Cadmium | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Cadmium


00:01:35 1 Characteristics
00:01:44 1.1 Physical properties
00:02:18 1.2 Chemical properties
00:03:36 1.3 Isotopes
00:04:59 2 History
00:05:19 3 Occurrence
00:06:26 4 Production
00:06:35 5 Applications
00:09:24 5.1 Batteries
00:11:22 5.2 Electroplating
00:12:22 5.3 Nuclear fission
00:12:38 5.4 Televisions
00:13:26 5.5 Compounds
00:14:25 5.6 Laboratory uses
00:15:05 5.7 Cadmium-selective sensors
00:15:26 6 Biological role and research
00:16:55 7 Environment
00:18:10 8 Safety
00:18:42 8.1 Regulations
00:19:45 8.2 Product recalls
00:20:04 9 See also
00:25:34 10 References
00:26:40 11 Further reading
00:27:36 12 External links



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SUMMARY
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Cadmium is a chemical element with symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Like zinc, it demonstrates oxidation state +2 in most of its compounds, and like mercury, it has a lower melting point than the transition metals in groups 3 through 11. Cadmium and its congeners in group 12 are often not considered transition metals, in that they do not have partly filled d or f electron shells in the elemental or common oxidation states. The average concentration of cadmium in Earth's crust is between 0.1 and 0.5 parts per million (ppm). It was discovered in 1817 simultaneously by Stromeyer and Hermann, both in Germany, as an impurity in zinc carbonate.
Cadmium occurs as a minor component in most zinc ores and is a byproduct of zinc production. Cadmium was used for a long time as a corrosion-resistant plating on steel, and cadmium compounds are used as red, orange and yellow pigments, to color glass, and to stabilize plastic. Cadmium use is generally decreasing because it is toxic (it is specifically listed in the European Restriction of Hazardous Substances) and nickel-cadmium batteries have been replaced with nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries. One of its few new uses is cadmium telluride solar panels.
Although cadmium has no known biological function in higher organisms, a cadmium-dependent carbonic anhydrase has been found in marine diatoms.