Vertebrate | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-17

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate


00:02:07 1 Etymology
00:02:42 2 Anatomy and morphology
00:03:34 2.1 Vertebral column
00:04:37 2.2 Gills
00:06:21 2.3 Central nervous system
00:09:05 3 Evolutionary history
00:09:16 3.1 First vertebrates
00:10:25 3.2 From fish to amphibians
00:11:23 3.3 Mesozoic vertebrates
00:12:17 3.4 After the Mesozoic
00:14:02 4 Classification
00:14:49 4.1 Traditional classification
00:18:58 4.2 Phylogenetic relationships
00:19:35 5 Number of extant species
00:20:28 5.1 Vertebrate species databases
00:21:05 6 Reproductive systems
00:21:43 6.1 Inbreeding
00:23:02 6.1.1 Inbreeding avoidance
00:25:15 6.2 Outcrossing
00:27:51 6.3 Parthenogenesis
00:30:33 6.4 Self-fertilization
00:31:54 7 See also



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SUMMARY
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Vertebrates  comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata  (chordates with backbones). Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with currently about 69,276 species described. Vertebrates include the jawless fishes and jawed vertebrates, which include the cartilaginous fishes (sharks, rays, and ratfish) and the bony fishes. 
Other vertebrates are the tetrapods, which include a bony fish clade known as the lobe-finned fishes, as well as amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. 
Extant vertebrates range in size from the frog species Paedophryne amauensis, at as little as 7.7 mm (0.30 in), to the blue whale, at up to 33 m (108 ft). Vertebrates make up less than five percent of all described animal species; the rest are invertebrates, which lack vertebral columns.
The vertebrates traditionally include the hagfish, which do not have proper vertebrae due to their loss in evolution, though their closest living relatives, the lampreys, do. Hagfish do, however, possess a cranium. For this reason, the vertebrate subphylum is sometimes referred to as "Craniata" when discussing morphology.
Molecular analysis since 1992 has suggested that hagfish are most closely related to lampreys, and so also are vertebrates in a monophyletic sense. Others consider them a sister group of vertebrates in the common taxon of craniata.