Human | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human


00:04:46 1 Etymology and definition
00:07:38 2 History
00:07:48 2.1 Evolution and range
00:08:53 2.1.1 Evidence from molecular biology
00:10:30 2.1.2 Evidence from the fossil record
00:14:46 2.1.3 Anatomical adaptations
00:20:30 2.2 Rise of iHomo sapiens/i
00:22:57 2.3 Transition to modernity
00:26:34 3 Habitat and population
00:32:20 4 Biology
00:32:29 4.1 Anatomy and physiology
00:39:51 4.2 Genetics
00:44:21 4.3 Life cycle
00:50:49 4.4 Diet
00:54:42 4.5 Biological variation
01:01:11 4.5.1 Structure of variation
01:12:35 5 Psychology
01:14:00 5.1 Sleep and dreaming
01:15:17 5.2 Consciousness and thought
01:21:02 5.3 Motivation and emotion
01:25:11 5.4 Sexuality and love
01:27:31 6 Behavior
01:28:56 6.1 Language
01:30:53 6.2 Gender roles
01:31:54 6.3 Kinship
01:34:32 6.4 Ethnicity
01:36:11 6.5 Society, government, and politics
01:38:51 6.6 Trade and economics
01:40:59 6.7 War
01:43:51 6.8 Material culture and technology
01:45:06 6.8.1 Body culture
01:46:10 6.9 Philosophy and self-reflection
01:47:13 6.10 Religion and spirituality
01:50:26 6.11 Art, music, and literature
01:52:23 6.12 Science
01:54:08 7 See also
01:54:18 8 Further reading



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- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Humans (Homo sapiens) are the only extant members of the subtribe Hominina. Together with chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans, they are part of the family Hominidae (the great apes, or hominids). A terrestrial animal, humans are characterized by their erect posture and bipedal locomotion; high manual dexterity and heavy tool use compared to other animals; open-ended and complex language use compared to other animal communications; larger, more complex brains than other animals; and highly advanced and organized societies.Early hominins—particularly the australopithecines, whose brains and anatomy are in many ways more similar to ancestral non-human apes—are less often referred to as "human" than hominins of the genus Homo. Several of these hominins used fire, occupied much of Eurasia, and gave rise to anatomically modern Homo sapiens in Africa about 315,000 years ago.  Humans began to exhibit evidence of behavioral modernity around 50,000 years ago, and in several waves of migration, they ventured out of Africa and populated most of the world.The spread of the large and increasing population of humans has had a profound impact on large areas of the environment and millions of native species worldwide. Advantages that explain this evolutionary success include a relatively larger brain with a particularly well-developed neocortex, prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes, which enable high levels of abstract reasoning, language, problem solving, sociality, and culture through social learning. Humans use tools to a much higher degree than any other animal, are the only extant species known to build fires and cook their food, and are the only extant species to clothe themselves and create and use numerous other technologies and arts.
Humans are uniquely adept at using systems of symbolic communication (such as language and art) for self-expression and the exchange of ideas, and for organizing themselves into purposeful groups. Humans create complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families and kinship networks to political states. Social interactions between humans have established an extremely wide variety of values, social norms, and rituals, which together form the basis of human society. Curiosity and the human desire to understand and influence the environment and to explain and manipulate phenomena (or events) has provided the foundation for developing science, philosophy, mythology, religion, anthropology, and numerous other fields of knowledge.
Though most of human existence has been sustained by hunti ...