Solar cell | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-20

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell


00:02:24 1 Applications
00:02:57 1.1 Cells, modules, panels and systems
00:04:52 2 History
00:07:17 2.1 Space applications
00:09:40 2.2 Price reductions
00:12:14 2.3 Research and industrial production
00:14:10 3 Declining costs and exponential growth
00:19:09 3.1 Subsidies and grid parity
00:22:49 4 Theory
00:25:08 5 Efficiency
00:28:53 6 Materials
00:30:46 6.1 Crystalline silicon
00:33:23 6.1.1 Monocrystalline silicon
00:34:16 6.1.2 Epitaxial silicon development
00:34:59 6.1.3 Polycrystalline silicon
00:36:35 6.1.4 Ribbon silicon
00:37:22 6.1.5 Mono-like-multi silicon (MLM)
00:38:01 6.2 Thin film
00:39:02 6.2.1 Cadmium telluride
00:39:43 6.2.2 Copper indium gallium selenide
00:40:42 6.2.3 Silicon thin film
00:41:32 6.2.4 Gallium arsenide thin film
00:43:42 6.3 Multijunction cells
00:45:41 6.3.1 GaInP/Si dual-junction solar cells
00:49:10 7 Research in solar cells
00:52:51 7.1 Perovskite solar cells
00:53:02 7.2 Bifacial solar cells
00:54:17 7.3 Intermediate Band
00:59:05 7.4 Liquid inks
01:00:37 7.5 Upconversion and downconversion
01:01:03 7.6 Light-absorbing dyes
01:03:50 7.7 Quantum dots
01:06:20 7.8 Organic/polymer solar cells
01:09:23 7.9 Adaptive cells
01:13:06 7.10 Surface texturing
01:14:34 7.11 Encapsulation
01:17:59 8 Manufacture
01:20:12 9 Manufacturers and certification
01:23:38 9.1 China
01:25:04 9.2 Malaysia
01:25:36 9.3 United States
01:25:58 10 Disposal
01:26:21 10.1 Recycling
01:27:29 11 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
Speaking Rate: 0.7236689155820349
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C


"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon. It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light. Individual solar cell devices can be combined to form modules, otherwise known as solar panels.  In basic terms a single junction silicon solar cell can produce a maximum open-circuit voltage of approximately 0.5 to 0.6 volts.Solar cells are described as being photovoltaic, irrespective of whether the source is sunlight or an artificial light. They are used as a photodetector (for example infrared detectors), detecting light or other electromagnetic radiation near the visible range, or measuring light intensity.
The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires three basic attributes:

The absorption of light, generating either electron-hole pairs or excitons.
The separation of charge carriers of opposite types.
The separate extraction of those carriers to an external circuit.In contrast, a solar thermal collector supplies heat by absorbing sunlight, for the purpose of either direct heating or indirect electrical power generation from heat. A "photoelectrolytic cell" (photoelectrochemical cell), on the other hand, refers either to a type of photovoltaic cell (like that developed by Edmond Becquerel and modern dye-sensitized solar cells), or to a device that splits water directly into hydrogen and oxygen using only solar illumination.