Carbon nanotube | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 25/03/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube


00:02:19 1 Types of carbon nanotubes and related structures
00:02:59 1.1 Single-walled
00:06:13 1.2 Multi-walled
00:09:00 1.3 Junctions and crosslinking
00:11:12 1.4 Other morphologies
00:13:05 1.5 Extreme carbon nanotubes
00:15:21 2 Properties
00:15:30 2.1 Mechanical
00:18:47 2.2 Electrical
00:23:08 2.3 Optical
00:26:32 2.4 Thermal
00:28:39 3 Synthesis
00:32:05 4 Metrology
00:34:24 5 Chemical modification
00:35:41 6 Applications
00:35:50 6.1 Current
00:39:03 6.2 Potential
00:42:39 7 Safety and health
00:44:06 8 History



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SUMMARY
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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. These cylindrical carbon molecules have unusual properties, which are valuable for nanotechnology, electronics, optics, and other fields of materials science and technology. Owing to the material's exceptional strength and stiffness, nanotubes have been constructed with a length-to-diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1, significantly larger than that for any other material.
In addition, owing to their extraordinary thermal conductivity and mechanical and electrical properties, carbon nanotubes find applications as additives to various structural materials. For instance, nanotubes form a tiny portion of the material(s) in some (primarily carbon fiber) baseball bats, golf clubs, car parts, or damascus steel.Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural family. Their name is derived from their long, hollow structure with the walls formed by one-atom-thick sheets of carbon, called graphene (as well as Buckminster Fuller's name). These sheets are rolled at specific and discrete ("chiral") angles, and the combination of the rolling angle and radius decides the nanotube properties, for example, whether the individual nanotube shell is a metal or semiconductor. Nanotubes are categorized as single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs). Individual nanotubes naturally align themselves into "ropes" held together by van der Waals forces, more specifically, pi-stacking.
Applied quantum chemistry, specifically orbital hybridization, best describes the chemical bonding in nanotubes. The chemical bonding of nanotubes involves entirely sp2-hybrid carbon atoms. These bonds, which are similar to those of graphite and stronger than those found in alkanes and diamond (which employ sp3-hybrid carbon atoms), provide nanotubes their unique strength.