Higher doctorate | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-02

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate


00:02:15 1 History
00:02:24 1.1 Middle Ages
00:04:35 1.2 17th and 18th centuries
00:07:22 1.3 Modern times
00:11:58 2 Types
00:12:31 2.1 Research doctorate
00:15:37 2.2 Licentiate
00:17:05 2.3 Higher doctorate and post-doctoral degrees
00:19:54 2.4 Professional doctorate
00:23:59 2.5 Honorary doctorate
00:24:41 3 National variations
00:24:51 3.1 Argentina
00:25:58 3.2 Brazil
00:30:22 3.3 Denmark
00:31:40 3.4 Egypt
00:33:06 3.5 Finland
00:39:15 3.6 France
00:44:15 3.7 Germany
00:49:02 3.8 India
00:49:43 3.9 Italy
00:52:56 3.10 Japan
00:53:05 3.10.1 Dissertation-only
00:54:29 3.10.2 Professional degree
00:55:12 3.11 Netherlands and Flanders
01:01:30 3.12 Russia
01:02:31 3.13 Spain
01:06:48 3.14 United Kingdom
01:06:57 3.14.1 History of the UK doctorate
01:08:53 3.14.2 British doctorates today
01:11:47 3.14.3 Subject specialist doctorates
01:14:30 3.14.4 Higher doctorates
01:16:57 3.14.5 Honorary degrees
01:17:39 3.15 United States
01:19:18 3.15.1 Research degrees
01:22:11 3.15.2 Professional degrees
01:24:00 4 Revocation
01:24:27 5 See also



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SUMMARY
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A doctorate (from Latin docere, "to teach") or doctor's degree (from Latin doctor, "teacher") or doctoral degree, is an academic degree awarded by universities, derived from the ancient formalism licentia docendi ("licence to teach"). In most countries, it is a research degree that qualifies the holder to teach at university level in the degree's field, or to work in a specific profession. There are a number of doctoral degrees; the most common is the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), which is awarded in many different fields, ranging from the humanities to scientific disciplines.
In the United States and some other countries, there are also some types of technical or professional degrees that include doctor in their name and are, in some of those countries, classified as doctorates. 
In some countries like China and Japan, the word "doctorate" is practically indistinguishable from "PhD" in most contexts. In disciplines such as education, engineering and pharmacology where professional degrees EdD, EngD and PharmD are usually awarded in the western countries, a doctorate degree recipient is called a PhD regardless. Even though the name of the degree could be, literally, Doctorate of Science in Engineering or Doctorate in Biochemistry in its native language, it is not uncommon that the degree holder's title or diploma be officially translated into English as PhD in (that discipline). In these countries, the distinction between professional doctorates and PhDs is less significant.
Professional doctorates historically came about to meet the needs of practitioners in a variety of disciplines. However, the necessity of these degrees may vary greatly across disciplines, making their significance unclear.
Many universities also award honorary doctorates to individuals deemed worthy of special recognition, either for scholarly work or for other contributions to the university or to society.