Obesity vs smoking in cases of cancer
Channel: Know Knowledge
Date: 2019-07-03

Obesity now causes more cases of four common cancers in the UK than smoking, according to a charity.

Cancer Research UK says bowel, kidney, ovarian and liver cancers are more likely to have been caused by being overweight than by smoking tobacco.

It says millions are at risk of cancer because of their weight and that obese people outnumber smokers two to one.

But its new billboard campaign highlighting the obesity-cancer risk has been criticised for fat-shaming.

It is not the first time the charity has been accused of fat-shaming.

In February, comedian and campaigner Sofie Hagen took to Twitter to criticise the campaign.

One Twitter user, @KenLynch73, said linking obesity with cigarette-style branding was a new low.

Cancer Research UK says it is not about blaming people for being overweight.

Nor is it suggesting that smoking and obesity are directly comparable in terms of cancer risk. Both increase a person's risk.

But it says being overweight or obese causes around 22,800 cases of cancer each year, compared to smoking which causes 54,300. For the four highlighted cancers:-

Bowel - Of around 42,000 new cases, being overweight or obese causes 4,800, smoking 2,900
Kidney - 12,900 in total; being overweight or obese causes 2,900, smoking 1,600
Liver - 5,900 in total; being overweight or obese causes 1,300 cases, smoking 1,200
Ovarian - 7,500 in total; being overweight or obese causes 490 cases per year, smoking 25
Smoking remains the UK's leading preventable cause of cancer overall. Obesity ranks second, says CRUK.

But while smoking rates are decreasing, obesity is increasing, which health experts agree is concerning.

Their warning comes as Tory leadership contender Boris Johnson vowed to not to extend the sugar tax without a review.

When asked about plans to extend the tax on soft drinks to milkshakes, Mr Johnson mocked his own weight and said he was "very, very reluctant" to imposes taxes that "clobber those who can least afford it".

He suggested we "encourage people to walk, cycle and generally do more exercise".

Just over one in four UK adults are obese.

In the UK, there are about:

13.4 million obese adults who do not smoke
6.3 million adult smokers who are not obese
1.5 million obese adult smokers
While the link between obesity and cancer is well established, the biological mechanisms behind it are not yet fully understood.

Fat cells make extra hormones and growth factors that tell cells in the body to divide more often. This increases the chance of cancerous cells being made.

Physical activity probably plays a role too, experts say.

Being overweight or obese does not mean a person will definitely develop cancer but it does raise their risk.

And this risk is higher the more weight a person gains and the longer they are overweight for.

According to Cancer Research UK, 13 different cancers are linked to obesity: • breast (in women after the menopause) • bowel • pancreatic • oesophageal (food pipe) • liver • kidney • upper stomach • gallbladder • womb • ovarian • thyroid • multiple myeloma (blood cancer) • meningioma (brain cancer)

The link between obesity and cancer is in adults only, although a healthy weight is important for children too.

Each year in the UK, the charity says, excess weight causes about:

- 1,900 more cases of bowel cancer than smoking
- 1,400 more cases of kidney cancer
- 460 more cases of ovarian cancer
- 180 more cases of liver cancer

Prof Linda Bauld, Cancer Research UK's prevention expert, said the government should do more to tackle the UK's obesity problem.

The government had been slow to restrict unhealthy food and drink ads, the British Medical Association said.

"While we are very much aware of the health risks associated with smoking, less effort has been thrown behind tackling obesity, which is now a major cause of cancer," it said,

NHS England chief executive Simon Stevens said: "The NHS can't win the 'battle against the bulge' on its own.

"Families, food businesses and government all need to play their part if we're to avoid copying America's damaging and costly example."

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