Diatom | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 27/06/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom


00:04:26 1 Structure
00:06:18 2 Behaviour
00:07:08 3 Biochemistry
00:07:17 3.1 Energy source
00:07:38 3.2 Silica metabolism
00:12:06 3.3 Urea cycle
00:12:57 3.4 Pigments
00:13:15 3.5 Storage products
00:13:29 4 Life cycle
00:13:38 4.1 Reproduction and cell size
00:14:51 4.2 Cell division
00:15:38 4.3 Sperm motility
00:16:29 4.4 Degradation by microbes
00:16:54 5 Classification
00:17:03 5.1 Structural
00:18:48 5.2 Linnaean
00:18:57 5.2.1 Relationship to other organisms
00:19:42 5.2.2 Genera and species
00:19:59 5.2.3 Classes and orders
00:20:45 5.3 Cladistic
00:21:12 5.4 Other
00:21:29 6 Evolution and fossil record
00:21:40 6.1 Origin
00:22:13 6.2 Earliest fossils
00:23:14 6.3 Relation to silicon cycle
00:24:42 6.4 Relation to grasslands
00:25:20 6.5 Relation to climate
00:26:07 6.6 Method of investigation
00:27:14 6.7 Diversification
00:27:45 6.8 Turnover
00:29:09 7 Genetics
00:29:18 7.1 Expressed sequence tagging
00:30:23 7.2 Genome sequencing
00:31:58 7.3 Endosymbiotic gene transfer
00:33:49 7.4 Horizontal gene transfer
00:34:32 8 Ecology
00:34:42 8.1 Distribution
00:35:39 8.2 Growth
00:36:24 8.3 Contribution to modern oceanic silicon cycle
00:36:46 8.4 Impact
00:40:06 8.5 Reason for success
00:41:43 8.6 Sources for collection
00:41:57 8.6.1 Marine
00:42:16 8.6.2 Fresh waters
00:42:42 8.6.3 Algae and plants
00:43:10 8.6.4 Animal alimentary tracts
00:43:33 8.6.5 Cultivation
00:43:58 9 Human uses
00:44:07 9.1 Paleontology
00:44:43 9.2 Industrial
00:45:17 9.3 Forensic
00:46:17 9.4 Nanotechnology
00:47:28 10 History of discovery



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SUMMARY
=======
Diatoms (diá-tom-os 'cut in half', from diá, 'through' or 'apart'; and the root of tém-n-ō, 'I cut'.)  are a major group of algae, specifically microalgae, found in the oceans, waterways and soils of the world.  Living diatoms number in the trillions: they generate about 20 percent of the oxygen produced on the planet each year, take in over 6.7 billion metric tons of silicon each year from the waters in which they live, and contribute nearly half of the organic material found in the oceans. The shells of dead diatoms can reach as much as a half mile deep on the ocean floor, and the entire Amazon basin is fertilized annually by 27 million tons of diatom shell dust transported by east-to-west (easterly) transatlantic winds from the bed of a dried up lake once covering much of the African Sahara.Diatoms are unicellular: they occur either as solitary cells or in colonies, which can take the shape of ribbons, fans, zigzags, or stars. Individual cells range in size from 2 to 200 micrometers. In the presence of adequate nutrients and sunlight, an assemblage of living diatoms doubles approximately every 24 hours by asexual multiple fission; the maximum life span of individual cells is about six days. Diatoms have two distinct shapes: a few (centric diatoms) are radially symmetric, while most (pennate diatoms) are broadly bilaterally symmetric.  A unique feature of diatom anatomy is that they are surrounded by a cell wall made of silica (hydrated silicon dioxide), called a frustule.  These frustules have structural coloration due to their photonic nanostructure, prompting them to be described as "jewels of the sea" and "living opals". Movement in diatoms primarily occurs passively as a result of both water currents and wind-induced water turbulence; however, male gametes of centric diatoms have flagella, permitting active movement for seeking female gametes. Similar to plants, diatoms convert light energy to chemical energy by photosynthesis, although this shared autotrophy evolved independently in both lineages. Unusually for autotrophic organisms, diatoms possess a urea cycle, a feature that they share with animals, although this cycle is used to different met ...