Evolutionary history of life | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 06/03/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_life


00:05:17 1 Earliest history of Earth
00:07:29 2 Earliest evidence for life on Earth
00:09:01 3 Origins of life on Earth
00:09:30 3.1 Independent emergence on Earth
00:11:30 3.1.1 Replication first: RNA world
00:13:40 3.1.2 Metabolism first: Iron–sulfur world
00:14:36 3.1.3 Membranes first: Lipid world
00:15:27 3.1.4 The clay hypothesis
00:16:48 3.2 Life "seeded" from elsewhere
00:18:24 4 Environmental and evolutionary impact of microbial mats
00:21:41 5 Diversification of eukaryotes
00:21:52 5.1 Chromatin, nucleus, endomembrane system, and mitochondria
00:24:13 5.2 Plastids
00:24:53 6 Sexual reproduction and multicellular organisms
00:25:05 6.1 Evolution of sexual reproduction
00:30:56 6.2 Multicellularity
00:34:23 6.3 Fossil evidence
00:35:31 7 Emergence of animals
00:39:19 7.1 Deuterostomes and the first vertebrates
00:40:43 8 Colonization of land
00:41:53 8.1 Evolution of terrestrial antioxidants
00:44:11 8.2 Evolution of soil
00:46:22 8.3 Plants and the Late Devonian wood crisis
00:48:25 8.4 Land invertebrates
00:51:06 8.5 Early land vertebrates
00:54:49 9 Dinosaurs, birds and mammals
00:58:08 10 Flowering plants
00:59:02 11 Social insects
01:01:46 12 Humans
01:03:24 13 Mass extinctions
01:06:03 14 See also



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SUMMARY
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The evolutionary history of life on Earth traces the processes by which living and fossil organisms evolved, from the earliest emergence of life to the present. Earth formed about 4.5 billion years (Ga) ago and evidence suggests life emerged prior to 3.7 Ga. (Although there is some evidence of life as early as 4.1 to 4.28 Ga, it remains controversial due to the possible non-biological fomation of the purported fossils.) The similarities among all known present-day species indicate that they have diverged through the process of evolution from a common ancestor. Approximately 1 trillion species currently live on Earth of which only 1.75–1.8 million have been named and 1.6 million documented in a central database. These represent less than one percent of the species that have ever lived on earth.

The earliest evidence of life comes from biogenic carbon signatures and stromatolite fossils discovered in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks from western Greenland. In 2015, possible "remains of biotic life" were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. In March 2017, putative evidence of possibly the oldest forms of life on Earth was reported in the form of fossilized microorganisms discovered in hydrothermal vent precipitates in the Nuvvuagittuq Belt of Quebec, Canada, that may have lived as early as 4.28 billion years ago, not long after the oceans formed 4.4 billion years ago, and not long after the formation of the Earth 4.54 billion years ago.Microbial mats of coexisting bacteria and archaea were the dominant form of life in the early Archean Epoch and many of the major steps in early evolution are thought to have taken place in this environment. The evolution of  photosynthesis, around 3.5 Ga, eventually led to a buildup of its waste product, oxygen, in the atmosphere, leading to the great oxygenation event, beginning around 2.4 Ga. The earliest evidence of eukaryotes (complex cells with organelles) dates from 1.85 Ga, and while they may have been present earlier, their diversification accelerated when they started using oxygen in their metabolism. Later, around 1.7 Ga, multicellular organisms began to appear, with differentiated cells performing specialised functions. Sexual reproduction, which involves the fusion of male and female reproductive cells (gametes) to create a zygote in a process called fertilization is, in contrast to asexual reproduction, the primary method of reproduction for the vast majority of macroscopic  ...