Sulfur | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-25

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur


00:02:07 1 Characteristics
00:02:17 1.1 Physical properties
00:03:52 1.2 Chemical properties
00:05:06 1.3 Allotropes
00:06:17 1.4 Isotopes
00:08:09 1.5 Natural occurrence
00:10:47 2 Compounds
00:11:06 2.1 Sulfur polycations
00:11:50 2.2 Sulfides
00:13:09 2.3 Oxides, oxoacids and oxoanions
00:14:38 2.4 Halides and oxyhalides
00:15:22 2.5 Pnictides
00:16:03 2.6 Metal sulfides
00:16:56 2.7 Organic compounds
00:19:27 3 History
00:19:36 3.1 Antiquity
00:22:05 3.2 Modern times
00:23:58 3.3 Spelling and etymology
00:25:12 4 Production
00:29:14 5 Applications
00:29:23 5.1 Sulfuric acid
00:30:09 5.2 Other important sulfur chemistry
00:31:06 5.3 Fertilizer
00:32:20 5.4 Fine chemicals
00:33:05 5.5 Fungicide and pesticide
00:34:50 5.6 Bactericide in winemaking and food preservation
00:36:04 5.7 Pharmaceuticals
00:36:48 5.7.1 Mechanism of action
00:37:13 5.8 Furniture
00:37:52 6 Biological role
00:38:02 6.1 Protein and organic cofactors
00:40:57 6.2 Metalloproteins and inorganic cofactors
00:41:42 6.3 Sulfur metabolism and the sulfur cycle
00:44:28 7 Precautions
00:46:57 8 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Sulfur or sulphur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16. It is abundant, multivalent, and nonmetallic. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with a chemical formula S8. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow crystalline solid at room temperature. Chemically, sulfur reacts with all elements except for gold, platinum, iridium, tellurium, and the noble gases.
Sulfur is the tenth most common element by mass in the universe, and the fifth most common on Earth. Though sometimes found in pure, native form, sulfur on Earth usually occurs as sulfide and sulfate minerals. Being abundant in native form, sulfur was known in ancient times, being mentioned for its uses in ancient India, ancient Greece, China, and Egypt. In the Bible, sulfur is called brimstone. Today, almost all elemental sulfur is produced as a byproduct of removing sulfur-containing contaminants from natural gas and petroleum. The greatest commercial use of the element is the production of sulfuric acid for sulfate and phosphate fertilizers, and other chemical processes. The element sulfur is used in matches, insecticides, and fungicides. Many sulfur compounds are odoriferous, and the smells of odorized natural gas, skunk scent, grapefruit, and garlic are due to organosulfur compounds. Hydrogen sulfide gives the characteristic odor to rotting eggs and other biological processes.
Sulfur is an essential element for all life, but almost always in the form of organosulfur compounds or metal sulfides. Three amino acids (cysteine, cystine, and methionine) and two vitamins (biotin and thiamine) are organosulfur compounds. Many cofactors also contain sulfur including glutathione and thioredoxin and iron–sulfur proteins. Disulfides, S–S bonds, confer mechanical strength and insolubility of the protein keratin, found in outer skin, hair, and feathers. Sulfur is one of the core chemical elements needed for biochemical functioning and is an elemental macronutrient for all living organisms.