A priori knowledge | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-18

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori


00:02:54 1 Examples
00:04:01 2 Analyticity and necessity
00:04:12 2.1 Relation to the analytic-synthetic
00:07:08 2.2 Relation to the necessary and contingent
00:12:27 3 History
00:12:36 3.1 Early uses
00:14:33 3.2 Immanuel Kant
00:18:20 3.3 Johann Fichte
00:20:12 4 See also
00:20:21 5 Notes



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"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
The Latin phrases a priori (lit. "from the earlier") and a posteriori (lit. "from the later") are philosophical terms popularized by Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (first published in 1781, second edition in 1787), one of the most influential works in the history of philosophy. However, in their Latin forms they appear in Latin translations of Euclid's Elements, of about 300 BCE, a work widely considered during the early European modern period as the model for precise thinking.
These terms are used with respect to reasoning (epistemology) to distinguish "necessary conclusions from first premises" (i.e., what must come before sense observation) from "conclusions based on sense observation" which must follow it. Thus, the two kinds of knowledge, justification, or argument, may be glossed:

A priori knowledge or justification is independent of experience, as with mathematics (3 + 2 = 5), tautologies ("All bachelors are unmarried"), and deduction from pure reason (e.g., ontological proofs).
A posteriori knowledge or justification depends on experience or empirical evidence, as with most aspects of science and personal knowledge.There are many points of view on these two types of knowledge, and their relationship gives rise to one of the oldest problems in modern philosophy.
The terms a priori and a posteriori are primarily used as adjectives to modify the noun "knowledge" (for example, "a priori knowledge"). However, "a priori" is sometimes used to modify other nouns, such as "truth". Philosophers also may use "apriority" and "aprioricity" as nouns to refer (approximately) to the quality of being "a priori".Although definitions and use of the terms have varied in the history of philosophy, they have consistently labeled two separate epistemological notions. See also the related distinctions: deductive/inductive, analytic/synthetic, necessary/contingent.