One-child policy | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-04

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-child_policy


00:03:40 1 Background
00:08:08 2 History
00:11:48 2.1 Enforcement
00:11:57 2.1.1 Financial
00:12:48 2.1.2 Mandatory contraception and sterilization
00:13:57 2.2 Relaxation
00:17:55 2.3 Abolition
00:22:34 3 Administration
00:23:36 4 Effects
00:23:45 4.1 Fertility reduction: Debates over the roles of policy vs. socio-economic change
00:26:01 4.2 Disparity in sex ratio at birth
00:29:43 4.3 Education
00:30:11 4.4 Adoption and abandonment
00:32:42 4.5 Twins
00:33:11 4.6 Quality of life for women
00:35:36 4.7 Healthcare improvements
00:36:32 4.8 "Four-two-one" problem
00:37:51 4.9 Unregistered children
00:38:46 4.10 Potential social problems
00:41:07 4.11 Birth tourism
00:43:00 4.12 Sex-selective abortion
00:44:11 5 Criticism
00:44:35 5.1 Statement of the effect of the policy on birth reduction
00:47:47 5.2 Unequal enforcement
00:49:13 5.3 Human rights violations
00:52:58 5.4 Effect on infanticide rates
00:55:03 6 In popular culture
00:57:04 7 See also



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SUMMARY
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China's one-child policy was part of a birth planning program designed to control the size of its population. Distinct from the family planning policies of most other countries (which focus on providing contraceptive options to help women have the number of children they want), it set a limit on the number of children parents could have, the world's most extreme example of population planning. It was introduced in 1979 (after a decade-long two-child policy), modified in the mid 1980s to allow rural parents a second child if the first was a daughter, and then lasted three more decades before being eliminated at the end of 2015. The policy also allowed exceptions for some other groups, including ethnic minorities.  The term one-child policy is thus a misnomer, because for nearly 30 of the 37 years that it existed (1979–2015 included) about half of all parents in China were allowed to have a second child.  
Provincial governments could, and did, require the use of contraception, sterilizations and abortions to ensure compliance, and imposed enormous fines for violations.  Local and national governments created commissions to raise awareness and carry out registration and inspection work.  China also rewards families with only one child. From 1982 onwards, in accordance with the instructions on further family planning issued by the CPC central committee and the state council in that year, regulations awarded 5 yuan per month for only children. Parents who had one child would also get a "one-child glory certificate".According to the Chinese government, 400 million births were prevented, starting from 1970, a decade before the start of the one child policy. Some scholars have disputed this claim, with Martin King Whyte and Wang et al contending that the policy had little effect on population growth or the size of the total population. China has been compared to countries with similar socioeconomic development like Thailand and Iran, along with the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, which achieved similar declines of fertility without a one-child policy. However, a recent demographic study challenged these scholars by showing that China's low fertility was achieved two or three decades earlier than would be expected given its level of development, and that more than 500 million births were prevented between 1970 and 2015 (a calculation based on an alternative model of fertility decline proposed by the scholars themselves), some 400 million of which may have been due to one-child restrictions.  In addition, by 2060 China's birth planning policies may have averted as many as 1 billion people in China when one adds in all the eliminated descendants of the births originally averted by the policies. Although 76% of Chinese people sa ...