Reindeer | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-27

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reindeer


00:03:47 1 Naming
00:05:46 2 Taxonomy and evolution
00:08:46 3 Subspecies
00:13:11 4 Physical characteristics
00:13:20 4.1 Antlers
00:19:24 4.2 Pelt
00:20:35 4.3 Heat exchange
00:22:25 4.4 Hooves
00:23:49 4.5 Size
00:25:07 4.6 Clicking sound
00:26:04 4.7 Eyes
00:26:50 5 Biology and behaviour
00:27:00 5.1 Seasonal body composition
00:28:57 5.2 Reproduction and life-cycle
00:30:34 5.3 Social structure, migration and range
00:32:39 6 Ecology
00:32:48 6.1 Distribution and habitat
00:35:45 6.2 Diet
00:36:55 6.3 Predators
00:39:04 6.4 Other threats
00:40:11 7 By country
00:40:20 7.1 Russia
00:41:19 7.2 North America
00:43:04 7.2.1 United States
00:43:29 7.2.1.1 Alaska
00:43:59 7.2.1.1.1 Porcupine caribou herd
00:46:38 7.2.1.1.2 Western Arctic caribou herd (WACH)
00:47:45 7.2.1.1.3 Teshekpuk Lake and Central Arctic caribou herds
00:50:08 7.2.1.1.4 Reindeer imported to Alaska
00:50:29 7.2.2 Canada
00:50:37 7.2.2.1 Nunavut
00:51:05 7.2.2.1.1 Ahiak, Beverly and Qamanirjuaq caribou herds
00:53:40 7.2.2.1.2 Peary caribou on Baffin Island
00:54:30 7.2.2.2 The Northwest Territories
00:55:10 7.2.2.3 iR. t. caribou/i
00:56:26 7.2.2.3.1 George River caribou herd (GRCH)
00:57:43 7.2.2.3.2 Leaf River caribou herd (LRCH)
00:58:26 7.2.2.4 Queen Charlotte Islands caribou
00:59:02 7.2.3 Greenland
00:59:48 7.3 Norway
01:01:10 7.3.1 Svalbard reindeer
01:02:22 7.4 Finland
01:03:16 7.5 Iceland
01:03:51 7.6 United Kingdom
01:04:49 7.7 French overseas territory experiment
01:05:07 8 Conservation
01:05:16 8.1 Current status
01:06:54 8.2 Boreal woodland caribou (COSEWIC designation as threatened)
01:08:50 8.3 Peary caribou (COSEWIC designation as endangered)
01:09:50 9 Relationship with humans
01:11:52 9.1 Reindeer and indigenous peoples
01:15:53 9.2 Reindeer husbandry
01:20:22 9.3 In history
01:22:29 9.4 Santa Claus's reindeer
01:23:25 9.5 In mythology and art
01:25:15 10 Heraldry and symbols
01:26:32 11 See also
01:26:47 11.1 Parasites



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SUMMARY
=======
The reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), also known as the caribou in North America, is a species of deer with circumpolar distribution, native to Arctic, sub-Arctic, tundra, boreal, and mountainous regions of northern Europe, Siberia, and North America. This includes both sedentary and migratory populations. Rangifer herd size varies greatly in different geographic regions. The Taimyr herd of migrating Siberian tundra reindeer (R. t. sibiricus) in Russia is the largest wild reindeer herd in the world, varying between 400,000 and 1,000,000. What was once the second largest herd is the migratory boreal woodland caribou (R. t. caribou) George River herd in Canada, with former variations between 28,000 and 385,000. As of January 2018, there are fewer than 9,000 animals estimated to be left in the George River herd, as reported by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The New York Times reported in April 2018 of the disappearance of the only herd of southern mountain caribou in the lower 48 states, with an expert calling it "functionally extinct" after the herd's size dwindled to a mere three animals.Rangifer varies in size and colour from the smallest, the Svalbard reindeer, to the largest, the boreal woodland caribou. The North American range of caribou extends from Alaska through Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut into the boreal forest and south through the Canadian Rockies and the Columbia and Selkirk Mountains. The Barren-ground caribou, Porcupine caribou, and Peary caribou live in the tundra, while the shy boreal woodland caribou prefer the boreal forest. The Porcupine caribou and the barren-ground caribou form large herds and undertake lengthy seasonal migrations from birthing grounds to summer and winter feeding grounds in the tundra and taiga. The migrations of Porc ...