Isotopic labelling | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-02-18

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopic_labeling


00:02:19 1 Isotopic tracer
00:06:07 2 Stable isotope labeling
00:08:55 2.1 Metabolic flux analysis using stable isotope labeling
00:12:48 2.2 Isotope labeling measuring techniques
00:19:38 3 Radioisotopic labeling
00:21:17 4 Applications in proteomics
00:23:06 5 Applications for ecosystem process analysis
00:24:12 6 Applications for oceanography
00:24:58 6.1 Particle transport
00:26:05 6.2 Circulation
00:27:47 6.3 Tectonic processes and climate change
00:28:31 6.4 Isotopes related to nuclear weapons
00:29:55 7 Methods for isotopic labeling
00:30:18 8 See also



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SUMMARY
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Isotopic labeling (or isotopic labelling) is a technique used to track the passage of an isotope (an atom with a detectable variation in neutron count) through a reaction, metabolic pathway, or cell. The reactant is 'labeled' by replacing specific atoms by their isotope. The reactant is then allowed to undergo the reaction. The position of the isotopes in the products is measured to determine the sequence the isotopic atom followed in the reaction or the cell's metabolic pathway. The nuclides used in isotopic labeling may be stable nuclides or radionuclides. In the latter case, the labeling is called radiolabeling.
In isotopic labeling, there are multiple ways to detect the presence of labeling isotopes; through their mass, vibrational mode, or radioactive decay. Mass spectrometry detects the difference in an isotope's mass, while infrared spectroscopy detects the difference in the isotope's vibrational modes. Nuclear magnetic resonance detects atoms with different gyromagnetic ratios. The radioactive decay can be detected through an ionization chamber or autoradiographs of gels.
An example of the use of isotopic labeling is the study of phenol (C6H5OH) in water by replacing common hydrogen (protium) with deuterium (deuterium labeling). Upon adding phenol to deuterated water (water containing D2O in addition to the usual H2O), the substitution of deuterium for the hydrogen is observed in phenol's hydroxyl group (resulting in C6H5OD), indicating that phenol readily undergoes hydrogen-exchange reactions with water. Only the hydroxyl group is affected, indicating that the other 5 hydrogen atoms do not participate in the exchange reactions.