Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-03

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction


00:05:43 1 History
00:06:23 1.1 Initial non-weapon policy
00:19:30 1.2 Development of nuclear weapons
00:29:56 1.3 Policy
00:33:22 1.4 Protections
00:34:23 1.5 Modernisation and expansion
00:37:16 1.6 Arms control proposals
00:39:44 1.7 Disarmament policy
00:42:10 2 Infrastructure
00:42:19 2.1 Uranium
00:48:17 2.2 Plutonium
00:54:26 2.3 Stockpile
01:02:32 2.4 Second strike capability
01:04:57 2.5 Personnel
01:05:29 2.6 Alleged foreign co-operation
01:12:06 2.7 Doctrine
01:14:10 2.8 Theory of deterrence
01:19:39 2.9 Nuclear Command and Control
01:24:59 2.10 US security assistance
01:26:53 2.10.1 Security concerns of the United States
01:34:44 2.11 National Security Council
01:35:13 2.11.1 Strategic combat commands
01:35:38 3 Weapons development agencies
01:35:49 3.1 National Engineering &amp; Scientific Commission (NESCOM)
01:36:18 3.2 Ministry of Defense Production
01:36:45 3.3 Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)
01:37:01 3.4 Ministry of Industries &amp; Production
01:37:20 4 Delivery systems
01:37:30 4.1 Land
01:39:10 4.2 Air
01:42:18 4.3 Sea
01:43:49 4.3.1 Nuclear submarine
01:45:05 5 See also



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SUMMARY
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Pakistan is one of nine states to possess nuclear weapons. Pakistan began development of nuclear weapons in January 1972 under Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who delegated the program to the Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) Munir Ahmad Khan with a commitment to having the bomb ready by the end of 1976. Since PAEC, consisting of over twenty laboratories and projects under nuclear engineer Munir Ahmad Khan, was falling behind schedule and having considerable difficulty producing fissile material, Abdul Qadeer Khan was brought from Europe by Bhutto at the end of 1974. As pointed out by Houston Wood, Professor of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, in his article on gas centrifuges, "The most difficult step in building a nuclear weapon is the production of fissile material"; as such, this work in producing fissile material as head of the Kahuta Project was pivotal to Pakistan developing the capability to detonate a nuclear bomb by the end of 1984.The Kahuta Project started under the supervision of a coordination board that oversaw the activities of KRL and PAEC. The Board consisted of A G N Kazi (secretary general, finance), Ghulam Ishaq Khan (secretary general, defence), and Agha Shahi (secretary general, foreign affairs), and reported directly to Bhutto. Ghulam Ishaq Khan and General Tikka Khan appointed military engineer Major General Ali Nawab to the program. Eventually, the supervision passed to Lt General Zahid Ali Akbar Khan in President General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Administration. Moderate uranium enrichment for the production of fissile material was achieved at KRL by April 1978.Pakistan's nuclear weapons development was in response to the loss of East Pakistan in 1971's Bangladesh Liberation War. Bhutto called a meeting of senior scientists and engineers on 20 January 1972, in Multan, which came to known as "Multan meeting". Bhutto was the main architect of this programme, and it was here that Bhutto orchestrated nuclear weapons programme and rallied Pakistan's academic scientists to build the atomic bomb in three years for national survival.At the Multan meeting, Bhutto also appointed Munir Ahmad Khan as chairman of PAEC, who, until then, had been working as director at the nuclear power and Reactor Division of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), in Vienna, Austria. In December 1972, Abdus Salam led the establishment of Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) as he called scientists working at ICTP to report to Munir Ahmad Khan. This marked the beginning of Pakistan's pursu ...