Behavioral ecology | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-05

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_ecology


00:01:41 1 Competing for resources
00:02:47 1.1 Evolutionarily stable strategy
00:04:22 1.2 Resource defense
00:06:27 1.3 Ideal free distribution
00:08:46 1.4 Mating strategies and tactics
00:10:57 2 Sexual selection
00:11:07 2.1 Mate choice by resources
00:13:36 2.2 Mate choice by genes
00:17:04 2.3 Sensory bias
00:20:59 3 Sexual conflict
00:22:27 3.1 Conflict over mating
00:27:42 4 Parental care and family conflicts
00:28:41 4.1 Types of parental care
00:31:09 4.2 Familial conflict
00:32:19 4.2.1 Sexual conflict
00:33:26 4.2.2 Parent-offspring conflict
00:36:03 4.2.3 Parent-offspring conflict resolution
00:37:24 4.2.4 Sibling-sibling conflict
00:39:18 4.3 Brood parasitism
00:42:07 5 Mating systems
00:42:54 5.1 Mating systems with no male parental care
00:47:01 5.2 Mating systems with male parental care
00:47:12 5.2.1 Monogamy
00:48:00 5.2.2 Polygyny
00:48:51 5.2.3 Polyandry threshold
00:49:46 5.2.4 Female desertion and sex role reversal
00:50:38 6 Social behaviors
00:51:04 6.1 Kin selection
00:51:12 6.1.1 Inclusive fitness
00:51:22 6.2 Kin recognition
00:53:17 6.2.1 Genetic cues
00:53:27 6.2.2 Environmental cues
00:54:18 6.3 Cooperation
00:54:28 6.3.1 Within species
00:54:43 6.3.2 Between species
00:56:41 6.4 Spite
00:58:34 7 Altruism and conflict in social insects
00:59:27 7.1 Conflicts in social insects
01:01:33 7.2 The monogamy hypothesis
01:02:59 8 Communication and signaling
01:05:15 9 See also
01:08:55 10 References
01:10:09 11 Further reading
01:12:33 12 External links
01:12:44 The monogamy hypothesis states that the presence of monogamy in insects is crucial for eusociality to occur. This is thought to be true because of Hamilton’s rule that states that rB-C0. By having a monogamous mating system, all of the offspring have high relatedness to each other. This means that it is equally beneficial to help out a sibling, as it is to help out an offspring. If there were many fathers the relatedness of the colony would be lowered.This monogamous mating system has been observed in insects such as termites, ants, bees and wasps. In termites the queen commits to a single male when founding a nest. In ants, bees and wasps the queens have a functional equivalent to lifetime monogamy. The male can even die before the founding of the colony. The queen can store and use the sperm from a single male throughout their lifetime, sometimes up to 30 years.In an experiment looking at the mating of 267 hymenopteran species, the results were mapped onto a phylogeny. It was found that monogamy was the ancestral state in all the independent transitions to eusociality. This indicates that monogamy is the ancestral, likely to be crucial state for the development of eusociality. In species where queens mated with multiple mates, it was found that these were developed from lineages where sterile castes already evolved, so the multiple mating was secondary.  In these cases, multiple mating is likely to be advantageous for reasons other than those important at the origin of eusociality. Most likely reasons are that a diverse worker pool attained by multiple mating by the queen increases disease resistance and may facilitate a division of labor among workers
01:14:56 Communication and signaling



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
Speaking Rate: 0.8355641583992193
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B


"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Behavioral ecology, also spelled behavioural ecology, is the study of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior due to ecological pressures. Behavioral ecology emerged from ethology after Niko Tinbergen outlined four questions to address when studying animal behaviors that are the proximate causes, ontogeny, survival value, and phylogeny of behavior.
If an organism has a trait that provides a selective advantage (i.e., has adaptive significance) in its environment, then natural selection favors it ...