Universals (metaphysics) | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-29

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_universals


00:01:08 1 Ancient philosophy
00:01:17 1.1 Plato
00:02:16 1.2 Aristotle
00:03:28 2 Medieval philosophy
00:03:37 2.1 Boethius
00:04:19 2.2 Duns Scotus
00:04:39 2.3 Ockham
00:05:02 2.4 Medieval realism
00:05:38 2.5 Medieval nominalism
00:05:59 3 Modern and contemporary philosophy
00:06:09 3.1 Mill
00:07:51 3.2 Peirce
00:09:08 3.3 James
00:10:39 3.4 Weaver
00:11:11 3.5 Cocchiarella
00:11:56 3.6 Armstrong
00:12:56 3.7 Penrose
00:13:24 4 Positions
00:14:55 4.1 Realism
00:16:28 4.2 Nominalism
00:17:40 4.3 Conceptualism
00:18:20 4.4 Transcendental idealism
00:19:15 5 See also
00:19:46 6 Notes
00:19:55 7 References and further reading
00:22:42 8 External links



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SUMMARY
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In metaphysics, the problem of universals refers to the question of whether properties exist, and if so, what they are. Properties are qualities or relations that two or more entities have in common. The various kinds of properties, such as qualities and relations, are referred to as universals. For instance, one can imagine three cup holders on a table that have in common the quality of being circular or exemplifying circularity, or two daughters that have in common being the female offsprings of Frank. There are many such properties, such as being human, red, male or female, liquid, big or small, taller than, father of, etc. While philosophers agree that human beings talk and think about properties, they disagree on whether these universals exist in reality or merely in thought and speech.
The problem of universals relates to a number of questions in close relation to not only metaphysics but, to logic and epistemology, all in efforts to understand how the thought of universals has a connection to those of singular properties.