Social parasitism (biology) | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-03

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitism


00:02:48 1 Etymology
00:03:22 2 Evolutionary strategies
00:03:32 2.1 Basic concepts
00:06:20 2.2 Major strategies
00:07:19 2.2.1 Parasitic castrators
00:08:35 2.2.2 Directly transmitted
00:09:17 2.2.3 Trophically transmitted
00:10:28 2.2.4 Vector-transmitted
00:11:22 2.2.5 Parasitoids
00:12:47 2.2.6 Micropredators
00:13:28 2.3 Transmission strategies
00:13:56 2.4 Variations
00:14:17 2.4.1 Hyperparasitism
00:15:17 2.4.2 Social parasitism
00:16:27 2.4.3 Brood parasitism
00:17:13 2.4.4 Kleptoparasitism
00:17:54 2.4.5 Sexual parasitism
00:18:27 2.4.6 Adelphoparasitism
00:19:05 2.4.7 Illustrations
00:19:17 3 Taxonomic range
00:19:35 3.1 Animals
00:20:17 3.2 Plants
00:22:42 3.3 Fungi
00:23:35 3.4 Protozoa
00:24:00 3.5 Bacteria
00:25:07 3.6 Viruses
00:25:57 4 Evolutionary ecology
00:26:59 4.1 Coevolution
00:27:34 4.1.1 Coevolution favouring mutualism
00:28:48 4.1.2 Competition favoring virulence
00:29:57 4.1.3 Cospeciation
00:31:53 4.2 Modifying host behaviour
00:32:54 4.3 Trait loss
00:33:29 4.4 Host defences
00:34:34 4.4.1 Vertebrates
00:35:46 4.4.2 Insects
00:36:27 4.4.3 Plants
00:37:42 5 Biology and conservation
00:37:52 5.1 Ecology and parasitology
00:39:30 5.2 Rationale for conservation
00:40:58 5.3 Quantitative ecology
00:41:42 6 History
00:41:51 6.1 Ancient
00:42:27 6.2 Medieval
00:43:01 6.3 Early Modern
00:44:30 6.4 Parasitology
00:46:06 6.5 Vaccine
00:46:55 6.6 Resistance
00:47:42 7 Cultural significance
00:47:52 7.1 Classical times
00:48:17 7.2 Society
00:48:57 7.3 Fiction



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
Speaking Rate: 0.9250373508729142
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-B


"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
In evolutionary biology, parasitism is a relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson has characterised parasites as "predators that eat prey in units of less than one". Parasites include protozoans such as the agents of malaria, sleeping sickness, and amoebic dysentery; animals such as hookworms, lice, mosquitoes, and vampire bats; fungi such as honey fungus and the agents of ringworm; and plants such as mistletoe, dodder, and the broomrapes. There are six major parasitic strategies of exploitation of animal hosts, namely parasitic castration, directly transmitted parasitism (by contact), trophically transmitted parasitism (by being eaten), vector-transmitted parasitism, parasitoidism, and micropredation.
Like predation, parasitism is a type of consumer-resource interaction, but unlike predators, parasites, with the exception of parasitoids, are typically much smaller than their hosts, do not kill them, and often live in or on their hosts for an extended period. Parasites of animals are highly specialised, and reproduce at a faster rate than their hosts. Classic examples include interactions between vertebrate hosts and tapeworms, flukes, the malaria-causing Plasmodium species, and fleas.
Parasites reduce host fitness by general or specialised pathology, from parasitic castration to modification of host behaviour. Parasites increase their own fitness by exploiting hosts for resources necessary for their survival, in particular by feeding on them and by using intermediate (secondary) hosts to assist in their transmission from one definitive (primary) host to another. Although parasitism is often unambiguous, it is part of a spectrum of interactions between species, grading via parasitoidism into predation, through evolution into mutualism, and in some fungi, shading into being saprophytic.
People have known about parasites such as roundworms and tapeworms since ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. In Early Modern times, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek observed Giardia lamblia in his microscope in 1681, while Francesco Redi described internal and external p ...