Plant defense against herbivory | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory


00:02:05 1 Evolution of defensive traits
00:04:22 1.1 Records of herbivores
00:06:14 1.2 Co-evolution
00:07:46 2 Types
00:09:09 2.1 Chemical defenses
00:10:06 2.2 Qualitative and quantitative metabolites
00:12:00 2.2.1 Antiherbivory compounds
00:17:11 2.3 Mechanical defenses
00:18:12 2.3.1 Spines and thorns
00:20:20 2.3.2 Thigmonastic movements
00:21:19 2.4 Mimicry and camouflage
00:21:57 2.5 Indirect defenses
00:24:46 2.6 Leaf shedding and color
00:25:27 3 Costs and benefits
00:25:55 3.1 Optimal defense hypothesis
00:28:40 3.2 Carbon:nutrient balance hypothesis
00:30:00 3.3 Growth rate hypothesis
00:31:35 3.4 Growth-differentiation balance hypothesis
00:33:46 4 Importance to humans
00:33:55 4.1 Agriculture
00:38:32 4.2 Pharmaceutical
00:40:48 4.3 Biological pest control



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SUMMARY
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Plant defense against herbivory or host-plant resistance (HPR) describes a range of adaptations evolved by plants which improve their survival and reproduction by reducing the impact of herbivores. Plants can sense being touched, and they can use several strategies to defend against damage caused by herbivores. Many plants produce secondary metabolites, known as allelochemicals, that influence the behavior, growth, or survival of herbivores. These chemical defenses can act as repellents or toxins to herbivores, or reduce plant digestibility.
Other defensive strategies used by plants include escaping or avoiding herbivores in any time and/or any place, for example by growing in a location where plants are not easily found or accessed by herbivores, or by changing seasonal growth patterns. Another approach diverts herbivores toward eating non-essential parts, or enhances the ability of a plant to recover from the damage caused by herbivory. Some plants encourage the presence of natural enemies of herbivores, which in turn protect the plant. Each type of defense can be either constitutive (always present in the plant), or induced (produced in reaction to damage or stress caused by herbivores).
Historically, insects have been the most significant herbivores, and the evolution of land plants is closely associated with the evolution of insects. While most plant defenses are directed against insects, other defenses have evolved that are aimed at vertebrate herbivores, such as birds and mammals. The study of plant defenses against herbivory is important, not only from an evolutionary view point, but also in the direct impact that these defenses have on agriculture, including human and livestock food sources; as beneficial 'biological control agents' in biological pest control programs; as well as in the search for plants of medical importance.