Superconductivity | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-24

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductivity


00:01:50 1 Classification
00:02:04 1.1 Response to a magnetic field
00:02:45 1.2 By theory of operation
00:03:03 1.3 By critical temperature
00:03:28 1.4 By material
00:04:04 2 Elementary properties of superconductors
00:04:58 2.1 Zero electrical DC resistance
00:08:34 2.2 Phase transition
00:12:27 2.3 Meissner effect
00:15:59 2.4 London moment
00:16:33 3 History of superconductivity
00:17:58 3.1 London theory
00:19:38 3.2 Conventional theories (1950s)
00:22:15 3.3 Further history
00:25:31 4 High-temperature superconductivity
00:28:57 5 Applications
00:31:46 6 Nobel Prizes for superconductivity



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SUMMARY
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Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic flux fields occurring in certain materials, called superconductors, when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. It was discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911, in Leiden. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon. It is characterized by the Meissner effect, the complete ejection of magnetic field lines from the interior of the superconductor during its transitions into the superconducting state. The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of perfect conductivity in classical physics.
The electrical resistance of a metallic conductor decreases gradually as temperature is lowered. In ordinary conductors, such as copper or silver, this decrease is limited by impurities and other defects. Even near absolute zero, a real sample of a normal conductor shows some resistance. In a superconductor, the resistance drops abruptly to zero when the material is cooled below its critical temperature. An electric current through a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source.In 1986, it was discovered that some cuprate-perovskite ceramic materials have a critical temperature above 90 K (−183 °C). Such a high transition temperature is theoretically impossible for a conventional superconductor, leading the materials to be termed high-temperature superconductors. The cheaply-available coolant liquid nitrogen boils at 77 K, and thus superconduction at higher temperatures than this facilitates many experiments and applications that are less practical at lower temperatures.