Indus | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 03/01/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River


00:02:34 1 Etymology and names
00:03:50 1.1 Indus and the name of India
00:04:39 1.2 Rigveda and the Indus
00:05:37 1.3 Other names
00:06:18 2 Description
00:08:14 3 History
00:10:02 4 Geography
00:13:11 4.1 Tributaries
00:13:20 5 Geology
00:13:29 6 Wildlife
00:15:38 7 Mammals
00:16:40 7.1 Fish
00:17:11 8 Economy
00:18:07 9 People
00:21:06 10 Modern issues
00:23:12 10.1 Indus delta
00:25:18 10.2 Effects of climate change on the river
00:27:04 10.3 Pollution
00:29:02 10.4 2010 floods
00:30:01 10.5 2011 floods
00:31:06 11 Barrages, bridges and dams
00:32:20 11.1 Gallery
00:33:13 12 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
The Indus River (locally called Darya-e-Sindh) is one of the longest rivers in Asia. Originating in the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar, the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of Kashmir, towards Gilgit-Baltistan and the Hindukush ranges, and then flows in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh. It is the longest river and national river of Pakistan.The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 km2 (450,000 sq mi). Its estimated annual flow stands at around 243 km3 (58 cu mi), twice that of the Nile River and three times that of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers combined, making it the twenty-first largest river in the world in terms of annual flow. The Zanskar is its left bank tributary in Ladakh. In the plains, its left bank tributary is the Panjnad which itself has five major tributaries, namely, the Chenab, Jhelum, the Ravi, the Beas, and the Sutlej. Its principal right bank tributaries are the Shyok, the Gilgit, the Kabul, the Gomal, and the Kurram. Beginning in a mountain spring and fed with glaciers and rivers in the Himalayas, the river supports ecosystems of temperate forests, plains and arid countryside.
The northern part of the Indus Valley, with its tributaries, forms the Punjab region, while the lower course of the Indus is known as Sindh and ends in a large delta. The river has historically been important to many cultures of the region. The 3rd millennium BC saw the rise of a major urban civilization of the Bronze Age. During the 2nd millennium BC, the Punjab region was mentioned in the hymns of the Hindu Rigveda as Sapta Sindhu and the Zoroastrian Avesta as Hapta Hindu (both terms meaning "seven rivers"). Early historical kingdoms that arose in the Indus Valley include Gandhāra, and the Ror dynasty of Sauvīra. The Indus River came into the knowledge of the West early in the Classical Period, when King Darius of Persia sent his Greek subject Scylax of Caryanda to explore the river, ca. 515 BC.