Evolution of sexual reproduction | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-17

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction


00:02:44 1 Historical perspective
00:04:08 2 Disadvantages of sex and sexual reproduction
00:04:46 2.1 Population expansion cost of sex
00:07:14 2.2 Selfish cytoplasmic genes
00:08:20 2.3 Genetic heritability cost of sex
00:09:44 3 Advantages of sex and sexual reproduction
00:11:28 3.1 Advantages due to genetic variation
00:14:07 3.2 Protection from major genetic mutation
00:14:49 3.3 Novel genotypes
00:16:43 3.4 Increased resistance to parasites
00:22:24 4 DNA repair and complementation
00:27:11 5 Deleterious mutation clearance
00:28:04 5.1 Evading harmful mutation build-up
00:31:40 5.2 Removal of deleterious genes
00:34:47 6 Other explanations
00:34:57 6.1 Geodakyan's evolutionary theory of sex
00:36:32 6.2 Speed of evolution
00:37:53 6.3 Libertine bubble theory
00:39:49 7 Origin of sexual reproduction
00:40:43 7.1 Diploidy
00:41:52 7.2 Meiosis
00:44:05 7.3 Virus-like RNA-based origin
00:45:18 7.4 Parasitic DNA elements
00:46:27 7.5 Partial predation
00:46:53 7.6 Vaccination-like process
00:47:48 8 Mechanistic origin of sexual reproduction
00:48:14 8.1 Viral eukaryogenesis
00:52:23 8.2 Neomuran revolution
00:54:17 9 Questions



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
Speaking Rate: 0.8635549667878192
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B


"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
The evolution of sexual reproduction describes how sexually reproducing animals, plants, fungi and protists could have evolved from a common ancestor that was a single celled eukaryotic species. There are a few species which have secondarily lost the ability to reproduce sexually, such as Bdelloidea, and some plants and animals that routinely reproduce asexually (by apomixis and parthenogenesis) without entirely losing sex. The evolution of sex contains two related, yet distinct, themes: its origin and its maintenance.
The origin of sexual reproduction in prokaryotes is around 2 billion years ago (Gya) when bacteria started exchanging genes via the processes of conjugation, transformation, and transduction. In eukaryotes, it is thought to have arisen in the Last Common Eukaryotic Ancestor (LECA), possibly via several processes of varying success, and then to have persisted.
Since hypotheses for the origins of sex are difficult to verify experimentally (outside of evolutionary computation), most current work has focused on the maintenance of sexual reproduction. The maintenance of sexual reproduction in a highly competitive world had long been one of the major mysteries of biology given that asexual reproduction can reproduce by budding, fission, or spore formation not involving union of gametes, which reproduce at a much faster rate compared to sexual reproduction. 50% of offspring from sexual reproduction are males, unable to produce offspring themselves.
Sexual reproduction must offer significant fitness advantages to a species because despite the two-fold cost of sex, it dominates among multicellular forms of life, implying that the fitness of offspring produced outweighs the costs. Sexual reproduction derives from recombination, where parent genotypes are reorganized and shared with the offspring. This stands in contrast to single-parent asexual replication, where the offspring is identical to the parents. Recombination supplies two fault-tolerance mechanisms at the molecular level: recombinational DNA repair (promoted during meiosis because homologous chromosomes pair at that time) and complementation (also known as heterosis, hybrid vigor or masking of mutations).