Greenhouse gas | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 02/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Greenhouse gas


00:01:47 1 Gases in Earth's atmosphere
00:01:56 1.1 Greenhouse gases
00:03:24 1.2 Non-greenhouse gases
00:04:21 1.3 Indirect radiative effects
00:07:18 1.4 Contribution of clouds to Earth's greenhouse effect
00:07:44 2 Impacts on the overall greenhouse effect
00:09:07 2.1 Proportion of direct effects at a given moment
00:09:48 2.2 Atmospheric lifetime
00:13:03 2.3 Radiative forcing
00:14:17 2.4 Global warming potential
00:16:10 3 Natural and anthropogenic sources
00:17:25 3.1 Ice cores
00:17:37 3.2 Changes since the Industrial Revolution
00:20:03 4 Anthropogenic greenhouse gases
00:21:18 4.1 Sectors
00:22:43 4.1.1 Tourism
00:26:25 4.1.2 Trucking and haulage
00:26:33 4.1.3 Plastic
00:27:16 5 Role of water vapor
00:28:08 6 Direct greenhouse gas emissions
00:29:19 6.1 Regional and national attribution of emissions
00:31:20 6.2 From land-use change
00:32:15 6.3 Greenhouse gas intensity
00:36:10 6.4 Cumulative and historical emissions
00:37:11 6.5 Changes since a particular base year
00:38:00 6.6 Annual emissions
00:40:03 6.7 Top emitter countries
00:41:46 6.7.1 Annual
00:43:15 6.7.2 Cumulative
00:43:24 6.8 Embedded emissions
00:43:41 6.9 Effect of policy
00:43:49 6.10 Projections
00:45:49 6.11 Relative COsub2/sub emission from various fuels
00:47:30 7 Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources
00:48:51 8 Removal from the atmosphere ("sinks")
00:49:25 8.1 Natural processes
00:49:52 8.2 Negative emissions
00:50:04 9 History of scientific research
00:51:30 10 See also
00:52:08 11 References



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SUMMARY
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A greenhouse gas is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. Greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone.  Without greenhouse gases, the average temperature of Earth's surface would be about −18 °C (0 °F), rather than the present average of 15 °C (59 °F).  The atmospheres of Venus, Mars and Titan also contain greenhouse gases.
Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 40% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), from 280 ppm in 1750 to 406 ppm in early 2017. This increase has occurred despite the uptake of more than half of the emissions by various natural "sinks" involved in the carbon cycle.  The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions (i.e., emissions produced by human activities) come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally  coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).Should greenhouse gas emissions continue at their rate in 2017, Earth's surface temperature could exceed historical values as early as 2047, with potentially harmful effects on ecosystems, biodiversity and human livelihoods. At current emission rates temperatures could increase by 2 °C, which the United Nations' IPCC designated as the upper limit to avoid "dangerous" levels, by 2036.