Coral | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-07

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Coral


00:01:54 1 Taxonomy
00:03:44 2 Anatomy
00:04:45 2.1 Soft corals
00:05:48 2.2 Stony corals
00:06:47 3 Ecology
00:06:56 3.1 Feeding
00:07:53 3.2 Intracellular symbionts
00:09:58 4 Reproduction
00:10:22 4.1 Sexual
00:10:42 4.1.1 Broadcasters
00:11:56 4.1.2 Brooders
00:12:27 4.1.3 Planulae
00:13:14 4.2 Asexual
00:14:40 4.3 Colony division
00:15:23 5 Reefs
00:16:51 6 Evolutionary history
00:18:55 7 Status
00:19:04 7.1 Threats
00:21:14 7.2 Protection
00:22:01 8 Relation to humans
00:22:33 8.1 Jewelry
00:23:48 8.2 Medicine
00:24:33 8.3 Construction
00:25:07 8.4 Climate research
00:27:57 8.4.1 Geochemistry
00:28:29 8.4.1.1 Strontium/calcium ratio anomaly
00:28:52 8.4.1.2 Oxygen isotope anomaly
00:29:50 8.4.1.3 Sea surface temperature and sea surface salinity
00:31:06 8.4.1.4 Limited climate research on current species
00:31:43 8.5 Aquaria
00:32:49 8.6 Aquaculture
00:33:42 9 Gallery



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SUMMARY
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Corals are marine invertebrates within the class Anthozoa of the phylum Cnidaria. They typically live in compact colonies of many identical individual polyps. Corals species include the important reef builders that inhabit tropical oceans and secrete calcium carbonate to form a hard skeleton.
A coral "group" is a colony of myriad genetically identical polyps. Each polyp is a sac-like animal typically only a few millimeters in diameter and a few centimeters in length. A set of tentacles surround a central mouth opening. An exoskeleton is excreted near the base. Over many generations, the colony thus creates a large skeleton characteristic of the species. Individual heads grow by asexual reproduction of polyps. Corals also breed sexually by spawning: polyps of the same species release gametes simultaneously over a period of one to several nights around a full moon.
Although some corals are able to catch small fish and plankton using stinging cells on their tentacles, most corals obtain the majority of their energy and nutrients from photosynthetic unicellular dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium that live within their tissues. These are commonly known as zooxanthellae. Such corals require sunlight and grow in clear, shallow water, typically at depths less than 60 metres (200 ft). Corals are major contributors to the physical structure of the coral reefs that develop in tropical and subtropical waters, such as the enormous Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Queensland, Australia.
Other corals do not rely on zooxanthellae and can live in much deeper water, with the cold-water genus Lophelia surviving as deep as 3,300 metres (10,800 ft). Some have been found on the Darwin Mounds, north-west of Cape Wrath, Scotland, and others as far north as off the coast of Washington State and the Aleutian Islands.