Particle accelerator | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Particle accelerator


00:02:49 1 Uses
00:03:50 1.1 High-energy physics
00:05:18 1.2 Nuclear physics and isotope production
00:06:29 1.3 Synchrotron radiation
00:07:33 1.4 Low-energy machines and particle therapy
00:08:34 2 Electrostatic particle accelerators
00:10:23 3 Electrodynamic (electromagnetic) particle accelerators
00:11:08 3.1 Magnetic Induction Accelerators
00:11:39 3.1.1 Linear Induction Accelerators
00:12:37 3.1.2 Betatrons
00:13:38 3.2 Linear accelerators
00:15:31 3.3 Circular or cyclic RF accelerators
00:17:32 3.3.1 Cyclotrons
00:19:44 3.3.2 Synchrocyclotrons and isochronous cyclotrons
00:21:26 3.3.3 Synchrotrons
00:24:39 3.3.3.1 Electron synchrotrons
00:25:31 3.3.4 Storage rings
00:26:17 3.3.5 Synchrotron radiation sources
00:27:09 3.3.6 FFAG accelerators
00:27:50 3.3.7 History
00:31:14 4 Targets and detectors
00:33:06 5 Higher energies
00:35:56 5.1 Black hole production and public safety concerns
00:37:49 6 Accelerator operator
00:38:38 7 See also



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SUMMARY
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A particle accelerator is a machine that uses electromagnetic fields to propel charged particles to very high speeds and energies, and to contain them in well-defined beams.Large accelerators are used for basic research in particle physics.  The most powerful accelerator currently is the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) near Geneva, Switzerland, built by the European collaboration CERN.  It is a collider accelerator, which can accelerate two beams of protons to an energy of 6.5 TeV and cause them to collide head-on, creating center-of-mass energies of 13 TeV.  Other powerful accelerators are KEKB at KEK in Japan, RHIC at Brookhaven National Laboratory, and the Tevatron at Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois.  Accelerators are also used as synchrotron light sources for the study of condensed matter physics. Smaller particle accelerators are used in a wide variety of applications, including particle therapy for oncological purposes, radioisotope production for medical diagnostics, ion implanters for manufacture of semiconductors, and accelerator mass spectrometers for measurements of rare isotopes such as radiocarbon. There are currently more than 30,000 accelerators in operation around the world.There are two basic classes of accelerators: electrostatic and electrodynamic (or electromagnetic) accelerators. 
Electrostatic accelerators use static electric fields to accelerate particles. The most common types are the Cockcroft–Walton generator and the Van de Graaff generator. A small-scale example of this class is the cathode ray tube in an ordinary old television set. The achievable kinetic energy for particles in these devices is determined by the accelerating voltage, which is limited by electrical breakdown. 
Electrodynamic or electromagnetic accelerators, on the other hand, use changing electromagnetic fields (either magnetic induction or oscillating radio frequency fields) to accelerate particles.  
Since in these types the particles can pass through the same accelerating field multiple times, the output energy is not limited by the strength of the accelerating field. This class, which was first developed in the 1920s, is the basis for most modern large-scale accelerators.
Rolf Widerøe, Gustav Ising, Leó Szilárd, Max Steenbeck, and Ernest Lawrence are considered pioneers of this field, conceiving and building the first operational linear particle accelerator, the betatron, and the cyclotron.
Because colliders can give evidence of the structure of the subatomic world, accelerators were commonly referred to as atom smashers in the 20th century. Despite the fact that most accelerators (but not ion facilities) actually propel subatomic particles, the term persists in popular usage when referring to particle accelerators in general.