Lanthanide | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-25

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanide


00:02:05 1 Etymology
00:07:51 2 Physical properties of the elements
00:09:55 3 Chemistry and compounds
00:10:56 3.1 Effect of 4f orbitals
00:13:48 3.2 Lanthanide oxidation states
00:15:53 3.3 Separation of lanthanides
00:17:21 3.4 Coordination chemistry and catalysis
00:20:40 3.4.1 Ln(III) compounds
00:21:42 3.4.2 Ln(II) and Ln(IV) compounds
00:23:02 3.4.3 Hydrides
00:23:53 3.4.4 Halides
00:26:36 3.4.5 Oxides and hydroxides
00:29:07 3.4.6 Chalcogenides (S, Se, Te)
00:32:10 3.4.7 Pnictides (group 15)
00:33:57 3.4.8 Carbides
00:35:49 3.4.9 Borides
00:40:11 3.4.10 Organometallic compounds
00:41:04 4 Physical properties
00:41:13 4.1 Magnetic and spectroscopic
00:43:28 5 Occurrence
00:44:45 6 Applications
00:44:54 6.1 Industrial
00:47:27 6.2 Life science
00:49:46 6.3 Upcoming Medical Uses
00:52:36 7 Biological effects
00:53:24 8 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts



"There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance."
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The lanthanide () or lanthanoid () series of chemical elements comprises the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71, from lanthanum through lutetium. These elements, along with the chemically similar elements scandium and yttrium, are often collectively known as the rare earth elements.
The informal chemical symbol Ln is used in general discussions of lanthanide chemistry to refer to any lanthanide. All but one of the lanthanides are f-block elements, corresponding to the filling of the 4f electron shell; depending on the source, either lanthanum or lutetium is considered a d-block element, but is included due to its chemical similarities with the other 14. All lanthanide elements form trivalent cations, Ln3+, whose chemistry is largely determined by the ionic radius, which decreases steadily from lanthanum to lutetium.
They are called lanthanides because the elements in the series are chemically similar to lanthanum. Both lanthanum and lutetium have been labeled as group 3 elements, because they have a single valence electron in the 5d shell. However, both elements are often included in discussions of the chemistry of lanthanide elements. Lanthanum is the more often omitted of the two, because its placement as a group 3 element is somewhat more common in texts and for semantic reasons: since "lanthanide" means "like lanthanum", it has been argued that lanthanum cannot logically be a lanthanide, but IUPAC acknowledges its inclusion based on common usage.In presentations of the periodic table, the lanthanides and the actinides are customarily shown as two additional rows below the main body of the table, with placeholders or else a selected single element of each series (either lanthanum and actinium, or lutetium and lawrencium) shown in a single cell of the main table, between barium and hafnium, and radium and rutherfordium, respectively. This convention is entirely a matter of aesthetics and formatting practicality; a rarely used wide-formatted periodic table inserts the lanthanide and actinide series in their proper places, as parts of the table's sixth and seventh rows (periods).