Woman scientist | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-04

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_science


00:02:30 1 History
00:02:39 1.1 Cross-cultural perspectives
00:04:52 1.2 Ancient history
00:09:04 1.3 Medieval Europe
00:13:25 1.4 Scientific Revolution (sixteenth and seventeenth centuries)
00:18:08 1.5 Eighteenth century
00:29:26 1.6 Early nineteenth century
00:32:22 1.7 Late 19th century in western Europe
00:36:31 1.8 Late nineteenth century Russians
00:38:43 1.9 Late nineteenth century in the United States
00:40:18 1.10 Early twentieth century
00:40:28 1.10.1 Europe before World War II
00:45:16 1.10.2 United States before World War II
00:53:52 1.11 Later 20th century
00:56:14 1.11.1 Europe after World War II
01:00:58 1.11.2 United States after World War II
01:08:07 1.11.3 Australia after World War II
01:09:47 1.11.4 Israel after World War II
01:10:24 2 Nobel laureates
01:11:13 2.1 Chemistry
01:11:41 2.2 Physics
01:12:02 2.3 Physiology or Medicine
01:12:59 3 Fields Medal
01:13:23 4 Statistics
01:13:46 4.1 Situation in the 1990s
01:20:33 4.2 Overview of situation in 2013
01:21:38 4.2.1 Women in decision-making
01:23:50 4.2.2 Women in life sciences
01:26:34 4.2.3 Women in engineering and related fields
01:33:28 4.3 Regional trends as of 2013
01:35:13 4.3.1 Latin America and the Caribbean
01:38:27 4.3.2 Eastern Europe, West and Central Asia
01:41:04 4.3.3 Southeast Europe
01:42:25 4.3.4 European Union
01:45:48 4.3.5 Australia, New Zealand and USA
01:47:22 4.3.6 South Asia
01:49:50 4.3.7 Southeast Asia
01:53:49 4.3.8 Arab States
01:57:39 4.3.9 Sub-Saharan Africa
02:00:21 5 Lack of agency and representation of women in science
02:00:34 5.1 Social pressures that repress femininity
02:06:07 5.2 Underrepresentation of queer women in STEM fields
02:09:50 6 Reasons to why women are disadvantaged in science
02:14:29 7 Contemporary advocacy and developments of women in science
02:14:43 7.1 Efforts to increase participation
02:17:52 7.1.1 Women scientists in the media
02:18:37 7.2 Notable controversies and developments
02:23:51 7.2.1 Problematic public statements



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SUMMARY
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Women have made significant contributions to science from the earliest times. Historians with an interest in gender and science have illuminated the scientific endeavors and accomplishments of women, the barriers they have faced, and the strategies implemented to have their work peer-reviewed and accepted in major scientific journals and other publications. The historical, critical and sociological study of these issues has become an academic discipline in its own right.
The involvement of women in the field of medicine occurred in several early civilizations, and the study of natural philosophy in ancient Greece was open to women. Women contributed to the proto-science of alchemy in the first or second centuries AD. During the Middle Ages, convents were an important place of education for women, and some of these communities provided opportunities for women to contribute to scholarly research. While the eleventh century saw the emergence of the first universities, women were, for the most part, excluded from university education. The attitude to educating women in medical fields in Italy appears to have been more liberal than in other places. The first known woman to earn a university chair in a scientific field of studies, was eighteenth-century Italian scientist, Laura Bassi.
Although gender roles were largely defined in the eighteenth century, women experienced great advances in science. During the nineteenth century, women were excluded from most formal scientific education, but they began to be admitted into learned societies during this period. In the later nineteenth century, the rise of the women's college provided jobs for women scientists and opportunities for education.
Marie Curie, a physicist and chemist who ...