History of botany | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-17

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_botany


00:02:30 1 Introduction
00:04:21 2 Ancient knowledge
00:05:27 2.1 Plant lore and plant selection
00:07:06 2.2 Early botany
00:09:05 2.3 Theophrastus and the origin of botanical science
00:14:08 2.4 Ancient Rome
00:15:25 3 Medieval knowledge
00:15:34 3.1 Medicinal plants of the early Middle Ages
00:18:43 3.2 The Silk Road
00:19:38 3.3 The Age of Herbals
00:22:32 4 The Renaissance and Age of Enlightenment (1550–1800)
00:25:28 4.1 Botanical gardens and herbaria
00:27:34 4.2 From Herbal to Flora
00:30:59 4.3 Botanical exploration
00:32:03 4.4 Classification and morphology
00:37:49 4.5 Anatomy
00:39:04 4.6 Physiology
00:41:25 4.7 Plant sexuality
00:43:39 5 Nineteenth-century foundations of modern botany
00:45:28 5.1 Plant geography and ecology
00:48:09 5.2 Anatomy
00:49:52 5.3 Water relations
00:50:47 5.4 Cytology
00:53:18 5.5 Developmental morphology and evolution
00:55:10 5.6 Carbon fixation (photosynthesis)
00:56:25 5.7 Nitrogen fixation
00:57:06 6 Twentieth century
00:58:20 6.1 Molecules
01:00:40 6.2 Computers, electron microscopes and evolution
01:03:15 6.3 Biogeography and ecology
01:04:21 7 Twenty-first century



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
Speaking Rate: 0.979981890851687
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E


"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
The history of botany examines the human effort to understand life on Earth by tracing the historical development of the discipline of botany—that part of natural science dealing with organisms traditionally treated as plants.
Rudimentary botanical science began with empirically-based plant lore passed from generation to generation in the oral traditions of paleolithic hunter-gatherers. The first written records of plants were made in the Neolithic Revolution about 10,000 years ago as writing was developed in the settled agricultural communities where plants and animals were first domesticated. The first writings that show human curiosity about plants themselves, rather than the uses that could be made of them, appears in the teachings of Aristotle's student Theophrastus at the Lyceum in ancient Athens in about 350 BC; this is considered the starting point for modern botany. In Europe, this early botanical science was soon overshadowed by a medieval preoccupation with the medicinal properties of plants that lasted more than 1000 years. During this time, the medicinal works of classical antiquity were reproduced in manuscripts and books called herbals. In China and the Arab world, the Greco-Roman work on medicinal plants was preserved and extended.
In Europe the Renaissance of the 14th–17th centuries heralded a scientific revival during which botany gradually emerged from natural history as an independent science, distinct from medicine and agriculture. Herbals were replaced by floras: books that described the native plants of local regions. The invention of the microscope stimulated the study of plant anatomy, and the first carefully designed experiments in plant physiology were performed. With the expansion of trade and exploration beyond Europe, the many new plants being discovered were subjected to an increasingly rigorous process of naming, description, and classification.
Progressively more sophisticated scientific technology has aided the development of contemporary botanical offshoots in the plant sciences, ranging from the applied fields of economic botany (notably agriculture, horticulture and forestry), to the detailed examination of the structure and function of plants and their interaction with the environment over many scales from the large-scale global significance of vegetation and plant communities (biogeography and ecology) through to the small scale of subjects like cell theory, molecular biology and plant biochemistry.