Copper alloys in aquaculture | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-07-02

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_alloys_in_aquaculture


00:02:13 1 Importance of aquaculture
00:03:01 2 The problem of biofouling
00:07:38 3 Antifouling properties of copper alloys
00:09:11 4 Corrosion behavior of copper alloys
00:09:51 5 Early examples of copper sheathing
00:10:47 6 Environmental performance of copper alloy mesh
00:11:19 7 Types of copper alloys
00:12:46 7.1 Copper–zinc alloys
00:13:35 7.2 Copper–nickel alloys
00:14:58 7.3 Copper–silicon alloys
00:16:58 8 See also



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SUMMARY
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Copper alloys are important netting materials in aquaculture (the farming of aquatic organisms including fish farming). Various other materials including nylon, polyester, polypropylene, polyethylene, plastic-coated welded wire, rubber, patented twine products (Spectra, Dyneema), and galvanized steel are also used for netting in aquaculture fish enclosures around the world. All of these materials are selected for a variety of reasons, including design feasibility, material strength, cost, and corrosion resistance.
What sets copper alloys apart from the other materials used in fish farming is that copper alloys are antimicrobial, that is, they destroy bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, and other microbes. (For information about the antimicrobial properties of copper and its alloys, see Antimicrobial properties of copper and Antimicrobial copper alloy touch surfaces).
In the marine environment, the antimicrobial/algaecidal properties of copper alloys prevent biofouling, which can briefly be described as the undesirable accumulation, adhesion, and growth of microorganisms, plants, algae, tube worms, barnacles, mollusks, and other organisms on man-made marine structures. By inhibiting microbial growth, copper alloy aquaculture pens avoid the need for costly net changes that are necessary with other materials. The resistance of organism growth on copper alloy nets also provides a cleaner and healthier environment for farmed fish to grow and thrive.
In addition to their antifouling benefits, copper alloys have strong structural and corrosion-resistant properties in marine environments.
It is the combination of all of these properties – antifouling, high strength, and corrosion resistance – that has made copper alloys a desirable material for such marine applications as condenser tubing, water intake screens, ship hulls, offshore structure, and sheathing. In the past 25 years or so, the benefits of copper alloys have caught the attention of the marine aquaculture industry. The industry is now actively deploying copper alloy netting and structural materials in commercial large-scale fish farming operations around the world.