Reformation | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-20

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation


00:06:45 1 Origins and early history
00:06:55 1.1 Earlier reform movements
00:11:00 1.2 Magisterial Reformation
00:14:51 1.3 Radical Reformation
00:16:05 1.4 Literacy
00:18:25 1.5 Causes of the Reformation
00:20:30 2 Reformation in Germany
00:25:12 3 Reformation outside Germany
00:25:34 3.1 Austria
00:26:13 3.2 Czech Lands
00:26:31 3.2.1 Jan Hus
00:27:10 3.2.2 Hussite movement
00:28:50 3.3 Switzerland
00:29:12 3.3.1 Huldrych Zwingli
00:32:30 3.3.2 John Calvin
00:34:58 3.4 Nordic countries
00:35:34 3.4.1 Sweden
00:36:44 3.4.2 Finland
00:36:52 3.4.3 Denmark
00:38:00 3.4.4 Faroe Islands
00:38:09 3.4.5 Iceland
00:39:27 3.5 England
00:39:36 3.5.1 Church of England
00:44:26 3.5.2 English dissenters
00:48:35 3.6 Wales
00:49:37 3.7 Scotland
00:51:14 3.8 Estonia
00:51:23 3.9 Ethiopia
00:51:31 3.10 France
00:56:52 3.11 Spain
01:01:29 3.12 Portugal
01:01:49 3.13 Netherlands
01:02:52 3.14 Belgium
01:03:45 3.15 Latvia
01:03:54 3.16 Luxembourg
01:04:15 3.17 Hungary
01:08:20 3.18 Romania
01:08:59 3.19 Ukraine
01:09:23 3.20 Belarus
01:09:43 3.21 Ireland
01:11:31 3.22 Italy
01:13:37 3.23 Poland and Lithuania
01:16:38 3.24 Moldova
01:17:05 3.25 Slovenia
01:17:44 3.26 Slovakia
01:18:31 3.27 Croatia
01:18:44 3.28 Serbia
01:18:57 3.29 Greece
01:20:40 3.30 Ottoman Empire
01:20:49 4 Spread
01:21:59 5 Conclusion and legacy
01:24:11 5.1 Thirty Years' War: 1618–1648
01:26:30 5.2 Consequences of the Reformation
01:26:55 5.2.1 Human capital formation
01:27:32 5.2.2 Protestant ethic
01:28:10 5.2.3 Economic development
01:28:44 5.2.4 Governance
01:29:47 5.2.5 Negative outcomes
01:30:44 5.3 Historiography
01:31:47 5.4 Music and art
01:35:34 6 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
The Reformation (more fully the Protestant Reformation, or the European Reformation) was a movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe. Although the Reformation is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517, there was no schism until the 1521 Edict of Worms. The edicts of the Diet condemned Luther and officially banned citizens of the Holy Roman Empire from defending or propagating his ideas. The end of the Reformation era is disputed, it could be considered to end with the enactment of the confessions of faith which began the Age of Orthodoxy. Other suggested ending years relate to the Counter-Reformation, the Peace of Westphalia, or that it never ended since there are still Protestants today.
Movements had been made towards a Reformation prior to Luther, so some Protestants in the tradition of the Radical Reformation prefer to credit the start of the Reformation to reformers such as Arnold of Brescia, Peter Waldo, Jan Hus, Tomáš Štítný ze Štítného, John Wycliffe, and Girolamo Savonarola. Due to the reform efforts of Huss and others in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, Utraquist Hussitism was officially acknowledged by both the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor, although other movements were still subject to persecution, as were the including Lollards in England and Waldensians in Italy and France.
Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Treasury of Merit had no foundation in the Bible. The Reformation developed further to include a distinction between Law and Gospel, a complete reliance on Scripture as the only source of proper doctrine (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus is the only way to receive God's pardon for sin (sola fide) rather than good works. Although this is generally considered a Protestant belief, a similar formulation was taught by Molinist and Jansenist Catholics. The priesthood of all believers downplayed the need for saints or priests to serve as mediators, and ...