Kazakhstan | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 13/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Kazakhstan


00:03:53 1 Etymology
00:04:41 2 History
00:05:18 2.1 Kazakh Khanate
00:08:08 2.2 Russian Empire
00:11:23 2.3 Soviet Union
00:15:57 2.4 Independence
00:17:07 3 Geography
00:20:17 3.1 Natural resources
00:22:52 3.2 Climate
00:23:18 3.3 Wildlife
00:24:19 3.4 Administrative divisions
00:25:30 3.5 Municipal divisions
00:26:22 3.6 Urban centres
00:26:31 4 Politics
00:26:40 4.1 Political system
00:27:53 4.2 Elections
00:30:14 4.3 Foreign relations
00:34:50 4.4 Military
00:37:25 4.5 Human rights
00:41:06 5 Economy
00:51:44 5.1 Agriculture
00:53:45 5.2 Infrastructure
00:58:53 5.3 Tourism
01:01:36 5.4 Green economy
01:02:25 5.5 Foreign direct investment
01:05:00 5.6 Banking
01:06:26 5.7 Bond market
01:07:09 5.8 Housing market
01:08:13 5.9 "Nurly Jol" economic policy
01:09:26 5.10 Economic competitiveness
01:10:24 5.11 Corruption
01:11:42 6 Science and technology
01:16:11 7 Demographics
01:17:26 7.1 Ethnic groups
01:19:24 7.2 Languages
01:20:25 7.3 Religion
01:23:26 7.4 Education
01:25:55 8 Culture
01:27:25 8.1 Literature
01:31:06 8.2 Music
01:35:45 8.3 Cuisine
01:36:23 8.4 Sport
01:41:45 8.5 Film
01:42:43 8.6 Media
01:43:48 8.7 UNESCO World Heritage sites
01:44:12 8.8 Public holidays
01:44:21 9 Membership of international organisations
01:45:27 10 See also



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SUMMARY
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Kazakhstan (Kazakh: Қазақстан, translit. Qazaqstan, IPA: [qɑzɑqˈstɑn] (listen); Russian: Казахстан, IPA: [kəzɐxˈstan]), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan (Kazakh: Қазақстан Республикасы, translit. Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy; Russian: Республика Казахстан, tr. Respublika Kazakhstan), is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, with an area of 2,724,900 square kilometres (1,052,100 sq mi). It is a transcontinental country largely located in Asia; the most western parts are located in Europe. Kazakhstan is the dominant nation of Central Asia economically, generating 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil/gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources.Kazakhstan is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea. The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands, steppe, taiga, rock canyons, hills, deltas, snow-capped mountains, and deserts. Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of  2018. Given its large land area, its population density is among the lowest, at less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 people per sq mi). The capital is Astana, where it was moved in 1997 from Almaty, the country's largest city.
The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by Turkic nomads who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states such as Turkic Khaganate etc. In the 13th century, the territory joined the Mongolian Empire under Genghis Khan. By the 16th century, the Kazakh emerged as a distinct group, divided into three jüz (ancestor branches occupying specific territories). The Russians began advancing into the Kazakh steppe in the 18th century, and by the mid-19th century, they nominally ruled all of Kazakhstan as part of the Russian Empire. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, and subsequent civil war, the territory of Kazakhstan was reorganised several times. In 1936, it was made the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, part of the Soviet Union.
Kazakhstan was the last of the Soviet republics to declare independence during the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The current President, Nursultan Nazarbayev, has been leader of the country since then, and is characterised as authoritarian, with a government history of human rights abuses and suppression of political opposition. Kazakhstan has worked to develop its economy, especially its dominant hydrocarbon industry. Human Rights Watch says that "Kazakhsta ...