Post-normal science | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-25

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-normal_science


00:00:44 1 Context
00:03:42 2 Content
00:05:32 3 Complexity
00:06:26 4 Extended Peer Community
00:08:57 5 Applications
00:12:01 6 Criticism
00:12:24 7 Special issues
00:13:46 8 Recent production
00:14:10 9 Quantitative approaches
00:14:36 10 Mathematical modelling
00:15:13 11 PNS events



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"There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance."
- Socrates



SUMMARY
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Post-normal science (PNS) represents a novel approach for the use of science on issues where "facts [are] uncertain, values in dispute, stakes high and decisions urgent". PNS was developed in the 1990s by Silvio Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz. It can be considered as a reaction to the styles of analysis based on risk and cost-benefit analysis prevailing at that time, and as an embodiment of concepts of a new "critical science" developed in previous works by the same authors. In a more recent work PNS is described as "the stage where we are today, where all the comfortable assumptions about science, its production and its use, are in question".