Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-04

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution


00:01:10 1 Text
00:02:03 2 Background
00:02:12 2.1 Original composition
00:04:39 2.2 Issues
00:08:19 2.3 Calls for reform
00:14:28 3 Proposal and ratification
00:14:38 3.1 Proposal in Congress
00:16:11 3.2 Ratification by the states
00:19:26 4 Effect
00:21:44 4.1 Filling vacancies
00:22:21 4.2 First direct elections to the Senate
00:24:00 4.3 Interpretation and advocacy for reform or repeal



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SUMMARY
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The Seventeenth Amendment (Amendment XVII) to the United States Constitution established the popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states. The amendment supersedes Article I, §3, Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution, under which senators were elected by state legislatures. It also alters the procedure for filling vacancies in the Senate, allowing for state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held.
The amendment was proposed by the 62nd Congress in 1912 and became part of the Constitution on April 8, 1913 on ratification by three-fourths (36) of the state legislatures. Sitting Senators were not affected by the Amendment's provisions until their existing terms expired, so the Amendment took six years to fully implement.  The transition began with two special elections in 1913 and 1914 - the first in Maryland and the second in Alabama. The transition then began in earnest with the November 1914 election, and was complete on 4 March 1919 when the Senators chosen at the November 1918 election took office.