Spider | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-04

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider


00:04:42 1 Description
00:04:51 1.1 Body plan
00:07:21 1.2 Circulation and respiration
00:09:31 1.3 Feeding, digestion and excretion
00:11:46 1.4 Central nervous system
00:12:49 1.5 Sense organs
00:12:58 1.5.1 Eyes
00:15:06 1.5.2 Other senses
00:16:58 1.6 Locomotion
00:19:02 1.7 Silk production
00:20:45 1.8 Reproduction and life cycle
00:25:59 1.9 Size
00:26:32 1.10 Coloration
00:27:57 2 Ecology and behavior
00:28:07 2.1 Non-predatory feeding
00:29:41 2.2 Capturing prey
00:35:10 2.3 Defense
00:36:50 2.4 Socialization
00:38:22 3 Web types
00:39:46 3.1 Orb
00:42:30 3.2 Cobweb
00:43:01 3.3 Other
00:43:26 4 Evolution
00:43:36 4.1 Fossil record
00:46:46 4.2 Family tree
00:48:12 5 Taxonomy
00:48:44 5.1 Mesothelae
00:49:44 5.2 Mygalomorphae
00:50:46 5.3 Araneomorphae
00:51:23 6 Human interaction
00:51:33 6.1 Bites
00:53:21 6.2 Chemical benefits
00:55:01 6.3 Arachnophobia
00:55:39 7 Spiders in culture
00:57:27 8 See also
00:57:52 9 Footnotes
00:58:01 10 Bibliography
00:58:11 11 Further reading
00:58:20 12 External links



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SUMMARY
=======
Spiders (order Araneae) are air-breathing arthropods that have eight legs and chelicerae with fangs able to inject venom. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all orders of organisms. Spiders are found worldwide on every continent except for Antarctica, and have become established in nearly every habitat with the exceptions of air and sea colonization. As of July 2019, at least 48,200 spider species, and 120 families have been recorded by taxonomists. However, there has been dissension within the scientific community as to how all these families should be classified, as evidenced by the over 20 different classifications that have been proposed since 1900.Anatomically, spiders differ from other arthropods in that the usual body segments are fused into two tagmata, the cephalothorax and abdomen, and joined by a small, cylindrical pedicel. Unlike insects, spiders do not have antennae. In all except the most primitive group, the Mesothelae, spiders have the most centralized nervous systems of all arthropods, as all their ganglia are fused into one mass in the cephalothorax. Unlike most arthropods, spiders have no extensor muscles in their limbs and instead extend them by hydraulic pressure.
Their abdomens bear appendages that have been modified into spinnerets that extrude silk from up to six types of glands. Spider webs vary widely in size, shape and the amount of sticky thread used. It now appears that the spiral orb web may be one of the earliest forms, and spiders that produce tangled cobwebs are more abundant and diverse than orb-web spiders. Spider-like arachnids with silk-producing spigots appeared in the Devonian period about 386 million years ago, but these animals apparently lacked spinnerets. True spiders have been found in Carboniferous rocks from 318 to 299 million years ago, and are very similar to the most primitive surviving suborder, the Mesothelae. The main groups of modern spiders, Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae, first appeared in the Triassic period, before 200 million years ago.
The species Bagheera kiplingi was described as herbivorous in 2008, but all other known species are predators, mostly preying on insects and on other spiders, although a few large species also take birds and lizards. It is estimated that the world's 25 million tons of spiders kill 400–800 million tons of prey per year. Spiders use a wide range of strategies to capture prey: trapping it in sticky webs, lassoing it with sticky bolas, mimicking the prey to avoid detection, or running it down. Most detect prey mainly by sensing vibrations, but the active hunters have acute vision, and hunters of the genus Portia show signs of intel ...