Cossacks | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 04/10/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossacks


00:04:43 1 Etymology
00:05:26 2 Early history
00:10:17 2.1 Zaporozhian Cossacks
00:17:38 2.2 Registered Cossacks
00:20:55 2.3 Black Sea, Azov and Danubian Sich Cossacks
00:23:36 3 Russian Cossacks
00:27:18 3.1 Don Cossacks
00:29:38 3.2 Kuban Cossacks
00:30:20 3.3 Terek Cossacks
00:31:01 3.4 Yaik Cossacks
00:32:06 3.5 Razin and Pugachev Rebellions
00:42:28 3.6 In the Russian Empire
00:45:34 3.6.1 Cossacks in World War I and February Revolution
00:46:52 3.7 Civil War, Decossackization and Holodomor of 1932–33
00:50:30 3.8 Second World War
00:55:59 3.9 Modern times
00:57:50 4 Culture and organization
01:00:15 4.1 Settlements
01:01:51 4.2 Family life
01:03:29 4.3 Popular image
01:07:55 4.4 Ranks
01:10:11 4.5 Uniforms
01:13:08 5 Modern-day Cossack identity
01:14:46 6 Registered Cossacks of the Russian Federation
01:15:17 7 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Cossacks are a group of predominantly East Slavic–speaking people who became known as members of democratic, self-governing, semi-military communities, predominantly located in Eastern and Southern Ukraine and in Southern Russia, within the borders of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. They inhabited sparsely populated areas and islands in the lower Dnieper, Don, Terek and Ural river basins and played an important role in the historical and cultural development of both Ukraine and Russia.The origins of the Cossacks are disputed, though the 1710 Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk attests to a combination of East Slavic and Khazar origin. The emergence of Cossacks is dated to the 14th or 15th centuries, when two connected groups emerged, the Zaporozhian Sich of the Dnieper and the Don Cossack Host.The Zaporizhian Sich were a vassal people of Poland–Lithuania during feudal times. Under increasing pressure from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, in the mid-17th century the Sich declared an independent Cossack Hetmanate, initiated by a rebellion under Bohdan Khmelnytsky.  Afterwards, the Treaty of Pereyaslav (1654) brought most of the Cossack state under Russian rule.
The Sich with its lands became an autonomous region under the Russian-Polish protectorate.The Don Cossack Host, which had been established by the 16th century, allied with the Tsardom of Russia. Together they began a systematic conquest and colonisation of lands in order to secure the borders on the Volga, the whole of Siberia (see Yermak Timofeyevich) and the Yaik (Ural) and the Terek rivers. Cossack communities had developed along the latter two rivers well before the arrival of the Don Cossacks.By the 18th century Cossack hosts in the Russian Empire occupied effective buffer zones on its borders. The expansionist ambitions of the Empire relied on ensuring the loyalty of Cossacks, which caused tension given their traditional exercise of freedom, democracy, self-rule, and independence. Cossacks such as Stenka Razin, Kondraty Bulavin, Ivan Mazepa and Yemelyan Pugachev led major anti-imperial wars and revolutions in the Empire in order to abolish slavery and odious bureaucracy and to maintain independence. The empire responded with ruthless executions and tortures, the destruction of the western part of the Don Cossack Host during the Bulavin Rebellion in 1707–08, the destruction of Baturyn after Mazepa's rebellion in 1708, and the formal dissolution of the Lower Dnieper Zaporozhian Host in 1775, after Pugachev's Rebellion.By the end of the 18th century Cossack nations had been transformed into a special military estate (Sosloviye), "a military class". Similar to the knights of medieval Europe in feudal times or the tribal Roman auxiliaries, the Cossacks came to military service having to obtain charger horses, arms and supplies at their own expense. The government provided only firearms and suppl ...