State of nature | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-14

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_nature


00:01:26 1 Noted philosophers
00:01:36 1.1 Mozi
00:03:44 1.2 Thomas Hobbes
00:06:08 1.3 John Locke
00:08:07 1.4 Montesquieu
00:09:15 1.5 Jean-Jacques Rousseau
00:10:04 1.6 David Hume
00:11:28 1.7 John Calhoun
00:13:18 1.8 John Rawls
00:14:27 1.9 Robert Nozick
00:15:05 2 Between nations
00:16:50 3 Ungoverned spaces and extralegal groups
00:18:34 4 See also



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"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
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The state of nature is a concept used in moral and political philosophy, religion, social contract theories and international law to denote the hypothetical conditions of what the lives of people might have been like before societies came into existence. Philosophers of the state of nature theory deduce that there must have been a time before organized societies existed, and this presumption thus raises questions such as: "What was life like before civil society?"; "How did government first emerge from such a starting position?," and; "What are the hypothetical reasons for entering a state of society by establishing a nation-state?". 
In some versions of social contract theory, there are no rights in the state of nature, only freedoms, and it is the contract that creates rights and obligations. In other versions the opposite occurs: the contract imposes restrictions upon individuals that curtail their natural rights.
Societies existing before or without a political state are currently studied in such fields as paleolithic history, and the anthropological subfields of archaeology, cultural anthropology, social anthropology, and ethnology, which investigate the social and power-related structures of indigenous and uncontacted peoples living in tribal communities.