Selection (biology) | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-25

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection


00:02:51 1 Historical development
00:03:01 1.1 Pre-Darwinian theories
00:07:20 1.2 Darwin's theory
00:13:15 1.3 The modern synthesis
00:14:27 1.4 A second synthesis
00:15:23 2 Terminology
00:16:27 3 Mechanism
00:16:36 3.1 Heritable variation, differential reproduction
00:18:36 3.2 Fitness
00:21:58 3.3 Competition
00:23:51 3.4 Types of selection
00:27:45 3.4.1 Sexual selection
00:29:04 3.5 Natural selection in action
00:30:28 4 Evolution by means of natural selection
00:32:46 4.1 Speciation
00:33:51 5 Genetic basis
00:34:01 5.1 Genotype and phenotype
00:34:57 5.2 Directionality of selection
00:37:08 5.3 Selection, genetic variation, and drift
00:40:03 6 Impact
00:41:29 6.1 Origin of life
00:42:47 6.2 Cell and molecular biology
00:43:32 6.3 Social and psychological theory
00:46:19 6.4 Information and systems theory
00:47:34 6.5 In fiction



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SUMMARY
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Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations. Charles Darwin popularised the term "natural selection", contrasting it with artificial selection, which is intentional, whereas natural selection is not.
Variation exists within all populations of organisms. This occurs partly because random mutations arise in the genome of an individual organism, and offspring can inherit such mutations. Throughout the lives of the individuals, their genomes interact with their environments to cause variations in traits. The environment of a genome includes the molecular biology in the cell, other cells, other individuals, populations, species, as well as the abiotic environment. Because individuals with certain variants of the trait tend to survive and reproduce more than individuals with other, less successful variants, the population evolves. Other factors affecting reproductive success include sexual selection (now often included in natural selection) and fecundity selection.
Natural selection acts on the phenotype, the characteristics of the organism which actually interact with the environment, but the genetic 
(heritable) basis of any phenotype that gives that phenotype a reproductive advantage may become more common in a population. Over time, this process can result in populations that specialise for particular ecological niches (microevolution) and may eventually result in speciation  (the emergence of new species, macroevolution). In other words, natural selection is a key process in the evolution of a population.
Natural selection is a cornerstone of modern biology. The concept, published by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in a joint presentation of papers in 1858, was elaborated in Darwin's influential 1859 book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. He described natural selection as analogous to artificial selection, a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favoured for reproduction. The concept of natural selection originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity; at the time of Darwin's writing, science had yet to develop modern theories of genetics. The union of traditional Darwinian evolution with subsequent discoveries in classical genetics formed the modern synthesis of the mid-20th century. The addition of molecular genetics has led to evolutionary developmental biology, which explains evolution at the molecular level. While genotypes can slowly change by random genetic drift, natural selection remains the primary explanation for adaptive evolution.