Cocaine | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-04

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine


00:02:32 1 Uses
00:02:41 1.1 Medical
00:04:02 1.2 Recreational
00:04:55 1.2.1 Coca leaves
00:08:07 1.2.2 Insufflation
00:10:34 1.2.3 Injection
00:12:21 1.2.4 Inhalation
00:14:52 1.2.5 Suppository
00:15:47 2 Adverse effects
00:15:55 2.1 Acute
00:16:42 2.2 Chronic
00:20:13 2.3 Addiction
00:21:31 2.4 Dependence and withdrawal
00:21:52 2.5 During pregnancy
00:22:43 3 Pharmacology
00:22:51 3.1 Pharmacodynamics
00:23:10 3.2 Pharmacokinetics
00:26:37 4 Chemistry
00:28:04 4.1 Appearance
00:28:12 4.2 Forms
00:29:11 4.2.1 Salts
00:29:19 4.2.2 Base
00:29:55 4.2.3 Crack cocaine
00:30:50 4.2.4 Coca leaf infusions
00:32:35 4.3 Biosynthesis
00:34:52 4.3.1 iN/i-methyl-pyrrolinium cation
00:36:47 4.3.2 Robert Robinson's acetonedicarboxylate
00:37:54 4.3.3 Reduction of tropinone
00:38:26 4.4 Detection in body fluids
00:39:07 5 Usage
00:40:20 5.1 Europe
00:41:00 5.2 United States
00:42:15 6 History
00:43:17 6.1 Discovery
00:43:26 6.2 Isolation and naming
00:45:08 6.3 Medicalization
00:47:30 6.4 Popularization
00:48:59 6.5 Modern usage
00:52:44 7 Society and culture
00:56:09 7.1 Legal status
00:56:18 7.1.1 Australia
00:57:18 7.1.2 United States
00:58:04 7.2 Interdiction
00:59:28 7.3 Economics
00:59:58 7.3.1 Production
01:00:37 7.3.2 Synthesis
01:00:41 7.3.3 Trafficking and distribution
01:04:26 7.3.3.1 Caribbean and Mexican routes
01:05:23 7.3.3.2 Chilean route
01:06:01 7.3.3.3 Techniques
01:07:34 7.3.4 Sales to consumers
01:08:11 7.3.5 Consumption
01:09:38 8 Research
01:11:29 9 See also
01:12:35 10 References



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SUMMARY
=======
Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant most frequently used as a recreational drug. It is commonly snorted, inhaled as smoke, or dissolved and injected into a vein. Mental effects may include loss of contact with reality, an intense feeling of happiness, or agitation. Physical symptoms may include a fast heart rate, sweating, and large pupils. High doses can result in very high blood pressure or body temperature. Effects begin within seconds to minutes of use and last between five and ninety minutes. Cocaine has a small number of accepted medical uses such as numbing and decreasing bleeding during nasal surgery.Cocaine is addictive due to its effect on the reward pathway in the brain. After a short period of use, there is a high risk that dependence will occur. Its use also increases the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, lung problems in those who smoke it, blood infections, and sudden cardiac death. Cocaine sold on the street is commonly mixed with local anesthetics, cornstarch, quinine, or sugar, which can result in additional toxicity. Following repeated doses a person may have decreased ability to feel pleasure and be very physically tired.Cocaine acts by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. This results in greater concentrations of these three neurotransmitters in the brain. It can easily cross the blood–brain barrier and may lead to the breakdown of the barrier. In 2013, 419 kilograms were produced legally. It is estimated that the illegal market for cocaine is 100 to US$500 billion each year. With further processing crack cocaine can be produced from cocaine.Cocaine is the second most frequently used illegal drug globally, after cannabis. Between 14 and 21 million people use the drug each year. Use is highest in North America followed by Europe and South America. Between one and three percent of people in the developed world have used cocaine at some point in their life. In 2013, cocaine use directly resulted in 4,300 deaths, up from 2,400 in 1990. It is named after the coca plant from which it is isolated. The leaves of the coca plant have been used by Peruvians since ancient times. Cocaine was first isolated from the leaves in 1860. Sin ...