Aluminum electrolytic capacitor | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 13/01/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum_electrolytic_capacitor


00:03:03 1 Basic information
00:03:13 1.1 Oxide layer
00:06:00 1.2 Construction of non-solid aluminum electrolytic capacitors
00:09:15 1.3 Comparison of non-solid and solid types
00:13:09 2 Materials
00:13:19 2.1 Anode
00:18:34 2.2 Cathode
00:20:02 2.3 Electrolyte
00:23:25 2.4 Separator
00:24:31 2.5 Encapsulation
00:25:47 2.6 Sealing
00:26:40 3 Production
00:28:06 4 Styles
00:28:59 5 History
00:38:37 6 Electrical parameters
00:39:45 6.1 Capacitance standard values and tolerances
00:42:50 6.2 Rated and category voltage
00:44:14 6.3 Surge voltage
00:45:13 6.4 Transient voltage
00:46:47 6.5 Reverse voltage
00:49:54 6.6 Impedance
00:55:54 6.7 ESR and dissipation factor tan δ
00:58:50 6.8 Ripple current
01:04:42 6.9 Charge/discharge stability
01:06:48 6.10 Current surge, peak or pulse current
01:06:54 6.11 Leakage current
01:11:29 6.12 Dielectric absorption (soakage)
01:12:49 7 Reliability, lifetime and failure modes
01:13:01 7.1 Reliability (failure rate)
01:17:45 7.2 Lifetime, service life
01:26:07 7.3 Failure modes
01:27:49 7.4 Capacitor behavior after storage or disuse
01:32:15 8 Additional information
01:32:26 8.1 Capacitor symbols
01:32:35 8.2 Parallel connection
01:33:07 8.3 Series connection
01:34:10 8.4 Imprinted markings
01:36:08 8.5 Polarity marking
01:36:52 8.6 Standardization
01:37:11 9 Applications and market
01:37:26 9.1 Applications
01:37:41 9.2 Advantages and disadvantages
01:37:55 9.3 Market
01:38:09 9.4 Manufacturers and products
01:38:28 10 References
01:38:35 November, "D"
01:38:53 Polarity marking
01:40:35 Standardization
01:42:35 Applications and market
01:42:45 Applications
01:43:45 Advantages and disadvantages
01:44:51 Market



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SUMMARY
=======
Aluminum electrolytic capacitors are polarized electrolytic capacitors whose anode electrode (+) is made of a pure aluminum foil with an etched surface. The aluminum forms a very thin insulating layer of  aluminium oxide by anodization that acts as the dielectric of the capacitor. A non-solid electrolyte covers the rough surface of the oxide layer, serving in principle as the second electrode (cathode) (-) of the capacitor. A second aluminum foil called “cathode foil” contacts the electrolyte and serves as the electrical connection to the negative terminal of the capacitor.
Aluminum electrolytic capacitors are divided into three subfamilies by the type of electrolyte: 

non-solid  (liquid, wet) aluminum electrolytic capacitors,
solid manganese dioxide aluminum electrolytic capacitors, and
solid polymer aluminium electrolytic capacitors.Aluminum electrolytic capacitors with non-solid electrolyte are the most inexpensive type and also those with widest range of sizes, capacitance and voltage values. They are made with capacitance values from 0.1 µF up to 2,700,000 µF (2.7 F), and rated voltages values from 4 V up to 630 V. The liquid electrolyte provides oxygen for re-forming or self-healing of the dielectric oxide layer. However, it can evaporate through a temperature-dependent drying-out process, which causes electrical parameters to drift, limiting the service life time of the capacitors.
Due to their relatively high capacitance values aluminum electrolytic capacitors have low impedance values even at lower frequencies like mains frequency. They are typically used in power supplies, switched-mode power supplies and DC-DC converters for smoothing and buffering rectified DC voltages in many electronic devices as well as in industrial power supplies and frequency converters as DC link capacitors for drives, inverters for photovoltaic, and converters in wind power plants. Special types are used for energy storage, for example in photoflash or strobe applications or for frequency coupling in audio applications.
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