Phrenology | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenology


00:01:23 1 Mental faculties
00:02:29 2 Method
00:04:28 3 History
00:15:30 4 Application
00:15:39 4.1 Racism
00:16:58 4.2 Education
00:17:54 4.3 Criminology
00:19:36 4.4 Psychiatry
00:20:25 4.5 Psychology
00:21:09 5 Reception
00:21:18 5.1 Britain
00:22:25 5.2 France
00:23:26 5.3 Ireland
00:24:46 5.4 United States
00:26:17 6 Specific phrenological modules
00:26:29 6.1 Propensities
00:27:11 6.2 Sentiments
00:27:54 6.3 Intellectual faculties
00:28:33 6.4 Reflecting faculties
00:28:54 7 In popular culture



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- Socrates


SUMMARY
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Phrenology (from Ancient Greek  φρήν (phrēn), meaning 'mind', and  λόγος (logos), meaning 'knowledge') is a pseudoscience which involves the measurement of bumps on the skull to predict mental  traits. It is based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules. Although both of those ideas have a basis in reality, phrenology extrapolated beyond empirical knowledge in a way that departed from science. The central phrenological notion that measuring the contour of the skull can predict personality traits is discredited by empirical research. Developed by German physician Franz Joseph Gall in 1796, the discipline was influential in the 19th century, especially from about 1810 until 1840. The principal British centre for phrenology was Edinburgh, where the Edinburgh Phrenological Society was established in 1820.
Phrenology is today recognized as pseudoscience. The methodological rigor of phrenology was doubtful even for the standards of its time, since many authors already regarded phrenology as pseudoscience in the 19th century. Phrenological thinking was influential in the psychiatry and psychology of the 19th century. Gall's assumption that character, thoughts, and emotions are located in specific parts of the brain is considered an important historical advance toward neuropsychology.