Lithium-ion battery | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 02/10/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery


00:02:50 1 Terminology
00:02:59 1.1 Battery versus cell
00:03:25 1.2 Anode and cathode electrodes
00:03:52 2 History
00:04:01 2.1 Background
00:06:17 2.2 Invention and development
00:11:17 2.3 Commercial production
00:14:04 2.4 Market
00:16:02 3 Construction
00:19:02 3.1 Shapes
00:21:14 4 Electrochemistry
00:24:14 4.1 Electrolytes
00:24:31 4.1.1 Liquid electrolytes
00:26:58 4.1.2 Solid electrolytes
00:28:35 5 Charge and discharge
00:29:41 5.1 Procedure
00:31:25 5.2 Extreme temperatures
00:33:13 6 Performance
00:36:18 7 Materials
00:38:34 7.1 Positive electrode
00:38:43 7.2 Negative electrode
00:39:38 7.2.1 Anode research
00:43:40 7.3 Diffusion
00:44:55 8 Use
00:46:58 9 Self-discharge
00:48:35 10 Battery life
00:50:34 10.1 Variability
00:51:17 10.2 Degradation
00:54:37 10.2.1 Reactions
00:55:09 10.2.2 Anode
00:57:09 10.2.3 Electrolytes
00:58:50 10.2.4 Cathode
01:00:14 10.3 Conditioning
01:00:52 10.4 Multicell devices
01:01:42 11 Safety
01:07:42 11.1 Recalls
01:09:22 11.2 Transport restrictions
01:12:58 12 Environmental impact and recycling
01:15:07 13 Research



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SUMMARY
=======
A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery (abbreviated as LIB) is a type of rechargeable battery. Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used for portable electronics and electric vehicles and are growing in popularity for military and aerospace applications. Important advances in the field were made by John Goodenough, Robert Huggins, Stanley Whittingham, Rachid Yazami and Akira Yoshino starting in the 1970s and building into the 1980s, that allowed for advances in understanding that lead to commercialization by Sony and Asahi Kasei in 1991.
In the batteries lithium ions move from the negative electrode through an electrolyte to the positive electrode during discharge, and back when charging. Li-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound as the material at the positive electrode and typically graphite at the negative electrode.  The batteries have a high energy density, no memory effect (other than LFP cells) and low self-discharge. They can however be a safety hazard since they contain a flammable electrolyte, and if damaged or incorrectly charged can lead to explosions and fires. Samsung were forced to recall Galaxy Note 7 handsets following lithium-ion fires, and there have been several incidents involving batteries on Boeing 787s.
Chemistry, performance, cost and safety characteristics vary across LIB types. Handheld electronics mostly use lithium polymer batteries (with a polymer gel as electrolyte) with lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) as cathode material, which offers high energy density but presents safety risks, especially when damaged. Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), lithium ion manganese oxide battery (LiMn2O4, Li2MnO3, or LMO), and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNiMnCoO2 or NMC) offer lower energy density but longer lives and less likelihood of fire or explosion. Such batteries are widely used for electric tools, medical equipment, and other roles. NMC in particular is a leading contender for automotive applications.
Research areas for lithium-ion batteries include life extension, energy density, safety, cost reduction, and charging speed, among others. Research has been under way in the area of non-flammable electrolytes as a pathway to increased safety based on the flammability and volatility of the organic solvents used in the typical electrolyte.  Strategies include aqueous lithium-ion batteries, ceramic solid electrolytes, polymer electrolytes, ionic liquids, and heavily fluorinated systems.