REACTION OF METAL CARBONATES WITH ACID
Channel: SCHOLAR PATHSHALA
Date: 2021-07-10

Hello!
TOPIC: REACTION OF METAL CARBONATES WITH ACID
It proceeds like this,
When an acid reacts with a metal carbonate (or metal hydrogencarbonate), then a salt, carbon dioxide gas and water are formed :
 Metal carbonate + Acid ---Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water
 Metal hydrogencarbonate + Acid --- Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water
For example :
(i) When dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium carbonate, then sodium chloride, carbon dioxide and water are formed :
Sodium carbonate +Hydrochloric acid --- Sodium chloride + Carbondioxide                                               
                                                                                                       + Water
The carbon dioxide gas is formed in the form of brisk effervescence.
(ii) When dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydrogencarbonate, then sodium chloride, carbon dioxide and water are formed:
Sodium hydrogen carbonate + Hydrochloric acid --- Sodium chloride + Carbondioxide + Water
Thus, acids react with carbonates and hydrogencarbonates to evolve carbon dioxide gas. This carbon dioxide gas reacts with lime water as follows:
(a) When carbon dioxide gas is passed through lime water, the lime water turns milky due to the formation of a white precipitate of calcium carbonate :
Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide --- Calcium carbonate + Water
(b) If excess of carbon dioxide gas is passed through lime water, then the white precipitate formed first dissolves due to the formation of a soluble salt calcium hydrogencarbonate, and the solution becomes clear again:
Calcium carbonate + Carbon dioxide + Water --- Calcium               
                                                                                                hydrogencarbonate
The reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate can be performed as follows :
(i) Take a boiling tube and put about 0.5 g of sodium carbonate in it.
(ii) Add about 2 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid in the boiling tube.
(iii) We will observe that brisk effervescence of a gas is produced.
(iv) Pass the gas through lime water. The lime water turns milky.
(v) Keep on passing carbon dioxide gas through milky lime water for some more time. The lime water becomes clear again. This shows that the white precipitate of calcium carbonate dissolves on passing excess of carbon dioxide gas.
We can repeat this experiment by using sodium hydrogencarbonate in place of sodium carbonate. Again we will get carbon dioxide gas which will turn lime water milky. On passing excess of carbon dioxide, the milky lime water will become clear again.
If someone is suffering from the problem of acidity after overeating, we
can suggest taking baking soda solution as remedy. This is because baking soda is sodium hydrogencarbonate which reacts with excess hydrochloric acid in the stomach and neutralises it. This gives relief to the person suffering from acidity.
Please note that dilute sulphuric acid reacts with metal carbonates (and metal hydrogencarbonates) to form metal sulphates, carbon dioxide and water. 
Another point to be noted is that limestone, marble and chalk are the different forms of the same chemical compound ‘calcium carbonate’. Even the egg-shells are made of calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form calcium chloride, carbon dioxide and water. 
Similarly, calcium carbonate reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to form calcium sulphate, carbon dioxide and water. A yet another point to be noted is that carbon dioxide gas does not support combustion. So, carbon dioxide gas can extinguish a burning substance (say, a burning candle).

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