Chemical defense | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: Subhajit Sahu
Date: 2018-12-28

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_defense


00:01:09 1 Prokaryotes and fungi
00:03:12 2 Plants
00:04:18 3 Animals
00:04:27 3.1 Invertebrates
00:05:54 3.2 Vertebrates
00:06:36 3.2.1 Mammals
00:07:14 4 See also



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Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-B


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SUMMARY
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Chemical defense is a life history strategy employed by many organisms to avoid consumption by producing toxic or repellent metabolites. The production of defensive chemicals occurs in plants, fungi, and bacteria, as well as invertebrate and vertebrate animals. The class of chemicals produced by organisms that are considered defensive may be considered in a strict sense to only apply to those aiding an organism in escaping herbivory or predation. However, the distinction between types of chemical interaction is subjective and defensive chemicals may also be considered to protect against reduced fitness by pests, parasites, and competitors. Many chemicals used for defensive purposes are secondary metabolites derived from primary metabolites which serve a physiological purpose in the organism. Secondary metabolites produced by plants are consumed and sequestered by a variety of arthropods and, in turn, toxins found in some amphibians, snakes, and even birds can be traced back to arthropod prey. There are a variety of special cases for considering mammalian antipredatory adaptations as chemical defenses as well.