How does Hypo & Hyper-Natremia (Na+) affect brain? (2nd Year MBBS)
Channel: Cool Concepts in Physiology, Anatomy (& Life)
Date: 23/04/2024

Sodium (Na+) is a crucial electrolyte that plays a significant role in maintaining the balance of fluids inside and outside of cells, including neurons in the brain. Both hypo- and hypernatremia can have profound effects on brain function due to their impact on osmotic balance and neuronal activity.

Hyponatremia (Low Sodium):
In hyponatremia, the concentration of sodium in the blood is lower than normal, usually defined as below 135 mEq/L. This can occur due to various factors such as excessive water intake, certain medications, hormonal imbalances, or medical conditions affecting kidney function.
The decrease in sodium concentration in the blood leads to a shift of water from the extracellular compartment into the intracellular compartment, including brain cells. This causes swelling of brain cells, leading to cerebral edema.
Symptoms of hyponatremia range from mild to severe and can include headache, nausea, confusion, lethargy, seizures, and even coma in severe cases. The neurological symptoms primarily result from the swelling of brain cells and changes in neuronal function.
Hypernatremia (High Sodium):
In hypernatremia, the concentration of sodium in the blood is higher than normal, usually defined as above 145 mEq/L. This can occur due to dehydration, excessive sodium intake, diabetes insipidus, or certain medications.
The increase in sodium concentration in the blood leads to a shift of water from the intracellular compartment to the extracellular compartment, causing dehydration of brain cells.
Symptoms of hypernatremia can include thirst, dry mucous membranes, restlessness, irritability, weakness, confusion, and in severe cases, seizures and coma. The neurological symptoms primarily result from the dehydration of brain cells and the associated decrease in cerebral perfusion.
Both hypo- and hypernatremia can have serious consequences if not promptly recognized and treated. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and restoring the balance of sodium and water in the body through appropriate fluid management. In severe cases, medical interventions such as intravenous fluids and electrolyte replacement may be necessary to prevent complications and restore normal brain function.







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