Bioturbation | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-14

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioturbation


00:02:36 1 History of study of bioturbation
00:04:22 2 Evolution and Ecology
00:04:32 2.1 Evolution
00:07:46 2.2 Ecosystem function
00:07:55 2.2.1 Functional Groupings
00:11:30 2.3 Ecological Roles
00:17:40 3 Biogeochemical Effects of Bioturbation
00:20:32 3.1 Aquatic
00:20:41 3.1.1 Terrestrial freshwater ecosystems
00:21:56 3.1.2 Lakes and ponds
00:26:29 3.1.3 Rivers and streams
00:30:09 3.1.4 Marine environments
00:30:39 3.1.4.1 Shallow and Coastal
00:34:09 3.1.4.2 Deep-sea
00:35:42 3.1.5 Role in Organic Contaminant Flux
00:37:19 3.2 Terrestrial
00:40:30 4 In the fossil record
00:40:40 4.1 In the sediment record
00:42:58 5 Mathematical Models
00:44:57 6 See also



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SUMMARY
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Bioturbation is defined as the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. These include burrowing, ingestion and defecation of sediment grains. Bioturbating activities have a profound effect on the environment and   are thought to be a primary driver of biodiversity. The formal study of bioturbation began in the 1800s by Charles Darwin experimenting in his garden. The disruption of aquatic sediments and terrestrial soils through bioturbating activities provides significant ecosystem services. These include the alteration of nutrients in aquatic sediment and overlying water, shelter to other species in the form of burrows in terrestrial and water ecosystems, and soil production on land.Bioturbators are deemed ecosystem engineers because they alter resource availability to other species through the physical changes they make to their environments. This type of ecosystem change affects the evolution of cohabitating species and the environment, which is evident in trace fossils left in marine and terrestrial sediments. Other bioturbation effects include altering the texture of sediments (diagenesis), bioirrigation, and displacement of microorganisms and non-living particles. Bioturbation is sometimes confused with the process of bioirrigation, however these processes differ in what they are mixing; bioirrigation refers to the mixing of water and solutes in sediments and is an effect of bioturbation.

Walruses, salmon, and pocket gophers are examples of large bioturbators. Although the activities of these large macrofaunal bioturbators are more conspicuous, the dominant bioturbators are small invertebrates, such as earthworms, polychaetes, ghost shrimp, mud shrimp, and midge larvae. The activities of these small invertebrates, which include burrowing and ingestion and defecation of sediment grains, contribute to mixing and the alteration of sediment structure.