Little Ice Age | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-05

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Ice_Age


00:01:29 1 Areas involved
00:04:02 2 Dating
00:06:07 3 Geophysical and social impact by region
00:06:19 3.1 Europe
00:12:13 3.1.1 Cultural responses
00:17:54 3.1.2 Depictions of winter in European painting
00:22:31 3.2 North America
00:24:23 3.3 Mesoamerica
00:24:48 3.4 Atlantic Ocean
00:25:42 3.5 Asia
00:27:17 3.6 Africa
00:28:28 3.7 Antarctica
00:30:31 3.8 Australia and New Zealand
00:32:06 3.9 Pacific Islands
00:32:49 3.10 South America
00:34:54 4 Possible causes
00:35:29 4.1 Orbital cycles
00:36:17 4.2 Solar activity
00:37:03 4.3 Volcanic activity
00:39:33 4.4 Ocean circulation
00:40:12 4.5 Decreased human populations
00:42:46 4.6 Increased human populations
00:43:19 4.7 Inherent variability of climate



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SUMMARY
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The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period. Although it was not a true ice age, the term was introduced into scientific literature by François E. Matthes in 1939. It has been conventionally defined as a period extending from the 16th to the 19th centuries, but some experts prefer an alternative timespan from about 1300 to about 1850.The NASA Earth Observatory notes three particularly cold intervals: one beginning about 1650, another about 1770, and the last in 1850, all separated by intervals of slight warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Third Assessment Report considered the timing and areas affected by the Little Ice Age suggested largely independent regional climate changes rather than a globally synchronous increased glaciation. At most, there was modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during the period.Several causes have been proposed: cyclical lows in solar radiation, heightened volcanic activity, changes in the ocean circulation, variations in Earth's orbit and axial tilt (orbital forcing), inherent variability in global climate, and decreases in the human population (for example from the Black Death and the colonization of the Americas).