Philosophy | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-14

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Philosophy


00:02:26 1 Introduction
00:02:35 1.1 Knowledge
00:04:45 1.2 Philosophical progress
00:05:18 2 Historical overview
00:05:54 2.1 Western philosophy
00:09:27 2.2 Middle Eastern philosophy
00:12:11 2.3 Indian philosophy
00:13:29 2.3.1 Jain philosophy
00:14:35 2.3.2 Buddhist philosophy
00:16:26 2.3.3 Hindu philosophies
00:18:24 2.4 East Asian philosophy
00:20:40 2.5 African philosophy
00:22:00 2.6 Indigenous American philosophy
00:24:10 3 Categories
00:25:29 3.1 Metaphysics
00:26:42 3.2 Epistemology
00:28:49 3.3 Value theory
00:29:14 3.3.1 Ethics
00:30:05 3.3.2 Aesthetics
00:31:00 3.3.3 Political philosophy
00:32:06 3.4 Logic, science and mathematics
00:32:54 3.4.1 Logic
00:34:08 3.4.2 Philosophy of science
00:34:44 3.5 History of philosophy
00:35:22 3.6 Philosophy of religion
00:36:12 3.7 Philosophical schools
00:36:34 4 Other approaches
00:36:49 4.1 Applied philosophy
00:39:08 5 Society
00:40:05 6 Professional
00:42:40 7 Non-professional
00:45:27 8 Role of women
00:47:59 9 Popular culture
00:49:25 10 See also



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"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates



SUMMARY
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Philosophy (from Greek φιλοσοφία, philosophia, literally "love of wisdom") is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. The term was probably coined by Pythagoras (c. 570–495 BCE). Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation. Classic philosophical questions include: Is it possible to know anything and to prove it? What is most real? Philosophers also pose more practical and concrete questions such as: Is there a best way to live? Is it better to be just or unjust (if one can get away with it)? Do humans have free will?Historically, "philosophy" encompassed any body of knowledge. From the time of Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle to the 19th century, "natural philosophy" encompassed astronomy, medicine, and physics. For example, Newton's 1687 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy later became classified as a book of physics. In the 19th century, the growth of modern research universities led academic philosophy and other disciplines to professionalize and specialize. In the modern era, some investigations that were traditionally part of philosophy became separate academic disciplines, including psychology, sociology, linguistics, and economics.
Other investigations closely related to art, science, politics, or other pursuits remained part of philosophy. For example, is beauty objective or subjective? Are there many scientific methods or just one? Is political utopia a hopeful dream or hopeless fantasy? Major sub-fields of academic philosophy include metaphysics ("concerned with the fundamental nature of reality and being"), epistemology (about the "nature and grounds of knowledge [and]...its limits and validity" ), ethics, aesthetics, political philosophy, logic and philosophy of science.
Since the 20th century, professional philosophers contribute to society primarily as academics. However, many of those who study philosophy in undergraduate or graduate programs contribute in the fields of law, journalism, politics, religion, science, business and various art and entertainment activities.