Rare Earth hypothesis | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-07

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_Earth_hypothesis


00:01:23 1 Requirements for complex life
00:03:05 1.1 The right location in the right kind of galaxy
00:06:57 1.2 Orbiting at the right distance from the right type of star
00:11:22 1.3 With the right arrangement of planets
00:13:00 1.4 A continuously stable orbit
00:14:00 1.5 A terrestrial planet of the right size
00:15:04 1.6 With plate tectonics
00:16:37 1.7 A large moon
00:18:52 1.8 Atmosphere
00:19:55 1.9 One or more evolutionary triggers for complex life
00:21:56 1.10 The right time in evolution
00:23:24 2 Rare Earth equation
00:30:39 3 Advocates
00:33:37 4 Criticism
00:33:52 4.1 The hypothesis appears anthropocentric
00:34:45 4.2 Exoplanets around main sequence stars are being discovered in large numbers
00:35:59 4.3 Rocky planets orbiting within habitable zones may not be rare
00:37:17 4.4 Uncertainty over Jupiter's role
00:38:52 4.5 Plate tectonics may not be unique to Earth or a requirement for complex life
00:41:20 4.6 Free oxygen may be neither rare nor a prerequisite for multicellular life
00:44:06 4.7 A magnetic field may not be a requirement
00:44:42 4.8 A large moon may neither be rare nor necessary
00:47:22 4.9 Complex life may arise in alternative habitats



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SUMMARY
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In planetary astronomy and astrobiology, the Rare Earth hypothesis argues that the origin of life and the evolution of biological complexity such as sexually reproducing, multicellular organisms on Earth (and, subsequently, human intelligence) required an improbable combination of astrophysical and geological events and circumstances.
According to the hypothesis, complex extraterrestrial life is an improbable phenomenon and likely to be rare. The term "Rare Earth" originates from Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe (2000), a book by Peter Ward, a geologist and paleontologist, and Donald E. Brownlee, an astronomer and astrobiologist, both faculty members at the University of Washington.
A contrary view was argued in the 1970s and 1980s by Carl Sagan and Frank Drake, among others. It holds that Earth is a typical rocky planet in a typical planetary system, located in a non-exceptional region of a common barred-spiral galaxy. Given the principle of mediocrity (in the same vein as the Copernican principle), it is probable that we are typical, and the universe teems with complex life. However, Ward and Brownlee argue that planets, planetary systems, and galactic regions that are as friendly to complex life as the Earth, the Solar System, and our galactic region are rare.