Particulates | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-17

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulates


00:02:18 1 Sources of atmospheric particulate matter
00:03:20 2 Composition
00:07:09 3 Size distribution of particulates
00:09:25 4 Deposition processes
00:10:12 5 Controlling technologies
00:12:31 6 Climate effects
00:13:33 6.1 Aerosol radiative effects
00:13:43 6.1.1 Direct effect
00:15:31 6.1.2 Indirect effect
00:17:31 6.1.3 Semi-direct effect
00:19:04 6.2 Roles of different aerosol species
00:19:15 6.2.1 Sulfate aerosol
00:20:28 6.2.2 Black carbon
00:22:14 6.3 Instances of aerosol affecting climate
00:24:06 7 Health effects
00:24:16 7.1 Size, shape and solubility matter
00:28:36 7.2 Health problems
00:35:17 8 Effects on vegetation
00:35:45 9 Regulation
00:37:14 9.1 Australia
00:37:27 9.2 Canada
00:38:21 9.3 China
00:38:34 9.4 European Union
00:38:51 9.5 Hong Kong
00:39:04 9.6 Japan
00:39:17 9.7 South Korea
00:39:31 9.8 Taiwan
00:39:44 9.9 United States
00:40:07 9.9.1 California
00:42:36 9.9.2 Colorado
00:43:26 10 Affected areas
00:43:52 10.1 Australia
00:44:24 10.2 China
00:45:10 10.3 Ulaanbaatar
00:47:17 11 See also



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SUMMARY
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Atmospheric aerosol particles – also known as atmospheric particulate matter, particulate matter (PM), particulates, or suspended particulate matter (SPM) – are microscopic solid or liquid matter suspended in the atmosphere of Earth. The term aerosol commonly refers to the particulate/air mixture, as opposed to the particulate matter alone. Sources of particulate matter can be natural or anthropogenic. They have impacts on climate and precipitation that adversely affect human health.
Subtypes of atmospheric particles include suspended particulate matter (SPM), thoracic and respirable particles, inhalable coarse particles, which are coarse particles with a diameter between 2.5 and 10 micrometers (μm) (PM10), fine particles with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5), ultrafine particles, and soot.
The IARC and WHO designate airborne particulates a Group 1 carcinogen. Particulates are the most harmful form of air pollution due to their ability to penetrate deep into the lungs and blood streams unfiltered, causing permanent DNA mutations, heart attacks, respiratory disease, and premature death. In 2013, a study involving 312,944 people in nine European countries revealed that there was no safe level of particulates and that for every increase of 10 μg/m3 in PM10, the lung cancer rate rose 22%. The smaller PM2.5 were particularly deadly, with a 36% increase in lung cancer per 10 μg/m3 as it can penetrate deeper into the lungs. Worldwide exposure to PM2.5 contributed to 4.1 million deaths from heart disease and stroke, lung cancer, chronic lung disease, and respiratory infections in 2016. Overall, ambient particulate matter ranks as the sixth leading risk factor for premature death globally.