Self-determination | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-26

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determination


00:02:08 1 History
00:02:17 1.1 Pre-20th century
00:02:26 1.1.1 Origins
00:03:25 1.1.2 Empires
00:05:20 1.1.3 Rebellions and emergence of nationalism
00:08:36 1.2 World Wars I and II
00:08:46 1.2.1 Europe, Asia and Africa
00:17:25 1.3 The Cold War world
00:17:35 1.3.1 The UN Charter and resolutions
00:22:20 1.3.2 The communist versus capitalist worlds
00:24:31 1.3.3 Asia
00:26:49 1.4 After the Cold War
00:29:29 2 Current issues
00:30:37 2.1 Defining "peoples"
00:33:34 2.2 Self-determination versus territorial integrity
00:38:26 2.3 Methods of increasing minority rights
00:39:20 2.4 Self-determination versus majority rule/equal rights
00:40:36 2.5 Constitutional law
00:43:48 2.6 Drawing new borders
00:45:20 3 Notable cases
00:45:53 3.1 Artsakh (Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh)
00:46:24 3.2 Australia
00:47:08 3.3 Azawad
00:47:41 3.4 Basque Country
00:50:03 3.5 Biafra
00:50:43 3.6 Catalonia
00:55:08 3.7 Chechnya
00:55:50 3.8 Eastern Ukraine
00:57:10 3.9 Falkland Islands
00:58:50 3.10 Gibraltar
01:00:15 3.11 Hong Kong
01:03:15 3.12 Kashmir
01:07:10 3.13 Kurdistan
01:08:47 3.14 Nagalim
01:10:35 3.15 North Borneo and Sarawak
01:12:49 3.16 Northern Cyprus
01:17:55 3.17 Quebec
01:18:35 3.18 South Africa
01:19:19 3.19 United States
01:24:42 3.20 West Papua
01:25:05 3.21 Western Sahara



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SUMMARY
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The right of a people to self-determination is a cardinal principle in modern international law (commonly regarded as a jus cogens rule), binding, as such, on the United Nations as authoritative interpretation of the Charter's norms. It states that people, based on respect for the principle of equal rights and fair equality of opportunity, have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no interference.The concept was first expressed in the 1860s, and spread rapidly thereafter. During and after World War I, the principle was encouraged by both Vladimir Lenin and United States President Woodrow Wilson. Having announced his Fourteen Points on 8 January 1918, on 11 February 1918 Wilson stated: "National aspirations must be respected; people may now be dominated and governed only by their own consent. 'Self determination' is not a mere phrase; it is an imperative principle of action."During World War II, the principle was included in the Atlantic Charter, signed on 14 August 1941, by Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, and Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, who pledged The Eight Principal points of the Charter. It was recognized as an international legal right after it was explicitly listed as a right in the UN Charter.The principle does not state how the decision is to be made, nor what the outcome should be, whether it be independence, federation, protection, some form of autonomy or full assimilation. Neither does it state what the delimitation between peoples should be—nor what constitutes a people. There are conflicting definitions and legal criteria for determining which groups may legitimately claim the right to self-determination.By extension, the term self-determination has come to mean the free choice of one's own acts without external compulsion.