Essentialism | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-09

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essentialism


00:01:35 1 In philosophy
00:05:12 1.1 Metaphysical essentialism
00:08:49 2 In mathematics
00:09:40 3 In psychology
00:10:37 3.1 In developmental psychology
00:14:39 4 In ethics
00:15:23 5 In biology
00:16:56 6 Gender essentialism
00:19:23 7 In historiography
00:21:25 8 See also



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- Socrates


SUMMARY
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Essentialism is the view that every entity has a set of attributes that are necessary to its identity and function. In early Western thought Plato's idealism held that all things have such an "essence"—an "idea" or "form". In Categories, Aristotle similarly proposed that all objects have a substance that, as George Lakoff put it "make the thing what it is, and without which it would be not that kind of thing". The contrary view—non-essentialism—denies the need to posit such an "essence'".
Essentialism has been controversial from its beginning. Plato, in the Parmenides Dialogue, depicts Socrates questioning the notion, suggesting that if we accept the idea that every beautiful thing or just action partakes of an essence to be beautiful or just, we must also accept the "existence of separate essences for hair, mud, and dirt" . In biology and other natural sciences, essentialism provided the rationale for taxonomy at least until the time of Charles Darwin; the role and importance of essentialism in biology is still a matter of debate.
In gender studies the essentialist idea that men and women are fundamentally different continues to be a matter of contention.