Lynching in the United States | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Lynching in the United States


00:03:30 1 Background
00:07:58 2 Name origin
00:08:28 3 Social characteristics
00:11:32 4 The West
00:14:42 5 Reconstruction (1865–1877)
00:18:48 6 Disenfranchisement (1877–1917)
00:23:19 6.1 Other ethnicities
00:26:20 6.2 Enforcing Jim Crow
00:33:30 7 Photographic records and postcards
00:38:22 7.1 Resistance
00:41:43 7.2 Federal action limited by the Solid South
00:44:53 7.3 Great Migration
00:46:53 8 World War I to World War II
00:47:04 8.1 Resistance
00:48:11 8.2 New Klan
00:51:26 8.3 Continuing resistance
00:57:00 8.4 Federal action and southern resistance
01:00:34 9 World War II to present
01:00:44 9.1 Second Great Migration
01:01:41 9.2 Federal action
01:03:36 9.3 Lynching and the Cold War
01:05:13 9.4 Civil Rights Movement
01:08:32 9.5 After the Civil Rights Movement
01:11:48 10 Effects
01:12:29 11 Statistics
01:18:30 12 Representation in popular culture
01:18:41 12.1 Literature and film
01:24:52 12.2 Strange Fruit
01:26:05 13 Laws
01:29:31 13.1 State laws
01:33:32 14 See also
01:33:41 15 Notes
01:33:49 16 Books and references
01:39:24 17 Further reading
01:43:36 18 External links



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SUMMARY
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Lynching is the practice of murder by a group by extrajudicial action. Lynchings in the United States rose in number after the American Civil War in the late 1800s, following the emancipation of slaves; they declined in the 1920s but have continued to take place into the 21st century. Most lynchings were of African-American men in the South, but women were also lynched, and white lynchings of blacks occurred in Midwestern and border states, especially during the 20th-century Great Migration of blacks out of the South. The purpose was to enforce white supremacy and intimidate blacks by racial terrorism. On a per capita basis lynchings were also common in California and the Old West, especially of Latinos, although they represented less than 10% of the national total.  Native Americans and Asian Americans were also lynched. Other ethnicities (white, Finnish-American, Jewish, Irish, Italian-American) were occasionally lynched.
The stereotype of a lynching is a hanging, because hangings are what crowds of people saw, and are also easy to photograph. Some hangings were professionally photographed and sold as postcards, which were popular souvenirs in some parts of the U.S. Victims were also killed by mobs in a variety of other ways: shot repeatedly, burned alive, forced to jump off a bridge, dragged behind cars, and the like. Sometimes they were tortured as well, with body parts sometimes removed and sold as souvenirs. Occasionally lynchings were not fatal (see Lynching survivors in the United States). A "mock" lynching, putting the rope around the neck of someone suspected of concealing information, might be used to compel "confessions".According to the Tuskegee Institute, 4,743 people were lynched between 1882 and 1968 in the United States, including 3,446 African Americans and 1,297 whites. More than 73 percent of lynchings in the post-Civil War period occurred in the Southern states. According to the Equal Justice Initiative, 4,084 African-Americans were lynched between 1877 and 1950 in the South.Lynchings were most frequent from 1890 to the 1920s, with a peak in 1892. Lynchings were often large mob actions, attended by hundreds or thousands of watchers, sometimes announced in advance in newspapers and in one instance with a special train. However, in the later 20th century lynchings became more secretive, and were conducted by smaller groups of people.
According to Michael Pfeifer, the prevalence of lynching in postbellum America reflects lack of confidence in the "due process" judicial system. He links the decline in lynching in the early twentieth century with "the advent of the modern death penalty": "legislators renovated the death penalty...out of direct concern for the alternative of mob violence". He also cites "the modern, racialized excesses of u ...