Abiogenesis | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Abiogenesis


00:04:18 1 Early geophysical conditions on Earth
00:07:24 1.1 Earliest biological evidence for life
00:13:32 2 Conceptual history
00:13:42 2.1 Spontaneous generation
00:17:24 2.2 Etymology
00:19:45 2.3 Louis Pasteur and Charles Darwin
00:21:25 2.4 "Primordial soup" hypothesis
00:26:00 2.5 Proteinoid microspheres
00:28:05 3 Current models
00:33:06 4 Chemical origin of organic molecules
00:36:18 4.1 Chemical synthesis
00:42:42 4.2 Autocatalysis
00:45:47 4.3 Homochirality
00:48:00 5 Self-enclosement, reproduction, duplication and the RNA world
00:48:13 5.1 Protocells
00:51:02 5.2 RNA world
00:53:26 5.2.1 Viral origins
00:55:01 5.3 RNA synthesis and replication
00:58:37 5.4 Pre-RNA world
01:00:51 6 Origin of biological metabolism
01:02:00 6.1 Iron–sulfur world
01:06:30 6.2 Zn-world hypothesis
01:09:49 6.3 Deep sea vent hypothesis
01:14:57 6.4 Thermosynthesis
01:17:25 7 Other models
01:17:34 7.1 Clay hypothesis
01:19:13 7.2 Gold's "deep-hot biosphere" model
01:20:13 7.3 Panspermia
01:21:12 7.4 Extraterrestrial organic molecules
01:26:38 7.5 Lipid world
01:28:29 7.6 Polyphosphates
01:29:41 7.7 PAH world hypothesis
01:31:54 7.8 Radioactive beach hypothesis
01:33:32 7.9 Thermodynamic dissipation
01:38:51 7.10 Multiple genesis
01:40:02 7.11 Fluctuating hydrothermal pools on volcanic islands or proto-continents
01:42:41 7.12 Information theory
01:43:27 8 See also



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SUMMARY
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Abiogenesis, or informally the origin of life, is the natural process by which life arises from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds. The transition from non-living to living entities was not a single event, but a gradual process of increasing complexity that involved molecular self-replication, self-assembly, autocatalysis and cell membranes. Although the occurrence of abiogenesis is uncontroversial among scientists, there is no single, generally accepted model for the origin of life, and this article presents several principles and hypotheses for how abiogenesis could have occurred.
Researchers study abiogenesis through a combination of molecular biology, paleontology, astrobiology, oceanography, biophysics, geochemistry and biochemistry, and aim to determine how pre-life chemical reactions gave rise to life. The study of abiogenesis can be geophysical, chemical, or biological, with more recent approaches attempting a synthesis of all three, as life arose under conditions that are strikingly different from those on Earth today. Life functions through the specialized chemistry of carbon and water and builds largely upon four key families of chemicals: lipids (fatty cell walls), carbohydrates (sugars, cellulose), amino acids (protein metabolism), and nucleic acids (self-replicating DNA and RNA). Any successful theory of abiogenesis must explain the origins and interactions of these classes of molecules. Many approaches to abiogenesis investigate how self-replicating molecules, or their components, came into existence. Researchers generally think that current life on Earth descends from an RNA world, although RNA-based life may not have been the first life to have existed.The classic 1952 Miller–Urey experiment and similar research demonstrated that most amino acids, the chemical constituents of the proteins used in all living organisms, can be synthesized from inorganic compounds under conditions intended to replicate those of the early Earth. Scientists have proposed various external sources of energy that may have triggered these reactions, including lightning and radiation. Other approaches ("metabolism-first" hypotheses) focus on understanding how catalysis in chemical systems on the early Earth might have provided the precursor molecules necessary for self-replication. Complex organic molecules occur in the Solar System and in interstellar space, and these molecules may have provided starting material for the development of life on Earth.The biochemistry of life may have begun shortly aft ...