Fascism in Europe | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Fascism in Europe


00:03:11 1 Early relationship
00:07:15 2 Racism
00:17:02 3 Foreign affairs
00:23:16 4 See also



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SUMMARY
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Fascism in Europe was composed of numerous ideologies present during the 20th century which all developed their own differences from each other. Fascism was born in Italy, but subsequently several movements across Europe which took influence from the Italian faction emerged. Purists assert that the term "fascism" should only be used to mean the ideology of the National Fascist Party under Benito Mussolini in Italy, which ruled from 1922 to 1943. However, commonly the following European regimes are also described as fascist, or strongly related to fascism:

Falange in Spain under Francisco Franco (1937–1975)
Fatherland Front in Austria under Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg (1934–1938)
4th of August Regime in Greece under Ioannis Metaxas (1936–1941)
Iron Guard led by Horia Sima in conjunction with the Romanian military dictatorship in Romania under Ion Antonescu (1940–1941)
Ustaše in Croatia under Ante Pavelić (1941–1945)
National Union in Portugal under António de Oliveira Salazar (1933–1968)
Nazi Party of Germany under Adolf Hitler (1933–1945)
Hlinka Guard in Slovakia under Jozef Tiso (1939–1945)
Arrow Cross Party in Hungary under Ferenc Szálasi (1944–1945)
Vichy Regime in France under Philippe Pétain (1940-1944)
Yugoslav Radical Union in Yugoslavia under Milan Stojadinović (1935-1939)The most striking difference is the racialist and antisemitic ideology present in Nazism, but not the other ideologies. Fascism was founded on the principle of nationalist unity and against the divisionist class war ideology of socialism and communism, therefore the majority of the regimes viewed racialism as counterproductive to unity, with Mussolini asserting: "National pride has no need of the delirium of race".Italian Fascism was expansionist in its desires, looking to create a New Roman Empire. Nazi Germany also looked to expand its borders. The same cannot be said for the other ideologies, which focused almost exclusively on internal matters. This led to some countries, such as Spain or Portugal, remaining neutral in World War II rather than being Axis powers while Metaxas's Greece fought against the Axis due to Italy's invasion. It is widely accepted that the Nazis murdered the Austrofascist dictator Dollfuss, causing an uneasy relationship in Austria between fascism and Nazism at an early stage.
The question of religion also poses considerable conflicting differences as some forms of fascism, particularly the Falange and Estado Novo, were devoutly Christian. The occultist and pagan elements of Nazi ideology were very different to the Christian element found in the vast majority of fascist movements of the 20th century.