Reptile | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile


00:03:12 1 Classification
00:03:22 1.1 Research history
00:09:16 1.2 Phylogenetics and modern definition
00:12:33 1.3 Taxonomy
00:13:33 1.4 Phylogeny
00:14:13 1.5 The position of turtles
00:14:49 2 Evolutionary history
00:14:59 2.1 Origin of the reptiles
00:16:05 2.2 Rise of the reptiles
00:17:34 2.3 Anapsids, synapsids, diapsids, and sauropsids
00:19:46 2.4 Permian reptiles
00:21:01 2.5 Mesozoic reptiles
00:23:00 2.6 Cenozoic reptiles
00:24:42 3 Morphology and physiology
00:24:52 3.1 Circulation
00:26:46 3.2 Metabolism
00:29:52 3.3 Respiratory system
00:32:27 3.3.1 Turtles and tortoises
00:34:46 3.4 Skin
00:37:20 3.5 Excretion
00:39:27 3.6 Digestion
00:41:10 3.7 Nerves
00:41:47 3.7.1 Intelligence
00:42:42 3.8 Vision
00:43:32 3.9 Reproduction
00:47:36 4 Defense mechanisms
00:48:10 4.1 Camouflage and warning
00:49:51 4.2 Alternative defense in snakes
00:50:46 4.3 Defense in crocodilians
00:51:52 4.4 Shedding and regenerating tails
00:53:08 5 Relations with humans
00:53:18 5.1 In cultures and religions
00:56:41 5.2 Medicine
00:57:28 5.3 Other
00:58:24 6 See also
00:58:51 7 Further reading



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SUMMARY
=======
Reptiles are tetrapod animals in the class Reptilia, comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, amphisbaenians, lizards, tuatara, and their extinct relatives. The study of these traditional reptile orders, historically combined with that of modern amphibians, is called herpetology.
Because some reptiles are more closely related to birds than they are to other reptiles (e.g., crocodiles are more closely related to birds than they are to lizards), the traditional groups of "reptiles" listed above do not together constitute a monophyletic grouping or clade (consisting of all descendants of a common ancestor). For this reason, many modern scientists prefer to consider the birds part of Reptilia as well, thereby making Reptilia a monophyletic class, including all living Diapsids.The earliest known proto-reptiles originated around 312 million years ago during the Carboniferous period, having evolved from advanced reptiliomorph tetrapods that became increasingly adapted to life on dry land. Some early examples include the lizard-like Hylonomus and Casineria. In addition to the living reptiles, there are many diverse groups that are now extinct, in some cases due to mass extinction events. In particular, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event wiped out the pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, ornithischians, and sauropods, as well as many species of theropods, including troodontids, dromaeosaurids, tyrannosaurids, and abelisaurids, along with many Crocodyliformes, and squamates (e.g. mosasaurids).
Modern non-avian reptiles inhabit all the continents except Antarctica, although some birds are found on the periphery of Antarctica. Several living subgroups are recognized: Testudines (turtles and tortoises), 350 species; Rhynchocephalia (tuatara from New Zealand), 1 species; Squamata (lizards, snakes, and worm lizards), over 10,200 species; Crocodilia (crocodiles, gavials, caimans, and alligators), 24 species; and Aves (birds), approximately 10,000 species.Reptiles are tetrapod vertebrates, creatures that either have four limbs or, like snakes, are descended from four-limbed ancestors. Unlike amphibians, reptiles do not have an aquatic larval stage. Most reptiles are oviparous, although several species of squamates are viviparous, as were some extinct aquatic clades – the fetus develops within the mother, contained in a placenta rather than an eggshell. As amniotes, reptile eggs are surrounded by membranes for protection and transport, which adapt them to reproduction on dry land. Many of the viviparous species feed their fetuses through various forms of placenta analogous to those of mammals, with some ...