Sonic velocity | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-07-01

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_sound


00:02:57 1 History
00:04:43 2 Basic concepts
00:08:04 2.1 Compression and shear waves
00:10:06 3 Equations
00:13:05 4 Dependence on the properties of the medium
00:16:36 5 Altitude variation and implications for atmospheric acoustics
00:18:10 6 Practical formula for dry air
00:23:24 7 Details
00:23:33 7.1 Speed of sound in ideal gases and air
00:27:03 7.2 Effects due to wind shear
00:36:14 7.3 Tables
00:38:48 8 Effect of frequency and gas composition
00:39:04 8.1 General physical considerations
00:39:23 8.2 Practical application to air
00:39:32 9 Mach number
00:40:03 10 Experimental methods
00:40:22 10.1 Single-shot timing methods
00:40:30 10.2 Other methods
00:40:53 10.3 High-precision measurements in air
00:41:12 11 Non-gaseous media
00:41:20 11.1 Speed of sound in solids
00:42:11 11.1.1 Three-dimensional solids
00:42:23 11.1.2 One-dimensional solids
00:43:48 11.2 Speed of sound in liquids
00:47:03 11.2.1 Water
00:48:39 11.2.2 Seawater
00:49:30 11.3 Speed of sound in plasma
00:50:56 12 Gradients
00:51:41 13 See also
00:51:45 14 References
00:53:00 15 External links
00:53:04 High-precision measurements in air
00:53:15 The effect of impurities can be significant when making high-precision measurements. Chemical desiccants can be used to dry the air, but will, in turn, contaminate the sample. The air can be dried cryogenically, but this has the effect of removing the carbon dioxide as well; therefore many high-precision measurements are performed with air free of carbon dioxide rather than with natural air. A 2002 review found that a 1963 measurement by Smith and Harlow using a cylindrical resonator gave "the most probable value of the standard speed of sound to date." The experiment was done with air from which the carbon dioxide had been removed, but the result was then corrected for this effect so as to be applicable to real air. The experiments were done at 30 °C but corrected for temperature in order to report them at 0 °C. The result was 331.45 ± 0.01 m/s for dry air at STP, for frequencies from 93 Hz to 1,500 Hz.
00:54:32 Non-gaseous media
00:54:43 === Speed of sound in solids
00:54:58 ==== Three-dimensional solids
00:58:27 170 GPa, G
00:58:41 7,700 kg/m3, yielding a compressional speed csolid,p of 6,000 m/s. This is in reasonable agreement with csolid,p measured experimentally at 5,930 m/s for a (possibly different) type of steel. The shear speed csolid,s is estimated at 3,200 m/s using the same numbers.
00:59:13 One-dimensional solids
01:00:36 Speed of sound in liquids
01:01:28 Water
01:01:57 Seawater
01:08:02 25 °C, S
01:09:10 Speed of sound in plasma
01:11:16 Gradients
01:12:36 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
The speed of sound is the distance travelled per unit time by a sound wave as it propagates through an elastic medium. At 20 °C (68 °F), the speed of sound in air is about 343 metres per second (1,235 km/h; 1,125 ft/s; 767 mph; 667 kn), or a kilometre in 2.9 s or a mile in 4.7 s. It depends strongly on temperature, but also varies by several metres per second, depending on which gases exist in the medium through which a soundwave is propagating.
The speed of sound in an ideal gas depends only on its temperature and composition. The speed has a weak dependence on frequency and pressure in ordinary air, deviating slightly from ideal behavior.
In common everyday speech, speed of sound refers to the speed of sound waves in air. However, the speed of sound varies from substance to substance: sound travels most slowly in gases; it travels faster in liquids; and faster still in solids. For example, (as noted above), sound travels at 343 m/s in air; it travels at 1,480 m/s in water (4.3 times as fast as in air); and at 5,120 m/s in iron (about 15 times as fast as in air). In an exce ...