Nuclear proliferation | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-07

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation


00:02:51 1 Non-proliferation efforts
00:08:58 2 Dual use technology
00:11:02 3 International cooperation
00:11:11 3.1 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
00:12:17 3.2 International Atomic Energy Agency
00:13:44 3.3 Scope of safeguards
00:17:24 3.4 Additional Protocol
00:20:03 3.5 Limitations of safeguards
00:21:50 3.6 Other developments
00:25:22 4 Unsanctioned nuclear activity
00:25:32 4.1 NPT Non Signatories
00:27:59 4.1.1 India
00:34:50 4.1.2 Pakistan
00:42:19 4.1.3 North Korea
00:46:22 4.1.4 Israel
00:50:20 4.2 Nuclear arms control in South Asia
00:54:29 4.3 NPT signatories
00:54:38 4.3.1 Egypt
00:55:20 4.3.2 Iran
00:56:44 4.3.3 Iraq
01:00:50 4.3.4 Libya
01:02:04 4.3.5 Myanmar
01:04:20 4.3.6 North Korea
01:12:01 4.3.7 Russia
01:13:07 4.3.8 South Africa
01:14:19 4.3.9 Syria
01:15:20 5 Breakout capability
01:16:03 6 Arguments for and against proliferation
01:17:37 6.1 Total proliferation
01:18:30 6.2 Selective proliferation
01:20:04 6.3 Arguments against both positions
01:22:58 6.4 Proliferation begets proliferation
01:24:43 6.4.1 Iran
01:26:10 6.4.2 India
01:27:22 6.5 Security guarantees



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SUMMARY
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Nuclear proliferation is the spread of nuclear weapons, fissionable material, and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information to nations not recognized as "Nuclear Weapon States" by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT. Proliferation has been opposed by many nations with and without nuclear weapons, as governments fear that more countries with nuclear weapons will increase the possibility of nuclear warfare (up to and including the so-called "countervalue" targeting of civilians with nuclear weapons), de-stabilize international or regional relations, or infringe upon the national sovereignty of states.
Four countries besides the five recognized Nuclear Weapons States have acquired, or are presumed to have acquired, nuclear weapons: India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel. None of these four is a party to the NPT, although North Korea acceded to the NPT in 1985, then withdrew in 2003 and conducted announced nuclear tests in 2006, 2009, 2013, 2016, and 2017. One critique of the NPT is that the treaty is discriminatory in the sense that only those countries that tested nuclear weapons before 1968 are recognized as nuclear weapon states while all other states are treated as non-nuclear-weapon states who can only join the treaty if they forswear nuclear weapons.Research into the development of nuclear weapons was initially undertaken during World War II by the United States (in cooperation with the United Kingdom and Canada), Germany, Japan, and the USSR. The United States was the first and is the only country to have used a nuclear weapon in war, when it used two bombs against Japan in August 1945. After surrendering to end the war, Germany and Japan ceased to be involved in any nuclear weapon research. In August 1949, the USSR tested a nuclear weapon, becoming the second country to detonate a nuclear bomb. The United Kingdom first tested a nuclear weapon in October 1952. France first tested a nuclear weapon in 1960. The People's Republic of China detonated a nuclear weapon in 1964. India conducted its first nuclear test in 1974, which prompted Pakistan to develop its own nuclear program and, when India conducted a second series of nuclear tests in 1998, Pakistan followed with a series of tests of its own. In 2006, North Korea conducted its first nuclear test.