Asphalt | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 06/10/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt


00:00:21 1 Terminology
00:00:32 1.1 Etymology
00:00:54 1.2 Modern terminology
00:01:16 2 Composition
00:01:27 2.1 Normal composition
00:01:49 2.2 Additives, mixtures and contaminants
00:02:11 3 Occurrence
00:02:32 4 History
00:02:43 4.1 Ancient times
00:03:05 4.2 Continental Europe
00:03:27 4.3 United Kingdom
00:04:00 4.4 United States
00:04:22 4.5 Canada
00:04:43 4.6 Photography and art
00:05:05 5 Modern use
00:05:16 5.1 Global use
00:05:38 5.2 Rolled asphalt concrete
00:06:00 5.3 Mastic asphalt
00:06:22 5.4 Asphalt emulsion
00:06:44 5.5 Synthetic crude oil
00:07:05 5.6 Non-upgraded crude bitumen
00:07:27 5.7 Radioactive waste encapsulation matrix
00:07:49 5.8 Other uses
00:08:11 6 Production
00:08:33 6.1 Oil sands
00:08:55 6.2 Alternatives and bioasphalt
00:09:16 6.3 Albanian deposits
00:09:38 7 Economics
00:10:00 8 Health and safety
00:10:22 9 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Asphalt, also known as bitumen (UK: , US: ), is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in natural deposits or may be a refined product, and is classed as a pitch. Before the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used. The word is derived from the Ancient Greek ἄσφαλτος ásphaltos.
The primary use (70%) of asphalt is in road construction, where it is used as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs.The terms "asphalt" and "bitumen" are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, "asphalt" (or "asphalt cement") is commonly used for a refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called "bitumen", and geologists worldwide often prefer the term for the naturally occurring variety. Common colloquial usage often refers to various forms of asphalt as "tar", as in the name of the La Brea Tar Pits.
Naturally occurring asphalt is sometimes specified by the term "crude bitumen". Its viscosity is similar to that of cold molasses while the material obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil boiling at 525 °C (977 °F) is sometimes referred to as "refined bitumen". The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves of natural asphalt in the Athabasca oil sands, which cover 142,000 square kilometres (55,000 sq mi), an area larger than England.Asphalt properties change with temperature, which means that there is a specific range where viscosity permits adequate compaction by providing lubrication between particles during the compaction process. Low temperature prevents aggregate particles from moving, and the required density is not possible to achieve.