Benzene | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-25

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene


00:01:16 1 History
00:01:25 1.1 Discovery
00:03:16 1.2 Ring formula
00:06:14 1.3 Nomenclature
00:06:58 1.4 Early applications
00:08:06 1.5 Occurrence
00:08:48 2 Structure
00:10:15 3 Benzene derivatives
00:11:29 4 Production
00:12:02 4.1 Catalytic reforming
00:13:24 4.2 Toluene hydrodealkylation
00:14:56 4.3 Toluene disproportionation
00:15:55 4.4 Steam cracking
00:16:31 4.5 Other methods
00:17:01 5 Uses
00:18:27 5.1 Component of gasoline
00:19:35 6 Reactions
00:20:45 6.1 Sulfonation, chlorination, nitration
00:21:32 6.2 Hydrogenation
00:22:27 6.3 Metal complexes
00:22:53 7 Health effects
00:24:41 8 Exposure to benzene
00:26:21 8.1 Benzene exposure limits
00:29:30 8.2 Toxicology
00:29:38 8.2.1 Biomarkers of exposure
00:30:53 8.2.2 Biotransformations
00:33:35 8.2.3 Molecular toxicology
00:34:58 8.2.4 Biological oxidation and carcinogenic activity
00:35:27 8.3 Routes of exposure
00:35:36 8.3.1 Inhalation
00:37:03 8.3.2 Exposure from soft drinks
00:37:44 8.3.3 Contamination of water supply
00:38:17 9 See also



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SUMMARY
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Benzene is an important organic chemical compound with the chemical formula C6H6. The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each. As it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon.
Benzene is a natural constituent of crude oil and is one of the elementary petrochemicals. Due to the cyclic continuous pi bond between the carbon atoms, benzene is classed as an aromatic hydrocarbon, the second [n]-annulene ([6]-annulene). It is sometimes abbreviated PhH. Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell, and is responsible for the aroma around petrol (gas) stations. It is used primarily as a precursor to the manufacture of chemicals with more complex structure, such as ethylbenzene and cumene, of which billions of kilograms are produced annually. As benzene has a high octane number, aromatic derivatives like toluene and xylene typically comprise up to 25% of gasoline (petrol). Benzene itself has been limited to less than 1% in gasoline because it is a known human carcinogen. Most non-industrial applications have been limited as well for the same reason.