Herbicide | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 07/05/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicide


00:02:34 1 History
00:03:02 1.1 First herbicides
00:05:27 1.2 Further discoveries
00:07:24 2 Terminology
00:07:52 2.1 Intended outcome
00:08:38 2.2 Selectivity (all plants or specific plants)
00:09:37 2.3 Timing of application
00:11:34 2.4 Method of application
00:13:18 2.5 Persistence
00:13:56 3 Mechanism of action
00:14:38 3.1 List of mechanisms found in modern herbicides
00:18:45 3.2 Herbicide group (labeling)
00:20:28 3.3 Chemical family
00:21:21 4 Use and application
00:23:25 4.1 Misuse and misapplication
00:23:50 4.2 Use politically, militarily, and in conflict
00:24:40 5 Health and environmental effects
00:28:55 5.1 Ecological effects
00:30:46 5.2 Scientific uncertainty of full extent of herbicide effects
00:31:53 6 Resistance
00:35:25 6.1 Biochemistry of resistance
00:37:19 6.2 Resistance management
00:40:09 6.3 Approaches to treating resistant weeds
00:40:19 6.3.1 Alternative herbicides
00:42:33 6.3.2 Mixtures and sequences
00:44:25 6.3.3 Herbicide rotations
00:45:16 6.4 Farming practices and resistance: a case study
00:47:19 7 List of common herbicides
00:47:29 7.1 Synthetic herbicides
00:52:57 7.2 Organic herbicides
00:54:47 7.3 Of historical interest and other



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SUMMARY
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Herbicides (US: , UK: ), also commonly known as weedkillers, are chemical substances used to control unwanted plants. Selective herbicides control specific weed species, while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed, while non-selective herbicides (sometimes called total weedkillers in commercial products) can be used to clear waste ground, industrial and construction sites, railways and railway embankments as they kill all plant material with which they come into contact. Apart from selective/non-selective, other important distinctions include persistence (also known as residual action: how long the product stays in place and remains active), means of uptake (whether it is absorbed by above-ground foliage only, through the roots, or by other means), and mechanism of action (how it works). Historically, products such as common salt and other metal salts were used as herbicides, however these have gradually fallen out of favor and in some countries a number of these are banned due to their persistence in soil, and toxicity and groundwater contamination concerns. Herbicides have also been used in warfare and conflict.
Modern herbicides are often synthetic mimics of natural plant hormones which interfere with growth of the target plants. The term organic herbicide has come to mean herbicides intended for organic farming. Some plants also produce their own natural herbicides, such as the genus Juglans (walnuts), or the tree of heaven; such action of natural herbicides, and other related chemical interactions, is called allelopathy. Due to herbicide resistance - a major concern in agriculture - a number of products combine herbicides with different means of action. Integrated pest management may use herbicides alongside other pest control methods.
In the US in 2007, about 83% of all herbicide usage, determined by weight applied, was in agriculture.  In 2007, world pesticide expenditures totaled about $39.4 billion; herbicides were about 40% of those sales and constituted the biggest portion, followed by insecticides, fungicides, and other types. Smaller quantities are used in forestry, pasture systems, and management of areas set aside as wildlife habitat.