Ecosystem services | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-02

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Ecosystem services


00:01:05 1 History
00:03:33 2 Definition
00:04:35 3 Four categories
00:05:03 3.1 Supporting services
00:05:27 3.2 Provisioning services
00:06:20 3.3 Regulating services
00:06:43 3.4 Cultural services
00:08:35 4 Examples
00:12:48 5 Ecology
00:16:03 5.1 Redundancy hypothesis
00:17:36 5.2 Portfolio effect
00:18:43 6 Economics
00:21:59 7 Management and policy
00:25:51 7.1 Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA)
00:27:51 8 Estuarine and coastal ecosystem services
00:29:29 8.1 Regulating services
00:29:55 8.1.1 Climate regulation
00:30:54 8.1.2 Waste treatment and disease regulation
00:31:48 8.1.3 Buffer zones
00:32:45 8.2 Provisioning Services
00:33:02 8.2.1 Marine products
00:33:53 8.2.2 Fresh water
00:34:26 8.2.3 Raw materials
00:35:29 8.2.4 Biochemical and genetic resources
00:36:29 8.3 Cultural services
00:36:50 8.3.1 Inspirational
00:37:33 8.3.2 Recreation and tourism
00:38:00 8.3.3 Science and education
00:38:33 8.4 Supporting services
00:39:00 8.4.1 Nutrient cycling
00:39:48 8.4.2 Biologically mediated habitats
00:40:39 8.4.3 Primary production
00:41:09 9 Businessworld
00:43:52 10 Land use change decisions



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SUMMARY
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Ecosystem services are the many and varied benefits that humans freely gain from the natural environment and from properly-functioning ecosystems. Such ecosystems include, for example, agroecosystems, forest ecosystems, grassland ecosystems and aquatic ecosystems. Collectively, these benefits are becoming known as 'ecosystem services', and are often integral to the provisioning of clean drinking water, the decomposition of wastes, and the natural pollination of crops and other plants.
While scientists and environmentalists have discussed ecosystem services implicitly for decades, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) in the early 2000s popularized the concept. There, ecosystem services are grouped into four broad categories: provisioning, such as the production of food and water; regulating, such as the control of climate and disease; supporting, such as nutrient cycles and oxygen production; and cultural, such as spiritual and recreational benefits. To help inform decision-makers, many ecosystem services are being assigned economic values.