Mestizo | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-05

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo


00:03:30 1 Etymology
00:03:57 1.1 Modern-day use
00:07:31 1.2 Cognates
00:08:07 2 Mestizo as a colonial-era category
00:16:35 2.1 Gallery
00:16:43 3 Spanish-speaking North America
00:16:53 3.1 Mexico
00:20:53 3.1.1 Genetic studies
00:23:34 3.2 Central America
00:24:06 3.2.1 Costa Rica
00:26:09 3.2.2 El Salvador
00:30:05 3.2.3 Guatemala
00:30:41 4 Spanish-speaking South America
00:30:51 4.1 Argentina and Uruguay
00:32:05 4.2 Chile
00:33:07 4.3 Colombia
00:34:38 4.4 Ecuador
00:35:56 4.5 Paraguay
00:37:22 4.6 Peru
00:37:49 4.7 Venezuela
00:38:20 4.7.1 Notable mestizos migrating to Europe
00:40:01 5 Hispanic Asia and Oceania
00:40:11 5.1 Philippines
00:42:10 5.2 Guam and Northern Mariana Islands
00:43:04 6 Former Portuguese colonies
00:43:14 6.1 Lusophone South America
00:43:23 6.1.1 Brazilian mestiço
00:47:06 6.2 Lusophone Africa
00:47:15 6.2.1 Angolan mestiço
00:48:46 6.2.2 Bissau-Guinean mestiço
00:49:03 6.2.3 Mozambican mestiço
00:49:18 6.2.4 Mestiços of São Tomé and Príncipe
00:49:48 6.3 Lusophone Asia
00:49:57 6.3.1 Sri Lankan mestiço
00:50:22 7 French-speaking North America
00:50:32 7.1 Métis of Canada
00:53:10 7.2 Mestizo of Saint Barthélemy
00:53:29 8 English-speaking North America
00:53:39 8.1 Canada
00:53:47 8.2 United States
00:54:34 8.3 Anglo-Métis
00:55:11 9 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Mestizo (; Spanish: [mesˈtiso] (listen)) or mestiza is a term historically used in Spain, Spanish America and the Philippines that originally referred to a person of combined European and Indigenous American descent, regardless of where the person was born. The term was used as an ethnic/racial category for mixed-race castas that evolved during the Spanish Empire. Although broadly speaking, Mestizo means someone of mixed European/indigenous heritage, and usually for someone considered a plebeian, the term did not have a fixed meaning in the colonial period. It was a formal label for individuals in official documentation, such as censuses, parish registers, Inquisition trials, and other matters. Individuals were labeled by priests and royal officials as mestizos, but the term was also used for self identification.In the modern era, particularly in Spanish America, mestizo has become more of a cultural term, with culturally mainstream Latin Americans regarded as, or termed "mestizos" regardless of their actual ancestry and with the term Indian being reserved exclusively for people who have maintained a separate indigenous ethnic identity, language, tribal affiliation, etc. 
The term mestizaje – taking as its root mestizo or mixed – is the modern Spanish word coined in the twentieth century for race mixture or miscegenation, the general process of mixing ancestries.To avoid confusion with the original usage of the term mestizo, mixed people started to be referred to collectively as castas. In some Latin American countries, such as Mexico, the concept of the mestizo became central to the formation of a new independent identity that was neither wholly Spanish nor wholly indigenous, and the word mestizo acquired its current meaning, it being used by the government to refer to all Mexicans who do not speak indigenous languages, including people of complete European or indigenous descent as well as Asians and Africans.The Portuguese cognate, mestiço, historically referred to any mixture of Portuguese and local populations in the Portuguese colonies. In colonial Brazil most of the non-enslaved population was initially mestiço de indio, i.e. mixed Portuguese and native Brazilian. There was no descent-based casta system, and children of upper class Portuguese landlord males and enslaved females would enjoy privileges higher than the ones given to the lower classes, such as formal education, though s ...