Heliosphere | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 06/05/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliosphere


00:02:56 1 Summary
00:10:50 2 Structure
00:12:44 2.1 Solar wind
00:13:34 2.2 Heliospheric current sheet
00:14:05 2.3 Outer structure
00:16:20 2.4 Termination shock
00:19:44 2.5 Heliosheath
00:22:12 2.6 Heliopause
00:24:05 2.7 Heliotail
00:26:04 3 Additional heliosphere structures
00:27:50 3.1 Hydrogen wall
00:29:50 3.2 Bow shock
00:31:29 4 Observational methods
00:31:40 4.1 Detection by spacecraft
00:32:15 4.1.1 Cassini results
00:32:51 4.1.2 IBEX results
00:34:26 4.2 Locally
00:35:53 4.3 Timeline of exploration
00:38:45 5 Gallery



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SUMMARY
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The heliosphere is the vast, bubble-like region of space which surrounds and is created by the Sun. In plasma physics terms, this is the cavity formed by the Sun in the surrounding interstellar medium. The "bubble" of the heliosphere is continuously "inflated" by plasma originating from the Sun, known as the solar wind. Outside the heliosphere, this solar plasma gives way to the interstellar plasma permeating our galaxy. Radiation levels inside and outside the heliosphere differ; in particular, the galactic cosmic rays are less abundant inside the heliosphere, so that the planets inside (including Earth) are partly shielded from their impact. The word "heliosphere" is said to have been coined by Alexander J. Dessler, who is credited with first use of the word in scientific literature in 1967. The scientific study of the heliosphere is heliophysics, which includes space weather and space climate.
Flowing unimpeded through the Solar System for billions of kilometres, the solar wind extends far beyond even the region of Pluto, until it encounters the termination shock, where its motion slows abruptly due to the outside pressure of the interstellar medium. Beyond the shock lies the heliosheath, a broad transitional region between the inner heliosphere and the external environment. The outermost edge of the heliosphere is called the heliopause. The overall shape of the heliosphere resembles that of a comet – being approximately spherical on one side, with a long trailing tail opposite, known as the heliotail.
The two Voyager spacecraft have explored the outer reaches of the heliosphere, passing through the termination shock and the heliosheath. NASA announced in 2013 that Voyager 1 had encountered the heliopause on 25 August 2012, when the spacecraft measured a sudden increase in plasma density of about forty times. In 2018, NASA announced that Voyager 2 had traversed the heliopause on 5 November of that year. Because the heliopause marks the boundary between matter originating from the Sun and matter originating from the rest of the galaxy, spacecraft such as the two Voyagers, which have departed the heliosphere, can be said to have reached interstellar space.