Laryngeal theory | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-02-18

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngeal_theory


00:04:00 1 History
00:08:53 2 Varieties of laryngeals
00:12:44 3 Pronunciation
00:13:43 3.1 *h₁
00:16:04 3.2 *h₂
00:17:26 3.3 *h₃
00:18:12 3.4 Possible other uvulars
00:19:49 4 Support for theory from daughter languages
00:20:12 4.1 Direct reflexes of laryngeals
00:21:27 4.1.1 In Germanic
00:21:40 4.1.2 In Albanian
00:21:58 4.1.3 In Western Iranian
00:22:56 4.2 Proposed indirect reflexes
00:23:28 4.2.1 Vowel coloration and lengthening
00:23:48 4.2.2 Greek triple reflex vs schwa
00:24:23 4.2.3 Support from Greek ablaut
00:25:38 4.2.3.1 Ablaut in the root
00:26:53 4.2.3.2 Ablaut in the suffix
00:30:49 4.2.4 Intervocalic H-loss
00:31:21 4.2.4.1 Early Indo-Iranian disyllables
00:32:12 4.2.4.2 Proto-Germanic trimoric o
00:32:50 4.2.4.3 Balto-Slavic long vowel accent
00:33:48 4.2.5 H-loss adjacent to other sounds
00:34:22 4.2.5.1 After stop consonants
00:36:40 4.2.5.2 After resonants
00:38:08 4.2.5.3 Next to semi-vowels
00:38:18 5 Laryngeals in the Uralic languages
00:38:47 6 PIE Laryngeals and Proto Semitic
00:39:52 7 Explanation of ablaut and other vowel changes
00:41:46 7.1 Examples
00:50:23 7.1.1 Root *ised/i
00:52:40 7.1.2 Roots i*dō/i and i*stā/i
00:53:54 7.1.3 Root *ibher-/bhor-/bhṛ- ~ bhr/i
00:54:03 7.1.4 Root i*bhendh/i
00:54:55 7.1.5 Root i*ǵen/i, i*ǵon/i, i*ǵṇn-/*ǵṇ̄/i
00:55:26 7.1.6 Discussion
00:55:33 7.1.7 Other roots
00:57:47 8 Comments
00:58:08 9 Laryngeals in morphology
00:59:21 10 Criticism
01:02:56 11 References
01:04:46 12 Bibliography
01:06:19 13 External links
01:08:49 Discussion
01:10:29 Other roots
01:14:01 Welsh aradr, Old Norse arðr, Lithuanian árklas.
01:14:10 Comments
01:17:47 Laryngeals in morphology
01:25:00 Criticism



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SUMMARY
=======
The laryngeal theory is a widely accepted hypothesis in the historical linguistics of the Indo-European languages positing that the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) had a series of phonemes beyond those reconstructed with the comparative method. The most-accepted variant of the theory further posits that these phonemes were "laryngeal" consonants of an indeterminate place of articulation towards the back of the mouth. The theory aims to produce greater regularity in the reconstruction of PIE phonology than from the reconstruction that is produced by the comparative method. Most notably, it seeks to extend the general occurrence of the Indo-European ablaut to syllables with reconstructed vowel phonemes other than *e or *o.
In its earlier form (see below), the theory postulated two sounds in PIE. Combined with a reconstructed *e or *o, the sounds produce vowel phonemes that would not otherwise be predicted by the rules of ablaut. The theory received considerable support after the decipherment of Hittite, which revealed it to be an Indo-European language. Many Hittite words were shown to be derived from PIE, with a phoneme represented as ḫ corresponding to one of the hypothetical PIE sounds. Subsequent scholarship has established a set of rules by which an ever-increasing number of reflexes in daughter languages may be derived from PIE roots. The number of explanations thus achieved and the simplicity of the postulated system have both led to widespread acceptance of the theory.
In its most widely accepted version, the theory posits three phonemes in PIE: h₁, h₂ and h₃ (see below). Other daughter languages inherited the derived sounds, resulting from their merger with PIE short vowels and their subsequent loss. The phonemes are now recognised as consonants, related to articulation in the general area of the larynx, where a consonantal gesture may affect vowel quality. They are regularly known as laryngeal, but the actual place of articulation for each consonant remains a matter of debate. (see below).
The  ...