Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-23

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches


00:05:07 1 Selma movement established: 1963–1964
00:10:20 2 1965 campaign launched
00:10:31 2.1 Background
00:14:10 2.2 Events of January
00:18:10 2.3 Events of February
00:23:45 3 First Selma-to-Montgomery March
00:23:55 3.1 Jimmie Lee Jackson's death
00:25:03 3.2 Initiation and goals of the march
00:26:53 3.3 "Bloody Sunday" events
00:28:42 3.4 Response to "Bloody Sunday"
00:29:57 4 Second march: "Turnaround Tuesday"
00:33:45 4.1 Response to the second march
00:35:21 4.1.1 Actions in Montgomery
00:38:00 4.1.2 Actions at the White House
00:39:37 4.1.3 Johnson's decision and the Voting Rights Act
00:40:52 5 March to Montgomery
00:46:01 5.1 Response to the third march
00:47:10 5.2 Hammermill boycott
00:48:35 6 Aftermath and historical impact
00:55:47 7 Legacy and honors
00:56:50 7.1 Revitalization
00:59:14 8 Representation in media



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts



"There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance."
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The Selma to Montgomery marches were three protest marches, held in 1965, along the 54-mile (87 km) highway from Selma, Alabama to the state capital of Montgomery. The marches were organized by nonviolent activists to demonstrate the desire of African-American citizens to exercise their constitutional right to vote, in defiance of segregationist repression, and were part of a broader voting rights movement underway in Selma and throughout the American South. By highlighting racial injustice, they contributed to passage that year of the Voting Rights Act, a landmark federal achievement of the Civil Rights Movement.
Southern state legislatures had passed and maintained a series of discriminatory requirements and practices that had disenfranchised most of the millions of African Americans across the South throughout the 20th century. The African-American group known as the Dallas County Voters League (DCVL) launched a voter registration campaign in Selma in 1963. Joined by organizers from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), they began working that year in a renewed effort to register black voters.
Finding resistance by white officials to be intractable, even after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended legal segregation, the DCVL invited Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the activists of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to join them. SCLC brought many prominent civil rights and civic leaders to Selma in January 1965. Local and regional protests began, with 3,000 people arrested by the end of February.  According to Joseph A. Califano Jr., who served as head of domestic affairs for U.S. President Lyndon Johnson between the years 1965 and 1969, the President viewed King as an essential partner in getting the Voting Rights Act enacted. Califano, whom the President also assigned to monitor the final march to Montgomery, said that Johnson and King talked by telephone on January 15 to plan a strategy for drawing attention to the injustice of using literacy tests and other barriers to stop black Southerners from voting, and that King later informed the President on February 9 of his decision to use Selma to achieve this objective.On February 26, 1965, activist and deacon Jimmie Lee Jackson died after being mortally shot several days earlier by state trooper, James Bonard Fowler, during a peaceful march in nearby Marion, Alabama. To defuse and refocus the community's outrage, SCLC Director of Direct Action James Bevel, who was directing SCLC's Selma voting rights movement, called for a march of dramatic length, from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery. Bevel had been working on his Alabama Project for voting rights since late 1963.
The first march took place on March 7, 1965, organized locally by Bevel, Amelia Boynton, and others. State troopers and county possemen attacked the unarmed marchers with billy clubs and tear gas after they passed over the county line, an ...