Environmental issues in Lebanon | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-15

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon


00:04:51 1 Etymology
00:06:09 2 History
00:08:05 2.1 Ancient Lebanon
00:09:49 2.2 Maronites, Druze, and the Crusades
00:13:41 2.3 Ottoman Lebanon and French Mandate
00:17:22 2.4 Independence from France
00:23:09 2.5 Civil war and Syrian occupation
00:26:12 2.6 Syrian withdrawal and aftermath
00:32:20 3 Geography
00:36:02 3.1 Climate
00:36:49 3.2 Environment
00:39:04 4 Environmental issues
00:42:42 5 Government and politics
00:46:12 5.1 Law
00:48:06 5.2 Foreign relations
00:49:17 5.3 Military
00:50:20 5.4 Administrative divisions
00:52:26 6 Economy
00:58:38 6.1 History
01:01:07 6.1.1 Tourism
01:02:38 7 Demographics
01:06:41 7.1 Religion
01:10:13 7.2 Language
01:12:10 8 Culture
01:13:22 8.1 Arts
01:14:15 8.2 Literature
01:15:18 8.3 Music
01:16:18 8.4 Media and cinema
01:17:23 8.5 Holidays and festivals
01:19:18 8.6 Cuisine
01:21:10 8.7 Sports
01:24:54 9 Education
01:27:14 10 Health
01:29:21 11 See also



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SUMMARY
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Lebanon ( (listen); Arabic: لبنان‎ Lubnān; Lebanese pronunciation: [lɪbˈnɛːn]; French: Liban), officially known as the Lebanese Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية اللبنانية‎ al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah; Lebanese pronunciation: [elˈʒʊmhuːɾɪjje lˈlɪbnɛːnɪjje]; French: République libanaise), is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, while Cyprus is west across the Mediterranean Sea. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland facilitated its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity. At just 10,452 km2 (4,036 sq. mi.), it is the smallest recognized sovereign state on the mainland Asian continent.The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than seven thousand years, predating recorded history. Lebanon was the home of the Canaanites/Phoenicians and their kingdoms, a maritime culture that flourished for over a thousand years (c. 1550–539 BC). In 64 BC, the region came under the rule of the Roman Empire, and eventually became one of the Empire's leading centers of Christianity. In the Mount Lebanon range a monastic tradition known as the Maronite Church was established. As the Arab Muslims conquered the region, the Maronites held onto their religion and identity. However, a new religious group, the Druze, established themselves in Mount Lebanon as well, generating a religious divide that has lasted for centuries. During the Crusades, the Maronites re-established contact with the Roman Catholic Church and asserted their communion with Rome. The ties they established with the Latins have influenced the region into the modern era.
The region eventually was ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1516 to 1918. Following the collapse of the empire after World War I, the five provinces that constitute modern Lebanon came under the French Mandate of Lebanon. The French expanded the borders of the Mount Lebanon Governorate, which was mostly populated by Maronites and Druze, to include more Muslims. Lebanon gained independence in 1943, establishing confessionalism, a unique, Consociationalism-type of political system with a power-sharing mechanism based on religious communities. Bechara El Khoury, President of Lebanon during the independence, Riad El-Solh, first Lebanese prime minister and Emir Majid Arslan II, first Lebanese minister of defence, are considered the founders of the modern Republic of Lebanon and are national heroes for having led the country's independence. Foreign troops withdrew completely from Lebanon on 31 December 1946, although the country was subjected to military occupations by Syria that lasted nearly thirty years before being withdrawn in April 2005 as well as the Israeli milita ...