Defence mechanism (biology) | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-31

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation


00:01:41 1 Avoiding detection
00:01:51 1.1 Staying out of sight
00:03:19 1.2 Camouflage
00:04:26 1.3 Masquerade
00:04:54 1.4 Apostatic selection
00:05:27 2 Warding off attack
00:05:43 2.1 Startling the predator
00:06:24 2.2 Pursuit-deterrent signals
00:07:27 2.3 Playing dead
00:08:53 2.4 Distraction
00:09:48 2.5 Mimicry and aposematism
00:11:44 2.6 Defensive structures
00:13:17 3 Safety in numbers
00:13:35 3.1 Dilution effect
00:14:53 3.2 Selfish herd
00:15:56 3.3 Predator satiation
00:16:51 3.4 Alarm calls
00:17:46 3.5 Improved vigilance
00:19:21 3.6 Predator confusion
00:20:21 4 Fighting back
00:20:48 4.1 Chemical defences
00:24:16 4.2 Communal defence
00:25:19 4.3 Defensive regurgitation
00:26:37 4.4 Suicidal altruism
00:27:22 5 Escaping
00:27:31 5.1 Flight
00:28:37 5.2 Autotomy
00:29:25 6 History of observations
00:29:59 7 See also



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SUMMARY
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Anti-predator adaptations are mechanisms developed through evolution that assist prey organisms in their constant struggle against predators. Throughout the animal kingdom, adaptations have evolved for every stage of this struggle, namely by avoiding detection, warding off attack, fighting back, or escaping when caught.
The first line of defence consists in avoiding detection, through mechanisms such as camouflage, masquerade, apostatic selection, living underground, or nocturnality. 
Alternatively, prey animals may ward off attack, whether by advertising the presence of strong defences in aposematism, by mimicking animals which do possess such defences, by startling the attacker, by signalling to the predator that pursuit is not worthwhile, by distraction, by using defensive structures such as spines, and by living in a group. Members of groups are at reduced risk of predation, despite the increased conspicuousness of a group, through improved vigilance, predator confusion, and the likelihood that the predator will attack some other individual.
Some prey species are capable of fighting back against predators, whether with chemicals, through communal defence, or by ejecting noxious materials. Many animals can escape by fleeing rapidly, outrunning or outmanoeuvring their attacker. 
Finally, some species are able to escape even when caught by sacrificing certain body parts: crabs can shed a claw, while lizards can shed their tails, often distracting predators long enough to permit the prey to escape.