Gasoline | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Gasoline


00:01:47 1 Etymology
00:05:01 2 History
00:05:09 2.1 Prior to 1903
00:06:15 2.2 1903 to 1914
00:10:42 2.3 World War I
00:12:42 2.4 United States, 1918–1929
00:16:50 2.5 Leaded gasoline controversy, 1924–1925
00:19:24 2.6 United States, 1930–1941
00:23:45 3 World War II
00:23:55 3.1 Germany
00:27:45 3.2 Japan
00:31:04 3.3 United States
00:36:41 3.4 United States, 1946 to present
00:37:20 4 Chemical analysis and production
00:41:30 5 Physical properties
00:41:39 5.1 Density
00:42:32 5.2 Stability
00:45:33 5.3 Energy content
00:49:16 6 Octane rating
00:52:41 7 Additives
00:52:50 7.1 Antiknock additives
00:53:50 7.1.1 Tetraethyllead
00:55:30 7.1.2 Lead replacement petrol (gasoline)
00:56:54 7.1.3 MMT
00:57:34 7.2 Fuel stabilizers (antioxidants and metal deactivators)
00:59:03 7.3 Detergents
00:59:47 7.4 Ethanol
00:59:55 7.4.1 European Union
01:00:51 7.4.2 Brazil
01:01:16 7.4.3 Australia
01:01:41 7.4.4 United States
01:02:45 7.4.5 India
01:03:13 7.5 Dyes
01:03:58 7.6 Oxygenate blending
01:06:23 8 Safety
01:06:32 8.1 Environmental considerations
01:08:04 8.2 Toxicity
01:09:42 8.3 Inhalation for intoxication
01:12:12 8.4 Flammability
01:12:59 9 Use and pricing
01:13:49 9.1 Europe
01:14:11 9.2 United States
01:16:13 10 Carbon dioxide production
01:18:02 11 Comparison with other fuels



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SUMMARY
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Gasoline (American English) or petrol (British English) is a transparent petroleum-derived flammable liquid that is used primarily as a fuel in spark-ignited internal combustion engines. It consists mostly of organic compounds obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum, enhanced with a variety of additives. On average, a 42-U.S.-gallon (160-liter) barrel of  crude oil yields about 19 U.S. gallons (72 liters) of gasoline after processing in an oil refinery, though this varies based on the crude oil assay.
The characteristic of a particular gasoline blend to resist igniting too early (which causes knocking and reduces efficiency in reciprocating engines) is measured by its octane rating. Gasoline is produced in several grades of octane rating. Tetraethyllead and other lead compounds are no longer used in most areas to increase octane rating. Other chemicals are frequently added to gasoline to improve chemical stability and performance characteristics, control corrosiveness and provide fuel system cleaning. Gasoline may contain oxygen-containing chemicals such as ethanol, MTBE or ETBE to improve combustion.
Gasoline used in internal combustion engines can have significant effects on the local environment, and is also a contributor to global human carbon dioxide emissions. Gasoline can also enter the environment uncombusted, both as liquid and as vapor, from leakage and handling during production, transport and delivery (e.g., from storage tanks, from spills, etc.). As an example of efforts to control such leakage, many (underground) storage tanks are required to have extensive measures in place to detect and prevent such leaks. Gasoline contains benzene and other known carcinogens.