Middle-earth calendar | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-13

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-earth_calendar


00:02:23 1 Shire calendar
00:05:55 1.1 Lithe
00:08:45 1.2 Yule
00:10:16 2 Calendar of Imladris
00:12:51 3 Númenórean calendar
00:15:12 4 Durin's Day



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SUMMARY
=======
J. R. R. Tolkien invented a number of calendars for his legendarium. "Middle-earth" is the term for inhabited Earth in the setting of a fictional prehistoric era, so a year is the same length as our year. Appendix D of Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings (published 1955) gives details of his invented calendars.
The most elaborate of these is the Shire Calendar used by his fictional Hobbits of the Shire. The calendar is directly based on the historical Anglo-Saxon calendar described by Bede.
The same appendix gives more information on the Shire Calendar's background in the fictional history of Middle-earth, stating that the Shire Reckoning is a conservative continuation of the calendar of Númenor as used in Middle-earth during the Second Age, but revised in the Third Age by Mardil and Hador, the first and seventh ruling Stewards of Gondor.
The Hobbits retained the unreformed King's Reckoning, but introduced a reform that resulted in a fixed number of weeks (in imitation of the historical 10th-century Icelandic calendar).
Appendix D further gives some information on the Reckoning of Rivendell, the calendar used by the Elves in Imladris (Rivendell), which divided the solar year into six "seasons" or "long months".
The only allusion to a calendar of the Dwarves is made in The Hobbit, regarding the "dwarves' New Year" or Durin's Day.
Tolkien repeatedly stresses that his legendarium is set in a remote past of our Earth (as opposed to a completely fictional or mythological world), and he gives intercalation methods used by the Númenoreans that amount to an average length of a year of 365.24 days and an average year in the 'Reckoning of Rivendell' of ​52595⁄144≈365.24306 days.
With the caveat "if the year was then of the same length as now" Tolkien goes on to discuss historical intercalation 
made by the Númenoreans and their descendants, the Dúnedain, during the Second and Third Ages, assuming a tropical year of 365.2422 days.The seasons referred to in Tolkien's calendars, and in his writings in general, are those of the Northern Hemisphere.