Chromosome | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome


00:02:21 1 Etymology
00:03:09 2 History of discovery
00:05:41 3 Prokaryotes
00:06:39 3.1 Structure in sequences
00:07:18 3.2 DNA packaging
00:09:17 4 Eukaryotes
00:11:49 4.1 Interphase chromatin
00:14:49 4.2 Metaphase chromatin and division
00:17:04 4.3 Human chromosomes
00:18:37 5 Number in various organisms
00:18:48 5.1 In eukaryotes
00:21:46 5.2 In prokaryotes
00:22:46 6 Karyotype
00:24:59 6.1 Historical note
00:26:59 7 Aberrations
00:32:18 7.1 Sperm aneuploidy
00:32:58 8 See also
00:34:21 9 Notes and references
00:34:31 10 External links



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SUMMARY
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A chromosome is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle.Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once (S phase), and the copy is joined to the original by a centromere, resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured to the right) if the centromere is located in the middle of the chromosome or a two-arm structure if the centromere is located near one of the ends. The original chromosome and the copy are now called sister chromatids. During metaphase the X-shape structure is called a metaphase chromosome. In this highly condensed form chromosomes are easiest to distinguish and study. In animal cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during chromosome segregation.Chromosomal recombination during meiosis and subsequent sexual reproduction play a significant role in genetic diversity. If these structures are manipulated incorrectly, through processes known as chromosomal instability and translocation, the cell may undergo mitotic catastrophe and die. Mutations in the cell can allow it to inappropriately evade apoptosis and lead to the progression of cancer.
Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. Others use the concept in a narrower sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin during cell division, visible under light microscopy due to high condensation.