Mitosis | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-17

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis


00:02:55 1 Discovery
00:05:11 2 Phases
00:05:20 2.1 Overview
00:07:46 2.2 Interphase
00:09:33 2.3 Mitosis
00:09:42 2.3.1 Preprophase (plant cells)
00:11:03 2.3.2 Prophase
00:13:03 2.3.3 Prometaphase
00:14:51 2.3.4 Metaphase
00:15:49 2.3.5 Anaphase
00:16:45 2.3.6 Telophase
00:17:51 2.4 Cytokinesis
00:19:35 3 Function
00:21:44 4 Variations
00:21:54 4.1 Forms of mitosis
00:24:46 4.2 Errors and other variations
00:27:53 5 Related cell processes
00:28:03 5.1 Cell rounding
00:29:57 5.2 Mitotic recombination
00:30:53 6 Evolution
00:31:59 7 Gallery



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SUMMARY
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In cell biology, mitosis () is a part of the cell cycle when replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. Cell division gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the number of chromosomes is maintained. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is preceded by the S stage of interphase (during which the DNA is replicated) and is often accompanied or followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells genetically identical to each other.
The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to spindle fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The rest of the cell may then continue to divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of the normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission. Mitosis varies between organisms. For example, animal cells undergo an "open" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, whereas fungi undergo a "closed" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Most human cells are produced by mitotic cell division. Important exceptions include the gametes – sperm and egg cells – which are produced by meiosis.