Skyscraper | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-27

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper


00:01:33 1 Definition
00:07:41 1.1 Early skyscrapers
00:11:15 1.2 Modern skyscrapers
00:18:17 2 Design and construction
00:21:07 2.1 Basic design considerations
00:21:58 2.2 Loading and vibration
00:23:26 2.3 Steel frame
00:24:18 2.4 Tube structural systems
00:26:03 2.4.1 Trussed tube and X-bracing
00:27:36 2.4.2 Bundled tube
00:28:04 2.5 The elevator conundrum
00:29:58 3 Economic rationale
00:31:37 4 Environmental impact
00:34:27 5 History of the tallest skyscrapers
00:39:51 5.1 Gallery
00:39:59 6 Cancellation
00:42:47 7 Future developments
00:43:16 7.1 Wooden skyscrapers
00:44:55 8 See also



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SUMMARY
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A skyscraper is a continuously habitable high-rise building that has over 40 floors and is taller than approximately 150 m (492 ft). Historically, the term first referred to buildings with 10 to 20 floors in the 1880s. The definition shifted with advancing construction technology during the 20th century. Skyscrapers may host offices, residential spaces, and retail spaces. For buildings above a height of 300 m (984 ft), the term supertall skyscrapers can be used, while skyscrapers reaching beyond 600 m (1,969 ft) are classified as megatall skyscrapers.One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel framework that supports curtain walls. These curtain walls either bear on the framework below or are suspended from the framework above, rather than resting on load-bearing walls of conventional construction. Some early skyscrapers have a steel frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than of those made of reinforced concrete.
Modern skyscrapers' walls are not load-bearing, and most skyscrapers are characterised by large surface areas of windows made possible by steel frames and curtain walls. However, skyscrapers can have curtain walls that mimic conventional walls with a small surface area of windows. Modern skyscrapers often have a tubular structure, and are designed to act like a hollow cylinder to resist wind, seismic, and other lateral loads. To appear more slender, allow less wind exposure, and transmit more daylight to the ground, many skyscrapers have a design with setbacks, which are sometimes also structurally required.