Human versus robotic spaceflight | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 02/05/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_spaceflight


00:03:04 1 History
00:03:13 1.1 Cold War era
00:13:11 1.2 US / Russian cooperation
00:14:47 1.3 China
00:16:35 1.4 Abandoned programs of other nations
00:17:30 1.5 United States post-Space Shuttle gap
00:18:59 1.6 Commercial private spaceflight
00:21:06 2 Milestones
00:21:16 2.1 By achievement
00:23:48 2.2 By nationality or sex
00:26:04 3 Space programs
00:26:29 3.1 Current programs
00:29:08 3.2 Planned future programs
00:31:44 4 Passenger travel via spacecraft
00:33:48 5 National spacefaring attempts
00:34:22 6 Safety concerns
00:34:48 6.1 Environmental hazards
00:35:04 6.1.1 Life support
00:35:21 6.1.2 Medical issues
00:36:53 6.1.2.1 Microgravity
00:39:06 6.1.2.2 Radiation
00:41:00 6.1.2.3 Isolation
00:42:55 6.1.2.4 Sensory systems
00:45:36 6.2 Mechanical hazards
00:46:04 6.2.1 Launch
00:49:05 6.2.2 Reentry and landing
00:50:00 6.2.3 Artificial atmosphere
00:52:43 6.2.4 Reliability
00:55:34 6.3 Fatality risk
00:55:59 7 See also



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SUMMARY
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Human spaceflight (also referred to as crewed spaceflight or manned spaceflight) is space travel with a crew or passengers aboard the spacecraft. Spacecraft carrying people may be operated directly, by human crew, or it may be either remotely operated from ground stations on Earth or be autonomous, able to carry out a specific mission with no human involvement.
The first human spaceflight was launched by the Soviet Union on 12 April 1961 as a part of the Vostok program, with cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin aboard. Humans have been continuously present in space for 18 years and 179 days on the International Space Station.  All early human spaceflight was crewed, where at least some of the passengers acted to carry out tasks of piloting or operating the spacecraft.  After 2015, several human-capable spacecraft are being explicitly designed with the ability to operate autonomously.
Russia and China have human spaceflight capability with the Soyuz program and Shenzhou program. In the United States, SpaceShipTwo reached the edge of space in 2018; this was the first crewed spaceflight from the USA since the Space Shuttle retired in 2011. Currently, all expeditions to the International Space Station use Soyuz vehicles, which remain attached to the station to allow quick return if needed. The United States is developing commercial crew transportation to facilitate domestic access to ISS and low Earth orbit, as well as the Orion vehicle for beyond-low-Earth-orbit applications.
While spaceflight has typically been a government-directed activity, commercial spaceflight has gradually been taking on a greater role. The first private human spaceflight took place on 21 June 2004, when SpaceShipOne conducted a suborbital flight, and a number of non-governmental companies have been working to develop a space tourism industry. NASA has also played a role to stimulate private spaceflight through programs such as Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) and Commercial Crew Development (CCDev). With its 2011 budget proposals released in 2010, the Obama administration moved towards a model where commercial companies would supply NASA with transportation services of both people and cargo transport to low Earth orbit. The vehicles used for these services could then serve both NASA and potential commercial customers. Commercial resupply of ISS began two years after the retirement of the Shuttle, and commercial crew launches could begin by 2019.