Vesicle (biology) | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-27

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle_(biology_and_chemistry)


00:02:08 1 Types of vesicles
00:02:18 1.1 Vacuoles
00:02:56 1.2 Lysosomes
00:03:42 1.3 Transport vesicles
00:04:27 1.4 Secretory vesicles
00:05:07 1.4.1 Types
00:06:34 1.5 Extracellular vesicles
00:06:58 1.5.1 Types
00:09:54 1.6 Other types
00:12:25 2 Formation and transport
00:12:50 2.1 Vesicle coat and cargo molecules
00:14:19 2.2 Vesicle docking
00:15:37 2.3 Vesicle fusion
00:16:22 2.4 In receptor downregulation
00:17:26 2.5 Preparation
00:17:35 2.5.1 Isolated vesicles
00:19:09 2.6 Artificial vesicles



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SUMMARY
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In cell biology, a vesicle is a large structure within a cell, or extracellular, consisting of liquid enclosed by a lipid bilayer. Vesicles form naturally during the processes of secretion (exocytosis), uptake (endocytosis) and transport of materials within the plasma membrane. Alternatively, they may be prepared artificially, in which case they are called liposomes (not to be confused with lysosomes). If there is only one phospholipid bilayer, they are called unilamellar liposome vesicles; otherwise they are called multilamellar. The membrane enclosing the vesicle is also a lamellar phase, similar to that of the plasma membrane and vesicles can fuse with the plasma membrane to release their contents outside the cell. Vesicles can also fuse with other organelles within the cell.
Vesicles perform a variety of functions. Because it is separated from the cytosol, the inside of the vesicle can be made to be different from the cytosolic environment.  For this reason, vesicles are a basic tool used by the cell for organizing cellular substances. Vesicles are involved in metabolism, transport, buoyancy control, and temporary storage of food and enzymes. They can also act as chemical reaction chambers.

The 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was shared by James Rothman, Randy Schekman and Thomas Südhof for their roles in elucidating (building upon earlier research, some of it by their mentors) the makeup and function of cell vesicles, especially in yeasts and in humans, including information on each vesicle's parts and how they are assembled.  Vesicle dysfunction is thought to contribute to Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, some hard-to-treat cases of epilepsy, some cancers and immunological disorders and certain neurovascular conditions.