Piezoelectric | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 28/06/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity


00:02:03 1 History
00:02:11 1.1 Discovery and early research
00:04:01 1.2 World War I and post-war
00:05:32 1.3 World War II and post-war
00:08:12 2 Mechanism
00:10:16 2.1 Mathematical description
00:22:27 3 Crystal classes
00:25:37 4 Materials
00:27:08 4.1 Naturally occurring crystals
00:27:15 4.2 Bone
00:27:24 4.3 Other natural materials
00:27:31 4.4 Synthetic crystals
00:28:22 4.5 Synthetic ceramics
00:29:44 4.6 Lead-free piezoceramics
00:30:22 4.7 III–V and II–VI semiconductors
00:30:47 4.8 Polymers
00:32:30 4.9 Aromatic short peptide self-assemblies
00:34:07 5 Application
00:35:22 5.1 High voltage and power sources
00:38:54 5.2 Sensors
00:40:06 5.3 Actuators
00:40:51 5.4 Frequency standard
00:43:23 5.5 Piezoelectric motors
00:46:03 5.6 Reduction of vibrations and noise
00:49:02 5.7 Infertility treatment
00:49:54 5.8 Surgery
00:51:13 5.9 Potential applications
00:52:24 5.9.1 Photovoltaics
00:52:45 6 See also
00:53:32 7 References
00:56:26 7.1 International standards



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SUMMARY
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Piezoelectricity is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials (such as crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA and various proteins) in response to applied mechanical stress. The word piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from pressure and latent heat. It is derived from the Greek word πιέζειν; piezein, which means to squeeze or press, and ἤλεκτρον ēlektron, which means amber, an ancient source of electric charge. French physicists Jacques and Pierre Curie discovered piezoelectricity in 1880.The piezoelectric effect results from the linear electromechanical interaction between the mechanical and electrical states in crystalline materials with no inversion symmetry. The piezoelectric effect is a reversible process: materials exhibiting the piezoelectric effect (the internal generation of electrical charge resulting from an applied mechanical force) also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric effect, the internal generation of a mechanical strain resulting from an applied electrical field. For example, lead zirconate titanate crystals will generate measurable piezoelectricity when their static structure is deformed by about 0.1% of the original dimension. Conversely, those same crystals will change about 0.1% of their static dimension when an external electric field is applied to the material. The inverse piezoelectric effect is used in the production of ultrasonic sound waves.Piezoelectricity is exploited in a number of useful applications, such as the production and detection of sound, piezoelectric inkjet printing, generation of high voltages, electronic frequency generation, microbalances, to drive an ultrasonic nozzle, and ultrafine focusing of optical assemblies. It forms the basis for a number of scientific instrumental techniques with atomic resolution, the scanning probe microscopies, such as STM, AFM, MTA, and SNOM. It also finds everyday uses such as acting as the ignition source for cigarette lighters, push-start propane barbecues, used as the time reference source in quartz watches, and in amplification pickups for some guitars.