Horizontal gene transfer | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-27

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer


00:01:48 1 History
00:05:18 2 Mechanisms
00:06:35 2.1 Horizontal transposon transfer
00:11:09 3 Methods of detection
00:11:49 4 Viruses
00:12:52 5 Prokaryotes
00:14:52 5.1 Bacterial transformation
00:16:39 5.2 Bacterial conjugation
00:17:44 5.3 Archaeal DNA transfer
00:20:19 6 Eukaryotes
00:20:49 6.1 Organelle to nuclear genome
00:21:23 6.2 Bacteria to fungi
00:21:41 6.3 Bacteria to plants
00:22:06 6.4 Endosymbiont to insects and nematodes
00:22:37 6.5 Organelle to organelle
00:23:00 6.6 Plant to plant
00:23:35 6.7 Fungi to insects
00:24:04 6.8 Human to protozoan
00:24:23 6.9 Bacteria to insects
00:24:46 6.10 Viruses to plants
00:25:04 6.11 Human genome
00:25:34 6.12 Bacteria to animals
00:27:01 6.13 Plants to animals
00:27:34 6.14 Plant-fungus
00:27:52 7 Artificial horizontal gene transfer
00:28:36 8 Importance in evolution
00:31:13 8.1 Challenge to the tree of life
00:32:53 8.2 Phylogenetic information in HGT
00:33:20 8.3 The chromosomal organization of horizontal gene transfer
00:35:03 8.4 Genes
00:36:01 9 See also
00:36:10 10 Sources and notes
00:36:20 11 Further reading



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SUMMARY
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Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) is the movement of genetic material between unicellular and/or multicellular organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring (reproduction).  HGT is an important factor in the evolution of many organisms.Horizontal gene transfer is the primary mechanism for the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, and plays an important role in the evolution of bacteria that can degrade novel compounds such as human-created pesticides and in the evolution, maintenance, and transmission of virulence. It often involves temperate bacteriophages and plasmids. Genes responsible for antibiotic resistance in one species of bacteria can be transferred to another species of bacteria through various mechanisms of HGT such as transformation, transduction and conjugation, subsequently arming the antibiotic resistant genes' recipient against antibiotics. The rapid spread of antibiotic resistance genes in this manner is becoming medically challenging to deal with. Ecological factors may also play a role in the LGT of antibiotic resistant genes. It is also postulated that HGT promotes the maintenance of a universal life biochemistry and, subsequently, the universality of the genetic code.Most thinking in genetics has focused upon vertical transfer, but the importance of horizontal gene transfer among single-cell organisms is beginning to be acknowledged.Gene delivery can be seen as an artificial horizontal gene transfer, and is a form of genetic engineering.