Racial biology | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_racism


00:03:28 1 Antecedents
00:03:37 1.1 Enlightenment thinkers
00:04:26 1.1.1 Robert Boyle vs. Henri de Boulainvilliers
00:07:48 1.1.2 Lord Kames
00:08:31 1.1.3 Carl Linnaeus
00:13:57 1.1.4 John Hunter
00:14:37 1.1.5 Charles White
00:16:05 1.1.6 Buffon and Blumenbach
00:18:46 1.1.7 Benjamin Rush
00:19:55 1.1.8 Christoph Meiners
00:25:05 1.2 Later thinkers
00:25:15 1.2.1 Thomas Jefferson
00:29:31 1.2.2 Samuel Stanhope Smith
00:30:14 1.2.3 Georges Cuvier
00:32:52 1.2.4 Arthur Schopenhauer
00:34:24 1.2.5 Franz Ignaz Pruner
00:35:25 2 Racial theories in physical anthropology, 1850–1918
00:36:57 2.1 Charles Darwin
00:45:07 2.2 Arthur de Gobineau
00:47:26 2.3 Karl Vogt
00:48:18 2.4 Herbert Hope Risley
00:48:50 2.5 Ernst Haeckel
00:50:54 2.6 Nationalism: de Lapouge and Herder
00:53:12 2.7 Craniometry and physical anthropology
00:54:50 2.7.1 Samuel George Morton
00:58:48 2.8 Nicolás Palacios
00:59:54 2.9 Monogenism and polygenism
01:01:17 2.10 Typologies
01:05:19 3 Ideological applications
01:05:30 3.1 Nordicism
01:07:38 3.2 Justification of slavery in the US
01:12:57 3.3 South African apartheid
01:16:42 3.4 Eugenics
01:20:34 4 Interbellum to World War II
01:21:42 4.1 Early intelligence testing and the Immigration Act of 1924
01:26:46 4.2 Sweden
01:28:44 4.3 Nazi Germany
01:32:41 4.4 United States
01:38:16 5 After 1945



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SUMMARY
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Scientific racism (sometimes referred to as race biology), is the pseudoscientific belief that empirical evidence exists to support or justify racism (racial discrimination), racial inferiority, or racial superiority. Historically, scientific racist ideas received credence in the scientific community but are no longer considered scientific.Scientific racism employs anthropology (notably physical anthropology), anthropometry, craniometry, and other disciplines or pseudo-disciplines, in proposing anthropological typologies supporting the classification of human populations into physically discrete human races, that might be asserted to be superior or inferior. Scientific racism was common during the period from 1600s to the end of World War I. Since the second half of the 20th century, scientific racism has been criticized as obsolete and discredited, yet historically has persistently been used to support or validate racist world-views, based upon belief in the existence and significance of racial categories and a hierarchy of superior and inferior races.After the end of World War II, scientific racism in theory and action was formally denounced, especially in UNESCO's early antiracist statement "The Race Question" (1950): "The biological fact of race and the myth of 'race' should be distinguished. For all practical social purposes 'race' is not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth. The myth of 'race' has created an enormous amount of human and social damage. In recent years, it has taken a heavy toll in human lives, and caused untold suffering". Such "biological fact" has not reached a consensus as developments in human evolutionary genetics showed that human genetic differences are often gradual.The term "scientific racism" is generally used pejoratively as applied to more modern theories, as in The Bell Curve (1994). Critics argue that such works postulate racist conclusions unsupported by available evidence such as a connection between race and intelligence. Publications such as the Mankind Quarterly, founded explicitly as a "race-conscious" journal, are generally regarded as platforms of scientific racism for publishing articles on fringe interpretations of human evolution, intelligence, ethnography, language, mythology, archaeology, and race subjects.