Learning Consciously: Deduction, Induction, Abduction (Sociology)
Channel: Math 4 Wisdom
Date: 2023-10-30

What are deduction, induction and abduction?  Aslam Kakar and Andrius Kulikauskas present these modes of reasoning distinguished by American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce, a founder of pragmatism.

This is a meeting of the Math 4 Wisdom Sociology Study Group recorded on October 26, 2023.  

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0:00 Introduction
1:45 Sociologist Aslam Kakar, PhD candidate in Global Affairs, at Rutgers University, previously spoke with Andrius about deduction, induction, abduction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5nlahv10x7w
3:45 Charles Sanders Peirce was the founder of American pragmatism, logician, semiotician, mathematician, metaphysicist. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peirce/
6:20 Peirce originated the term of abduction, the process of arriving at a hypothesis. 
7:50 Logica utens of a reasoner is the undeveloped hypothesis, logica docens is the scientifically justified hypothesis.  Compare with Michael Polyani's, The Study of Man, inarticulate and articulate knowledge.
10:25  Abduction is a logical doctrine to be used for determining the admissibility of a hypothesis. Pragmatism says a hypothesis has meaning only if it has consequences. Belief is conscious habit of action. Interpret what we think in terms of what we are prepared to do.
11:50 Genuine doubt happens when a functioning habit is interrupted. Only then can it be scientifically investigated. We expect and are surprised or disappointed.
13:10 Evidencing process as expressed through abduction focuses on generating the best explanation of the hypothesis. 1) Surprise, 2) Formation of hypotheses, 3) Evaluation of hypotheses - economy of plausibility and productive power.  Aim of inquiry is to resolve doubt, arrive at a stable habit avoiding disappointment.
15:35 Stages of inquiry: abduction (proposes), deduction (analyzes), induction (evaluates). Only abduction forms explanatory hypotheses, introduces a new idea.
18:00 Definition of terms. Reasoning, inference is deliberate thinking. Consciously approving upon seeing that it follows by the method from the premises as applicable.
22:30 Andrius presents deduction, induction, abduction with Peirce's example of a bag with white beans. These make up the scientific method.
27:15 Analogously, Wondrous Wisdom:  threesome, the learning cycle.
27:45 There are 8 such divisions of everything. Unconscious, conscious, consciousness shift us along this eightfold clock.
29:40 Having 3 minds. Kahnemann, "Thinking, Fast and Slow". System 1, System 2, hypothetical System 3. Dialogue between answers and questions.
32:50 Kant's 12 categories in his "Critique of Pure Reason"
 exhibit such a threesome.
35:20 Peirce distills Firstness (abduction), Secondness (deduction), Thirdness (induction).
36:45 Wondrous Wisdom: three-cycle is conceived in 4 ways yielding 12 circumstances.
38:25 Unconscious (world of facts) and Conscious (language of rules) are bound by Consciousness.
39:30 Element of surprise arises from emotional response to expectations.
40:45 Deduction - no surprise, induction sets up surprise, abduction reduces surprise. Claude Shannon. Karl Friston.
42:35 Wondrous Wisdom says there are these 3 modes of reasoning plus the Consciousness bind rules into facts.
43:30 Experimentation. Andrius: We learn by perfecting ourselves, without knowledge. Deduce, then abduce. Peirce: Scientists learn by perfecting knowledge. Abduce, then deduce.
46:05 Questions? Language of frameworks harmonize different points of views.
48:15 Samuel Hutchens: Solidifying a neuron requires dozens of attempts, unless through play, when it requires just a few.
49:55 Christer Nylander has written a metaphysics. What kind of reasoning did he use? Andrius: Abduction. That is one of three roles, all three are needed, otherwise it is simply personal guesses.
52:15 Andrius: Now, after many decades, I understand what Peirce means by firstness, secondness, thirdness. Structures make music, etc. more fun. Christer's system expands on the fun, makes a game, a metaphor.
53:55 Andrius: Conscious erases the unconscious. Consciousness: What are you left with when you erase everything? Making a nonverbal language, throw away all the worlds. As a team, we could make an encyclopedia of structures, a living language. Language of Wisdom study group.
56:10 Samuel: How do you know they are beans? You can't escape assumption. Andrius: That's Aslam's sociological point, our categories come from somewhere. We combine all three minds.
58:40 Jere Northrop and Andrius: Don't need words to abduct, deduct, induct.
59:30 Samuel Hutchens on drums!

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