Polychlorinated biphenyl | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-02

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl


00:01:48 1 Physical and chemical properties
00:01:58 1.1 Physical properties
00:03:42 1.2 Structure and toxicity
00:06:00 2 Alternative names
00:06:14 2.1 Aroclor mixtures
00:07:56 3 Production
00:08:56 4 Applications
00:10:22 5 Environmental transport and transformations
00:10:43 5.1 Water
00:11:19 5.2 Air
00:12:48 5.3 Biosphere
00:13:50 6 Biochemical metabolism
00:14:00 6.1 Overview
00:15:11 6.2 Species dependent
00:16:10 6.3 Temperature dependent
00:17:25 6.4 Sex dependent
00:18:20 7 Health effects
00:19:20 7.1 Exposure and excretion
00:20:15 7.2 Signs and symptoms
00:20:24 7.2.1 Humans
00:22:48 7.2.2 Animals
00:23:51 7.3 Cancer
00:25:06 8 History
00:30:06 9 Pollution due to PCBs
00:30:16 9.1 Belgium
00:31:34 9.2 Italy
00:33:16 9.3 Japan
00:33:52 9.4 Republic of Ireland
00:35:27 9.5 Kenya
00:36:02 9.6 Slovakia
00:36:30 9.7 Slovenia
00:37:20 9.8 United Kingdom
00:37:52 9.9 Spain
00:38:26 9.10 United States
00:38:35 9.10.1 Alabama
00:39:59 9.10.2 Great Lakes
00:41:03 9.10.3 Indiana
00:43:25 9.10.4 Massachusetts
00:44:32 9.10.5 New York
00:45:40 9.10.6 North Carolina
00:48:52 9.10.7 Ohio
00:49:29 9.10.8 South Carolina
00:50:52 9.10.9 Washington
00:52:01 9.10.10 Wisconsin
00:52:54 9.11 Pacific Ocean
00:53:17 10 Regulation
00:54:48 11 Methods of destruction
00:54:57 11.1 Physical
00:55:49 11.2 Chemical
00:56:26 11.3 Microbial
00:57:04 11.4 Fungal
00:57:18 12 Homologs
00:57:43 13 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
A polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) is an organic chlorine compound with the formula C12H10−xClx.  Polychlorinated biphenyls were once widely deployed as dielectric and coolant fluids in electrical apparatus, carbonless copy paper and in heat transfer fluids.Because of their longevity, PCBs are still widely in use, even though their manufacture has declined drastically since the 1960s, when a host of problems were identified. With the discovery of PCBs' environmental toxicity, and classification as persistent organic pollutants, their production was banned by United States federal law in 1978, and by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in 2001. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), rendered PCBs as definite carcinogens in humans. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), PCBs cause cancer in animals and are probable human carcinogens. Many rivers and buildings, including schools, parks, and other sites, are contaminated with PCBs and there has been contamination of food supplies with the substances.
Some PCBs share a structural similarity and toxic mode of action with dioxins. Other toxic effects such as endocrine disruption (notably blocking of thyroid system functioning) and neurotoxicity are known. The maximum allowable contaminant level in drinking water in the United States is set at zero, but because of the limitations of water treatment technologies, a level of 0.5 parts per billion is the de facto level.The bromine analogues of PCBs are polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), which have analogous applications and environmental concerns.