Tornado | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-05

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Tornado


00:02:54 1 Etymology
00:03:43 2 Definitions
00:04:28 2.1 Funnel cloud
00:05:45 2.2 Outbreaks and families
00:06:33 3 Characteristics
00:06:42 3.1 Size and shape
00:10:14 3.2 Appearance
00:12:18 3.3 Rotation
00:13:40 3.4 Sound and seismology
00:15:33 3.5 Electromagnetic, lightning, and other effects
00:17:30 4 Life cycle
00:17:38 4.1 Supercell relationship
00:18:38 4.2 Formation
00:19:36 4.3 Maturity
00:20:20 4.4 Dissipation
00:22:01 5 Types
00:22:10 5.1 Multiple vortex
00:23:07 5.2 Waterspout
00:24:19 5.3 Landspout
00:25:06 5.4 Similar circulations
00:25:15 5.4.1 Gustnado
00:26:06 5.4.2 Dust devil
00:26:48 5.4.3 Fire whirls
00:27:22 5.4.4 Steam devils
00:28:02 6 Intensity and damage
00:30:08 7 Climatology
00:34:13 7.1 Associations with climate and climate change
00:35:44 8 Detection
00:36:39 8.1 Radar
00:37:50 8.2 Storm spotting
00:39:56 8.3 Visual evidence
00:42:04 9 Extremes
00:45:16 10 Safety
00:46:44 11 Myths and misconceptions
00:49:23 12 Ongoing research
00:52:41 13 Gallery



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SUMMARY
=======
A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. The windstorm is often referred to as a twister, whirlwind or cyclone, although the word cyclone is used in meteorology to name a weather system with a low-pressure area in the center around which winds blow counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern. Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, and they are often visible in the form of a condensation funnel originating from the base of a cumulonimbus cloud, with a cloud of rotating debris and dust beneath it. Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 110 miles per hour (180 km/h), are about 250 feet (80 m) across, and travel a few miles (several kilometers) before dissipating. The most extreme tornadoes can attain wind speeds of more than 300 miles per hour (480 km/h), are more than two miles (3 km) in diameter, and stay on the ground for dozens of miles (more than 100 km).Various types of tornadoes include the multiple vortex tornado, landspout and waterspout. Waterspouts are characterized by a spiraling funnel-shaped wind current, connecting to a large cumulus or cumulonimbus cloud. They are generally classified as non-supercellular tornadoes that develop over bodies of water, but there is disagreement over whether to classify them as true tornadoes. These spiraling columns of air frequently develop in tropical areas close to the equator, and are less common at high latitudes. Other tornado-like phenomena that exist in nature include the gustnado, dust devil, fire whirls, and steam devil.
Tornadoes occur in North America, particularly in the area of the United States known as tornado alley, as well as in northern and east-central South America, Southern Africa, northwestern and southeast Europe, western and southeastern Australia, Bangladesh and New Zealand. Tornadoes can be detected before or as they occur through the use of Pulse-Doppler radar by recognizing patterns in velocity and reflectivity data, such as hook echoes or debris balls, as well as through the efforts of storm spotters.
There are several scales for rating the strength of tornadoes. The Fujita scale rates tornadoes by damage caused and has been replaced in some countries by the updated Enhanced Fujita Scale. An F0 or EF0 tornado, the weakest category, damages trees, but not substantial structures. An F5 or EF5 tornado, the strongest category, rips buildings off their foundations and can deform large skyscrapers. The similar TORRO scale ranges from a T0 for extremely weak tornadoes to T11 for the most powerful known tornadoes. Doppler radar data, photogrammetry, and ground swirl patterns (trochoidal marks) may also be analyzed to determine intensity and assign a rating.