Viking | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-05

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Viking


00:02:22 1 Etymology
00:07:13 1.1 Other names
00:09:08 2 History
00:09:17 2.1 Viking Age
00:13:06 2.2 Expansion
00:15:28 2.2.1 Motives
00:17:43 2.2.2 Jomsborg
00:18:17 2.3 End of the Viking Age
00:21:09 3 Culture
00:22:01 3.1 Literature and language
00:26:56 3.1.1 Runestones
00:29:21 3.2 Burial sites
00:31:23 3.3 Ships
00:33:46 3.4 Everyday life
00:33:55 3.4.1 Social structure
00:38:46 3.4.2 Appearances
00:39:29 3.4.3 Farming and cuisine
00:44:27 3.4.4 Sports
00:46:39 3.4.5 Games and entertainment
00:48:11 3.4.6 Experimental archaeology
00:49:58 4 Weapons and warfare
00:51:46 5 Trade
00:52:43 5.1 Goods
00:56:20 6 Legacy
00:56:29 6.1 Medieval perceptions
00:58:56 6.2 Post-medieval perceptions
01:01:52 6.2.1 In 20th-century politics
01:04:13 6.2.2 In modern popular culture
01:06:42 6.3 Common misconceptions
01:06:51 6.3.1 Horned helmets
01:09:01 6.3.2 Barbarity
01:09:27 6.3.3 Use of skulls as drinking vessels
01:09:57 7 Genetic legacy
01:11:27 8 See also



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SUMMARY
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Vikings (Old English: wicing—"pirate", Danish and Bokmål: vikinger; Swedish and Nynorsk: vikingar; Icelandic: víkingar, from Old Norse) were Norse seafarers, mainly speaking the Old Norse language, who during the late 8th to late 11th centuries, raided and traded from their Northern European homelands across wide areas of Europe, and explored westwards to Iceland, Greenland, and Vinland. The term is also commonly extended in modern English and other vernaculars to the inhabitants of Norse home communities during what has become known as the Viking Age. This period of Nordic military, mercantile and demographic expansion constitutes an important element in the early medieval history of Scandinavia, Estonia, the British Isles, France, Kievan Rus' and Sicily.Facilitated by advanced sailing and navigational skills, and characterised by the longship, Viking activities at times also extended into the Mediterranean littoral, North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia. Following extended phases of (primarily sea- or river-borne) exploration, expansion and settlement, Viking (Norse) communities and governments were established in diverse areas of north-western Europe, Belarus, Ukraine and European Russia, the North Atlantic islands and as far as the north-eastern coast of North America. This period of expansion witnessed the wider dissemination of Norse culture, while simultaneously introducing strong foreign cultural influences into Scandinavia itself, with profound developmental implications in both directions.
Popular, modern conceptions of the Vikings—the term frequently applied casually to their modern descendants and the inhabitants of modern Scandinavia—often strongly differ from the complex picture that emerges from archaeology and historical sources. A romanticised picture of Vikings as noble savages began to emerge in the 18th century; this developed and became widely propagated during the 19th-century Viking revival. Perceived views of the Vikings as alternatively violent, piratical heathens or as intrepid adventurers owe much to conflicting varieties of the modern Viking myth that had taken shape by the early 20th century. Current popular representations of the Vikings are typically based on cultural clichés and stereotypes, complicating modern appreciation of the Viking legacy. These representations are not always accurate — for example, there is no evidence that they wore horned helmets.