Temperature | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-24

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature


00:01:24 1 Effects
00:02:00 2 Scales
00:03:41 2.1 Types
00:04:54 2.1.1 Empirically-based
00:05:18 2.1.2 Theoretically-based
00:06:46 3 Thermodynamic approach
00:09:38 3.1 Kelvin scale and absolute thermodynamic definitions
00:09:53 3.2 Intensive variability
00:17:35 3.3 Local thermodynamic equilibrium
00:19:37 4 Kinetic theory approach
00:21:07 5 Basic theory
00:23:44 5.1 Bodies in thermodynamic equilibrium
00:25:07 5.2 Bodies in a steady state but not in thermodynamic equilibrium
00:26:59 5.3 Bodies not in a steady state
00:27:54 5.4 Thermodynamic equilibrium axiomatics
00:28:18 6 Heat capacity
00:29:47 7 Measurement
00:31:21 7.1 Units
00:32:15 7.1.1 Conversion
00:32:43 7.1.2 Plasma physics
00:34:50 8 Theoretical foundation
00:35:31 8.1 Kinetic theory of gases
00:35:46 8.2 Zeroth law of thermodynamics
00:36:40 8.3 Second law of thermodynamics
00:40:12 8.4 Definition from statistical mechanics
00:43:53 8.5 Generalized temperature from single-particle statistics
00:45:27 8.6 Negative temperature
00:49:44 9 Examples
00:51:57 10 See also
00:52:24 11 Notes and references
00:54:15 11.1 Bibliography of cited references
00:57:41 12 Further reading
00:57:50 13 External links
00:57:59 Notes and references
00:58:08 Bibliography of cited references
01:02:06 Further reading
01:02:40 External links



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SUMMARY
=======
Temperature is a physical quantity expressing hot and cold. It is measured with a thermometer calibrated in one or more temperature scales.  The most commonly used scales are the Celsius scale (formerly called centigrade) (denoted °C), Fahrenheit scale (denoted °F), and Kelvin scale (denoted K). The kelvin (spelled with a lower-case k) is the unit of temperature in the International System of Units (abbreviated SI), in which temperature is one of the seven fundamental base quantities. The Kelvin scale is widely used in science and technology.
Theoretically, the coldest a system can be is when its temperature is absolute zero, at which point the thermal motion in matter would be zero. However, an actual physical system or object can never attain a temperature of absolute zero. Absolute zero is denoted as 0 K on the Kelvin scale, −273.15 °C on the Celsius scale, and −459.67 °F on the Fahrenheit scale.
For an ideal gas, temperature is proportional to the average kinetic energy of the random microscopic motions of the constituent microscopic particles.
Temperature is important in all fields of natural science, including physics, chemistry, Earth science, medicine, and biology, as well as most aspects of daily life.