English File 4e Quick Test #12 Past Perfect, Subject questions, Reported speech, say vs tell
Channel: Hi English
Date: 09/01/2023

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The past perfect is very common after verbs like realized, remembered, saw, etc., e.g. I suddenly realized that I’d forgotten my sister’s birthday.
This is an introduction to reported (or indirect) speech. 
The reporting of sentences with SAY and TELL is covered 
here, but not reported questions, e.g. He asked me if I lived near here.
When people report a past tense statement, they sometimes do not make the change to the past perfect, e.g.
Direct speech: ‘I saw Jack at the party.’ 
Reported speech: Jane told me she saw / had seen Jack at 
the  party.
However, this may confuse Sts, who prefer to be given 
one rule, so you may not want to highlight it at this level.
Sts tend to confuse the verbs say and tell, and may try to 
use say with a person. A typical mistake is: He said me that 
he was tired.

On Subject questions. Remember the only question words which can be the subject of a question, and may not need an auxiliary verb, are:
 Who…?, e.g. Who wrote the song?
 Which…?, e.g. Which singer sang My Way?
 What…?, e.g. What happened?
 How many / much…?, e.g. How many students came?
• questions beginning with When, Why, Where, How long, 
etc. always need an auxiliary.

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