Chernobyl disaster | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-21

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster


00:06:24 1 Overview
00:10:41 2 Accident
00:11:43 2.1 Steam turbine tests
00:17:32 2.2 Conditions
00:28:27 2.3 Experiment and explosion
00:38:50 2.3.1 Cause of the second explosion
00:42:44 2.3.2 Fire
00:43:56 2.4 Radiation levels
00:46:04 3 Immediate crisis management
00:46:15 3.1 Fire containment
00:51:56 3.2 Evacuation
00:58:04 3.3 Delayed announcement
01:02:24 3.4 Steam explosion risk
01:07:36 3.5 Debris removal
01:14:01 4 Causes
01:14:11 4.1 INSAG-1 report, 1986
01:19:10 4.2 INSAG-7 report, 1992
01:27:50 4.3 Analysis
01:30:46 5 Environmental effects
01:30:57 5.1 Spread of radioactive substances
01:36:26 5.2 Radioactive release
01:42:04 5.3 Environmental residual radioactivity
01:42:15 5.3.1 Water bodies
01:46:28 5.3.2 Flora and fauna
01:52:23 6 Human impact
01:56:28 6.1 Assessment difficulties
02:00:18 6.1.1 Abortions
02:08:33 6.2 Сancer assessments
02:16:58 6.3 Other health disorders
02:20:14 6.4 Radiation exposure deaths
02:24:57 7 Social economic effect
02:28:22 8 Aftermath
02:29:28 8.1 Decommissioning
02:30:20 8.2 Confinement
02:33:26 8.3 Waste management
02:35:54 8.3.1 Fuel-containing materials
02:38:16 8.4 Exclusion zone
02:39:55 8.5 Forest fire concerns
02:40:47 9 Recovery projects
02:45:43 10 Commemoration
02:46:41 11 Nuclear debate
02:50:06 12 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
The Chernobyl disaster was a catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the No. 4 nuclear reactor in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, near the city of Pripyat in the north of the Ukrainian SSR.The accident occurred during a safety test on a common Soviet reactor type - the RBMK nuclear power reactor. The test, a simulation of an electrical power outage, was to aid the development of a safety procedure for keeping reactor cooling water circulating until the emergency generators could provide power. This gap was about one minute and had been identified as a potential safety problem which could cause reactor core overheating. Three such tests had been conducted since 1982 but had failed to provide a solution. On the fourth occasion, which became catastrophic, the test had been delayed by ten hours, and the reactor operating shift that had specifically prepared for the test procedure was replaced by the next shift. The test supervisor then failed to follow the test procedure, creating unstable operating conditions which, combined with inherent RBMK reactor design flaws and the intentional disabling of several emergency safety systems, resulted in an uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction. A huge amount of energy was suddenly released, which vapourised superheated cooling water, rupturing the reactor pressure vessel in a highly destructive steam explosion, which was instantly followed by an open-air reactor core fire.This fire produced considerable updrafts for about nine days
before being finally contained on 4 May 1986. The lofted plumes of fission products released into the atmosphere by the fire precipitated onto parts of the USSR and western Europe. The estimated radioactive inventory that was released during this very hot fire phase approximately equaled in magnitude the airborne fission products released in the initial destructive explosion.The total number of casualties remains disputed. Estimates of reduced life expectancy as a result of radiation released are highly uncertain and vary from 4,000 people in a United Nations study up to 200,000 reported by a Greenpeace study. During the accident, steam-blast effects caused two deaths within the facility: one immediately after the explosion and the other compounded by a lethal dose of ionizing radiation. Over the coming days and weeks, 134 servicemen were hospitalized with acute radiation syndrome (ARS), of whom 28 firemen and employees ...