Elephant | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-26

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant


00:03:35 1 Etymology
00:04:33 2 Taxonomy
00:04:42 2.1 Classification, species and subspecies
00:10:06 2.2 Evolution and extinct relatives
00:15:51 2.2.1 Dwarf species
00:17:49 3 Anatomy and morphology
00:21:25 3.1 Ears
00:22:14 3.2 Trunk
00:25:21 3.3 Teeth
00:26:39 3.3.1 Tusks
00:29:04 3.4 Skin
00:30:42 3.5 Legs, locomotion, and posture
00:33:20 3.6 Internal and sexual organs
00:36:23 4 Behaviour and life history
00:36:33 4.1 Ecology and activities
00:41:21 4.2 Social organisation
00:45:29 4.3 Sexual behaviour
00:45:38 4.3.1 Musth
00:47:19 4.3.2 Mating
00:49:52 4.4 Birth and development
00:53:10 4.5 Communication
00:57:56 4.6 Intelligence and cognition
00:59:42 5 Conservation
00:59:51 5.1 Status
01:04:02 5.2 Threats
01:07:07 6 Elephants and humans
01:07:17 6.1 Working animal
01:09:25 6.2 Warfare
01:12:34 6.3 Zoos and circuses
01:15:55 6.4 Attacks
01:17:01 6.5 Cultural depictions



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SUMMARY
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Elephants are large mammals of the family Elephantidae in the order Proboscidea. Three species are currently recognised: the African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), the African forest elephant (L. cyclotis), and the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Elephants are scattered throughout sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Elephantidae is the only surviving family of the order Proboscidea; other, now extinct, members of the order include deinotheres, gomphotheres, mastodons, anancids and stegodontids; Elephantidae itself also contains several now extinct groups, such as the mammoths and straight-tusked elephants.
All elephants have several distinctive features, the most notable of which is a long trunk (also called a proboscis), used for many purposes, particularly breathing, lifting water, and grasping objects. Their incisors grow into tusks, which can serve as weapons and as tools for moving objects and digging. Elephants' large ear flaps help to control their body temperature. Their pillar-like legs can carry their great weight. African elephants have larger ears and concave backs while Asian elephants have smaller ears and convex or level backs.
Elephants are herbivorous and can be found in different habitats including savannahs, forests, deserts, and marshes. They prefer to stay near water. They are considered to be a keystone species due to their impact on their environments. Other animals tend to keep their distance from elephants while predators, such as lions, tigers, hyenas, and any wild dogs, usually target only young elephants (or "calves"). Elephants have a fission–fusion society in which multiple family groups come together to socialise. Females ("cows") tend to live in family groups, which can consist of one female with her calves or several related females with offspring. The groups are led by an individual known as the matriarch, often the oldest cow.
Males ("bulls") leave their family groups when they reach puberty and may live alone or with other males. Adult bulls mostly interact with family groups when looking for a mate and enter a state of increased testosterone and aggression known as musth, which helps them gain dominance and reproductive success. Calves are the centre of attention in their family groups and rely on their mothers for as long as three years. Elephants can live up to 70 years in the wild. They communicate by touch, sight, smell, and sound; elephants use infrasound, and seismic communication over long distances. Elephant intelligence has been compared with that of primates and cetaceans. They appear to have self-awareness and show empathy for dying or dead individuals of their kind.
African elephants are listed as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) while the Asian elephant is classed as endangered. One of the bi ...