Molecular anthropology | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-25

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_anthropology


00:01:57 1 Haploid loci in molecular anthropology
00:03:13 1.1 Mitochondrial DNA
00:07:17 1.2 Y chromosome
00:10:05 2 X-linked studies
00:12:17 3 Autosomal loci
00:12:26 4 Rate variation
00:12:36 5 Ancient DNA sequencing
00:13:32 6 Causes of errors
00:15:18 6.1 Problem of calibration
00:15:23 6.2 Problems in estimating TMRCA
00:20:18 7 History
00:20:41 7.1 Protein era
00:20:50 7.2 DNA era
00:22:40 7.2.1 RLFP and DNA hybridization
00:22:49 7.2.2 Era of PCR
00:24:35 7.2.3 Ancient DNA
00:27:05 7.2.4 Genomic sequencing
00:28:01 7.3 Critical progress
00:28:55 8 References



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SUMMARY
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Molecular anthropology is a field of anthropology in which molecular analysis is used to determine evolutionary links between ancient and modern human populations, as well as between contemporary species. Generally, comparisons are made between sequences, either DNA or protein sequences; however, early studies used comparative serology.
By examining DNA sequences in different populations, scientists can determine the closeness of relationships between populations (or within populations). Certain similarities in genetic makeup let molecular anthropologists determine whether or not different groups of people belong to the same haplogroup, and thus if they share a common geographical origin. This is significant because it allows anthropologists to trace patterns of migration and settlement, which gives helpful insight as to how contemporary populations have formed and progressed over time.Molecular anthropology has been extremely useful in establishing the evolutionary tree of humans and other primates, including closely related species like chimps and gorillas. While there are clearly many morphological similarities between humans and chimpanzees, for example, certain studies also have concluded that there is roughly a 98 percent commonality between the DNA of both species. However, more recent studies have modified the commonality of 98 percent to a commonality of 94 percent, showing that the genetic gap between humans and chimps is larger than originally thought. Such information is useful in searching for common ancestors and coming to a better understanding of how humans evolved.