Apollo space program | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-31

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program


00:04:41 1 Background
00:04:50 1.1 Origin and spacecraft feasibility studies
00:07:06 1.2 Political pressure builds
00:11:09 2 NASA expansion
00:13:47 2.1 Manned Spacecraft Center
00:16:15 2.2 Launch Operations Center
00:18:46 2.3 Organization
00:21:03 3 Choosing a mission mode
00:30:07 4 Spacecraft
00:31:22 4.1 Command and service module
00:34:45 4.2 Lunar module
00:36:27 5 Launch vehicles
00:37:42 5.1 Little Joe II
00:38:36 5.2 Saturn I
00:41:29 5.3 Saturn IB
00:42:52 5.4 Saturn V
00:44:41 6 Astronauts
00:47:53 7 Lunar mission profile
00:48:09 7.1 Profile variations
00:50:07 8 Development history
00:50:18 8.1 Unmanned flight tests
00:52:17 8.2 Preparation for manned flight
00:55:49 8.2.1 Program delays
00:58:01 8.2.2 Apollo 1 fire
01:01:36 8.2.3 Unmanned Saturn V and LM tests
01:06:19 8.3 Manned development missions
01:09:59 8.4 Production lunar landings
01:13:05 8.4.1 Mission cutbacks
01:15:45 8.4.2 Extended missions
01:17:25 9 Mission summary
01:17:43 10 Samples returned
01:20:29 11 Costs
01:24:12 12 Apollo Applications Program
01:26:23 13 Recent observations
01:29:10 14 Legacy
01:29:20 14.1 Science and engineering
01:30:37 14.2 Cultural impact
01:32:27 14.3 Apollo 11 broadcast data restoration project
01:35:41 15 Depictions on film
01:35:52 15.1 Documentaries
01:36:09 15.2 Docudramas
01:36:43 16 See also
01:36:53 17 Notes



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SUMMARY
=======
The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the third United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished landing the first humans on the Moon from 1969 to 1972. First conceived during Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration as a three-man spacecraft to follow the one-man Project Mercury which put the first Americans in space, Apollo was later dedicated to President John F. Kennedy's national goal of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" by the end of the 1960s, which he proposed in an address to Congress on May 25, 1961. It was the third US human spaceflight program to fly, preceded by the two-man Project Gemini conceived in 1961 to extend spaceflight capability in support of Apollo.
Kennedy's goal was accomplished on the Apollo 11 mission when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their lunar module (LM) on July 20, 1969, and walked on the lunar surface, while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the command and service module (CSM), and all three landed safely on Earth on July 24. Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon, the last in December 1972. In these six spaceflights, twelve men walked on the Moon.

Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972, with the first manned flight in 1968. It achieved its goal of manned lunar landing, despite the major setback of a 1967 Apollo 1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test. After the first landing, sufficient flight hardware remained for nine follow-on landings with a plan for extended lunar geological and astrophysical exploration. Budget cuts forced the cancellation of three of these. Five of the remaining six missions achieved successful landings, but the Apollo 13 landing was prevented by an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon, which destroyed the service module's capability to provide electrical power, crippling the CSM's propulsion and life support systems. The crew returned to Earth safely by using the lunar module as a "lifeboat" for these functions. Apollo used Saturn family rockets as launch vehicles, which were also used for an Apollo Applications Program, which consisted of Skylab, a space station that supported three manned missions in 1973–74, and the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, a joint US-Soviet Union Earth-orbit  ...