Theories of gravitation | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-28

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity


00:03:14 1 History of gravitational theory
00:03:24 1.1 Ancient India
00:03:49 1.2 Scientific revolution
00:04:46 1.3 Newton's theory of gravitation
00:07:36 1.4 Equivalence principle
00:09:14 1.5 General relativity
00:11:10 1.5.1 Solutions
00:12:39 1.5.2 Tests
00:15:35 1.6 Gravity and quantum mechanics
00:16:31 2 Specifics
00:16:41 2.1 Earth's gravity
00:21:02 2.2 Equations for a falling body near the surface of the Earth
00:22:21 2.3 Gravity and astronomy
00:23:13 2.4 Gravitational radiation
00:24:47 2.5 Speed of gravity
00:26:31 3 Anomalies and discrepancies
00:27:31 4 Alternative theories
00:30:00 4.1 Historical alternative theories
00:30:10 4.2 Modern alternative theories
00:31:19 5 See also
00:33:23 6 Footnotes



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SUMMARY
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Gravity (from Latin  gravitas, meaning 'weight'), or gravitation, is a natural phenomenon by which all things with mass or energy—including planets, stars, galaxies, and even light—are brought toward (or gravitate toward) one another.  On Earth, gravity gives weight to physical objects, and the Moon's gravity causes the ocean tides. The gravitational attraction of the original gaseous matter present in the Universe caused it to begin coalescing, forming stars – and for the stars to group together into galaxies – so gravity is responsible for many of the large-scale structures in the Universe. Gravity has an infinite range, although its effects become increasingly weaker on farther objects.
Gravity is most accurately described by the general theory of relativity (proposed by Albert Einstein in 1915) which describes gravity not as a force, but as a consequence of the curvature of spacetime caused by the uneven distribution of mass. The most extreme example of this curvature of spacetime is a black hole, from which nothing—not even light—can escape once past the black hole's event horizon.  However, for most applications, gravity is well approximated by Newton's law of universal gravitation, which describes gravity as a force which causes any two bodies to be attracted to each other, with the force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Gravity is the weakest of the four fundamental forces of physics, approximately 1038 times weaker than the strong force, 1036 times weaker than the electromagnetic force and 1029 times weaker than the weak force. As a consequence, it has no significant influence at the level of subatomic particles. In contrast, it is the dominant force at the macroscopic scale, and is the cause of the formation, shape and trajectory (orbit) of astronomical bodies.  For example, gravity causes the Earth and the other planets to orbit the Sun, it also causes the Moon to orbit the Earth, and causes the formation of tides, the formation and evolution of the Solar System, stars and galaxies.
The earliest instance of gravity in the Universe, possibly in the form of quantum gravity, supergravity or a gravitational singularity, along with ordinary space and time, developed during the Planck epoch (up to 10−43 seconds after the birth of the Universe), possibly from a primeval state, such as a false vacuum, quantum vacuum or virtual particle, in a currently unknown manner.  Attempts to develop a theory of gravity consistent with quantum mechanics, a quantum gravity theory, which would allow gravity to be united in a common mathematical framework (a theory of everything) with the other three forces of physics, are a current area of research.