Apartheid | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-26

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid


00:04:58 1 Etymology
00:05:24 2 Precursors
00:10:18 3 Institution
00:10:27 3.1 Election of 1948
00:17:02 3.2 Legislation
00:23:34 3.3 Disenfranchisement of Coloured voters
00:26:14 3.4 Division among whites
00:28:18 4 Homeland system
00:32:14 4.1 International recognition of the Bantustans
00:34:06 5 Forced removals
00:37:25 6 Petty apartheid
00:43:57 7 Coloured classification
00:47:27 8 Women under apartheid
00:48:27 9 Sport under apartheid
00:52:37 10 Asians during apartheid
00:56:36 11 Conservatism
00:57:41 12 Internal resistance
01:04:59 13 International relations during apartheid
01:05:10 13.1 Commonwealth
01:06:41 13.2 United Nations
01:09:21 13.3 Catholic Church
01:10:12 13.4 Organisation for African Unity
01:12:09 13.5 Outward-looking policy
01:14:58 13.6 Sports and culture
01:15:07 13.6.1 Beginning
01:15:58 13.6.2 Isolation
01:16:06 13.6.3 Verwoerd years
01:18:34 13.6.3.1 Vorster years
01:22:04 13.6.4 Cultural boycott
01:23:36 13.7 Western influence
01:26:55 13.8 Impact of the Cold War
01:27:04 13.8.1 "Total Onslaught"
01:28:57 13.8.1.1 Israeli arms sales
01:32:31 13.8.2 Foreign military operations
01:39:11 14 State security
01:41:12 14.1 State of emergency
01:46:51 15 Final years of apartheid
01:47:01 15.1 Factors
01:47:09 15.1.1 Institutional racism
01:48:18 15.1.2 Economic contradictions
01:49:13 15.1.3 Western influence
01:53:16 15.2 Tricameral parliament
01:55:09 15.3 Reforms and contact with the ANC under Botha
01:59:50 15.4 Presidency of F. W. de Klerk
02:01:48 15.5 Negotiations
02:10:44 15.6 1994 election
02:13:17 16 Contrition
02:14:43 17 See also
02:14:52 18 Notes and references



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SUMMARY
=======
Apartheid (South African English: ; Afrikaans: [aˈpartɦəit], segregation; lit. "separateness") was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s. Apartheid was characterised by an authoritarian political culture based on baasskap (or white supremacy), which encouraged state repression of  Black African, Coloured, and Asian South Africans for the benefit of the nation's minority white population. The economic legacy and social effects of apartheid continue to the present day.Broadly speaking, apartheid was delineated into petty apartheid, which entailed the segregation of public facilities and social events, and grand apartheid, which dictated housing and employment opportunities by race. Prior to the 1940s, some aspects of apartheid had already emerged in the form of minority rule by White South Africans and the socially enforced separation of Black South Africans from other races, which later extended to pass laws and land apportionment. Apartheid was adopted as a formal policy by the South African government after the election of the National Party (NP) at the 1948 general election.A codified system of racial stratification began to take form in South Africa under the Dutch Empire in the late-eighteenth century, although informal segregation was present much earlier due to social cleavages between Dutch colonists and a creolised, ethnically diverse slave population. With the rapid growth and industrialisation of the British Cape Colony in the nineteenth century, racial policies and laws became increasingly rigid. Cape legislation that discriminated specifically against Black South Africans began appearing shortly before 1900. The policies of the Boer republics were also racially exclusive; for instance, the Transvaal's constitution barred Black and Coloured participation in church and state.The first apartheid law was the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1949, followed closely by the Immorality Amendment Act of 1950, which made it illegal for most South African citizens to marry or pursue sexual relationships acro ...