Shark | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-10

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark


00:02:00 1 Etymology
00:03:22 2 Evolutionary history
00:07:47 2.1 Taxonomy
00:11:00 3 Anatomy
00:11:09 3.1 Teeth
00:12:14 3.2 Skeleton
00:12:52 3.3 Jaw
00:13:55 3.4 Fins
00:14:26 3.5 Dermal denticles
00:14:58 3.6 Tails
00:16:16 4 Physiology
00:16:25 4.1 Buoyancy
00:17:22 4.2 Respiration
00:19:10 4.3 Thermoregulation
00:20:02 4.4 Osmoregulation
00:20:56 4.5 Digestion
00:21:50 5 Senses
00:21:59 5.1 Smell
00:22:51 5.2 Sight
00:24:55 5.3 Hearing
00:25:41 5.4 Electroreception
00:26:28 5.5 Lateral line
00:27:11 6 Life history
00:28:00 6.1 Reproduction
00:28:36 6.1.1 Sexual
00:29:36 6.1.2 Asexual
00:30:40 6.2 Brooding
00:30:57 6.2.1 Ovoviviparity
00:32:25 6.2.2 Oviparity
00:32:59 6.2.3 Viviparity
00:33:28 7 Behavior
00:34:42 7.1 Speed
00:35:30 7.2 Intelligence
00:35:57 7.3 Sleep
00:36:56 8 Ecology
00:37:05 8.1 Feeding
00:39:25 8.2 Range and habitat
00:40:06 9 Relationship with humans
00:40:16 9.1 Attacks
00:41:48 9.2 In captivity
00:43:23 9.3 In culture
00:43:32 9.3.1 In Hawaii
00:45:29 9.3.2 In American Samoa
00:46:19 9.3.3 In popular culture
00:47:25 9.3.4 Popular misconceptions
00:48:14 10 Threats to sharks
00:48:24 10.1 Fishery
00:52:37 10.2 Shark culling
00:56:43 10.3 Other threats
00:57:09 11 Conservation



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SUMMARY
=======
Sharks are a group of elasmobranch fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head, and pectoral fins that are not fused to the head. Modern sharks are classified within the clade Selachimorpha (or Selachii) and are the sister group to the rays. However, the term "shark" has also been used for extinct members of the subclass Elasmobranchii outside the Selachimorpha, such as Cladoselache and Xenacanthus, as well as other Chondrichthyes such as the holocephalid eugenedontidans.
Under this broader definition, the earliest known sharks date back to more than 420 million years ago. Acanthodians are often referred to as "spiny sharks"; though they are not part of Chondrichthyes proper, they are a paraphyletic assemblage leading to cartilaginous fish as a whole.  Since then, sharks have diversified into over 500 species. They range in size from the small dwarf lanternshark (Etmopterus perryi), a deep sea species of only 17 centimetres (6.7 in) in length, to the whale shark (Rhincodon typus), the largest fish in the world, which reaches approximately 12 metres (40 ft) in length. Sharks are found in all seas and are common to depths of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). They generally do not live in freshwater although there are a few known exceptions, such as the bull shark and the river shark, which can be found in both seawater and freshwater. Sharks have a covering of dermal denticles that protects their skin from damage and parasites in addition to improving their fluid dynamics. They have numerous sets of replaceable teeth.Well-known species such as the great white shark, tiger shark, blue shark, mako shark, thresher shark, and hammerhead shark are apex predators—organisms at the top of their underwater food chain. Many shark populations are threatened by human activities.