Evolution of eusociality | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-10

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_eusociality


00:01:43 1 Overview of eusociality
00:03:30 2 Early hypotheses
00:05:51 3 Current theories
00:06:01 3.1 Haplodiploidy/Kin selection
00:07:08 3.2 Monogamy
00:08:31 3.3 Inbreeding
00:08:40 3.4 Termites
00:10:40 3.5 Pre-conditions
00:10:49 3.6 Ecological factors
00:11:36 3.7 Genetic influences
00:11:45 4 Mechanisms
00:13:02 4.1 Manipulation
00:13:12 4.2 Group selection
00:13:57 5 References
00:14:07 Ecological factors were also probably a precursor to eusociality.  For example, the sponge-dwelling shrimp depend upon the sponge's feeding current for food, termites depend upon dead, decaying wood, and naked mole rats depend upon tubers in the ground. Each of these resources has patchy distributions throughout the environments of these animals.  This means there is a high cost to dispersing (individual may not find another source before it starves), and these resources must be defended for the group to survive.  These requirements make it a necessity to have high social order for the survival of the group.
00:14:56 Genetic influences
00:15:06 Genetic constraints may have influenced the evolution of eusociality. The genome structure of the order Hymenoptera has been found to have the highest recombination rates of any other groups in Animalia. The eusocial genus Apis, the honeybees, have the highest recombination rate in higher eukaryotes. Genes determining worker behavior and division of labor have been found in regions of the Apis genome with the highest rates of recombination and molecular evolution. These mechanisms are likely important to the evolution of eusociality because high recombination rates are associated with the creation of novel genes, upon which natural selection can act. This could have been important in other eusocial genera. Biased gene conversion rates are also higher in eusocial species. This could increase genotypic diversity, which could allow workers to meet the demands of a changing social structure more easily. Another hypothesis is that the lower overall genetic diversity as eusociality levels increase throughout the family Apidaeis due to a decreased exposure to parasites and pathogens.
00:16:30 Mechanisms
00:16:40 === Manipulation
00:16:54 Eusociality appears to be maintained through manipulation of the sterile workers by the queen. The mechanisms for this include hormonal control through pheromones, restricting food to young in order to control their size, consumption of any eggs laid by females other than the queen, and behavioral dominance.  In naked mole rats, this behavioral dominance occurs in the form of the queen facing the worker head-to-head, and shoving it throughout the tunnels of the naked mole rats' burrow for quite a distance.
00:17:34 Group selection



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SUMMARY
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Eusociality evolved repeatedly in different orders of animals, particularly the Hymenoptera (the wasps, bees, and ants). This 'true sociality' in animals, in which sterile individuals work to further the reproductive success of others, is found in termites, ambrosia beetles, gall-dwelling aphids, thrips, marine sponge-dwelling shrimp (Synalpheus regalis), naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber), and the insect order Hymenoptera (which includes bees, wasps, and ants). The fact that eusociality has evolved so often in the Hymenoptera (between 8 and 11 times), but remains rare throughout the rest of the animal kingdom, has made its evolution a topic of debate among evolutionary biologists. Eusocial organisms at first appear to behave in stark contrast with simple interpretations of Darwinian evolution: passing on one’s genes to the next generation, or fitness, is a central idea in evolutionary biology.
Current theories propose that the evolution of eusociality occurred either du ...