Biohistory | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-11

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biohistory


00:02:38 1 Biohistory as a field of study
00:05:34 2 Antecedents and regression
00:07:06 3 Resurgence
00:09:55 4 Early scholars
00:11:34 5 Biohistorical Studies
00:12:02 5.1 Biohistory and the Environment
00:13:13 5.1.1 The Four Phases
00:13:41 5.1.1.1 The Hunter-Gather Phase
00:14:07 5.1.1.2 The Early Farming Phase
00:14:32 5.1.1.3 The Early Urban Phase
00:15:18 5.1.1.4 The High Energy Phase
00:16:26 5.2 Biohistory and race
00:18:49 5.2.1 Biohistory and African Americans
00:20:25 5.3 Biohistory and gender studies
00:22:47 6 Another branch of biohistory
00:24:40 6.1 Examples
00:27:18 7 Ethical standards
00:29:40 7.1 Procedures and guidelines
00:31:50 8 Interpretations
00:32:14 8.1 Positive
00:33:19 8.2 Negative
00:35:52 9 Related works
00:36:17 10 See also



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SUMMARY
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Biohistory is a relatively new school of historiography although its development can be found in the late nineteenth century. Biohistory is defined, according to biohistorian Stephen Boyden, as a "coherent system of knowledge, or field of study, which reflects the broad sequence of happenings in the history of the biosphere and of civilization, from the beginning of life to the present day."
For the historians who study under this school, one of the main principles is the understanding the relationship of the biosphere, the total collection of Earth's ecosystems combined and various human elements, including cultural adaptations and the impact of biological forces on society.  One of the things that make biohistory unique is that the "starting point is the history of life on Earth, and the basic principles and facts of evolution, genetic inheritance, ecology, and physiology. Next, it turns to consider the evolutionary background, biology and innate sensitivities of the human species, and the emergence in evolution of the human aptitude for culture."Biohistory emerged from several different schools and disciplines including the Annales school, environmental history, human geography, and sociobiology as well as Darwinian Theory. However, there are biohistorians who work towards eliminating affiliation with Darwinian Theory, especially Social Darwinism, in order to reduce critiques of biological determinism.
A similar concept to biohistory, evolutionary biology is different because it only takes into account the scientific aspects of phenomena and not the historical implications.
As of 2010, the American Historical Association (AHA) has not accepted biohistory as a legitimate historiographical school of study, though there are academic scholars who study under it. However, for over one hundred years, there have been statements given that suggest an eventual acceptance of the main tenets of biohistory as a basis for future historical research and scholarship. The term biohistory has contested origins because many scholars who write on the topic claim to have coined it.