Hearts
Channel: 宇宙のすべての知識 プリンシピア
Date: 2019-02-16

Hearts, by Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13829 / CC BY SA 3.0

#Card_games_introduced_in_the_1850s
#French_deck_card_games
#Trick-avoidance_games
Hearts

Hearts is an "evasion-type" trick-taking playing card game for four players, although variations can accommodate between three and six players. The game is also known as Black Lady, Black Maria, Black Widow, and Slippery Bitch, though any of these may refer to the similar but differently-scored game Black Lady. The game is a member of the Whist family of trick-taking games (which also includes Bridge and Spades), but the game is unique among Whist variants in that it is an evasion-type game; players avoid winning certain penalty cards in tricks, usually by avoiding winning tricks altogether.

The game of Hearts as currently known originated with a family of related games called Reversis, which became popular around 1750 in Spain. In this game, a penalty point was awarded for each trick won, plus additional points for capturing or . A similar game called "Four Jacks" centered around avoiding any trick containing a Jack, which were worth one penalty point, and worth two.

Over time, additional penalty cards were added to Reversis, and around 1850, the game gave way to a simple variant of Hearts, where each heart was worth 1 point. The (sometimes referred to as "Calamity Jane") was introduced in a variant called Black Maria which then became known as the standard Hearts game, and soon thereafter, the idea of "shooting the moon" was introduced to the game to add depth to the gameplay. In the 1920s, the variation (ten positive points) was introduced, and some time later the scoring was reversed so that penalty points were expressed as positive instead of negative. Passing cards, breaking hearts, leading , and "shooting the foot", whereby a player attempts to shoot the moon, but succeeds in taking the Queen and all but one heart, are more recent additions.

The game has become popular in live play among g...