Battle of Passchendaele | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-26

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele


00:03:19 1 Background
00:03:28 1.1 Flanders
00:03:36 1.1.1 1914
00:05:27 1.1.2 1915
00:06:43 1.1.3 1916
00:09:17 1.2 Allied strategy
00:11:31 1.3 Kerensky offensive
00:12:50 2 Prelude
00:12:58 2.1 Ypres salient
00:16:17 2.2 Topography
00:18:39 2.3 British plans
00:21:13 2.4 German defences
00:24:42 2.5 Battle of Messines
00:26:11 3 Battles
00:26:19 3.1 July–August
00:28:53 3.1.1 Battle of Pilckem Ridge
00:30:26 3.1.2 Capture of Westhoek
00:31:26 3.1.3 Battle of Hill 70
00:32:47 3.1.4 Battle of Langemarck
00:34:15 3.1.5 Local attacks
00:35:46 3.1.6 Weather
00:39:25 3.1.7 Verdun
00:40:52 3.2 September–October
00:43:17 3.2.1 German tactical changes
00:47:27 3.2.2 Battle of the Menin Road Ridge
00:49:20 3.2.3 German counter-attack, 25 September
00:51:48 3.2.4 Battle of Polygon Wood
00:53:07 3.3 October–November
00:53:16 3.3.1 German counter-attacks, 30 September – 4 October
00:56:28 3.3.2 Battle of Broodseinde
00:58:47 3.3.3 German defensive changes
00:59:49 3.3.4 Battle of Poelcappelle
01:00:54 3.3.5 First Battle of Passchendaele
01:03:08 3.3.6 Action of 22 October
01:04:57 3.3.7 Battle of La Malmaison
01:06:07 3.3.8 Second Battle of Passchendaele
01:08:33 3.4 December
01:08:42 3.4.1 Night action of 1/2 December 1917
01:10:12 3.4.2 Action on the Polderhoek Spur
01:12:01 4 Aftermath
01:12:10 4.1 Analysis
01:16:57 4.2 Casualties
01:20:31 4.3 Subsequent operations
01:20:41 4.3.1 Winter, 1917–1918
01:22:27 4.3.2 Retreat, 1918
01:24:17 4.4 Commemoration
01:26:25 5 See also
01:26:40 6 Notes



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SUMMARY
=======
The Battle of Passchendaele (German: Dritte Flandernschlacht; French: Troisième Bataille des Flandres), also known as the Third Battle of Ypres, was a campaign of the First World War, fought by the Allies against the German Empire. The battle took place on the Western Front, from July to November 1917, for control of the ridges south and east of the Belgian city of Ypres in West Flanders, as part of a strategy decided by the Allies at conferences in November 1916 and May 1917. Passchendaele lay on the last ridge east of Ypres, 5 mi (8.0 km) from a railway junction at Roulers, which was vital to the supply system of the German 4th Army. The next stage of the Allied plan was an advance to Thourout–Couckelaere, to close the German-controlled railway running through Roulers and Thourout.
Further operations and a British supporting attack along the Belgian coast from Nieuwpoort, combined with Operation Hush (an amphibious landing), were to have reached Bruges and then the Dutch frontier. The resistance of the 4th Army, unusually wet weather, the onset of winter and the diversion of British and French resources to Italy, following the Austro-German victory at the Battle of Caporetto (24 October – 19 November), enabled the Germans to avoid a general withdrawal, which had seemed inevitable in early October. The campaign ended in November, when the Canadian Corps captured Passchendaele, apart from local attacks in December and in early 1918. The Battle of the Lys and the Fifth Battle of Ypres were fought before the Allies occupied the Belgian coast and reached the Dutch frontier.
A campaign in Flanders was controversial in 1917 and has remained so. The British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, opposed the offensive, as did General Ferdinand Foch, the French Chief of the General Staff. Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, commanding the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), did not receive approval for the Flanders operation from the War Cabinet until 25 July. Matters of dispute by the participants, writers and historians since the war, have included the wisdom of pursuing an offensive strategy in the wake of the Nivelle Offensive, rather than waiting for the arrival of the American Expe ...