Earth rainfall climatology | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-16

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_rainfall_climatology


00:05:06 1 Role in Köppen climate classification
00:08:23 2 Africa
00:10:12 3 Asia
00:11:55 4 Australia
00:13:12 5 Europe
00:16:14 6 North America
00:16:23 6.1 Canada
00:17:29 6.2 Mexico
00:20:53 6.3 United States
00:23:31 7 South America
00:25:53 8 Urban heat island impacts
00:27:22 9 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Earth rainfall climatology Is the study of rainfall, a sub-field of Meteorology. Formally, a wider study includes water falling as ice crystals, i.e. hail, sleet, snow (parts of the hydrological cycle known as precipitation). 
The aim of rainfall climatology is to measure, understand and predict rain distribution across different regions of planet Earth, a factor of air pressure, humidity, topography, cloud type and raindrop size, via direct measurement and remote sensing data acquisition. Current technologies accurately predict rainfall 3–4 days in advance using numerical weather prediction. Geostationary orbiting satellites gather IR and visual wavelength data to measure realtime localised rainfall by estimating cloud albedo, water content, and the corresponding probability of rain.
Geographic distribution of rain is largely governed by climate type, topography and habitat humidity. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation.  On the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating.  The movement of the monsoon trough, or intertropical convergence zone, brings rainy seasons to savannah climes.  The urban heat island effect leads to increased rainfall, both in amounts and intensity, downwind of cities.  Global warming may also cause changes in the precipitation pattern globally, including wetter conditions at high latitudes and in some wet tropical areas, and drier conditions in parts of the subtropics and middle latitudes.  Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the planet. Approximately 505,000 cubic kilometres (121,000 cu mi) of water falls as precipitation each year; 398,000 cubic kilometres (95,000 cu mi) of it over the oceans. Given the Earth's surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres (39 in).  Climate classification systems such as the Köppen climate classification system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes.
Most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, making it the world's driest continent.  Australia's rainfall is mainly regulated by the movement of the alien monsoon trough during the summer rainy season, with lesser amounts falling during the winter and spring in its southernmost sections. Almost whole North Africa is semi-arid, arid or hyper-arid, containing the Sahara Desert which is the largest hot desert in the world, while central Africa (known as Sub-Saharan Africa) sees an annual rainy season regulated by the movement of the intertropical convergence zone or monsoon trough, though the Sahel Belt located at the south of the Sahara Desert knows an extremely intense and a nearly permanent dry season and only receives minimum summer rainfall. Across Asia, a large annual rainfall minimum, composed primarily of deserts, stretches from the Gobi Desert in Mongolia west-southwest through Pakistan and Iran into the Arabian Desert in Saudi Arabia.  In Asia, rainfall is favored across its southern portion from India east and northeast across the Philippines and southern China into Japan due to the monsoon advecting moisture primarily from the Indian Ocean into the region.  Similar, but weaker, monsoon circulations are present over North America and Au ...