Hubble Space Telescope | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-25

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope


00:02:36 1 Conception, design and aim
00:02:46 1.1 Proposals and precursors
00:06:06 1.2 Quest for funding
00:08:29 1.3 Construction and engineering
00:09:16 1.4 Optical Telescope Assembly (OTA)
00:13:09 1.5 Spacecraft systems
00:14:37 1.6 Computer systems and data processing
00:16:20 1.7 Initial instruments
00:18:47 1.8 Ground support
00:22:14 1.9 iChallenger/i disaster, delays, and eventual launch
00:23:41 2 List of Hubble instruments
00:26:16 3 Flawed mirror
00:28:39 3.1 Origin of the problem
00:30:29 3.2 Design of a solution
00:33:10 4 Servicing missions and new instruments
00:34:17 4.1 Servicing Mission 1
00:35:44 4.2 Servicing Mission 2
00:36:37 4.3 Servicing Mission 3A
00:37:34 4.4 Servicing Mission 3B
00:38:17 4.5 Servicing Mission 4
00:42:25 5 Major projects
00:43:02 5.1 Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey
00:43:47 5.2 Frontier Fields program
00:44:28 6 Public use
00:45:38 6.1 Amateur observations
00:47:25 7 Scientific results
00:48:50 7.1 Key projects
00:49:00 7.2 Important discoveries
00:50:01 7.3 Impact on astronomy
00:55:39 7.4 Aerospace engineering
00:57:55 8 Hubble data
00:58:51 8.1 Transmission to Earth
00:59:00 8.2 Color images
00:59:59 8.3 Archives
01:00:35 8.4 Pipeline reduction
01:01:41 8.5 Data analysis
01:02:37 9 Outreach activities
01:03:14 9.1 Celebration images
01:05:44 10 Equipment failures
01:06:40 10.1 Instruments and electronics
01:06:50 10.2 Gyroscope rotation sensors
01:08:12 11 Future
01:11:56 11.1 Orbital decay and controlled reentry
01:12:05 11.2 Possible commercial service missions
01:13:59 11.3 Successors
01:14:29 12 See also
01:18:55 13 References



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SUMMARY
=======
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation. Although not the first space telescope, Hubble is one of the largest and most versatile and is well known as both a vital research tool and a public relations boon for astronomy. The HST is named after the astronomer Edwin Hubble and is one of NASA's Great Observatories, along with the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, the Chandra X-ray Observatory and the Spitzer Space Telescope.With a 2.4-meter (7.9 ft) mirror, Hubble's four main instruments observe in the near ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared spectra.  Hubble's orbit outside the distortion of Earth's atmosphere allows it to take extremely high-resolution images, with substantially lower background light than ground-based telescopes. Hubble has recorded some of the most detailed visible light images ever, allowing a deep view into space and time.  Many Hubble observations have led to breakthroughs in astrophysics, such as accurately determining the rate of expansion of the universe.
The HST was built by the United States space agency NASA, with contributions from the European Space Agency.  The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) selects Hubble's targets and processes the resulting data, while the Goddard Space Flight Center controls the spacecraft.Space telescopes were proposed as early as 1923. Hubble was funded in the 1970s, with a proposed launch in 1983, but the project was beset by technical delays, budget problems, and the Challenger disaster (1986). When finally launched in 1990, Hubble's main mirror was found to have spherical aberration, compromising the telescope's capabilities. The optics were corrected to their intended quality by a servicing mission in 1993.
Hubble is the only telescope designed to be serviced in space by astronauts.  After launch by Space Shuttle Discovery in 1990, five subsequent Space Shuttle missions repaired, upgraded, and replaced systems on the telescope, including all five of the main instruments.  The fifth mission was initially canceled on safety grounds following the Columbia disaster (2003) ...