Airplanes | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-02

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplane


00:01:49 1 Etymology and usage
00:02:44 2 History
00:02:52 2.1 Antecedents
00:05:40 2.2 Early powered flights
00:09:01 2.3 Development of jet aircraft
00:10:00 3 Propulsion
00:10:09 3.1 Propeller
00:11:41 3.1.1 Reciprocating engine
00:12:33 3.1.2 Gas turbine
00:12:59 3.1.3 Electric motor
00:13:30 3.2 Jet
00:14:13 3.2.1 Turbofan
00:16:14 3.2.2 Ramjet
00:17:06 3.2.3 Scramjet
00:17:44 3.2.4 Rocket
00:18:35 4 Design and manufacture
00:22:32 5 Characteristics
00:22:41 5.1 Airframe
00:24:48 5.2 Wings
00:25:13 5.2.1 Wing structure
00:26:26 5.2.2 Wing configuration
00:28:38 5.3 Fuselage
00:29:22 5.4 Wings vs. bodies
00:29:27 5.4.1 Flying wing
00:31:24 5.4.2 Blended wing body
00:32:08 5.4.3 Lifting body
00:33:27 5.5 Empennage and foreplane
00:34:32 5.6 Controls and instruments
00:35:05 6 Safety
00:35:51 7 Environmental impact
00:37:17 8 See also



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SUMMARY
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An airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is a powered, fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine, propeller or rocket engine. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing configurations. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes recreation, transportation of goods and people, military, and research. Worldwide, commercial aviation transports more than four billion passengers annually on airliners and transports more than 200 billion tonne-kilometres of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement. Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be remotely or computer-controlled.
The Wright brothers invented and flew the first airplane in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight". They built on the works of George Cayley dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying gliders). Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal also studied heavier-than-air flight. Following its limited use in World War I, aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of World War II. The first jet aircraft was the German Heinkel He 178 in 1939. The first jet airliner, the de Havilland Comet, was introduced in 1952. The Boeing 707, the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to at least 2013.