UGM-27 Polaris | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGM-27_Polaris


00:00:34 1 History and development
00:01:08 1.1 Project Nobska
00:02:16 1.2 Guidance
00:02:51 1.3 Polaris A-3
00:03:25 2 Polaris A-1
00:03:59 3 Strategic role
00:04:50 4 After Polaris
00:05:25 5 STARS
00:05:59 6 British Polaris
00:06:33 6.1 Chevaline
00:07:07 6.2 Replacement
00:07:42 7 Italy
00:08:16 8 Operators



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Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-D


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SUMMARY
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The UGM-27 Polaris missile was a two-stage solid-fueled nuclear-armed submarine-launched ballistic missile. The United States Navy's first SLBM, it served from 1961 to 1996.
In the mid-1950s the Navy was involved in the Jupiter missile project with the US Army, and had influenced the design by making it squat so it would fit in submarines. However, they had concerns about the use of liquid fuel rockets onboard ships, and some consideration was given to a solid fuel version, Jupiter S. In 1956, during an anti-submarine study known as Project Nobska, Edward Teller suggested that very small hydrogen bomb warheads were possible. A crash program to develop a missile suitable for carrying such warheads began as Polaris, launching its first shot less than four years later, in February 1960.As the Polaris missile was fired underwater from a moving platform, it was essentially invulnerable to counterattack. This led the Navy to suggest, starting around 1959, that they be given the entire nuclear deterrent role. This led to new infighting between the Navy and the US Air Force, the latter responding by developing the counterforce concept that argued for the strategic bomber and ICBM as key elements in flexible response. Polaris formed the backbone of the US Navy's nuclear force aboard a number of custom-designed submarines. In 1963, the Polaris Sales Agreement led to the Royal Navy taking over the United Kingdom's nuclear role, and while some tests were carried out by the Italian Navy, this did not lead to use.
The Polaris missile was gradually replaced on 31 of the 41 original SSBNs in the U.S. Navy by the MIRV-capable Poseidon missile beginning in 1972. During the 1980s, these missiles were replaced on 12 of these submarines by the Trident I missile. The 10 George Washington- and Ethan Allen-class SSBNs retained Polaris A-3 until 1980 because their missile tubes were not large enough to accommodate Poseidon. With USS Ohio beginning sea trials in 1980, these submarines were disarmed and redesignated as attack submarines to avoid exceeding the SALT II strategic arms treaty limits.
The Polaris missile program's complexity led to the development of new project management techniques, including the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) to replace the simpler Gantt chart methodology.