Atheism | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-01

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism


00:03:25 1 Definitions and types
00:04:01 1.1 Range
00:04:52 1.2 Implicit vs. explicit
00:06:31 1.3 Positive vs. negative
00:08:36 1.4 Definition as impossible or impermanent
00:09:56 1.5 Pragmatic atheism
00:10:17 2 Arguments
00:10:26 2.1 Epistemological arguments
00:12:22 2.2 Metaphysical arguments
00:13:14 2.3 Logical arguments
00:14:14 2.4 Reductionary accounts of religion
00:15:14 2.5 Atheism, religions and spirituality
00:16:17 2.6 Atheism and negative theology
00:17:06 3 Atheistic philosophies
00:18:54 4 Religion and morality
00:19:04 4.1 Association with world views and social behaviors
00:20:02 4.2 Irreligion
00:21:17 4.3 Divine command
00:23:50 4.4 Criticism of religion
00:26:19 5 Etymology
00:28:58 6 History
00:29:19 6.1 Early Indic religion
00:31:06 6.2 Classical antiquity
00:35:38 6.3 Early Middle Ages to the Renaissance
00:38:22 6.4 Early modern period
00:43:02 6.5 Since 1900
00:45:58 6.6 Other developments
00:49:05 6.7 New Atheism
00:50:17 7 Demographics
00:52:02 7.1 Europe
00:53:19 7.2 Asia
00:53:40 7.3 Australasia
00:54:09 7.4 United States
00:55:20 7.4.1 Unaffiliated/Non-religious
00:56:05 7.5 Arab world
00:57:13 7.6 Wealth and education
00:58:50 7.7 Attitudes toward atheism
00:59:37 8 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Atheism is, in the broadest sense, the absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is the rejection of belief that any deities exist.  In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities. Atheism is contrasted with theism, which, in its most general form, is the belief that at least one deity exists.The etymological root for the word atheism originated before the 5th century BCE from the ancient Greek ἄθεος (atheos), meaning "without god(s)". In antiquity it had multiple uses as a pejorative term applied to those thought to reject the gods worshiped by the larger society, those who were forsaken by the gods or those who had no commitment to belief in the gods. The term denoted a social category created by orthodox religionists into which those who did not share their religious beliefs were placed. The actual term atheism emerged first in the 16th century. With the spread of freethought, skeptical inquiry, and subsequent increase in criticism of religion, application of the term narrowed in scope. The first individuals to identify themselves using the word atheist lived in the 18th century during the Age of Enlightenment. The French Revolution, noted for its "unprecedented atheism," witnessed the first major political movement in history to advocate for the supremacy of human reason. The French Revolution can be described as the first period where atheism became implemented politically.
Arguments for atheism range from the philosophical to social and historical approaches. Rationales for not believing in deities include arguments that there is a lack of empirical evidence, the problem of evil, the argument from inconsistent revelations, the rejection of concepts that cannot be falsified, and the argument from nonbelief. Nonbelievers contend that atheism is a more parsimonious position than theism and that everyone is born without beliefs in deities; therefore, they argue that the burden of proof lies not on the atheist to disprove the existence of gods but on the theist to provide a rationale for theism. Although some atheists have adopted secular philosophies (e.g. secular humanism), there is no one ideology or set of behaviors to which all atheists adhere.Since conceptions of atheism vary, accurate estimations of current numbers of atheists are difficult. According to global Win-Gallup International studies, 13% of respondents were "convinced atheists" in 2012, 11% were "convinced atheists" in 2015, and ...