Populism | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-16

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Populism


00:03:13 1 Etymology and common use
00:06:42 2 Ideational definition
00:10:58 2.1 The people
00:14:24 2.2 The elite
00:19:19 2.3 The general will
00:21:41 2.4 Populism versus elitism and pluralism
00:23:56 3 Other definitions
00:27:32 4 Populist mobilization
00:29:04 4.1 The populist leader
00:35:04 4.2 Populist political parties
00:37:01 4.3 Populist social movements
00:38:26 5 Populism and other themes
00:39:14 5.1 Democracy and populism
00:41:24 5.2 Mainstream responses to populism
00:42:55 5.2.1 United States
00:43:22 5.2.2 Europe
00:45:19 5.2.3 South America
00:45:43 5.3 Authoritarianism and populism
00:47:46 5.4 Localism and populism
00:48:51 6 History
00:49:24 6.1 North America
00:54:05 6.2 Pre-modern antecedents
00:55:16 6.3 Europe
00:59:59 6.3.1 Germany
01:01:31 6.3.2 Italy
01:04:46 6.3.3 United Kingdom
01:05:27 6.4 Latin America
01:07:45 6.5 Oceania
01:08:00 6.5.1 New Zealand
01:11:02 6.6 Africa and Asia
01:12:16 6.7 Late 20th and early 21st century growth
01:15:14 7 See also



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SUMMARY
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Populism is a range of political approaches that deliberately appeal to "the people," often juxtaposing this group against a so-called "elite." There is no single definition of the term, which developed in the 19th century and has been used to mean various things since that time. In Europe, few politicians or political groups describe themselves as "populist" and in political discourse the term is often applied to others pejoratively. Within political science and other social sciences, various different definitions of populism have been used, although some scholars propose rejecting the term altogether.
A common framework for interpreting populism is known as the ideational approach: this defines populism as an ideology which presents "the people" as a morally good force against "the elite", who are perceived as corrupt and self-serving. Populists differ in how "the people" are defined, but it can be based along class, ethnic, or national lines. Populists typically present "the elite" as comprising the political, economic, cultural, and media establishment, depicted as a homogeneous entity and accused of placing their own interests, and often the interests of other groups—such as foreign countries or immigrants—above the interests of "the people". According to this approach, populism is a thin-ideology which is combined with other, more substantial thick ideologies such as nationalism, liberalism, or socialism. Thus, populists can be found at different locations along the left–right political spectrum and there is both left-wing populism and right-wing populism.
Other scholars active in the social sciences have defined the term populism in different ways. According to the popular agency definition used by some historians of United States history, populism refers to popular engagement of the population in political decision making. An approach associated with the scholar Ernesto Laclau presents populism as an emancipatory social force through which marginalised groups challenge dominant power structures. Some economists have used the term in reference to governments which engage in substantial public spending financed by foreign loans, resulting in hyperinflation and emergency measures. In popular discourse, the term has sometimes been used synonymously with demagogy, to describe politicians who present overly simplistic answers to complex questions in a highly emotional manner, or with opportunism, to characterise politicians who seek to please voters without rational consideration as to the best course of action.
The term populism came into use in the late 19th century alongside the promotion of democracy. In the United States, it was closely associated with the People's Party, while in the Russian Empire it was linked to the agrarian socialist Narodnik movement. During the 20th century, various parties emerged in liberal democracies that were described as populist. In the 21 ...