Jurisprudence | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 15/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Jurisprudence


00:02:18 1 Etymology
00:03:01 2 History
00:05:03 3 Natural law
00:06:45 3.1 Aristotle
00:09:54 3.2 Thomas Aquinas
00:11:41 3.3 School of Salamanca
00:13:22 3.4 Thomas Hobbes
00:14:25 3.5 Lon Fuller
00:15:05 3.6 John Finnis
00:15:58 4 Analytic jurisprudence
00:17:12 4.1 Historical School
00:17:48 4.2 Sociological Jurisprudence
00:19:18 4.3 Legal positivism
00:20:26 4.3.1 Bentham and Austin
00:21:19 4.3.2 Hans Kelsen
00:22:22 4.3.3 H. L. A. Hart
00:24:29 4.3.4 Joseph Raz
00:25:25 4.4 Legal realism
00:26:52 4.4.1 Critical legal studies
00:27:29 4.5 Critical rationalism
00:28:16 4.6 Legal interpretivism
00:30:06 4.7 Therapeutic jurisprudence
00:30:44 5 Normative jurisprudence
00:31:26 5.1 Virtue jurisprudence
00:32:00 5.2 Deontology
00:32:33 5.3 Utilitarianism
00:33:13 5.4 John Rawls
00:34:40 6 See also



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"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates



SUMMARY
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Jurisprudence or legal theory is the theoretical study of law, principally by philosophers but, from the twentieth century, also by social scientists. Scholars of jurisprudence, also known as jurists or legal theorists, hope to obtain a deeper understanding of legal reasoning, legal systems, legal institutions, and the role of law in society.Modern jurisprudence began in the 18th century and was focused on the first principles of the natural law, civil law, and the law of nations. General jurisprudence can be divided into categories both by the type of question scholars seek to answer and by the theories of jurisprudence, or schools of thought, regarding how those questions are best answered. Contemporary philosophy of law, which deals with general jurisprudence, addresses problems internal to law and legal systems, and problems of law as a particular social institution as law relates to the larger political and social situation in which it exists.This article distinguishes three distinct branches of thought in general jurisprudence. To begin with, ancient natural law, as a major branch and theory of jurisprudence, is the idea that there are rational objective limits to the power of legislative rulers. The foundations of law are accessible through reason and it is from these laws of nature that human-created laws gain whatever force they have. Secondly, 'clarificatory' or analytic jurisprudence rejects natural law's fusing of what law is and what it ought to be. It espouses the use of a neutral point of view and descriptive language when referring to aspects of legal systems. It comprises different theories of jurisprudence. For example, legal positivism, holds that there is no necessary connection between law and morality and that the force of law comes from some basic social facts. And legal realism argues that the real world practice of law is what determines what law is; the law has the force that it does because of what legislators, lawyers and judges do with it. Thirdly, normative jurisprudence is concerned with "evaluative" theories of law. It deals with what the goal or purpose of law is, or what moral or political theories provide a foundation for the law. Besides the question "What is law?", it tries to answer what the proper function of law was, or what sorts of acts should be subject to legal sanctions, and what sorts of punishment should be permitted.