Extinction (biology) | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-07

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction


00:03:42 1 Definition
00:07:23 1.1 Pseudoextinction
00:08:49 1.2 Lazarus taxa
00:09:41 2 Causes
00:10:27 2.1 Genetics and demographic phenomena
00:14:25 2.2 Genetic pollution
00:16:28 2.3 Habitat degradation
00:18:40 2.4 Predation, competition, and disease
00:21:22 2.5 Coextinction
00:23:50 2.6 Climate change
00:25:27 3 Mass extinctions
00:26:42 3.1 Modern extinctions
00:27:53 4 History of scientific understanding
00:29:43 5 Human attitudes and interests
00:37:49 5.1 Planned extinction
00:42:42 5.1.1 Completed
00:42:51 5.1.2 Proposed
00:43:17 5.2 Cloning
00:46:11 6 See also



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SUMMARY
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In biology, extinction is the termination of an organism or of a group of organisms (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point. Because a species' potential range may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively. This difficulty leads to phenomena such as Lazarus taxa, where a species presumed extinct abruptly "reappears" (typically in the fossil record) after a period of apparent absence.
More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to have died out. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. In 2016, scientists reported that 1 trillion species are estimated to be on Earth currently with only one-thousandth of one percent described.Through evolution, species arise through the process of speciation—where new varieties of organisms arise and thrive when they are able to find and exploit an ecological niche—and species become extinct when they are no longer able to survive in changing conditions or against superior competition. The relationship between animals and their ecological niches has been firmly established. A typical species becomes extinct within 10 million years of its first appearance, although some species, called living fossils, survive with virtually no morphological change for hundreds of millions of years.
Mass extinctions are relatively rare events; however, isolated extinctions are quite common. Only recently have extinctions been recorded and scientists have become alarmed at the current high rate of extinctions. Most species that become extinct are never scientifically documented. Some scientists estimate that up to half of presently existing plant and animal species may become extinct by 2100. A 2018 report indicated that the phylogenetic diversity of 300 mammalian species erased during the human era since the Late Pleistocene would require 5 to 7 million years to recover.According to the 2019 Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by IPBES, the biomass of wild mammals has fallen by 82%, natural ecosystems have lost about half their area and a million species are at risk of extinction – all largely as a result of human actions. 25 % of plant and animal species are threatened with extinction.A dagger symbol (†) placed next to the name of a species or other taxon normally indicates its status as extinct.