Tariff | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-23

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff


00:01:42 1 Etymology
00:02:09 2 History
00:02:18 2.1 Great Britain
00:04:29 2.2 United States
00:10:33 2.2.1 Tariffs and the Great Depression
00:13:21 2.3 Russia
00:15:31 2.3.1 India
00:16:12 2.3.2 Armenia
00:16:58 3 Customs duty
00:17:41 3.1 Calculation of customs duty
00:18:19 3.2 Harmonized System of Nomenclature
00:19:48 3.3 Customs authority
00:20:23 3.4 Evasion
00:21:10 3.5 Duty-free goods
00:22:01 3.6 Duty calculation for companies in real life
00:22:59 4 Economic analysis
00:25:16 4.1 Optimal tariff
00:25:35 5 Political analysis
00:26:46 6 Arguments in favor of tariffs
00:27:57 6.1 Protection of infant industry
00:29:26 6.2 Protection against dumping
00:29:37 6.3 Keynes and trade balance
00:30:35 6.4 Free trade and poverty
00:31:48 6.5 Criticism of the theory of comparative advantage
00:33:56 6.5.1 International mobility of capital and labour
00:37:20 6.5.2 Externalities
00:38:26 6.5.3 Cross-industrial movement of productive resources
00:40:58 6.5.4 Static vs. dynamic gains via international trade
00:42:32 6.5.5 Balanced trade and adjustment mechanisms
00:43:27 6.5.6 International trade as bartering
00:45:28 6.5.7 Using labour and capital to their full potential
00:47:48 7 See also
00:49:36 7.1 Types



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SUMMARY
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A tariff is a tax on imports or exports between sovereign states. It is a form of regulation of foreign trade and a policy that taxes foreign products to encourage or safeguard domestic industry. Traditionally, states have used them as a source of income. Now, they are among the most widely used instruments of protection, along with import and export quotas.
Tariffs can be fixed (a constant sum per unit of imported goods or a percentage of the price) or variable (the amount varies according to the price). Taxing items coming into the country means people are less likely to buy them as they become more expensive. The intention is that they buy local products instead – boosting the country's economy. Tariffs therefore provide an incentive to develop production and replace imports with domestic products. Tariffs are meant to reduce pressure from foreign competition and reduce the trade deficit. They have historically been used to protect infant industries and to allow import substitution industrialization. Tariffs may also be used to rectify artificially low prices for certain imported goods, due to 'dumping', export subsidies or currency manipulation.
There is near unanimous consensus among economists that tariffs have a negative effect on economic growth and economic welfare while free trade and the reduction of trade barriers has a positive effect on economic growth. However, liberalization of trade can cause significant and unequally distributed losses, and the economic dislocation of workers in import-competing sectors.