Reinforcement (speciation) | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 10/05/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement_(speciation)


00:02:28 1 History
00:05:18 1.1 Terminology
00:06:53 2 Models
00:09:51 2.1 Genetics
00:12:29 2.2 Population structures
00:13:40 2.3 Selection
00:15:09 2.4 Mating and mate preference
00:15:50 3 Evidence
00:16:07 3.1 Nature
00:17:18 3.2 Comparative studies
00:18:32 3.3 Laboratory experiments
00:19:28 4 Alternative hypotheses
00:20:22 4.1 Ecological or ethological influences
00:22:05 4.2 Fusion
00:23:08 4.3 Sympatry
00:24:07 4.4 Sexual selection
00:24:47 5 Arguments against reinforcement
00:25:20 5.1 Gene flow
00:28:15 5.2 Rapid requirements



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SUMMARY
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Reinforcement is a process of speciation where natural selection increases the reproductive isolation between two populations of species. This occurs as a result of selection acting against the production of hybrid individuals of low fitness. The idea was originally developed by Alfred Russel Wallace and is sometimes referred to as the Wallace effect. The modern concept of reinforcement originates from Theodosius Dobzhansky. He envisioned a species separated allopatrically, where secondary contact of the two populations mate, producing hybrids with lower fitness. Natural selection results from the hybrid's inability to produce viable offspring; thus members of one species who do not mate with members of the other have greater reproductive success. This favors the evolution of greater prezygotic isolation (differences in behavior or biology that inhibit formation of hybrid zygotes). Reinforcement is one of the few cases in which selection can favor an increase in prezygotic isolation, influencing the process of speciation directly. This aspect has been particularly appealing among evolutionary biologists.The support for reinforcement has fluctuated since its inception, and  terminological confusion and differences in usage over history have led to multiple meanings and complications. Various objections have been raised by evolutionary biologists as to the plausibility of its occurrence. Since the 1990s, data from theory, experiments, and nature have overcome many of the past objections, rendering reinforcement widely accepted, though its prevalence in nature remains unknown.Numerous models have been developed to understand its operation in nature, most relying on several facets: genetics, population structures, influences of selection, and mating behaviors. Empirical support for reinforcement exists, both in the laboratory and in nature. Documented examples are found in a wide range of organisms: both vertebrates and invertebrates, fungi, and plants. The secondary contact of originally separated incipient species (the initial stage of speciation) is increasing due to human activities such as the introduction of invasive species or the modification of natural habitats. This has implications for measures of biodiversity and may become more relevant in the future.