Sonar | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-10

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar


00:01:52 1 History
00:04:58 1.1 ASDIC
00:09:18 1.2 SONAR
00:09:54 1.3 US Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory
00:11:54 1.4 Materials and designs
00:20:04 2 Active sonar
00:26:22 2.1 Project Artemis
00:26:53 2.2 Transponder
00:27:13 2.3 Performance prediction
00:29:43 2.4 Hand-held sonar for use by a diver
00:29:53 3 Passive sonar
00:30:46 3.1 Identifying sound sources
00:31:29 3.2 Noise limitations
00:33:08 3.3 Performance prediction
00:34:38 4 Performance factors
00:35:25 4.1 Sound propagation
00:35:31 4.2 Scattering
00:35:42 4.3 Target characteristics
00:36:02 4.4 Countermeasures
00:39:22 5 Military applications
00:40:12 5.1 Anti-submarine warfare
00:40:56 5.2 Torpedoes
00:41:35 5.3 Mines
00:47:27 5.4 Mine countermeasures
00:48:58 5.5 Submarine navigation
00:49:55 5.6 Aircraft
00:50:14 5.7 Underwater communications
00:50:58 5.8 Ocean surveillance
00:51:28 5.9 Underwater security
00:52:19 5.10 Hand-held sonar
00:52:37 5.11 Intercept sonar
00:53:43 6 Civilian applications
00:54:12 6.1 Fisheries
00:54:53 6.2 Echo sounding
00:55:17 6.3 Net location
00:55:27 6.4 ROV and UUV
00:57:58 6.5 Vehicle location
00:59:06 6.6 Prosthesis for the visually impaired
01:01:31 7 Scientific applications
01:02:03 7.1 Biomass estimation
01:02:29 7.2 Wave measurement
01:02:58 7.3 Water velocity measurement
01:03:09 7.4 Bottom type assessment
01:03:58 7.5 Bathymetric mapping
01:04:22 7.6 Sub-bottom profiling
01:04:39 7.7 Synthetic aperture sonar
01:05:31 7.8 Parametric sonar
01:06:04 7.9 Sonar in extraterrestrial contexts
01:06:24 8 Effect of sonar on marine life
01:06:48 8.1 Effect on marine mammals
01:07:33 8.2 Effect on fish
01:07:51 9 Frequencies and resolutions
01:08:03 10 See also
01:09:50 11 Notes
01:10:08 12 References
01:14:50 13 Bibliography



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SUMMARY
=======
Sonar (originally an acronym for sound navigation ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels. Two types of technology share the name "sonar": passive sonar is essentially listening for the sound made by vessels; active sonar is emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes. Sonar may be used as a means of acoustic location and of measurement of the echo characteristics of "targets" in the water. Acoustic location in air was used before the introduction of radar. Sonar may also be used in air for robot navigation, and SODAR (an upward-looking in-air sonar) is used for atmospheric investigations. The term sonar is also used for the equipment used to generate and receive the sound. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary from very low (infrasonic) to extremely high (ultrasonic). The study of underwater sound is known as underwater acoustics or hydroacoustics.
The first recorded use of the technique was by Leonardo da Vinci in 1490 who used a tube inserted into the water to detect vessels by ear. It was developed during World War I to counter the growing threat of submarine warfare, with an operational passive sonar system in use by 1918. Modern active sonar systems use an acoustic transponder to generate a sound wave which is reflected back from target objects.