1947:

Men became scientific because they expected Law in Nature, and they expected Law in Nature because they believed in a Legislator. In most modern scientists this belief has died: it will be interesting to see how long their confidence in uniformity survives it. Two significant developments have already appeared—the hypothesis of a lawless sub-nature, and the surrender of the claim that science is true. We may be living nearer than we suppose to the end of the Scientific Age.
Christian philosopher Alvin Plantinga has echoed Whitehead in writing "It is important to see that our notion of the laws of nature, crucial for contemporary science, has this origin in Christian theism". Plantinga has argued that belief in God is a "properly basic belief". Christian philosopher William Lane Craig argues that scientific inquiry presupposes belief in God—required to explain why the universe is intelligible or lawful.
On the other hand, philosophers such as Quentin Smith have defended the idea that the intelligibility of the universe does not need God to be explained, a position known as philosophical naturalism. Philosopher Kai Nielsen (largely quoting Sidney Hook) states that what unites philosophers who call themselves "naturalists" is that they agree that the scientific method is the proper way of fixing beliefs, that it is the o ...