Chemical weapons destruction facility | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 07/06/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_chemical_weapons


00:02:56 1 Methods
00:03:05 1.1 Incineration
00:04:12 1.2 Neutralization
00:05:12 2 Sites in the United States
00:05:22 2.1 Pine Bluff
00:06:10 2.2 Blue Grass Army Depot
00:06:57 2.3 Johnston Atoll
00:07:28 2.4 Hawaii
00:08:22 2.5 Anniston Army Depot
00:09:00 2.6 Deseret Chemical Depot
00:09:29 2.7 Umatilla Chemical Depot
00:09:55 2.8 Aberdeen Proving Ground
00:10:18 2.9 Newport Chemical Depot
00:10:45 2.10 Pueblo Chemical Depot
00:11:10 3 Sites outside the United States
00:11:27 4 Safety
00:16:13 5 Effects on local communities
00:16:23 5.1 Jobs
00:17:22 5.2 Equipment and funding



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SUMMARY
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Throughout history, chemical weapons have been used as strategic weaponry to devastate the enemy in times of war. After the mass destruction created by WWI and WWII, chemical weapons have been considered to be inhumane by most nations, and governments and organizations have undertaken to locate and destroy existing chemical weapons. However, not all nations have been willing to cooperate with disclosing or demilitarizing their inventory of chemical weapons. Since the start of the worldwide efforts to destroy all existing chemical weapons, some nations and terrorist organizations have used and threatened the use of chemical weapons to leverage their position in conflict. Notable examples include the use of such weapons by Iraq’s Saddam Hussein on the Kurdish village Halabja in 1988 and their employment against civilian passengers of the Tokyo subway by Aum Shinrikyo in 1995. The efforts made by the United States and other chemical weapon destruction agencies intend to prevent such use, but this is a difficult and ongoing effort. Aside from the difficulties of cooperation and locating chemical weapons, the methods to destroy the weapons and to do this safely are also a challenge.
The United States has been at the forefront of the chemical weapons reduction efforts since the late 1960s, when President Richard Nixon imposed a moratorium on the production of chemical weapons in the U.S. In 1979, the first pilot program for chemical weapons destruction was established; the preferred disposal technology commonly used today originated from this program. The first major program to destroy chemical weapons stockpiles in the United States began in 1990, two years before the drafting of an international agreement that called for a halt in production as well as the destruction of existing chemical weapons. The first destruction site was located at Johnston Atoll, just over 600 miles (970 km) southwest of Hawaii.  Since then two sites have been set up under management of the Department of Defense and six locations managed by the Army, all located within the United States. While there is an almost universal agreement that the elimination of chemical weapons is in the best interest of all mankind, there are many concerns surrounding the destruction operations.  Safety of personnel and surrounding communities is a main concern, and this has been addressed in several ways. The pollution produced by the preferred destruction method involving the incineration of the chemical agents and the munitions that contained them was another concern. The program has been incredibly expensive; in the 2011 budget proposal submitted to Congress in February 2010 just over half a billion dollars was allocated for two of the destruction sites. This amount of money would create many benefits for the surrounding communities in the form of both jobs and equipment provided to local cities and counties.
There are essentially three broad categories of destruction approaches, all used successfully in various programs. As of late January 2010, 22,300 tons of 31,500 tons of chemical weapons have been destroyed- accounting f ...