Utilitarianism | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism


00:01:37 1 Etymology
00:02:28 2 Historical background
00:09:11 3 Classical utilitarianism
00:09:21 3.1 Jeremy Bentham
00:14:28 3.2 John Stuart Mill
00:14:57 3.2.1 Higher and lower pleasures
00:21:49 3.2.2 Mill's 'proof' of the principle of utility
00:26:30 4 Twentieth-century developments
00:26:41 4.1 Ideal utilitarianism
00:28:24 4.2 Act and rule utilitarianism
00:32:48 4.3 Two-level utilitarianism
00:36:02 4.4 Preference utilitarianism
00:39:14 5 More varieties of utilitarianism
00:39:25 5.1 Negative utilitarianism
00:41:53 5.2 Motive utilitarianism
00:44:10 6 Criticisms
00:44:32 6.1 Quantifying utility
00:45:39 6.2 Utility ignores justice
00:48:47 6.3 Predicting consequences
00:51:10 6.4 Demandingness objection
00:56:09 6.5 Aggregating utility
01:00:08 6.6 Calculating utility is self-defeating
01:02:04 6.7 Special obligations criticism
01:03:06 6.8 Criticisms of utilitarian value theory
01:04:49 7 Additional considerations
01:04:59 7.1 Average v. total happiness
01:07:58 7.2 Motives, intentions, and actions
01:11:00 8 Humans alone, or other sentient beings?
01:11:11 8.1 Nonhuman animals
01:16:34 9 Application to specific issues
01:16:45 9.1 World poverty
01:18:10 10 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Utilitarianism is an ethical and philosophical  theory that states that the best action is the one that maximizes utility, which is usually defined as that which produces the greatest well-being of the greatest number of people, and in some cases, sentient animals. Jeremy Bentham, the founder of utilitarianism, described utility as the sum of all pleasure that results from an action, minus the suffering of anyone involved in the action. Utilitarianism is a version of consequentialism, which states that the consequences of any action are the only standard of right and wrong. Unlike other forms of consequentialism, such as egoism and altruism, utilitarianism considers the interests of all beings equally.
Proponents of utilitarianism have disagreed on a number of points, such as whether actions should be chosen based on their likely results (act utilitarianism) or whether agents should conform to rules that maximize utility (rule utilitarianism). There is also disagreement as to whether total (total utilitarianism), average (average utilitarianism) or minimum utility should be maximized.
Though the seeds of the theory can be found in the hedonists Aristippus and Epicurus, who viewed happiness as the only good, the tradition of utilitarianism properly began with Bentham, and has included John Stuart Mill, Henry Sidgwick, R. M. Hare, David Braybrooke, and Peter Singer. It has been applied to social welfare economics, the crisis of global poverty, the ethics of raising animals for food and the importance of avoiding existential risks to humanity.