Unit 731 | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-17

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_731


00:03:37 1 Formation
00:08:03 2 Activities
00:10:15 2.1 Vivisection
00:11:48 2.2 Germ warfare attacks
00:14:47 2.3 Frostbite testing
00:15:38 2.4 Syphilis
00:18:00 2.5 Rape and forced pregnancy
00:20:12 2.6 Weapon testing
00:20:44 2.7 Other experiments
00:21:43 3 Biological warfare
00:24:08 4 Prisoners and victims
00:25:53 5 Known unit members
00:26:47 6 Divisions
00:27:56 7 Facilities
00:29:09 7.1 Tokyo
00:30:11 7.2 Guangzhou
00:30:53 7.3 Related units
00:31:16 8 Surrender and immunity
00:31:42 8.1 Destruction of evidence
00:32:50 8.2 American grant of immunity
00:35:47 8.3 Separate Soviet trials
00:38:40 9 Legacy
00:39:13 9.1 Official silence under Occupation
00:40:27 9.2 Post-Occupation Japanese media coverage and debate
00:42:27 9.3 Significance in postwar research of bio-warfare and medicine
00:43:21 9.4 Official government response in Japan
00:47:06 9.5 Abroad
00:48:33 9.5.1 Books
00:49:53 9.5.2 Films
00:51:07 9.5.3 Music
00:52:21 9.5.4 Television
00:54:12 10 See also
00:54:40 10.1 Pacific War (World War II)
00:55:04 10.2 Other human experimentation



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SUMMARY
=======
Unit 731 (Japanese: 731部隊, Hepburn: Nana-san-ichi Butai) was a covert biological and chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) of World War II. It was responsible for some of the most notorious war crimes carried out by Imperial Japan. Unit 731 was based at the Pingfang district of Harbin, the largest city in the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo (now Northeast China).
It was officially known as the Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of the Kwantung Army (関東軍防疫給水部本部, Kantōgun Bōeki Kyūsuibu Honbu). Originally set up under the Kempeitai military police of the Empire of Japan, Unit 731 was taken over and commanded until the end of the war by General Shirō Ishii, a combat medic officer in the Kwantung Army. The facility itself was built between 1934 and 1939 and officially adopted the name "Unit 731" in 1941.
At least 3,000 men, women, and children—from which at least 600 every year were provided by the Kempeitai were subjected as "logs" to experimentation conducted by Unit 731 at the camp based in Pingfang alone, which does not include victims from other medical experimentation sites, such as Unit 100.Unit 731 participants of Japan attest that most of the victims they experimented on were Chinese while a lesser percentage were Soviet, Mongolian, Korean, and other Allied POWs. The unit received generous support from the Japanese government up to the end of the war in 1945.
Instead of being tried for war crimes after the war, the researchers involved in Unit 731 were secretly given immunity by the U.S. in exchange for the data they gathered through human experimentation. Other researchers that the Soviet forces managed to arrest first were tried at the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials in 1949. The Americans did not try the researchers so that the information and experience gained in bio-weapons could be co-opted into the U.S. biological warfare program, much as they had done with German researchers in Operation Paperclip. On 6 May 1947, Douglas MacArthur, as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces, wrote to Washington that "additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii, can probably be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as 'War Crimes' evidence". Victim accounts were then largely ignored or dismissed in the West as communist propaganda.