Beryllium | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-31

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium


00:02:38 1 Characteristics
00:02:48 1.1 Physical properties
00:04:25 1.2 Nuclear properties
00:07:52 1.3 Isotopes and nucleosynthesis
00:12:45 1.4 Occurrence
00:14:39 2 Production
00:18:06 3 Chemical properties
00:23:33 3.1 Organic chemistry
00:24:31 4 History
00:31:19 4.1 Etymology
00:32:28 5 Applications
00:32:38 5.1 Radiation windows
00:35:08 5.2 Mechanical applications
00:38:46 5.3 Mirrors
00:40:43 5.4 Magnetic applications
00:41:49 5.5 Nuclear applications
00:45:12 5.6 Acoustics
00:46:04 5.7 Electronic
00:48:16 5.8 Healthcare
00:48:30 6 Occupational safety and health
00:49:56 7 Precautions



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SUMMARY
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Beryllium is a chemical element with symbol Be and atomic number 4. It is a relatively rare element in the universe, usually occurring as a product of the spallation of larger atomic nuclei that have collided with cosmic rays. Within the cores of stars beryllium is depleted as it is fused and creates larger elements. It is a divalent element which occurs naturally only in combination with other elements in minerals. Notable gemstones which contain beryllium include beryl (aquamarine, emerald) and chrysoberyl. As a free element it is a steel-gray, strong, lightweight and brittle alkaline earth metal.
Beryllium improves many physical properties when added as an alloying element to aluminium, copper (notably the alloy beryllium copper), iron and nickel. Beryllium does not form oxides until it reaches very high temperatures. Tools made of beryllium copper alloys are strong and hard and do not create sparks when they strike a steel surface. In structural applications, the combination of high flexural rigidity, thermal stability, thermal conductivity and low density (1.85 times that of water) make beryllium metal a desirable aerospace material for aircraft components, missiles, spacecraft, and satellites. Because of its low density and atomic mass, beryllium is relatively transparent to X-rays and other forms of ionizing radiation; therefore, it is the most common window material for X-ray equipment and components of particle detectors. The high thermal conductivities of beryllium and beryllium oxide have led to their use in thermal management applications.
The commercial use of beryllium requires the use of appropriate dust control equipment and industrial controls at all times because of the toxicity of inhaled beryllium-containing dusts that can cause a chronic life-threatening allergic disease in some people called berylliosis.