Albedo | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 25/03/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo


00:03:01 1 Terrestrial albedo
00:05:55 1.1 White-sky and black-sky albedo
00:08:19 2 Astronomical albedo
00:12:30 3 Examples of terrestrial albedo effects
00:12:42 3.1 Illumination
00:13:28 3.2 Insolation effects
00:15:04 3.3 Climate and weather
00:15:30 3.4 Albedo–temperature feedback
00:16:48 3.5 Snow
00:19:19 3.6 Small-scale effects
00:19:48 3.7 Solar photovoltaic effects
00:21:08 3.8 Trees
00:23:55 3.9 Water
00:25:53 3.10 Clouds
00:27:09 3.11 Aerosol effects
00:28:42 3.12 Black carbon
00:29:33 3.13 Human activities
00:30:01 4 Other types of albedo
00:30:31 5 Acquisition



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SUMMARY
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Albedo () (Latin: albedo, meaning 'whiteness') is the measure of the diffuse reflection of solar radiation out of the total solar radiation received by an astronomical body (e.g. a planet like Earth). It is dimensionless and measured on a scale from 0 (corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation) to 1 (corresponding to a body that reflects all incident radiation).
Surface albedo is defined as the ratio of radiosity to the irradiance (flux per unit area) received by a surface.  The proportion reflected is not only determined by properties of the surface itself, but also by the spectral and angular distribution of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. These factors vary with atmospheric composition, geographic location and time (see position of the Sun). While bi-hemispherical reflectance is calculated for a single angle of incidence (i.e., for a given position of the Sun), albedo is the directional integration of reflectance over all solar angles in a given period. The temporal resolution may range from seconds (as obtained from flux measurements) to daily, monthly, or annual averages.
Unless given for a specific wavelength (spectral albedo), albedo refers to the entire spectrum of solar radiation. Due to measurement constraints, it is often given for the spectrum in which most solar energy reaches the surface (between 0.3 and 3 μm). This spectrum includes visible light (0.39–0.7 μm), which explains why surfaces with a low albedo appear dark (e.g., trees absorb most radiation), whereas surfaces with a high albedo appear bright (e.g., snow reflects most radiation).
Albedo is an important concept in climatology, astronomy, and environmental management (e.g., as part of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program for sustainable rating of buildings). The average albedo of the Earth from the upper atmosphere, its planetary albedo, is 30–35% because of cloud cover, but widely varies locally across the surface because of different geological and environmental features.The term albedo was introduced into optics by Johann Heinrich Lambert in his 1760 work Photometria.