Ritual | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-20

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual


00:02:17 1 Etymology
00:03:22 2 Characteristics
00:04:10 2.1 Formalism
00:05:24 2.2 Traditionalism
00:06:34 2.3 Invariance
00:07:10 2.4 Rule-governance
00:07:55 2.5 Sacrifice
00:09:23 2.6 Performance
00:09:56 3 Genres
00:10:18 3.1 Rites of passage
00:11:56 3.2 Calendrical and commemorative rites
00:13:16 3.3 Rites of exchange and communion
00:14:15 3.4 Rites of affliction
00:16:24 3.5 Rites of feasting, fasting and festivals
00:17:58 3.6 Political rituals
00:19:49 4 Anthropological theories
00:19:59 4.1 Functionalism
00:23:24 4.1.1 As social control
00:25:06 4.1.2 Rebellion
00:26:23 4.2 Structuralism
00:27:19 4.3 Structure and anti-structure
00:29:26 4.3.1 Anti-structure and communitas
00:30:30 4.3.2 Social dramas
00:31:35 4.4 Symbolic approaches to ritual
00:33:04 4.5 As a form of communication
00:35:05 4.6 As a disciplinary program
00:38:23 4.7 Ritualization
00:39:10 5 Religion
00:40:03 5.1 Ritual as a methodological measure of religiosity



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SUMMARY
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A ritual is a sequence of activities involving gestures, words, and objects, performed in a sequestered place, and performed according to set sequence. Rituals may be prescribed by the traditions of a community, including a religious community. Rituals are characterized but not defined by formalism, traditionalism, invariance, rule-governance, sacral symbolism, and performance.Rituals are a feature of all known human societies. They include not only the worship rites and sacraments of organized religions and cults, but also rites of passage, atonement and purification rites, oaths of allegiance, dedication ceremonies, coming of age ceremony or rites, coronations and presidential inaugurations, marriages and funerals, school "rush" traditions and graduations, club meetings, sporting events, Halloween parties, veterans parades, Christmas shopping and more. Many activities that are ostensibly performed for concrete purposes, such as jury trials, execution of criminals, and scientific symposia, are loaded with purely symbolic actions prescribed by regulations or tradition, and thus partly ritualistic in nature. Even common actions like hand-shaking and saying "hello" may be termed rituals.
The field of ritual studies has seen a number of conflicting definitions of the term. One given by Kyriakidis is that a ritual is an outsider's or "etic" category for a set activity (or set of actions) that, to the outsider, seems irrational, non-contiguous, or illogical. The term can be used also by the insider or "emic" performer as an acknowledgement that this activity can be seen as such by the uninitiated onlooker.
In psychology, the term ritual is sometimes used in a technical sense for a repetitive behavior systematically used by a person to neutralize or prevent anxiety; it is a symptom of obsessive–compulsive disorder.