Presidencies of Grover Cleveland | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-04

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Presidencies of Grover Cleveland


00:02:50 1 Election of 1884
00:06:11 2 First presidency (1885–1889)
00:06:23 2.1 Administration
00:06:32 2.1.1 Appointments
00:07:44 2.1.2 Marriage and children
00:08:27 2.2 Reforms and civil service
00:11:01 2.3 Interstate Commerce Act
00:12:34 2.4 Vetoes
00:14:20 2.5 Monetary policy
00:16:05 2.6 Tariffs
00:18:06 2.7 Foreign policy, 1885–1889
00:19:53 2.8 Military policy, 1885–1889
00:21:39 2.9 Civil rights and immigration
00:23:00 2.10 Indian policy
00:24:53 2.11 Judicial appointments
00:26:01 2.12 Election of 1888
00:27:59 3 Election of 1892
00:31:05 4 Second presidency (1893–1897)
00:31:17 4.1 Administration
00:31:26 4.1.1 Appointments
00:32:10 4.1.2 Cancer
00:33:13 4.2 Economic panic and the silver issue
00:36:59 4.3 Labor unrest
00:37:08 4.3.1 Coxey's Army
00:38:24 4.3.2 Pullman Strike
00:40:41 4.4 Tariff frustrations
00:43:22 4.5 Civil rights
00:44:33 4.6 1894 elections
00:46:07 4.7 Foreign policy, 1893–1897
00:50:59 4.8 Military policy, 1893–1897
00:52:09 4.9 Judicial appointments
00:53:45 4.10 Election of 1896
00:56:22 5 States admitted to the Union
00:57:37 6 Historical reputation



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SUMMARY
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The presidencies of Grover Cleveland lasted from March 4, 1885 to March 4, 1889, and from March 4, 1893 to March 4, 1897. The first Democrat elected after the Civil War, Grover Cleveland is the only President of the United States to leave office after one term and later return for a second term. His presidencies were the nation's 22nd and 24th. Cleveland defeated James G. Blaine of Maine in 1884, lost to Benjamin Harrison of Indiana in 1888, and then defeated President Harrison in 1892.
Cleveland won the 1884 election with the support of a reform-minded group of Republicans known as Mugwumps, and he expanded the number of government positions that were protected by the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act. He also vetoed several bills designed to provide pensions and other benefits to various regions and individuals. In response to anti-competitive practices by railroads, Cleveland signed the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, which established the first independent federal agency. During his first term, he unsuccessfully sought the repeal of the Bland–Allison Act and a lowering of the tariff. The Samoan crisis was the major foreign policy event of Cleveland's first term, and that crisis ended with a tripartite protectorate in the Samoan Islands.
As his second presidency began, disaster hit the nation when the Panic of 1893 produced a severe national depression. Cleveland presided over the repeal of portions of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, striking a blow against the Free Silver movement, and also lowered tariff rates by allowing the Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act to become law . He also ordered federal soldiers to crush the Pullman Strike and promoted efforts to roll back federal civil rights protections for African-Americans. In foreign policy, Cleveland resisted the annexation of Hawaii and an American intervention in Cuba. He also sought to uphold the Monroe Doctrine and forced the British to agree to arbitrate a border dispute with Venezuela. In the midterm elections of 1894, Cleveland's Democratic Party suffered a massive defeat that opened the way for the agrarian and silverite seizure of the Democratic Party.
The 1896 Democratic National Convention repudiated Cleveland and nominated silverite William Jennings Bryan, but Bryan was defeated by Republican William McKinley in the 1896 presidential election. Cleveland left office extremely unpopular, but his reputation was quickly rehabilitated by scholars like Allan Nevins. More recent historians and biographers have taken a more ambivalent view of Cleveland, but many note Cleveland's role in re-asserting the power of the presidency. In rankings of American presidents by historians and political scientists, Cleveland is generally ranked as an average president.