What is Enlightenment? | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-05

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Answering_the_Question:_What_is_Enlightenment%3F


00:02:01 1 Basic understanding
00:05:38 2 Private and public use of reasoning
00:07:24 3 Kant and religion
00:09:50 4 Kant and Frederick the Great
00:12:01 5 Kant and orientation in thinking
00:13:03 6 Kant and historical development
00:13:41 7 Foucault and "What is Enlightenment?"
00:14:19 8 See also
00:14:49 9 External links



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"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
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"Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?" (German: Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung?) is a 1784 essay by the philosopher Immanuel Kant. In the December 1784 publication of the Berlinische Monatsschrift (Berlin Monthly), edited by Friedrich Gedike and Johann Erich Biester, Kant replied to the question posed a year earlier by the Reverend Johann Friedrich Zöllner, who was also an official in the Prussian government. Zöllner's question was addressed to a broad intellectual public community, in reply to Biester's essay entitled: "Proposal, not to engage the clergy any longer when marriages are conducted" (April 1783) and a number of leading intellectuals replied with essays, of which Kant's is the most famous and has had the most impact. Kant's opening paragraph of the essay is a much-cited definition of a lack of Enlightenment as people's inability to think for themselves due not to their lack of intellect, but lack of courage.
Kant's essay also addressed the causes of a lack of enlightenment and the preconditions necessary to make it possible for people to enlighten themselves. He held it necessary that all church and state paternalism be abolished and people be given the freedom to use their own intellect. Kant praised Frederick II of Prussia for creating these preconditions. Kant focused on religious issues, saying that "our rulers" had less interest in telling citizens what to think in regard to artistic and scientific issues.