Hijra (South Asia) | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-16

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Hijra (South Asia)


00:02:01 1 Terminology
00:04:36 2 Gender and sexuality
00:06:08 3 Social status and economic circumstances
00:08:59 4 Language
00:09:28 5 In politics on the Indian subcontinent
00:12:30 6 History
00:14:00 7 In religion
00:14:28 7.1 Bahuchara Mata
00:15:14 7.2 Lord Shiva
00:15:37 7.3 In the iRamayana/i
00:16:29 7.4 In the iMahabharata/i
00:18:09 7.5 In Islam
00:18:47 8 In films and literature
00:18:57 8.1 India
00:22:02 8.1.1 Tamil
00:23:07 8.2 Pakistan
00:27:41 8.3 Outside the Indian subcontinent
00:28:16 8.4 Documentaries
00:28:36 9 See also



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SUMMARY
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Hijra is a term given to eunuchs, intersex people, and transgender people in the Indian subcontinent. Also known as Aravani, Aruvani, Jagappa, or Chhakka, the transgender community in India prefer to call themselves Kinnar or Kinner, referring to the mythological beings that excel at song and dance.
Hijras are officially recognized as third gender in countries in the Indian subcontinent, being considered neither completely male nor female. Hijras have a recorded history in the Indian subcontinent from antiquity onwards as suggested by the Kama Sutra period.
Many hijras live in well-defined and organised all-hijra communities, led by a guru. These communities have consisted over generations of those who are in abject poverty, rejected by, or flee, their family of origin. Many work as sex workers for survival.The word "hijra" is a Hindustani word, it has traditionally been translated into English as "eunuch" or "hermaphrodite", where "the irregularity of the male genitalia is central to the definition." However, in general hijras are born male, only a few having been born with intersex variations. Some Hijras undergo an initiation rite into the hijra community called nirwaan, which refers to the removal of the penis, scrotum and testicles.Since the late 20th century, some hijra activists and non-government organizations (NGOs) have lobbied for official recognition of the hijra as a kind of "third sex" or "third gender", as neither man nor woman. Hijras have successfully gained this recognition in Bangladesh and are eligible for priority in education. In India, the Supreme Court in April 2014 recognised hijra and transgender, eunuchs, intersex people as a 'third gender' in law. Nepal, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh have all legally accepted the existence of a third gender, with India and Nepal including an option for them on passports and certain official documents.