Broken windows theory | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 30/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_windows_theory


00:01:21 1 Article and crime prevention
00:04:24 2 Theoretical explanation
00:09:32 3 Concepts
00:09:41 3.1 Informal social controls
00:12:30 3.2 Role of fear
00:13:36 3.3 Difference with "zero tolerance"
00:15:02 4 Critical developments
00:17:29 5 Case studies
00:17:38 5.1 Precursor experiments
00:19:23 5.2 New York City
00:22:45 5.3 Albuquerque
00:23:25 5.4 Lowell, Massachusetts
00:24:19 5.5 Netherlands
00:25:27 6 Other advantages
00:25:36 6.1 Real estate
00:26:30 6.2 Education
00:28:17 7 Policing
00:28:43 8 Criticism
00:28:52 8.1 Other factors
00:31:56 8.2 Implicit bias
00:33:03 8.3 Criminology
00:35:15 8.4 Drawbacks in practice
00:39:44 8.5 Popular press
00:41:06 9 See also



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SUMMARY
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The broken windows theory is a criminological theory that visible signs of crime, anti-social behavior, and civil disorder create an urban environment that encourages further crime and disorder, including serious crimes. The theory thus suggests that policing methods that target minor crimes such as vandalism, public drinking, and fare evasion help to create an atmosphere of order and lawfulness, thereby preventing more serious crimes.
The theory was introduced in a 1982 article by social scientists James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling. It was further popularized in the 1990s by New York City police commissioner William Bratton and Mayor Rudy Giuliani, whose policing policies were influenced by the theory.
The theory has been subject to great debate both within the social sciences and the public sphere. Broken windows policing has become associated with controversial police practices such as the use of "stop, question, and frisk" by the New York City Police Department. In response, Bratton and Kelling have written that broken windows policing should not be treated as "zero tolerance" or "zealotry", but as a method that requires "careful training, guidelines and supervision" and a positive relationship with communities, thus linking it to community policing.