Branch of Philosophy II #ahteaching#philosophy#branchofphilosophy#branch#epistemology#metaphysics
Channel: AH TEACHING
Date: 2019-08-03

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Branch of Philosophy
Metaphysics:
Metaphysics is the area of philosophy which deals with the ultimate nature of reality (World).
Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that goes beyond the realms of science. It is concerned with answering the questions about identity and the world. The name is derived from the Greek words, Meta which means beyond or after, and Physika which means physics. Aristotle, one of the most well known philosophers, acknowledged Thales as the first known meta physician. The main branches of metaphysics are ontology, natural theology and universal science.
    There is a basic question about the ultimate substance as to how many substances are required to constitute this world? Here are some theories regarding this:
» Dualism
» Monism
» Materialism
» Spiritualism
» Pluralism
Epistemology:
Epistemology is the area of philosophy that is concerned with knowledge. The main concerns of epistemology are the definition of knowledge, the sources of knowledge, the process of acquiring knowledge and the limits of knowledge. Epistemology considers that knowledge can be obtained through experience or reason.
          It deals with the definition of knowledge and its scope and limitations. It translates from Greek to mean ‘theory of knowledge’. It questions the meaning of knowledge, how we obtain knowledge, how much do we know and how do we have this knowledge? Some of the famous epistemologists are Descartes, Kant and Hume.
» What is the nature of Knowledge?
» What is the nature of the process of knowledge?
» What are the sources of Knowledge? : Rationalism, Empiricism.
» What are the criteria of determining truth? 

Aesthetics: 
Aesthetics is the area of philosophy which covers the concepts of beauty and art.
         The term “aesthetic” has been used to designate an experience, the quality of an object, a feeling of pleasure, classicism in art, a judgment of taste, the capacity of perception, a value, an attitude, the theory of art, the doctrine of beauty, a state of the spirit, contemplative receptivity, an emotion, an intention, a way of life, the faculty of sensibility, a branch of philosophy, a type of subjectivity, the merit of certain forms, or an act of expression.
           Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of art, beauty, and taste, with the creation and appreciation of beauty. It is more scientifically defined as the study of sensory or sensor-emotional values, sometimes called judgments of sentiments and taste. More broadly, scholars in the field define aesthetics as “critical reflection on art, culture and nature.”
» What is beauty?
» What is the relation of the beautiful to the true and the good?
» Are there criteria by means of which we can judge a work of art in an objective sense?
» What is the art itself?
» Is it a reproduction of a vision into ultimate reality?
          “Beauty is in the eye of the beholder” (সৌন্দর্য দর্শকের চোখে পড়ে)
» Logic is the systematic process of valid reasoning through inference — deriving conclusions from information that is known to be true. It is the area of philosophy that is concerned with the laws of valid reasoning.
» Ethics or moral philosophy is the branch of philosophy concerned with human conduct and its moral value.
                            It is concerned with questions on morality and values and how they apply to various situations. It can be divided into the branches of meta-ethics, normative and applied ethics. Ethics seeks to understand the basis of morals, how they develop and how they are and should be followed. Famous works on ethics are by philosophers as early as Plato, Aristotle, Kant, and Nietzsche.

1. What is the nature of the life of excellence?
2. What is the ultimate worth of the goals you seek?
3. What specific courses of conduct, in keeping with these goals, will help lead to the life of excellence?
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