Space shuttles | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-17

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle


00:04:12 1 Overview
00:10:44 2 Design and development
00:10:55 2.1 Historical background
00:12:56 2.2 Design process
00:18:47 2.3 Development
00:22:37 2.4 Testing
00:26:11 3 Description
00:31:05 3.1 Orbiter vehicle
00:33:53 3.2 External tank
00:34:43 3.3 Solid rocket boosters
00:36:18 3.4 Orbiter cargo bay add-ons
00:37:28 3.4.1 Spacelab
00:39:20 3.5 Flight systems
00:46:08 3.6 Orbiter markings and insignia
00:50:43 3.7 Upgrades
00:59:19 3.8 Specifications
01:06:58 4 Mission profile
01:07:08 4.1 Launch preparation
01:09:51 4.2 Launch
01:23:31 4.3 In orbit
01:24:44 4.4 Re-entry and landing
01:30:27 4.5 Post-landing processing
01:32:42 4.6 Landing sites
01:33:51 4.7 Risk contributors
01:35:38 5 Fleet history
01:35:48 5.1 Flight timeline
01:35:57 5.2 Major events
01:36:20 5.3 Disasters
01:38:28 5.4 Retirement
01:40:35 5.5 Distribution of orbiters and other hardware
01:41:41 5.5.1 Orbiters on display
01:47:40 5.5.2 Orbiter replicas on display
01:49:27 5.5.3 Hardware on display
01:50:56 6 In popular culture
01:54:42 7 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of the Space Shuttle program.  Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development. The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982.  In addition to the prototype whose completion was cancelled, five complete Shuttle systems were built and used on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011, launched from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. Operational missions launched numerous satellites, interplanetary probes, and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST); conducted science experiments in orbit; and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station.  The Shuttle fleet's total mission time was 1322 days, 19 hours, 21 minutes and 23 seconds.Shuttle components included the Orbiter Vehicle (OV) with three clustered Rocketdyne RS-25 main engines, a pair of recoverable solid rocket boosters (SRBs), and the expendable external tank (ET) containing liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen.  The Space Shuttle was launched vertically, like a conventional rocket, with the two SRBs operating in parallel with the OV's three main engines, which were fueled from the ET. The SRBs were jettisoned before the vehicle reached orbit, and the ET was jettisoned just before orbit insertion, which used the orbiter's two Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) engines. At the conclusion of the mission, the orbiter fired its OMS to de-orbit and re-enter the atmosphere.  The orbiter then glided as a spaceplane to a runway landing, usually to the Shuttle Landing Facility at Kennedy Space Center, Florida or Rogers Dry Lake in Edwards Air Force Base, California. After landing at Edwards, the orbiter was flown back to the KSC on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, a specially modified Boeing 747.
The first orbiter, Enterprise, was built in 1976, used in Approach and Landing Tests and had no orbital capability. Four fully operational orbiters were initially built: Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, and Atlantis. Of these, two were lost in mission accidents: Challenger in 1986 and Columbia in 2003, with a total of fourteen astronauts killed. A fifth operational (and sixth in total) orbiter, Endeavour, was built in 1991 to replace Challenger. The Space Shuttle was retired from service upon the conclusion of Atlantis's final flight on July 21, 2011.  The U.S. has since relied on the Russian Soyuz spacecraft to transport astronauts to the Internation ...