Mutationism | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-10

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutationism


00:03:49 1 Developments leading up to mutationism
00:04:01 1.1 Geoffroy's monstrosities, 1822
00:05:05 1.2 Darwin's anti-saltationist gradualism, 1859
00:06:19 1.3 von Kölliker's heterogenesis, 1864
00:06:49 1.4 Galton's "sports", 1892
00:08:26 1.5 Bateson's discontinuous variation, 1894
00:09:10 2 Early 20th century mutationism
00:09:21 2.1 De Vries and Mendelian imutationstheorie/i, 1901
00:11:37 2.2 Johannsen's "pure line" experiments, 1903
00:13:08 2.3 Punnett's mimicry, 1915
00:13:55 3 The undermining of mutationism
00:14:05 3.1 Yule's analysis of Mendelism and continuous variation, 1902
00:15:10 3.2 Nilsson-Ehle's experiments on Mendelian inheritance and continuous variation, 1908
00:17:46 3.3 Castle's selection experiments on hooded rats, 1911
00:18:58 3.4 Morgan's small Mendelian genes in iDrosophila/i, 1912
00:19:36 3.5 Muller's balanced lethal explanation of iOenothera/i "mutations", 1918
00:20:24 3.6 Fisher's explanation of polymorphism, 1927
00:20:59 4 Later mutationist theories
00:21:40 4.1 Berg's nomogenesis, 1922
00:22:27 4.2 Willis's macromutations, 1923
00:23:00 4.3 Goldschmidt's hopeful monsters, 1940
00:23:51 4.4 Nei's mutation-driven evolution, 1987
00:24:53 4.5 Contemporary approaches
00:26:15 5 Historiography
00:31:05 6 See also



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SUMMARY
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Mutationism is one of several alternatives to evolution by natural selection that have existed both before and after the publication of Charles Darwin's 1859 book, On the Origin of Species. In the theory, mutation was the source of novelty, creating new forms and new species, potentially instantaneously, in sudden jumps. This was envisaged as driving evolution, which was thought to be limited by the supply of mutations.
Before Darwin, biologists commonly believed in saltationism, the possibility of large evolutionary jumps, including immediate speciation. For example, in 1822 Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire argued that species could be formed by sudden transformations, or what would later be called macromutation. Darwin opposed saltation, insisting on gradualism in evolution as in geology (uniformitarianism). In 1864, Albert von Kölliker revived Geoffroy's theory. In 1901 the geneticist Hugo de Vries gave the name "mutation" to seemingly new forms that suddenly arose in his experiments on the evening primrose Oenothera lamarckiana, and in the first decade of the 20th century, mutationism, or as de Vries named it mutationstheorie, became a rival to Darwinism supported for a while by geneticists including William Bateson, Thomas Hunt Morgan, and Reginald Punnett.
Understanding of mutationism is clouded by the mid-20th century portrayal of the early mutationists by supporters of the modern synthesis as opponents of Darwinian evolution and rivals of the biometrics school who argued that selection operated on continuous variation. In this portrayal, mutationism was defeated by a synthesis of genetics and natural selection that supposedly started later, around 1918, with work by the mathematician Ronald Fisher. However, the alignment of Mendelian genetics and natural selection began as early as 1902 with a paper by Udny Yule, and built up with theoretical and experimental work in Europe and America. Despite the controversy, the early mutationists had by 1918 already accepted natural selection and explained continuous variation as the result of multiple genes acting on the same characteristic, such as height.
Mutationism, along with other alternatives to Darwinism like Lamarckism and orthogenesis, was discarded by most biologists as they came to see that Mendelian genetics and natural selection could readily work together; mutation took its place as a source of the genetic variation essential for natural selection to work on.  However ...