Physiology of dinosaurs | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 26/03/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology_of_dinosaurs


00:01:59 1 History of study
00:02:09 1.1 Early interpretations of dinosaurs: 1820s to early 1900s
00:03:00 1.2 Changing views and the dinosaur renaissance
00:04:39 2 Feeding and digestion
00:08:36 3 Reproductive biology
00:10:21 4 Respiratory system
00:10:30 4.1 Air sacs
00:17:07 4.2 Uncinate processes on the ribs
00:18:21 4.3 Nasal turbinates
00:18:31 5 Cardiovascular system
00:19:28 6 Growth and lifecycle
00:21:08 7 Metabolism
00:23:04 7.1 What the debate is about
00:24:55 7.2 Metabolic options
00:25:51 7.3 Bone structure
00:29:36 7.4 Metabolic rate, blood pressure and flow
00:31:57 7.5 Growth rates
00:35:10 7.6 Oxygen isotope ratios in bone
00:38:05 7.7 Predator–prey ratios
00:40:08 7.8 Posture and gait
00:42:20 7.9 Feathers
00:45:18 7.10 Polar dinosaurs
00:48:37 7.11 Evidence for behavioral thermoregulation
00:50:54 7.12 Other evidence
00:55:21 7.13 The crocodilian puzzle and early archosaur metabolism
00:56:46 8 See also
00:58:41 9 References
01:03:51 10 External links



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SUMMARY
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Preliminary note: In this article "dinosaur" means "non-avian dinosaur," since birds are a monophyletic taxon within the clade Dinosauria and most experts regard birds as dinosaurs.The physiology of dinosaurs has historically been a controversial subject, particularly their thermoregulation. Recently, many new lines of evidence have been brought to bear on dinosaur physiology generally, including not only metabolic systems and thermoregulation, but on respiratory and cardiovascular systems as well.
During the early years of dinosaur paleontology, it was widely considered that they were sluggish, cumbersome, and sprawling cold-blooded lizards. However, with the discovery of much more complete skeletons in western United States, starting in the 1870s, scientists could make more informed interpretations of dinosaur biology and physiology.  Edward Drinker Cope, opponent of Othniel Charles Marsh in the Bone Wars, propounded at least some dinosaurs as active and agile, as seen in the painting of two fighting "Laelaps" produced under his direction by Charles R. Knight.In parallel, the development of Darwinian evolution, and the discoveries of Archaeopteryx and Compsognathus, led Thomas Henry Huxley to propose that dinosaurs were closely related to birds. Despite these considerations, the image of dinosaurs as large reptiles had already taken root, and most aspects of their paleobiology were interpreted as being typically reptilian for the first half of the twentieth century. Beginning in the 1960s and with the advent of the Dinosaur Renaissance, views of dinosaurs and their physiology have changed dramatically, including the discovery of feathered dinosaurs in Early Cretaceous age deposits in China, indicating that birds evolved from highly agile maniraptoran dinosaurs.