Wetlands | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-05

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland


00:01:57 1 Definitions
00:03:08 1.1 Technical definitions
00:03:53 1.1.1 Ramsar Convention definition
00:04:43 1.1.2 Regional definitions
00:06:44 2 Ecology
00:07:17 3 Characteristics
00:07:37 4 Hydrology
00:09:27 4.1 Role of salinity
00:09:56 4.2 Soil
00:10:53 4.3 Biota
00:11:38 4.3.1 Flora
00:12:52 4.3.2 Fauna
00:14:57 4.3.3 Algae
00:15:57 5 Climates
00:16:06 5.1 Temperature
00:17:17 5.2 Precipitation
00:18:18 6 Uses of wetlands
00:19:57 6.1 Water storage (flood control)
00:22:43 6.2 Groundwater replenishment
00:24:47 6.3 Shoreline stabilization and storm protection
00:26:24 6.4 Water purification
00:31:00 6.5 Constructed wetlands
00:32:29 6.6 Reservoirs of biodiversity
00:37:07 6.7 Wetland products and productivity
00:41:48 6.8 Additional functions and uses of wetlands
00:42:37 7 Wetlands and climate change
00:44:55 7.1 Peatswamps in Southeast Asia
00:46:12 8 Wetland disturbance
00:48:11 8.1 Water Chemistry
00:49:48 9 Conservation
00:50:32 9.1 Balancing wetland conservation with the needs of people
00:52:15 9.2 Ramsar Convention
00:53:28 10 Valuation
00:54:28 10.1 Assessment
00:57:33 10.2 Inventory
00:58:55 10.3 Monitoring
01:02:13 11 Restoration
01:03:26 11.1 Levels of restoration
01:06:19 11.2 Important considerations
01:06:56 11.3 Legislation
01:07:19 12 List of wetland types
01:09:59 13 Wetland names
01:10:12 14 See also



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SUMMARY
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A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail. The primary factor that distinguishes wetlands from other land forms or water bodies is the characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants, adapted to the unique hydric soil. Wetlands play a number of functions, including water purification, water storage, processing of carbon and other nutrients, stabilization of shorelines, and support of plants and animals. Wetlands are also considered the most biologically diverse of all ecosystems, serving as home to a wide range of plant and animal life. Whether any individual wetland performs these functions, and the degree to which it performs them, depends on characteristics of that wetland and the lands and waters near it. Methods for rapidly assessing these functions, wetland ecological health, and general wetland condition have been developed in many regions and have contributed to wetland conservation partly by raising public awareness of the functions and the ecosystem services some wetlands provide.Wetlands occur naturally on every continent. The main wetland types are swamp, marsh, bog, and fen; sub-types include mangrove forest, carr, pocosin, floodplains, mire, vernal pool, sink, and many others. Many peatlands are wetlands. The water in wetlands is either freshwater, brackish, or saltwater.
Wetlands can be tidal (inundated by tides) or non-tidal. The largest wetlands include the Amazon River basin, the West Siberian Plain, the Pantanal in South America, and the Sundarbans in the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta.The UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment determined that environmental degradation is more prominent within wetland systems than any other ecosystem on Earth.Constructed wetlands are used to treat municipal and industrial wastewater as well as stormwater runoff. They may also play a role in water-sensitive urban design.