Biology of bipolar disorder | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 06/06/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_of_bipolar_disorder


00:01:16 1 Etiology
00:01:26 1.1 Genetic
00:05:35 1.2 Environmental
00:06:45 1.3 Neurological Disorders
00:07:36 2 Pathophysiology
00:07:46 2.1 Neurobiological and Neuroanatomical Models
00:14:03 2.2 Neurocognition
00:18:23 2.3 Neuroimaging
00:18:32 2.3.1 Structural
00:25:23 2.3.2 Functional
00:31:23 2.3.3 Frontal cortex
00:33:48 2.4 Neurochemistry
00:33:57 2.4.1 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
00:35:38 2.4.2 Monoamines
00:39:23 2.4.3 Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
00:40:35 2.4.4 Neurotrophic Factors
00:40:52 2.5 Intracellular Signaling
00:45:03 2.6 Mitochondrial Dysfunction
00:45:58 2.7 Neuropathology
00:48:25 2.8 Immune Dysfunction



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SUMMARY
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Bipolar disorder is an affective disorder characterized by periods of elevated and depressed mood.  The cause and mechanism of bipolar disorder is unknown, and the study of its biological origins is ongoing.  Although no single gene causes the disorder, a number of genes are linked to increase risk of the disorder, and various gene environment interactions may play a role in predisposing individuals to developing bipolar disorder.  Neuroimaging and postmortem studies have found abnormalities in a variety of brain regions, and most commonly implicated regions include the ventral prefrontal cortex and amygdala.  Dysfunction in emotional circuits located in these regions have been hypothesized as a mechanism for bipolar disorder.  A number of lines of evidence suggests abnormalities in neurotransmission, intracellular signalling, and cellular functioning as possibly playing a role in bipolar disorder.  Studies of bipolar disorder, particularly neuroimaging studies, are vulnerable to the confounding effects such as medication, comorbidity, and small sample size, leading to underpowered independent studies, and significant heterogeneity.