Environmental governance | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-15

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_governance


00:02:54 1 Definitions
00:09:02 2 Environmental issues
00:09:12 2.1 Main drivers of environmental degradation
00:13:20 2.2 Challenges
00:18:06 2.3 Local governance
00:22:34 2.4 State governance
00:25:22 2.5 Global Governance
00:28:27 2.6 Issues of scale
00:28:36 2.6.1 Multi-tier governance
00:29:36 2.6.2 Institutional fit
00:30:45 3 Environmental governance issues
00:30:56 3.1 Soil deterioration
00:31:59 3.2 Climate change
00:34:28 3.3 Biodiversity
00:39:38 3.4 Water
00:46:47 3.5 Ozone layer
00:47:23 3.6 Nuclear risk
00:47:41 3.7 Transgenic organisms
00:48:22 3.8 Precautionary principle
00:50:01 3.9 Socio-environmental conflicts
00:51:08 4 Agreements
00:51:17 4.1 Conventions
00:55:54 4.2 Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs)
00:59:40 5 Background
01:00:56 5.1 Rio Conference (1992) and reactions
01:02:00 5.2 Agenda 21
01:03:15 6 Actors
01:03:24 6.1 International institutions
01:03:34 6.1.1 United Nations Environment Program
01:06:58 6.1.2 Global Environment Facility (GEF)
01:09:27 6.1.3 United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD)
01:10:40 6.1.4 World Environment Organization (WEO)
01:11:47 6.1.5 World Bank
01:13:41 6.1.5.1 GEF
01:15:28 6.1.6 World Trade Organization (WTO)
01:17:12 6.1.7 International Monetary Fund (IMF)
01:18:22 6.1.8 UN ICLEI
01:20:22 6.1.9 Other secretariats
01:21:29 6.1.10 Criticism
01:22:20 6.2 States
01:22:28 6.2.1 Environmental governance at the state level
01:23:13 6.2.2 State participation in global environmental governance
01:23:47 6.3 Business
01:26:00 6.4 Non-governmental organizations
01:28:30 7 Proposals
01:29:13 7.1 Coherence and coordination
01:33:03 7.2 Democratization
01:34:21 7.3 Institutional reform
01:38:11 7.4 Education
01:38:57 7.5 Transform daily life
01:41:19 7.6 Policies and regulations
01:41:51 7.7 Coordination



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SUMMARY
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Environmental governance is a concept in political ecology and environmental policy that advocates sustainability (sustainable development) as the supreme consideration for managing all human activities—political, social and economic. Governance includes government, business and civil society, and emphasizes whole system management. To capture this diverse range of elements, environmental governance often employs alternative systems of governance, for example watershed-based management.It views natural resources and the environment as global public goods, belonging to the category of goods that are not diminished when they are shared. This means that everyone benefits from for example, a breathable atmosphere, stable climate and stable biodiversity.
Public goods are non-rivalrous—a natural resource enjoyed by one person can still be enjoyed by others—and non-excludable—it is impossible to prevent someone consuming the good (breathing). Nevertheless, public goods are recognized as beneficial and therefore have value. The notion of a global public good thus emerges, with a slight distinction: it covers necessities that must not be destroyed by one person or state.
The non-rivalrous character of such goods calls for a management approach that restricts public and private actors from damaging them. One approach is to attribute an economic value to the resource. Water is possibly the best example of this type of good.
As of 2013 environmental governance is far from meeting these imperatives. “Despite a great awareness of environmental questions from developed and developing countries, there is environmental degradation and the appearance of new environmental problems. This situation is caused by the parlous state of global environmental governance, wherein current global environmental governance is unable to address environmental issues due to many factors. These include fragmented govern ...