Blood Group | Circulatory system part 02 | Life processes
Channel: JPSCIENCE EXPERIMENTS
Date: 19/04/2024

timestamp
00:00 to 00:48 Introduction of blood
00:48 to 1:47 introduction about karl landstaine
01:47 to 03:13 about Rbcs surface
03:13 to 06:35 reaction between antigen and anti-bodies
06:35 to 08:59 situation of antigen and anti-bodies 
08:59 to 09:30 donating & received explain
09:30 to 10:52 donating received of blood
10:52 to 11:55 Rh factor 
11:55 to 17:10 Rh compatiblity
17:10 to 19:10 Erythroblastosis foetalisis
19:10 to 22:16 haemolytic disease of new born baby ( HDN)

American Association of Immunologists, the Society of American Bacteriologists, and the Association of Pathologists and Bacteriologists made a joint recommendation in 1921 that the Jansky classification be adopted based on priority.[52] But it was not followed particularly where Moss's system had been used.[53]

In 1927, Landsteiner, who had moved to the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York, and as a member of a committee of the National Research Council concerned with blood grouping suggested to substitute Janský's and Moss's systems with the letters O, A, B, and AB. There was another confusion on the use of O which was introduced by Polish physician Ludwik Hirszfeld and German physician Emil von Dungern in 1910.[54] It was never clear whether it was meant for the figure 0, German null for zero or the upper case letter O for ohne, meaning without; Landsteiner chose the latter.[55]

In 1928 the Permanent Commission on Biological Standardization adopted Landsteiner's proposal and stated:
The Commission learns with satisfaction that, on the initiative of the Health Organization of the League of Nations, the nomenclature proposed by von Dungern and Hirszfeld for the classification of blood groups has been generally accepted, and recommends that this nomenclature shall be adopted for international use as follows: 0 A B AB. To facilitate the change from the nomenclature hitherto employed the following is suggested:

Typically, blood type tests are performed through addition of a blood sample to a solution containing antibodies corresponding to each antigen. The presence of an antigen on the surface of the blood cells is indicated by agglutination.

Blood group genotyping
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In addition to the current practice of serologic testing of blood types, the progress in molecular diagnostics allows the increasing use of blood group genotyping. In contrast to serologic tests reporting a direct blood type phenotype, genotyping allows the prediction of a phenotype based on the knowledge of the molecular basis of the currently known antigens. This allows a more detailed determination of the blood type and therefore a better match for transfusion, which can be crucial in particular for patients with needs for many transfusions to prevent allo-immunization.[39][40]

blood specimens are correctly identified, so labelling has been standardized using a barcode system known as ISBT 128.

The blood group may be included on identification tags or on tattoos worn by military personnel, in case they should need an emergency blood transfusion. Frontline German Waffen-SS had blood group tattoos during World War II.

Rare blood types can cause supply problems for blood banks and hospitals. For example, Duffy-negative blood occurs much more frequently in people of African origin,[25] and the rarity of this blood type in the rest of the population can result in a shortage of Duffy-negative blood for these patients. Similarly, for RhD negative people there is a risk associated with travelling to parts of the world where supplies of RhD negative blood are rare, particularly East Asia, where blood services may endeavor to encourage Westerners to donate blood.[26]