Neptunium | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-25

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunium


00:01:46 1 Characteristics
00:01:55 1.1 Physical
00:05:19 1.1.1 Alloys
00:06:47 1.2 Chemical
00:07:27 1.3 Atomic
00:08:55 1.4 Isotopes
00:12:24 1.5 Occurrence
00:17:24 2 History
00:17:33 2.1 Background and early claims
00:25:37 2.2 Discovery
00:30:57 2.3 Subsequent developments
00:33:14 3 Production
00:33:23 3.1 Synthesis
00:37:51 3.2 Purification methods
00:39:26 4 Chemistry and compounds
00:39:36 4.1 Solution chemistry
00:43:58 4.2 Hydroxides
00:45:54 4.3 Oxides
00:48:47 4.4 Halides
00:50:36 4.5 Chalcogenides, pnictides, and carbides
00:54:45 4.6 Other inorganic
01:01:24 4.7 Organometallic
01:03:06 4.8 Coordination complexes
01:04:59 4.8.1 Solid state
01:05:21 4.8.2 In aqueous solution
01:05:31 5 Applications
01:05:54 5.1 Precursor in plutonium production
01:06:03 5.2 Weapons
01:08:59 5.3 Physics
01:09:08 6 Role in nuclear waste
01:11:29 7 Biological role and precautions
01:11:47 8 References
01:11:57 9 Bibliography
01:13:44 10 Literature
01:15:10 11 External links
01:15:26 Role in nuclear waste
01:16:37 Biological role and precautions



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SUMMARY
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Neptunium is a chemical element with symbol Np and atomic number 93. A radioactive actinide metal, neptunium is the first transuranic element. Its position in the periodic table just after uranium, named after the planet Uranus, led to it being named after Neptune, the next planet beyond Uranus. A neptunium atom has 93 protons and 93 electrons, of which seven are valence electrons. Neptunium metal is silvery and tarnishes when exposed to air. The element occurs in three allotropic forms and it normally exhibits five oxidation states, ranging from +3 to +7. It is radioactive, poisonous, pyrophoric, and can accumulate in bones, which makes the handling of neptunium dangerous.
Although many false claims of its discovery were made over the years, the element was first synthesized by Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory in 1940. Since then, most neptunium has been and still is produced by neutron irradiation of uranium in nuclear reactors. The vast majority is generated as a by-product in conventional nuclear power reactors. While neptunium itself has no commercial uses at present, it is used as a precursor for the formation of plutonium-238, used in radioisotope thermal generators to provide electricity for spacecraft. Neptunium has also been used in detectors of high-energy neutrons.
The most stable isotope of neptunium, neptunium-237, is a by-product of nuclear reactors and plutonium production. It, and the isotope neptunium-239, are also found in trace amounts in uranium ores due to neutron capture reactions and beta decay.