Tian | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-20

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian


00:01:19 1 Characters
00:02:49 2 Pronunciations
00:03:52 3 Etymologies
00:04:39 4 Compounds
00:06:03 5 Chinese interpretations
00:06:13 5.1 Confucius
00:10:36 5.2 Mozi
00:12:30 5.3 Schools of cosmology
00:13:42 5.4 Buddhism
00:13:59 5.5 Taoism
00:14:17 5.6 I-Kuan Tao
00:14:42 6 Meanings
00:19:45 7 Interpretation by Western Sinologists
00:26:16 8 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Tiān (天) is one of the oldest Chinese terms for heaven and a key concept in Chinese mythology, philosophy, and religion. During the Shang dynasty (17–11th centuries BCE), the Chinese referred to their supreme god as Shàngdì (上帝, "Lord on High") or Dì (帝,"Lord"). During the following Zhou dynasty, Tiān became synonymous with this figure. Heaven worship was, before the 20th century, an orthodox state religion of China.
In Taoism and Confucianism, Tiān (the celestial aspect of the cosmos, often translated as "Heaven") is mentioned in relationship to its complementary aspect of Dì (地, often translated as "Earth"). These two aspects of Daoist cosmology are representative of the dualistic nature of Taoism. They are thought to maintain the two poles of the Three Realms (三界) of reality, with the middle realm occupied by Humanity (人, Rén), and the lower world occupied by demons (魔, Mó) as false gods or idols and ghosts (鬼, Guǐ) as disembodied souls, spirits of the deceased of faint shadowy semblance to only reveal an image not clearly substantial.