Babylonia | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-20

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia


00:03:28 1 History
00:03:38 1.1 Pre-Babylonian Sumero-Akkadian period
00:09:14 1.2 First Babylonian dynasty – Amorite Dynasty, 1894–1595 BC
00:11:35 1.2.1 Empire of Hammurabi
00:16:49 1.2.2 Decline
00:19:57 1.2.3 The sack of Babylon and ancient Near East chronology
00:21:18 1.3 Kassite Dynasty, 1595–1155 BC
00:34:13 1.4 Early Iron Age – Native Rule, Second Dynasty of Isin, 1155–1026 BC
00:40:26 1.5 Period of Chaos, 1026–911 BC
00:42:58 1.6 Assyrian rule, 911–619 BC
00:54:57 1.7 Neo-Babylonian Empire (Chaldean Era)
01:10:21 1.8 Persian Babylonia
01:14:41 2 Culture
01:15:44 2.1 Babylonian culture
01:15:54 2.1.1 Art and architecture
01:17:11 2.1.2 Astronomy
01:18:51 2.1.3 Medicine
01:22:39 2.1.4 Literature
01:24:25 2.2 Neo-Babylonian culture
01:24:48 2.2.1 Astronomy
01:27:46 2.2.2 Mathematics
01:32:48 2.2.3 Philosophy
01:34:00 3 Legacy
01:37:03 4 See also



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SUMMARY
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Babylonia () was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq). A small Amorite-ruled state emerged in 1894 BC, which contained the minor administrative town of Babylon. It was merely a small provincial town during the Akkadian Empire (2335–2154 BC) but greatly expanded during the reign of Hammurabi in the first half of the 18th century BC and became a major capital city. During the reign of Hammurabi and afterwards, Babylonia was called "the country of Akkad" (Māt Akkadī in Akkadian).It was often involved in rivalry with the older state of Assyria to the north and Elam to the east in Ancient Iran. Babylonia briefly became the major power in the region after Hammurabi (fl. c. 1792–1752 BC middle chronology, or c. 1696–1654 BC, short chronology) created a short-lived empire, succeeding the earlier Akkadian Empire, Third Dynasty of Ur, and Old Assyrian Empire. The Babylonian empire, however, rapidly fell apart after the death of Hammurabi and reverted to a small kingdom.
Like Assyria, the Babylonian state retained the written Akkadian language (the language of its native populace) for official use, despite its Northwest Semitic-speaking Amorite founders and Kassite successors, who spoke a language isolate, not being native Mesopotamians. It retained the Sumerian language for religious use (as did Assyria), but already by the time Babylon was founded, this was no longer a spoken language, having been wholly subsumed by Akkadian. The earlier Akkadian and Sumerian traditions played a major role in Babylonian and Assyrian culture, and the region would remain an important cultural center, even under its protracted periods of outside rule.
The earliest mention of the city of Babylon can be found in a clay tablet from the reign of Sargon of Akkad (2334–2279 BC), dating back to the 23rd century BC. Babylon was merely a religious and cultural centre at this point and neither an independent state nor a large city; like the rest of Mesopotamia, it was subject to the Akkadian Empire which united all the Akkadian and Sumerian speakers under one rule. After the collapse of the Akkadian empire, the south Mesopotamian region was dominated by the Gutian people for a few decades before the rise of the Third Dynasty of Ur, which restored order to the region and which, apart from northern Assyria, encompassed the whole of Mesopotamia, including the town of Babylon.