Anatomy of female tract | Oogenesis | Ovulation  | Embryology |First aid lectures| Lec1 #drjameel
Channel: Dr. Jamil Lectures
Date: 06/11/2022

In this lecture we will discuss about about Anatomy of female reproductive tract,Oogenesis and ovulation (general embryology) 

https://youtu.be/6hTsDkFhRQ0
https://youtu.be/aP06bUvyqCA
https://youtu.be/TlqNLDU67T4


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❖ Fertilization
Fusion of sperms and eggs in the ampulla of female reproductive tract that results in formation of zygote or embryo.This embryo undergoes prenatal development of fetus.
★ Anatomy of Female Reproductive Tract
The parts of female reproductive tract includes
➢ Vagina
➢ Uterus → body of uterus + fundus of uterus + cervix
➢ Fallopian tube
➢ Ampulla of fallopian tube
➢ Fimbriae
➢ Ovary
➢ Ligament of ovary
Vagina
● Muscular tube lined with mucous membrane and is lower part of female reproductive tract that connects the cervix to the exterior
● It receives semen that is ejaculated from penis into the upper part of vagina and this sperm containing semen must pass from vagina to cervix and from cervix to uterus and finally in the fallopian tube to fertilize the egg.
Uterus
● Hollow muscular pear shaped organ (womb) that is about 3 inches or 7.5cm and located in the female pelvis between the bladder and rectum
● Uterus has 3 parts
1. Cervix
➢ Lower third part of uterus is called cervix
➢ It is a small neck shaped canal lined with mucous membrane and connects the uterus with vagina
2. Fundus
➢ The top part of uterus
3. Body of uterus
➢ Main part of uterus that includes uterine cavity
➢ This is a site where fertilized egg implants
● Uterus has 3 layers
A. Endometrium → The inner layer that helps in implantation + endometrium is made up of glandular cells that make secretions.
B. Myometrium → middle and thickest layer and mostly made up of smooth muscles
C. Perimetrium → outer serous layer
Fallopian Tube
● A pair of long slender tubes (one on each side of the uterus) that connect the ovaries to the uterus
● Eggs comes from ovaries to fallopian tube and into uterus
Ampulla
● Dilated region of fallopian tube and it is the site of fertilization where sperm fuses with egg.
Fimbriae
● Finger like projections located at the ovarian ends of fallopian tubes and are closest to ovaries
● During ovulation ,movement of these fimbriae assist in directing the ovum to the ampulla from ovaries and then fertilization happens in the ampulla.
Ovary
● A pair of small oval-shaped glands or ovaries (one on each side of the uterus) within abdominal cavity
● Ovaries produce and store eggs or ovum and during ovulation one of ovaries releases an egg that is going to be fertilized in ampulla.
Ligament of Ovary
● Also called proper ovarian or utero-ovarian ligament
● It is a fibrous ligament that connects the ovaries to the lateral surface of the uterus.
★ Oogenesis
● Development or production of an ovum or egg is called oogenesis.
Stages
● During embryonic development of female fetuses in pregnant women,primordial germ cells divide by mitosis and multiply to form many small diploid (2n) oogonia.
RECALL ⇒ Primordial germ cells = Primary undifferentiated stem cells in embryo that can differentiate into gametes → differentiate into sperms in males and into eggs in females
● Oogonia divides by mitosis and differentiate into diploid (2n) primary oocyte that undergoes meiosis I and arrested in prophase I during embryonic development → all primary oocytes gets stored in female ovaries
● After female fetus is born and reached at puberty or adulthood, primary oocyte completes Meiosis I and changes into haploid (1n) secondary oocyte with greater cytoplasm + first polar body with smaller cytoplasm ( polar body is non-functional and has to be degraded)
● Secondary oocytes undergo meiosis II, get arrested at metaphase II and released (ovulation) into the fallopian tube.
● Upon entry of sperm into the secondary oocyte to fertilize it,the secondary oocyte completes meiosis II and changes into mature haploid (1n) ovum and second polar body.
● Sperm fertilizes the mature ovum or egg and form the diploid (2n)zygote
NOTE ⇒ If sperm does not come to fertilize the egg or secondary oocyte , secondary oocyte degrades and is released out of the female body via menstrual bleeding without completing meiosis.
Stages of Ovulation
● Primary follicles in ovaries containing primary oocytes grow to become mature follicles due to action of FSH from anterior pituitary glands.
● Mature follicles containing secondary oocytes arrested in metaphase II are called Graafian follicles or secondary follicles.



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