Yoga physiology | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-29

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga


00:02:43 1 Etymology
00:04:47 2 Definition in classic Indian texts
00:05:09 3 Goals
00:08:19 4 History
00:10:08 4.1 Pre-Vedic India
00:10:58 4.2 Vedic period (1700–500 BCE)
00:12:56 4.2.1 Textual references
00:14:55 4.2.2 Vedic ascetic practices
00:15:58 4.3 Preclassical era (500–200 BCE)
00:16:29 4.3.1 Buddhism and śramaṇa movement
00:20:09 4.3.2 Uncertainty with chronology
00:21:02 4.3.3 Upanishads
00:24:04 4.3.4 Macedonian historical texts
00:26:21 4.3.5 Mahabharata and Bhagavad Gita
00:29:31 4.3.6 Philosophical sutras
00:31:47 4.4 Classical era (200 BCE – 500 CE)
00:32:42 4.4.1 Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
00:40:53 4.4.2 Yoga and Vedanta
00:42:23 4.4.3 Yoga Yajnavalkya
00:43:29 4.4.4 Buddhist Abhidharma and Yogacara
00:45:20 4.4.5 Jainism
00:46:58 4.5 Middle Ages (500–1500 CE)
00:47:21 4.5.1 Bhakti movement
00:48:21 4.5.2 Hindu Tantra
00:50:38 4.5.2.1 Vajrayana and Tibetan Buddhism
00:52:20 4.5.3 Zen Buddhism
00:52:47 4.5.4 Hatha Yoga
00:53:41 4.5.5 Sikhism
00:54:53 5 Modern revival
00:55:03 5.1 19th century yoga philosophy
00:57:53 5.2 20th century practice
01:01:35 6 Traditions
01:02:01 6.1 Classical yoga
01:05:01 6.2 Buddhist yoga
01:09:26 6.3 Jain yoga
01:12:12 6.4 Yoga in Advaita Vedanta
01:15:26 6.5 Bhakti yoga
01:17:21 6.6 Tantric yoga
01:18:11 6.7 Hatha yoga
01:19:34 6.8 Laya Yoga and Kundalini yoga
01:21:34 7 Reception in other religions
01:21:44 7.1 Christianity
01:25:32 7.2 Islam
01:29:22 8 International Day of Yoga
01:30:54 9 See also



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SUMMARY
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Yoga (; Sanskrit: योग; pronunciation) is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which originated in ancient India. Yoga is one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophical traditions. There is a broad variety of yoga schools, practices, and goals in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. The term "yoga" in the Western world often denotes a modern form of Hatha yoga, consisting largely of the postures called asanas.
The origins of yoga have been speculated to date back to pre-Vedic Indian traditions; it is mentioned in the Rigveda, but most likely developed around the sixth and fifth centuries BCE, in ancient India's ascetic and śramaṇa movements. The chronology of earliest texts describing yoga-practices is unclear, varyingly credited to Upanishads. The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali date from the first half of the 1st millennium CE, but only gained prominence in the West in the 20th century. Hatha yoga texts emerged around the 11th century with origins in tantra.Yoga gurus from India later introduced yoga to the West, following the success of Swami Vivekananda in the late 19th and early 20th century with his adaptation of yoga tradition, excluding asanas. In the 1980s, a very different form of modern yoga, with an increasing number of asanas and few other practices, became popular as a system of exercise across the Western world. Yoga in Indian traditions, however, is more than physical exercise; it has a meditative and spiritual core. One of the six major orthodox schools of Hinduism is also called Yoga, which has its own epistemology and metaphysics, and is closely related to Hindu Samkhya philosophy.Many studies have tried to determine the effectiveness of modern yoga as a complementary intervention for cancer, schizophrenia, asthma, and heart disease. The results of these studies have been mixed and inconclusive. On December 1, 2016, yoga was listed by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage.