Endosymbiotic event | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 05/05/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosymbiont


00:02:28 1 Bacterial endosymbionts
00:02:39 1.1 In phytoplankton
00:05:37 1.2 In marine invertebrates
00:06:50 1.3 In vertebrates
00:07:08 1.4 In plants
00:07:27 1.5 In protists
00:08:13 1.6 In insects
00:13:01 2 Dinoflagellate endosymbionts
00:14:12 3 Viral endosymbionts
00:14:36 4 Symbiogenesis and organelles



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SUMMARY
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An endosymbiont or endobiont is any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism in a mutualistic relationship with the host body or cell, often but not always to mutual benefit.
The term endosymbiosis is from the Greek: ἔνδον endon "within", σύν syn "together" and βίωσις biosis "living"). Examples are nitrogen-fixing bacteria (called rhizobia), which live in root nodules on legume roots, single-cell algae inside reef-building corals, and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10–15% of insects.
There are two types of symbiont transmissions; horizontal transmission where each new generation acquire free living symbionts from the environment, such as the nitrogen-fixing bacteria in certain plant roots. And vertical transmission, where the symbiont is transferred directly from parent to offspring. There is also a combination of these types, where symbionts are transferred vertically for some generation before a switch of host occurs and new symbions are horizontally acquired from the environment. 
In vertical transmissions, the symbiont often have a reduced genome and is no longer able to survive on its own. When it enters the new generation depends on the host. In tse-tse flies, it happens during the larval stage, and in some sponges after an eggcell have been fertilized. A symbiont can never evolve into a true organelle before it is present in an individual in all stages of life, instead of being transferred from parent to offspring after the formation of gametes.Many instances of endosymbiosis are obligate; that is, either the endosymbiont or the host cannot survive without the other, such as the gutless marine worms of the genus Riftia, which get nutrition from their endosymbiotic bacteria. The most common examples of obligate endosymbioses are mitochondria and chloroplasts. Some human parasites, e.g. Wuchereria bancrofti and Mansonella perstans, thrive in their intermediate insect hosts because of an obligate endosymbiosis with Wolbachia spp. They can both be eliminated from said hosts by treatments that target this bacterium. However, not all endosymbioses are obligate and some endosymbioses can be harmful to either of the organisms involved.
Two major types of organelle in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and plastids such as chloroplasts, originated by symbiogenesis as bacterial endosymbionts.