Pope Innocent III | Wikipedia audio article
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Date: 2018-11-26

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Pope Innocent III

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SUMMARY
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Pope Innocent III (Latin: Innocentius III; 1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216), born  Lotario dei Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni) reigned from 8 January 1198 to his death in 1216. 
Pope Innocent  was one of the most powerful and influential of the medieval popes. He exerted a wide influence over the Christian states of Europe, claiming supremacy over all of Europe's kings. 
He was central in supporting the Catholic Church's reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his decretals and the Fourth Lateran Council. This resulted in a considerable refinement of Western canon law.
He is furthermore notable for using interdict and other censures to compel princes to obey his decisions, although these measures were not uniformly successful. 
Innocent greatly extended the scope of the crusades, directing crusades against Muslim Spain and the Holy Land as well as the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars in southern France.
He organized the Fourth Crusade of 1202–1204, which ended in the disastrous sack of Constantinople.  Although the attack on Constantinople went against his explicit orders, and the Crusaders were subsequently excommunicated, Innocent reluctantly accepted this result, seeing it as the will of God to reunite the Latin and Orthodox Churches. 
In the event, the sack of Constantinople and the subsequent period of Frankokratia led to an increase in the hostility between the Latin and Greek churches. The Byzantine empire was restored in 1261 but it never regained its former strength until its final destruction in 1453.