Lame duck session (United States) | Wikipedia audio article
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Date: 2018-12-05

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Lame duck session (United States)


00:03:16 1 What makes a lame-duck session
00:04:51 2 Meaning of "lame duck"
00:06:07 3 Lame-duck sessions in the modern Congress
00:07:13 4 Lame-duck sessions before the 20th Amendment
00:08:50 5 How lame-duck sessions may occur
00:10:06 5.1 Sine die adjournment and its effects
00:12:09 5.2 Recess of the session
00:13:59 5.3 Contingent authority to reconvene
00:15:56 5.4 Intermittent and pro forma sessions
00:17:13 5.5 Sessions called by the President
00:18:39 6 Occurrence of sessions
00:19:30 7 Means of calling sessions
00:21:25 8 Timing of sessions
00:23:46 9 Length of sessions
00:26:03 10 Lame duck sessions since 1935
00:26:39 10.1 76th Congress, 3rd Session (1940-1941)
00:28:53 10.2 77th Congress, 2nd Session (1942)
00:30:31 10.3 78th Congress, 2nd Session (1944)
00:32:21 10.4 80th Congress, 2nd Session (1948)
00:33:48 10.5 81st Congress, 2nd Session (1950-1951)
00:35:43 10.6 83rd Congress, 2nd Session (1954)
00:37:08 10.7 91st Congress, 2nd Session (1970-1971)
00:39:09 10.8 93rd Congress, 2nd Session (1974)
00:41:01 10.9 96th Congress, 2nd Session (1980)
00:42:35 10.10 97th Congress, 2nd Session (1982)
00:45:04 10.11 103rd Congress, 2nd Session (1994)
00:45:46 10.12 105th Congress, 2nd Session (1998)
00:46:59 10.13 106th Congress, 2nd Session (2000)
00:48:41 10.14 107th Congress, 2nd Session (2002)
00:50:23 10.15 108th Congress, 2nd Session (2004)
00:52:43 10.16 109th Congress, 2nd Session (2006)
00:54:57 10.17 110th Congress, 2nd Session (2008–2009)
00:57:24 10.18 111th-112th lame duck sessions



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SUMMARY
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A lame-duck session of Congress in the United States occurs   whenever one Congress meets after its successor is elected, but before the successor's term begins. The expression is now used not only for a special session called after a sine die adjournment, but also for any portion of a regular session that falls after an election. In current practice, any meeting of Congress after election day, but before the next Congress convenes the following January, is a lame-duck session. Prior to 1933, when the 20th Amendment changed the dates of the congressional term, the last regular session of Congress was always a lame duck session.
Congress has held 16 lame-duck sessions since 1940.  Recesses preceding lame-duck sessions have usually begun by mid-October, and typically lasted between one and two months. Congress typically reconvened in mid-November and adjourned before Christmas, so that the lame-duck session lasted about a month. Some recesses, however, have begun as early as August 7 or as late as November 3, and ended as early as November 8 or as late as December 31. Lame-duck sessions have ended as early as November 22 and as late as January 3, and have extended over as few as one, and as many as 145, calendar days.
Some lame-duck sessions have been held largely for pro forma reasons (e.g., 1948), on a standby basis (e.g., 1940, 1942), or to deal with a single specific matter (e.g., 1954, 1994, 1998). Some sessions, as well, have deferred major matters to the succeeding Congress (e.g., 1944, 1982, 2004), especially when a stronger majority for the same party was in prospect. Most, however, could be regarded as at least moderately productive. When the President has presented an extensive agenda to a lame-duck session controlled by his own party, it has often approved many of his recommendations (e.g., 1950, 2002, 2004), but when he has done so under conditions of divided government, he has had less success, and has often vetoed measures (e.g., 1970, 1974, 1982).  Additionally, a major task of most lame-duck sessions in recent years has been to complete action on appropriations and the budget.  In 1974, 1980, 1982, 2000, 2004, and 2012, this effort was at least somewhat successful, but in 1970 and 2002 a final resolution was largely left to the following Congress.
Lame-duck sessions do not usually occur in countries under a parliamentary form  ...