Nature of science | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 06/06/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science


00:03:26 1 History
00:05:20 1.1 Early cultures
00:06:53 1.2 Classical antiquity
00:13:13 1.3 Medieval science
00:21:03 1.4 Renaissance and early modern science
00:25:28 1.5 Age of Enlightenment
00:29:49 1.6 19th century
00:33:08 1.7 20th century
00:35:57 1.8 21st century
00:37:05 2 Branches of science
00:38:15 2.1 Natural science
00:40:00 2.2 Social science
00:41:47 2.3 Formal science
00:43:19 3 Scientific research
00:45:00 3.1 Scientific method
00:49:02 3.1.1 Verifiability
00:49:42 3.2 Role of mathematics
00:51:02 3.3 Philosophy of science
00:58:55 3.3.1 Certainty and science
01:03:13 3.4 Scientific literature
01:05:57 3.5 Practical impacts
01:06:14 3.6 Challenges
01:06:23 3.6.1 Replication crisis
01:07:24 3.6.2 Fringe science, pseudoscience, and junk science
01:09:19 4 Scientific community
01:09:40 4.1 Scientists
01:11:15 4.1.1 Women in science
01:14:19 4.2 Learned societies
01:16:48 5 Science and the public
01:16:58 5.1 Science policy
01:20:02 5.1.1 Funding of science
01:22:20 5.2 Public awareness of science
01:23:13 5.3 Science journalism
01:24:04 5.4 Politicization of science
01:25:35 6 See also



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SUMMARY
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Science (from the Latin word scientia, meaning "knowledge") is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.The earliest roots of science can be traced to Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3500 to 3000 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age. The recovery and assimilation of Greek works and Islamic inquiries into Western Europe from the 10th to 13th century revived "natural philosophy", which was later transformed by the Scientific Revolution that began in the 16th century as new ideas and discoveries departed from previous Greek conceptions and traditions. The scientific method soon played a greater role in knowledge creation and it was not until the 19th century that many of the institutional and professional features of science began to take shape; along with the changing from "natural philosophy" to the "natural sciences".Modern science is typically divided into three major branches that consist of the natural sciences (e.g., biology, chemistry, and physics), which study nature in the broadest sense; the social sciences (e.g., economics, psychology, and sociology), which study individuals and societies; and the formal sciences (e.g., logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science), which study abstract concepts. There is disagreement, however, on whether the formal sciences actually constitute a science as they do not rely on empirical evidence. Disciplines that use existing scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as engineering and medicine, are described as applied sciences.Science is based on research, which is commonly conducted in academic and research institutions as well as in government agencies and companies. The practical impact of scientific research has led to the emergence of science policies that seek to influence the scientific enterprise by prioritizing the development of commercial products, armaments, health care, and environmental protection.