Biological evolution | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-28

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution


00:03:04 1 History of evolutionary thought
00:03:14 1.1 Classical times
00:03:44 1.2 Medieval
00:04:29 1.3 Pre-Darwinian
00:07:03 1.4 Darwinian revolution
00:08:50 1.5 Pangenesis and heredity
00:10:33 1.6 The 'modern synthesis'
00:11:57 1.7 Further syntheses
00:12:52 2 Heredity
00:16:40 3 Variation
00:18:30 3.1 Mutation
00:20:38 3.2 Sex and recombination
00:22:16 3.3 Gene flow
00:24:01 4 Mechanisms
00:24:33 4.1 Natural selection
00:30:44 4.2 Biased mutation
00:33:10 4.3 Genetic drift
00:35:34 4.4 Genetic hitchhiking
00:36:46 4.5 Gene flow
00:38:12 5 Outcomes
00:41:19 5.1 Adaptation
00:46:25 5.2 Coevolution
00:47:23 5.3 Cooperation
00:49:14 5.4 Speciation
00:56:08 5.5 Extinction
00:58:19 6 Evolutionary history of life
00:58:30 6.1 Origin of life
01:00:27 6.2 Common descent
01:02:51 6.3 Evolution of life
01:05:34 7 Applications
01:08:15 8 Social and cultural responses



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SUMMARY
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Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes that are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Different characteristics tend to exist within any given population as a result of mutation, genetic recombination and other sources of genetic variation. Evolution occurs when evolutionary processes such as natural selection (including sexual selection) and genetic drift act on this variation, resulting in certain characteristics becoming more common or rare within a population. It is this process of evolution that has given rise to biodiversity at every level of biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms and molecules.The scientific theory of evolution by natural selection was proposed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in the mid-19th century and was set out in detail in Darwin's book On the Origin of Species (1859). Evolution by natural selection was first demonstrated by the observation that more offspring are often produced than can possibly survive. This is followed by three observable facts about living organisms: 1) traits vary among individuals with respect to their morphology, physiology and behaviour (phenotypic variation), 2) different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness) and 3) traits can be passed from generation to generation (heritability of fitness). Thus, in successive generations members of a population are more likely to be replaced by the progenies of parents with favourable characteristics that have enabled them to survive and reproduce in their respective environments. In the early 20th century, other competing ideas of evolution such as mutationism and orthogenesis were refuted as the modern synthesis reconciled Darwinian evolution with classical genetics, which established adaptive evolution as being caused by natural selection acting on Mendelian genetic variation.All life on Earth shares a last universal common ancestor (LUCA) that lived approximately 3.5–3.8 billion years ago. The fossil record includes a progression from early biogenic graphite, to microbial mat fossils, to fossilised multicellular organisms. Existing patterns of biodiversity have been shaped by repeated formations of new species (speciation), changes within species (anagenesis) and loss of species (extinction) throughout the evolutionary history of life on Earth. Morphological and biochemical traits are more similar among species that share a more recent common ancestor, and can be used to reconstruct phylogenetic trees.Evolutionary biologists have continued to study various aspects of evolution by forming and testing hypotheses as well as constructing theories based on evidence from the field or laboratory a ...