Water on Mars | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 23/06/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_on_Mars


00:04:31 1 Historical background
00:09:11 2 Evidence from rocks and minerals
00:09:53 2.1 Water in weathering products (aqueous minerals)
00:12:45 2.2 Hydrothermal alteration
00:14:28 2.3 Weathering rates
00:15:24 2.4 Martian meteorites
00:16:55 3 Geomorphic evidence
00:17:04 3.1 Lakes and river valleys
00:22:22 3.2 Lake deltas
00:22:59 3.3 Groundwater
00:25:40 3.4 Mars ocean hypothesis
00:29:50 4 Present water
00:32:10 4.1 Polar ice caps
00:35:04 4.1.1 Subglacial liquid water
00:37:27 4.2 Ground ice
00:43:51 4.3 Glaciers
00:47:55 5 Development of Mars' water inventory
00:48:15 5.1 Early Noachian era (4.6 Ga to 4.1 Ga)
00:49:44 5.2 Middle to late Noachean era (4.1 Ga to 3.8 Ga)
00:51:09 5.3 Hesperian to Amazonian era (present) (~3.8 Ga to present)
00:52:47 5.3.1 Ice ages
00:54:57 6 Evidence for recent flows
00:58:09 7 Habitability assessments
01:00:02 8 Findings by probes
01:00:11 8.1 Mariner 9
01:00:51 8.2 Viking program
01:02:07 8.3 Mars Global Surveyor
01:03:07 8.4 Mars Pathfinder
01:04:26 8.5 Mars Odyssey
01:06:53 8.6 iPhoenix/i
01:10:37 8.7 Mars Exploration Rovers
01:12:57 8.8 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
01:16:50 8.9 iCuriosity/i rover
01:20:48 8.10 iMars Express/i
01:21:31 9 Interactive map



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SUMMARY
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Almost all water on Mars today exists as ice, though it also exists in small quantities as vapor in the atmosphere. What was thought to be low-volume liquid brines in shallow Martian soil, also called recurrent slope lineae, may be grains of flowing sand and dust slipping downhill to make dark streaks. The only place where water ice is visible at the surface is at the north polar ice cap. Abundant water ice is also present beneath the permanent carbon dioxide ice cap at the Martian south pole and in the shallow subsurface at more temperate conditions. More than 21 million km3 of ice have been detected at or near the surface of Mars, enough to cover the whole planet to a depth of 35 meters (115 ft). Even more ice is likely to be locked away in the deep subsurface.Some liquid water may occur transiently on the Martian surface today, but limited to traces of dissolved moisture from the atmosphere and thin films, which are challenging environments for known life. No large standing bodies of liquid water exist on the planet's surface, because the atmospheric pressure there averages just 600 pascals (0.087 psi), a figure slightly below the vapor pressure of water at its melting point; under average Martian conditions, pure water on the Martian surface would freeze or, if heated to above the melting point, would sublime to vapor. Before about 3.8 billion years ago, Mars may have had a denser atmosphere and higher surface temperatures, allowing vast amounts of liquid water on the surface, possibly including a large ocean that may have covered one-third of the planet. Water has also apparently flowed across the surface for short periods at various intervals more recently in Mars' history. On December 9, 2013, NASA reported that, based on evidence from the Curiosity rover studying Aeolis Palus, Gale Crater contained an ancient freshwater lake that could have been a hospitable environment for microbial life.Many lines of evidence indicate that water ice is abundant on Mars and it has played a significant role in the planet's geologic history. The present-day inventory of water on Mars can be estimated from spacecraft imagery, remote sensing techniques (spectroscopic measurements, radar, etc.), and surface investigations from landers and rovers. Geologic evidence of past water includes enormous outflow channels carved by floods, ancient river valley networks, deltas, and lakebeds; and the detection of rocks and minerals on the surface that could only have formed in liquid water. Numerous geomo ...