Evolution of metal ions in biological systems | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-04

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_metal_ions_in_biological_systems


00:02:09 1 Origins
00:04:33 2 Importance of metal ions in evolution
00:04:45 2.1 Catalysis
00:04:53 2.1.1 Redox catalysts
00:06:00 2.1.2 Condensation and hydrolysis
00:06:34 3 Abundance of metals in seawater
00:06:45 3.1 Prebiotic (anaerobic) conditions
00:07:32 3.2 Aerobic conditions
00:08:04 4 Irving-Williams series
00:09:07 5 Metal ions
00:09:16 5.1 Magnesium
00:11:58 5.2 Manganese
00:13:40 5.3 Iron
00:16:40 5.4 Nickel and cobalt
00:17:50 5.5 Copper
00:19:50 5.6 Zinc
00:21:49 5.7 Molybdenum
00:24:31 5.8 Tungsten



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SUMMARY
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Evolution of metal ions in biological systems refers to the incorporation of metallic ions into living organisms and how it has changed over time. Metal ions have been associated with biological systems for billions of years, but only in the last century have scientists began to truly appreciate the scale of their influence. Major (iron, manganese, magnesium and zinc) and minor (copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten) metal ions have become aligned with living organisms through the interplay of biogeochemical weathering and metabolic pathways involving the products of that weathering. The associated complexes have evolved over time.

Natural development of chemicals and elements challenged organisms to adapt or die. Current organisms require redox reactions to induce metabolism and other life processes. Metals have a tendency to lose electrons and are important for redox reactions. “Metals have become so central to cellular function that the collection of metal-binding proteins (referred to as the metallomes) accounts for over 30% of all proteins in the cell. Metals are known to be involved in over 40% of enzymatic reactions, and metal-binding proteins carry out at least one step in almost all biological pathways”.Metals are also toxic so a balance must be acquired to regulate where the metals are in an organism as well as in what quantities. Many organisms have flexible systems in which they can exchange one metal for another if one is scarce. Metals in this discussion are naturally occurring elements that have a tendency to undergo oxidation. Vanadium, molybdenum, cobalt, copper, chromium, iron, manganese, nickel, and zinc are deemed essential because without them biological function is impaired.