Ocean acidification | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidification


00:00:35 1 Carbon cycle
00:02:09 2 Acidification
00:04:09 2.1 Rate
00:09:12 3 Calcification
00:09:21 3.1 Overview
00:10:12 3.2 Mechanism
00:11:16 3.3 Saturation state
00:13:59 4 Possible impacts
00:14:38 4.1 Impacts on oceanic calcifying organisms
00:20:17 4.2 Effect on reef fish
00:24:11 4.3 Other biological impacts
00:25:59 4.4 Ecosystem impacts amplified by ocean warming and deoxygenation
00:27:17 4.5 Nonbiological impacts
00:27:52 4.6 Impact on human industry
00:30:43 4.7 Impact on indigenous peoples
00:31:24 5 Ocean Acidification in the Arctic Ocean
00:31:35 6 Possible responses
00:31:45 6.1 Reducing COspan2
00:34:49 6.2 Climate engineering
00:35:49 6.2.1 Iron fertilization
00:37:11 7 Gallery
00:37:20 8 See also



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SUMMARY
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Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. Seawater is slightly basic (meaning pH  7), and ocean acidification involves a shift towards pH-neutral conditions rather than a transition to acidic conditions (pH  7). An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. To achieve chemical equilibrium, some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid. Some of the resulting carbonic acid molecules dissociate into a bicarbonate ion and a hydrogen ion, thus increasing ocean acidity (H+ ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1996, surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans. Earth System Models project that, within the last decade, ocean acidity exceeded historical analogues and, in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes, could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean beginning as early as 2100.Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of potentially harmful consequences for marine organisms, such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms, and causing coral bleaching. By increasing the presence of free hydrogen ions, the additional carbonic acid that forms in the oceans ultimately results in the conversion of carbonate ions into bicarbonate ions. Ocean alkalinity (roughly equal to [HCO3−] + 2[CO32−]) is not changed by the process, or may increase over long time periods due to carbonate dissolution. This net decrease in the amount of carbonate ions available may make it more difficult for marine calcifying organisms, such as coral and some plankton, to form biogenic calcium carbonate, and such structures become vulnerable to dissolution. Ongoing acidification of the oceans may threaten future food chains linked with the oceans. As members of the InterAcademy Panel, 105 science academies have issued a statement on ocean acidification recommending that by 2050, global CO2 emissions be reduced by at least 50% compared to the 1990 level.While ongoing ocean acidification is at least partially anthropogenic in origin, it has occurred previously in Earth's history. The most notable example is the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which occurred approximately 56 million years ago when massive amounts of carbon entered the ocean and atmosphere, and led to the dissolution of carbonate sediments in all ocean basins.
Ocean acidification has been compared to anthropogenic climate change and called the "evil twin of global warming" and "the other CO2 problem". Freshwater bodies also appear to be acidifying, although this is a more complex and less obvious phenomenon.