Former planets | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 29/05/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet


00:03:25 1 History
00:04:46 1.1 Babylon
00:05:57 1.2 Greco-Roman astronomy
00:09:31 1.3 India
00:10:35 1.4 Medieval Muslim astronomy
00:11:13 1.5 European Renaissance
00:12:12 1.6 19th century
00:13:04 1.7 20th century
00:14:51 1.8 21st century
00:16:25 1.8.1 Extrasolar planets
00:20:11 1.8.2 2006 IAU definition of planet
00:22:53 1.9 Objects formerly considered planets
00:23:27 2 Mythology and naming
00:29:45 3 Formation
00:32:25 4 Solar System
00:34:02 4.1 Planetary attributes
00:34:11 5 Exoplanets
00:37:37 6 Planetary-mass objects
00:38:27 6.1 Dwarf planets
00:39:03 6.2 Rogue planets
00:39:32 6.3 Sub-brown dwarfs
00:40:33 6.4 Former stars
00:41:06 6.5 Satellite planets and belt planets
00:41:41 6.6 Captured planets
00:42:22 7 Attributes
00:42:49 7.1 Dynamic characteristics
00:42:58 7.1.1 Orbit
00:45:50 7.1.2 Axial tilt
00:47:09 7.1.3 Rotation
00:48:43 7.1.4 Orbital clearing
00:49:36 7.2 Physical characteristics
00:49:45 7.2.1 Mass
00:51:17 7.2.2 Internal differentiation
00:52:16 7.2.3 Atmosphere
00:53:46 7.2.4 Magnetosphere
00:55:46 7.3 Secondary characteristics
00:57:11 8 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
A planet is an astronomical body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity, is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion, and has cleared its neighbouring region of planetesimals.The term planet is ancient, with ties to history, astrology, science, mythology, and religion. Five planets in the Solar System are visible to the naked eye. These were regarded by many early cultures as divine, or as emissaries of deities. As scientific knowledge advanced, human perception of the planets changed, incorporating a number of disparate objects. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) officially adopted a resolution defining planets within the Solar System. This definition is controversial because it excludes many objects of planetary mass based on where or what they orbit. Although eight of the planetary bodies discovered before 1950 remain "planets" under the modern definition, some celestial bodies, such as Ceres, Pallas, Juno and Vesta (each an object in the solar asteroid belt), and Pluto (the first trans-Neptunian object discovered), that were once considered planets by the scientific community, are no longer viewed as such.
The planets were thought by Ptolemy to orbit Earth in deferent and epicycle motions. Although the idea that the planets orbited the Sun had been suggested many times, it was not until the 17th century that this view was supported by evidence from the first telescopic astronomical observations, performed by Galileo Galilei. About the same time, by careful analysis of pre-telescopic observational data collected by Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler found the planets' orbits were elliptical rather than circular. As observational tools improved, astronomers saw that, like Earth, each of the planets rotated around an axis tilted with respect to its orbital pole, and some shared such features as ice caps and seasons. Since the dawn of the Space Age, close observation by space probes has found that Earth and the other planets share characteristics such as volcanism, hurricanes, tectonics, and even hydrology.
Planets are generally divided into two main types: large low-density giant planets, and smaller rocky terrestrials. There are eight planets in the Solar System. In order of increasing distance from the Sun, they are the four terrestrials, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, then the four giant planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Six of the planets are orbited by one or more natural satellites.
Several thousands of planets around other stars ("extrasolar planets" or "exoplanets") have been discovered in the Milky Way. As ...