Palmyra | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 03/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Palmyra


00:02:48 1 Etymology
00:05:32 2 Location and city layout
00:06:28 2.1 Layout
00:08:35 3 People, language and society
00:11:51 4 Culture
00:13:54 4.1 Art and architecture
00:16:09 5 Site
00:16:18 5.1 Cemeteries
00:16:59 5.2 Notable structures
00:17:08 5.2.1 Public buildings
00:19:24 5.2.2 Temples
00:21:11 5.2.3 Other buildings
00:22:52 5.3 Destruction by ISIL
00:24:29 5.3.1 Restoration
00:26:18 6 History
00:26:48 6.1 Early period
00:28:50 6.2 Hellenistic and Roman periods
00:30:49 6.2.1 Autonomous Palmyrene region
00:34:50 6.2.2 Palmyrene kingdom
00:35:54 6.2.2.1 Persian wars
00:39:09 6.2.2.2 Palmyrene empire
00:40:39 6.2.3 Later Roman and Byzantine periods
00:42:00 6.3 Arab caliphates
00:42:31 6.3.1 Umayyad and early Abbasid periods
00:43:42 6.3.2 Decentralization
00:46:24 6.4 Mamluk period
00:46:58 6.4.1 Al Fadl principality
00:48:46 6.5 Ottoman era and later periods
00:51:18 6.5.1 Syrian Civil War
00:53:30 7 Government
00:57:29 7.1 Military
00:59:12 7.1.1 Relations with Rome
01:00:00 8 Religion
01:03:26 8.1 Malakbel and the Roman Sol Invictus
01:05:15 9 Economy
01:07:25 9.1 Commerce
01:09:55 10 Excavations
01:13:49 11 See also



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SUMMARY
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Palmyra (; Palmyrene:  Tadmor; Arabic: تَدْمُر‎ Tadmur) is an ancient Semitic city in present-day Homs Governorate, Syria. Archaeological finds date back to the Neolithic period, and documents first mention the city in the early second millennium BC. Palmyra changed hands on a number of occasions between different empires before becoming a subject of the Roman Empire in the first century AD.
The city grew wealthy from trade caravans; the Palmyrenes became renowned as merchants who established colonies along the Silk Road and operated throughout the Roman Empire. Palmyra's wealth enabled the construction of monumental projects, such as the Great Colonnade, the Temple of Bel, and the distinctive tower tombs. Ethnically, the Palmyrenes combined elements of Amorites, Arameans, and Arabs. The city's social structure was tribal, and its inhabitants spoke Palmyrene (a dialect of Aramaic), while using Greek for commercial and diplomatic purposes. Greco-Roman culture influenced the culture of Palmyra, which produced distinctive art and architecture that combined eastern and western traditions. The city's inhabitants worshiped local Semitic deities, Mesopotamian and Arab gods.
By the third century AD Palmyra had become a prosperous regional center. It reached the apex of its power in the 260s, when the Palmyrene King Odaenathus defeated Persian Emperor Shapur I. The king was succeeded by regent Queen Zenobia, who rebelled against Rome and established the Palmyrene Empire. In 273, Roman emperor Aurelian destroyed the city, which was later restored by Diocletian at a reduced size. The Palmyrenes converted to Christianity during the fourth century and to Islam in the centuries following the conquest by the 7th-century Rashidun Caliphate, after which the Palmyrene and Greek languages were replaced by Arabic.
Before AD 273, Palmyra enjoyed autonomy and was attached to the Roman province of Syria, having its political organization influenced by the Greek city-state model during the first two centuries AD. The city became a Roman colonia during the third century, leading to the incorporation of Roman governing institutions, before becoming a monarchy in 260. Following its destruction in 273, Palmyra became a minor center under the Byzantines and later empires. Its destruction by the Timurids in 1400 reduced it to a small village. Under French Mandatory rule in 1932, the inhabitants were moved into the new village of Tadmur, and the ancient site became available for excavations. During the Syrian Civil War in 2015, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) destroyed large parts of the ancient city, which was recaptured by the Syrian Army on 2 March 2017.