Human genetic engineering | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-07-04

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy


00:01:18 1 Background
00:06:29 2 Cell types
00:06:43 2.1 Somatic
00:07:59 2.2 Germline
00:09:00 3 Vectors
00:09:29 3.1 Viruses
00:10:45 3.2 Non-viral
00:11:34 4 Hurdles
00:14:29 4.1 Deaths
00:15:21 5 History
00:15:30 5.1 1970s and earlier
00:16:02 5.2 1980s
00:16:22 5.3 1990s
00:20:17 5.4 2000s
00:21:31 5.4.1 2002
00:22:37 5.4.2 2003
00:23:37 5.4.3 2006
00:26:00 5.4.4 2007
00:26:25 5.4.5 2008
00:27:14 5.4.6 2009
00:27:46 5.5 2010s
00:27:56 5.5.1 2010
00:29:53 5.5.2 2011
00:31:43 5.5.3 2012
00:33:22 5.5.4 2013
00:36:18 5.5.5 2014
00:37:33 5.5.6 2015
00:39:44 5.5.7 2016
00:41:20 5.5.8 2017
00:43:12 5.5.9 2018
00:43:21 5.5.10 2019
00:44:18 6 Speculative uses
00:44:33 6.1 Gene doping
00:45:13 6.2 Human genetic engineering
00:47:51 7 Regulations
00:49:06 7.1 United States
00:51:40 8 Popular culture



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
Speaking Rate: 0.8791982798101098
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C


"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
In the medicine field gene therapy (also called human gene transfer) is the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease.  The first attempt at modifying human DNA was performed in 1980 by Martin Cline, but the first successful nuclear gene transfer in humans, approved by the National Institutes of Health, was performed in May 1989. The first therapeutic use of gene transfer as well as the first direct insertion of human DNA into the nuclear genome was performed by French Anderson in a trial starting in September 1990.
Between 1989 and February 2016, over 2,300 clinical trials were conducted, with more than half of them in phase I.
Not all medical procedures that introduce alterations to a patient's genetic makeup can be considered gene therapy. Bone marrow transplantation and organ transplants in general have been found to introduce foreign DNA into patients. Gene therapy is defined by the precision of the procedure and the intention of direct therapeutic effect.