Consequentialism | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 15/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Consequentialism


00:01:48 1 Philosophies
00:01:57 1.1 State consequentialism
00:04:27 1.2 Utilitarianism
00:06:02 1.3 Ethical egoism
00:06:42 1.4 Ethical altruism
00:07:11 1.5 Rule consequentialism
00:09:40 1.6 Two-level consequentialism
00:10:38 1.7 Motive consequentialism
00:11:18 1.8 Negative consequentialism
00:12:51 1.9 Teleological ethics
00:16:41 1.10 Acts and omissions, and the "act and omissions doctrine"
00:17:22 2 Issues
00:17:31 2.1 Action guidance
00:18:00 2.1.1 The ideal observer
00:18:58 2.1.2 The real observer
00:20:12 2.2 Consequences for whom
00:20:35 2.2.1 Agent-focused or agent-neutral
00:21:58 2.2.2 Human-centered?
00:22:52 2.3 Value of consequences
00:23:55 2.4 Virtue ethics
00:25:11 2.5 Ultimate end
00:26:16 3 Etymology
00:26:54 4 Criticisms
00:28:35 5 Notable consequentialists



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"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates



SUMMARY
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Consequentialism is the class of normative ethical theories holding that the consequences of one's conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness or wrongness of that conduct. Thus, from a consequentialist standpoint, a morally right act (or omission from acting) is one that will produce a good outcome, or consequence. 
Consequentialism is primarily non-prescriptive, meaning the moral worth of an action is determined by its potential consequence, not by whether it follows a set of written edicts or laws. One example would entail lying under the threat of government punishment to save an innocent person's life, even though it is illegal to lie under oath.
Consequentialism is usually contrasted with deontological ethics (or deontology), in that deontology, in which rules and moral duty are central, derives the rightness or wrongness of one's conduct from the character of the behaviour itself rather than the outcomes of the conduct. It is also contrasted with virtue ethics, which focuses on the character of the agent rather than on the nature or consequences of the act (or omission) itself, and pragmatic ethics which treats morality like science: advancing socially over the course of many lifetimes, such that any moral criterion is subject to revision. Consequentialist theories differ in how they define moral goods.
Some argue that consequentialist and deontological theories are not necessarily mutually exclusive. For example, T. M. Scanlon advances the idea that human rights, which are commonly considered a "deontological" concept, can only be justified with reference to the consequences of having those rights. Similarly, Robert Nozick argues for a theory that is mostly consequentialist, but incorporates inviolable "side-constraints" which restrict the sort of actions agents are permitted to do.