Behavioural biology | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-31

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethology


00:02:17 1 Etymology
00:02:45 2 History
00:02:54 2.1 The beginnings of ethology
00:04:13 2.2 Growth of the field
00:05:58 2.3 Social ethology and recent developments
00:07:37 3 Relationship with comparative psychology
00:09:21 4 Instinct
00:09:46 4.1 Fixed action patterns
00:10:58 5 Learning
00:11:07 5.1 Habituation
00:12:01 5.2 Associative learning
00:12:32 5.3 Imprinting
00:13:15 5.4 Cultural learning
00:13:24 5.4.1 Observational learning
00:13:33 5.4.2 Imitation
00:14:27 5.4.3 Stimulus and local enhancement
00:16:07 5.4.4 Social transmission
00:16:59 5.5 Teaching
00:18:32 6 Mating and the fight for supremacy
00:19:55 7 Living in groups
00:21:32 7.1 Benefits and costs of group living
00:23:30 7.2 Group size
00:24:10 8 Tinbergen's four questions for ethologists
00:25:50 9 See also



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SUMMARY
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Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Behaviourism is a term that also describes the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually referring to measured responses to stimuli or trained behavioural responses in a laboratory context, without a particular emphasis on evolutionary adaptivity. Many naturalists have studied aspects of animal behaviour throughout history. Ethology has its scientific roots in the work of Charles Darwin and of American and German ornithologists of the late 19th and early 20th century, including Charles O. Whitman, Oskar Heinroth, and Wallace Craig. The modern discipline of ethology is generally considered to have begun during the 1930s with the work of Dutch biologist Nikolaas Tinbergen and by Austrian biologists Konrad Lorenz and Karl von Frisch, joint awardees of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field science, with a strong relation to some other disciplines such as neuroanatomy, ecology, and evolutionary biology. Ethologists are typically interested in a behavioural process rather than in a particular animal group, and often study one type of behaviour, such as aggression, in a number of unrelated animals.
Ethology is a rapidly growing field. Since the dawn of the 21st century, many aspects of animal communication, emotions, culture, learning and sexuality that the scientific community long thought it understood have been re-examined, and new conclusions reached. New fields, such as neuroethology, have developed.
Understanding ethology or animal behaviour can be important in animal training. Considering the natural behaviours of different species or breeds enables the trainer to select the individuals best suited to perform the required task. It also enables the trainer to encourage the performance of naturally occurring behaviours and also the discontinuance of undesirable behaviours.