French Enlightenment | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-05

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment


00:01:39 1 Significant people and publications
00:03:51 2 Philosophy
00:07:05 3 Science
00:11:13 4 Sociology, economics and law
00:13:08 5 Politics
00:13:44 5.1 Theories of government
00:19:27 5.2 Enlightened absolutism
00:21:26 5.3 French Revolution
00:23:08 6 Religion
00:26:22 6.1 Separation of church and state
00:27:39 7 National variations
00:28:30 7.1 Great Britain
00:28:38 7.1.1 England
00:30:03 7.1.2 Scotland
00:30:59 7.1.3 American colonies
00:32:19 7.2 German states
00:36:14 7.3 Italy
00:38:11 7.4 Russia
00:39:23 7.5 Portugal
00:41:41 7.6 Poland
00:43:11 8 Historiography
00:44:22 8.1 Definition
00:44:59 8.2 Time span
00:48:00 8.3 Modern study
00:49:10 9 Society and culture
00:51:39 9.1 Social and cultural implications in the arts
00:55:38 10 Dissemination of ideas
00:58:45 10.1 The Republic of Letters
00:59:07 10.2 The book industry
01:02:34 10.3 Natural history
01:07:52 10.4 Scientific and literary journals
01:09:58 10.5 Encyclopedias and dictionaries
01:11:46 10.6 Popularization of science
01:17:31 10.7 Schools and universities
01:20:51 10.8 Learned academies
01:22:43 10.9 Salons
01:26:46 10.10 Coffeehouses
01:27:06 10.11 Debating societies
01:30:54 10.12 Masonic lodges
01:33:35 10.13 Art
01:38:55 11 Important intellectuals
01:39:33 12 See also
01:39:43 13 References



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- Socrates


SUMMARY
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The Age of Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Reason or simply the Enlightenment) was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, the "Century of Philosophy".Some consider the publication of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica (1687) as the first major enlightenment work. French historians traditionally date the Enlightenment from 1715 to 1789, from the beginning of the reign of Louis XV until the French Revolution. Most end it with the turn of the 19th century. Philosophers and scientists of the period widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges,  literary salons, coffeehouses and in printed books, journals, and pamphlets. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the Church and paved the way for the political revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism and neo-classicism, trace their intellectual heritage to the Enlightenment.The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of knowledge and advanced ideals such as liberty, progress, toleration, fraternity,  constitutional government and separation of church and state. In France, the central doctrines of the Enlightenment philosophers were individual liberty and religious tolerance, in opposition to an absolute monarchy and the fixed dogmas of the Roman Catholic Church. The Enlightenment was marked by an emphasis on the scientific method and reductionism, along with increased questioning of religious orthodoxy—an attitude captured by the phrase Sapere aude (Dare to know).