Scientific methods | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-17

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method


00:04:36 1 History
00:07:23 2 Overview
00:10:28 2.1 Process
00:11:41 2.1.1 Formulation of a question
00:12:46 2.1.2 Hypothesis
00:14:48 2.1.3 Prediction
00:15:57 2.1.4 Testing
00:18:52 2.1.5 Analysis
00:20:34 2.2 DNA example
00:23:13 2.3 Other components
00:23:34 2.3.1 Replication
00:24:23 2.3.2 External review
00:25:32 2.3.3 Data recording and sharing
00:26:17 3 Scientific inquiry
00:28:39 3.1 Properties of scientific inquiry
00:31:26 3.2 Beliefs and biases
00:35:11 4 Elements of the scientific method
00:40:00 4.1 Characterizations
00:42:13 4.1.1 Uncertainty
00:43:16 4.1.2 Definition
00:46:30 4.1.3 DNA-characterizations
00:47:55 4.1.4 Another example: precession of Mercury
00:49:24 4.2 Hypothesis development
00:52:58 4.2.1 DNA-hypotheses
00:53:51 4.3 Predictions from the hypothesis
00:55:50 4.3.1 DNA-predictions
00:57:10 4.3.2 Another example: general relativity
00:57:56 4.4 Experiments
01:01:01 4.4.1 DNA-experiments
01:01:55 4.5 Evaluation and improvement
01:03:42 4.5.1 DNA-iterations
01:04:28 4.6 Confirmation
01:05:54 5 Models of scientific inquiry
01:06:06 5.1 Classical model
01:06:39 5.2 Hypothetico-deductive model
01:07:25 5.3 Pragmatic model
01:20:42 6 Science of complex systems
01:21:38 7 Communication and community
01:22:18 7.1 Peer review evaluation
01:23:55 7.2 Documentation and replication
01:24:37 7.2.1 Archiving
01:25:40 7.2.2 Data sharing
01:26:15 7.2.3 Limitations
01:27:17 7.3 Dimensions of practice
01:28:50 8 Philosophy and sociology of science
01:29:03 8.1 Analytical philosophy
01:32:41 8.2 Post-modernism and science wars
01:34:53 8.3 Anthropology
01:35:49 8.4 Role of chance in discovery
01:38:15 9 Relationship with mathematics
01:44:03 9.1 Relationship with statistics
01:47:05 10 See also
01:47:14 10.1 Problems and issues
01:47:24 10.2 History, philosophy, sociology



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SUMMARY
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The scientific method is an empirical method of knowledge acquisition which has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century. It involves careful observation, which includes rigorous skepticism about what is observed, given that cognitive assumptions about how the world works influence how one interprets a percept. It involves formulating hypotheses, via induction, based on such observations; experimental and measurement-based testing of deductions drawn from the hypotheses; and refinement (or elimination) of the hypotheses based on the experimental findings. These are principles of the scientific method, as opposed to a definitive series of steps applicable to all scientific enterprises.Though there are diverse models for the scientific method available, in general there is a continuous process that includes observations about the natural world. People are naturally inquisitive, so they often come up with questions about things they see or hear, and they often develop ideas or hypotheses about why things are the way they are. The best hypotheses lead to predictions that can be tested in various ways. The most conclusive testing of hypotheses comes from reasoning based on carefully controlled experimental data. Depending on how well additional tests match the predictions, the original hypothesis may require refinement, alteration, expansion or even rejection. If a particular hypothesis becomes very well supported, a general theory may be developed.Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another, they are frequently the same from one to another. The process of the scientific method involves making conjectures (hypotheses), deriving predictions from them as logical consequences, and then carrying out experiments or empirical observations based on those predictions. A hypothesis is a conjecture, based on knowledge obtained while seeking answers to the ...