Action potential | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential


00:04:13 1 Overview
00:06:24 1.1 Process in a typical neuron
00:09:07 2 Biophysical basis
00:18:43 2.1 Maturation of the electrical properties of the action potential
00:21:44 3 Neurotransmission
00:21:53 3.1 Anatomy of a neuron
00:25:29 3.2 Initiation
00:26:04 3.3 Dynamics
00:28:20 3.4 "All-or-none" principle
00:29:06 3.5 Sensory neurons
00:30:49 3.6 Pacemaker potentials
00:31:57 4 Phases
00:34:54 4.1 Stimulation and rising phase
00:39:03 4.2 Peak and falling phase
00:40:16 4.3 Afterhyperpolarization
00:41:18 4.4 Refractory period
00:43:00 5 Propagation
00:46:03 5.1 Myelin and saltatory conduction
00:50:54 5.2 Cable theory
00:53:28 6 Termination
00:54:09 6.1 Chemical synapses
00:54:19 6.2 Electrical synapses
00:54:32 6.3 Neuromuscular junctions
00:55:23 7 Other cell types
00:55:33 7.1 Cardiac action potentials
00:56:29 7.2 Muscular action potentials
00:56:39 7.3 Plant action potentials
00:57:37 8 Taxonomic distribution and evolutionary advantages
00:59:10 9 Experimental methods
01:00:24 10 Neurotoxins
01:02:03 11 History
01:04:00 12 Quantitative models
01:07:50 13 See also
01:09:17 14 Notes
01:14:03 15 Footnotes
01:15:46 16 References
01:16:18 16.1 Books



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SUMMARY
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In physiology, an action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific axon location rapidly rises and falls: this depolarisation then causes adjacent locations to similarly depolarise. Action potentials occur in several types of animal cells, called excitable cells, which include neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells, glomus cells, and in some plant cells.
In neurons, action potentials play a central role in cell-to-cell communication by providing for—or with regard to saltatory conduction, assisting—the propagation of signals along the neuron's axon toward synaptic boutons situated at the ends of an axon; these signals can then connect with other neurons at synapses, or to motor cells or glands. In other types of cells, their main function is to activate intracellular processes. In muscle cells, for example, an action potential is the first step in the chain of events leading to contraction. In beta cells of the pancreas, they provoke release of insulin. Action potentials in neurons are also known as "nerve impulses" or "spikes", and the temporal sequence of action potentials generated by a neuron is called its "spike train". A neuron that emits an action potential, or nerve impulse, is often said to "fire".
Action potentials are generated by special types of voltage-gated ion channels embedded in a cell's plasma membrane. These channels are shut when the membrane potential is near the (negative) resting potential of the cell, but they rapidly begin to open if the membrane potential increases to a precisely defined threshold voltage, depolarising the transmembrane potential. When the channels open, they allow an inward flow of sodium ions, which changes the electrochemical gradient, which in turn produces a further rise in the membrane potential. This then causes more channels to open, producing a greater electric current across the cell membrane and so on. The process proceeds explosively until all of the available ion channels are open, resulting in a large upswing in the membrane potential. The rapid influx of sodium ions causes the polarity of the plasma membrane to reverse, and the ion channels then rapidly inactivate. As the sodium channels close, sodium ions can no longer enter the neuron, and they are then actively transported back out of the plasma membrane. Potassium channels are then activated, and there is an outward current of potassium ions, returning the electrochemical gradient to the resting state. After an action potential has occurred, there is a transient negative shift, called the ...