Ball lightning | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-04

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_lightning


00:01:36 1 Historical accounts
00:02:12 1.1 Great Thunderstorm of Widecombe-in-the-Moor
00:03:36 1.2 The iCatherine and Mary/i
00:04:23 1.3 The iMontague/i
00:05:40 1.4 Georg Richmann
00:06:40 1.5 HMS iWarren Hastings/i
00:07:29 1.6 Ebenezer Cobham Brewer
00:08:08 1.7 Wilfrid de Fonvielle
00:09:58 1.8 Tsar Nicholas II
00:11:53 1.9 Aleister Crowley
00:13:01 1.10 R.C. Jennison
00:14:03 1.11 Other accounts
00:22:45 2 Characteristics
00:26:21 3 Direct measurements of natural ball lightning
00:28:23 4 Laboratory experiments
00:29:35 4.1 Wave-guided microwaves
00:30:05 4.2 Water discharge experiments
00:30:28 4.3 Home microwave oven experiments
00:31:51 4.4 Silicon experiments
00:32:45 5 Proposed scientific explanations
00:33:20 5.1 Vaporized silicon hypothesis
00:34:51 5.2 Electrically charged solid-core model
00:35:39 5.3 Microwave cavity hypothesis
00:36:35 5.4 Soliton hypothesis
00:39:18 5.5 Hydrodynamic vortex ring antisymmetry
00:42:17 5.6 Nanobattery hypothesis
00:42:54 5.7 Black hole hypothesis
00:43:38 5.8 Buoyant plasma hypothesis
00:44:40 5.9 Transcranial magnetic stimulation
00:46:33 5.10 Spinning plasma toroid (ring)
00:47:47 5.11 Rydberg matter concept
00:48:59 5.12 Vacuum hypothesis
00:54:17 5.13 Other hypotheses
00:57:06 6 See also
00:57:37 7 Notes
00:57:46 8 Further reading



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SUMMARY
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Ball lightning is an unexplained and potentially dangerous atmospheric electrical phenomenon. The term refers to reports of luminous, spherical objects that vary from pea-sized to several meters in diameter. Though usually associated with thunderstorms, the phenomenon lasts considerably longer than the split-second flash of a lightning bolt. Two reports from the nineteenth century claim that the ball eventually explodes, leaving behind an odor of sulfur.
Until the 1960s, most scientists treated reports of ball lightning skeptically, despite numerous accounts from around the world. Laboratory experiments can produce effects that are visually similar to reports of ball lightning, but how these relate to the natural phenomenon remains unclear.Scientists have proposed many hypotheses about ball lightning over the centuries. Scientific data on natural ball-lightning remains scarce, owing to its infrequency and unpredictability. The presumption of its existence depends on reported public sightings, which have produced somewhat inconsistent findings. Owing to inconsistencies and to the lack of reliable data, the true nature of ball lightning remains unknown. The first ever optical spectrum of what appears to have been a ball-lightning event was published in January 2014, and included a video at high frame-rate.