Hydrogen economy | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_economy


00:02:24 1 Rationale
00:05:37 2 History
00:06:43 3 Current hydrogen market
00:11:37 4 Production, storage, infrastructure
00:12:24 4.1 Methods of production
00:14:01 4.2 Current production methods
00:14:58 4.2.1 Kværner-process
00:15:36 4.2.2 Electrolysis of water
00:18:13 4.3 Experimental production methods
00:18:24 4.3.1 Biological production
00:20:42 4.3.2 Biocatalysed electrolysis
00:21:19 4.3.3 High-pressure electrolysis
00:22:35 4.3.4 High-temperature electrolysis
00:24:45 4.3.5 Photoelectrochemical water splitting
00:26:51 4.3.6 Photoelectrocatalytic production
00:27:56 4.3.7 Concentrating solar thermal
00:29:14 4.3.8 Thermochemical production
00:30:35 4.4 Hydrogen as a byproduct of other chemical processes
00:31:17 4.5 Storage
00:31:53 4.5.1 Pressurized hydrogen gas
00:32:56 4.5.2 Liquid hydrogen
00:35:01 4.5.3 Storage as hydride
00:36:23 4.5.4 Adsorption
00:37:17 4.5.5 Underground hydrogen storage
00:39:46 4.5.6 Power to gas
00:40:51 4.5.7 Pipeline storage
00:41:52 4.6 Infrastructure
00:44:38 4.6.1 A key tradeoff: centralized vs. distributed production
00:47:55 4.6.2 Distributed electrolysis
00:49:45 5 Fuel cells as alternative to internal combustion
00:53:00 6 Use as an automotive fuel and system efficiency
00:57:51 7 Hydrogen safety
01:00:37 8 Environmental concerns
01:03:17 9 Costs
01:10:56 10 Examples and pilot programs
01:17:39 11 Hydrogen-using alternatives to a fully distributive hydrogen economy
01:18:21 11.1 Ammonia economy
01:19:03 11.2 Hydrogen production of greenhouse-neutral alcohol
01:20:23 11.3 The electrical grid plus synthetic methanol fuel cells
01:21:36 11.4 Captive hydrogen synthetic methane production (SNG synthetic natural gas)



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SUMMARY
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The hydrogen economy is the use of hydrogen as a fuel, particularly for electricity production and hydrogen vehicles; and using hydrogen for long term energy storage and for long distance transport of low-carbon energy.
The hydrogen economy is proposed as being a part of the future low-carbon economy.
In order for human society to move away from the hydrocarbon economy, hydrogen is considered as its combustion only releases clean water, and no CO2 to the atmosphere. Hydrogen gas itself can therefore be considered a clean fuel.
Hydrogen gas, however, does not occur naturally in convenient reservoirs; it must be produced from other sources. 
Steam methane reforming is the dominant method of doing so. Around 96% of the hydrogen produced annually today is produced by this process. 
The purpose of the current production of this hydrogen is as an industrial feedstock, primarily for the production of ammonia, methanol and petroleum refining. Around 96% of the worlds hydrogen is produced from natural gas steam reforming.  The remainder is produced as a byproduct from electrolysis processes such as chlor-alkali. Small amounts of hydrogen are produced by the dedicated production of hydrogen from water. 
The production of hydrogen from both the natural gas steam reforming process and the dedicated water electrolysis process are hampered by unavoidable efficiency issues. 
Using fossil based electricity to produce hydrogen from electrolysis , and subsequently using that hydrogen in a fuel cell has a negligible effect on CO2 emissions (depending on the fuel used for the electricity production).The production of large amounts of clean electricity (from renewable and nuclear resources) must therefore first be effected, before hydrogen can become an effective energy carrier.