Diarchy | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 01/01/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarchy


00:01:53 1 Formal use
00:02:02 1.1 Current diarchies
00:02:11 1.1.1 Andorra
00:02:43 1.1.2 Bhutan
00:03:12 1.1.3 Northern Ireland
00:03:40 1.1.4 San Marino
00:04:06 1.1.5 Swaziland
00:04:38 1.2 Historical diarchies
00:04:47 1.2.1 Sparta
00:05:05 1.2.2 Roman Republic
00:05:38 1.2.3 Hungary
00:06:10 1.2.4 Medieval Europe
00:06:53 1.2.5 Japan
00:07:20 1.2.6 Tibet
00:08:11 1.2.7 England
00:08:37 1.2.8 Canada
00:09:02 1.2.9 Russia
00:09:37 1.2.10 India
00:11:38 1.2.11 Samoa
00:12:07 2 Informal use
00:12:16 2.1 Informally shared power
00:13:31 2.2 Religious leaders
00:13:58 2.3 Influential outsiders
00:14:45 2.4 Bureaucracy
00:15:13 3 In fiction
00:15:58 4 See also



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SUMMARY
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A diarchy (from Greek δι-, di-, "double", and -αρχία, -arkhía, "ruled") or duumvirate (from Latin duumvirātus, "the office of the two men") is a form of government characterized by corule, with two people ruling a polity together either lawfully or de facto, by collusion and force. The leaders of such a system are usually known as corulers.Historically, diarchy particularly referred to the system of shared rule in British India established by the Government of India Acts of 1919 and 1935, which devolved some powers to local councils, which had included native Indian representation under the Indian Councils Act 1892. 'Duumvirate' principally referred to the offices of the various duumviri established by the Roman Republic. Both, along with less common synonyms such as biarchy and tandemocracy, are now used more generally to refer to any system of joint rule or office. A monarchy temporarily controlled by two or more people is, however, usually distinguished as a coregency.
Corule is one of the oldest forms of government. Historical examples include the Pandyan dynasty of Tamilakam,  Sparta's joint kingdom, the Roman Republic's consuls, Carthage's Judges, and several ancient Polynesian societies. Systems of inheritance that often led to corule in Germanic and Dacian monarchies may be included as well, as may the dual occupants of the ranks of the Inca Empire. Modern examples of diarchies are Andorra, whose princes are the President of France and the Bishop of Urgell in Spain; San Marino, whose republic is led by two Captains Regent; and Swaziland, where sovereignty rests jointly in the king and his mother.