Fossil | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-17

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil


00:02:06 1 Fossilization processes
00:02:22 1.1 Permineralization
00:03:26 1.2 Casts and molds
00:04:01 1.3 Authigenic mineralization
00:04:44 1.4 Replacement and recrystallization
00:05:22 1.5 Adpression (compression-impression)
00:06:26 1.5.1 Soft tissue, cell and molecular preservation
00:07:54 1.6 Carbonization
00:08:23 1.7 Bioimmuration
00:09:12 2 Dating
00:09:21 2.1 Estimating dates
00:10:26 2.1.1 Stratigraphy
00:12:51 2.2 Limitations
00:14:04 3 Sites
00:14:13 3.1 Lagerstätten
00:15:00 3.2 Stromatolites
00:18:52 4 Types
00:19:00 4.1 Index
00:19:52 4.2 Trace
00:21:12 4.3 Transitional
00:21:57 4.4 Microfossils
00:22:48 4.5 Resin
00:23:45 4.6 Derived
00:24:14 4.7 Wood
00:24:58 4.8 Subfossil
00:26:17 4.9 Chemical fossils
00:26:55 5 Astrobiology
00:27:59 6 Pseudofossils
00:28:45 7 History of the study of fossils
00:29:20 7.1 Ancient civilizations
00:34:16 7.2 Early modern explanations
00:37:26 7.3 Linnaeus and Darwin
00:38:41 7.4 After Darwin
00:40:15 7.5 Modern era
00:43:04 8 Trading and collecting
00:43:54 9 Fossils as medicine
00:44:35 10 Gallery



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SUMMARY
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A fossil (from Classical Latin fossilis; literally, "obtained by digging") is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved in amber, hair, petrified wood, oil, coal, and DNA remnants. The totality of fossils is known as the fossil record.
Paleontology is the study of fossils: their age, method of formation, and evolutionary significance. Specimens are usually considered to be fossils if they are over 10,000 years old. The oldest fossils are around 3.48 billion years old to 4.1 billion years old. The observation in the 19th century that certain fossils were associated with certain rock strata led to the recognition of a geological timescale and the relative ages of different fossils. The development of radiometric dating techniques in the early 20th century allowed scientists to quantitatively measure the absolute ages of rocks and the fossils they host.
There are many processes that lead to fossilization, including permineralization, casts and molds, authigenic mineralization, replacement and recrystallization, adpression, carbonization, and bioimmuration.

Fossils vary in size from one-micrometre (1 µm) bacteria to dinosaurs and trees, many meters long and weighing many tons. A fossil normally preserves only a portion of the deceased organism, usually that portion that was partially mineralized during life, such as the bones and teeth of vertebrates, or the chitinous or calcareous exoskeletons of invertebrates. Fossils may also consist of the marks left behind by the organism while it was alive, such as animal tracks or feces (coprolites). These types of fossil are called trace fossils or ichnofossils, as opposed to body fossils. Some fossils are biochemical and are called chemofossils or biosignatures.