Reconquista | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-03

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista


00:02:17 1 Concept and duration
00:05:34 2 Background
00:05:43 2.1 Landing in Visigothic Hispania and initial expansion
00:06:35 2.2 Islamic rule
00:09:43 3 Reconquista
00:09:52 3.1 Beginning of the iReconquista/i
00:12:46 3.2 Franks and Al-Andalus
00:13:39 3.2.1 Pepin the Younger and Charlemagne
00:18:04 3.3 Expansion into the Crusades and military orders
00:20:21 4 Christian military culture in medieval Iberia
00:21:27 4.1 Cavalry and infantry
00:24:22 4.2 Technological changes
00:25:37 5 Northern Christian realms
00:26:14 5.1 Kingdom of Asturias (718–924)
00:30:04 5.2 Kingdom of León (910–1230)
00:32:27 5.3 Kingdom of Castile (1037–1230)
00:34:27 5.4 Kingdom of Navarre (824–1620)
00:35:43 5.5 Kingdom of Aragon (1035–1706)
00:37:18 5.6 Kingdom of Portugal (1139–1910)
00:39:49 5.7 Other
00:40:08 6 Christian infighting
00:41:54 7 Christian repopulation of Iberian Peninsula
00:44:56 8 Muslim decline and defeat
00:45:06 8.1 Fall of the Caliphate
00:46:50 8.2 Almoravids
00:48:19 8.3 Almohads
00:48:51 8.4 Granada War and the end of Muslim rule in Iberia
00:50:06 9 Conversions and expulsions
00:51:09 9.1 Spanish Inquisition
00:52:47 10 Classifications and later consequences
00:54:30 11 Legacy
00:55:51 11.1 Festivals in modern Spain and Portugal
00:56:23 11.2 Persistent effects
00:57:12 11.3 Reverberations
00:58:33 12 Timeline of major dates
01:02:07 13 See also
01:02:16 13.1 History



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
Speaking Rate: 0.9898759367431894
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-B


"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
The Reconquista (Portuguese and Spanish for "reconquest") was the period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula of about 780 years between the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711 and the fall of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada to the expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492.
The beginning of the Reconquista is traditionally marked with the Battle of Covadonga (718 or 722), the first known victory in Hispania by Christian military forces since the 711 military invasion undertaken by combined Arab-Berber forces. In that small battle, a group led by the nobleman Pelagius defeated a Muslim patrol in the mountains of northern Iberia and established the independent Christian Kingdom of Asturias. In the late 10th century, the Umayyad vizier Almanzor waged military campaigns for 30 years to subjugate the northern Christian kingdoms. His armies, mostly composed of Slavic and African Mamluks (slave soldiers), ravaged the north, even sacking the great shrine of Santiago de Compostela. 
When the government of Córdoba disintegrated in the early 11th century, a series of petty successor states known as taifas emerged. The northern kingdoms took advantage of this situation and struck deep into Al-Andalus; they fostered civil war, intimidated the weakened taifas, and made them pay large tributes (parias) for protection. After a Muslim resurgence in the 12th century the great Moorish strongholds in the south fell to Christian forces in the 13th century—Córdoba in 1236 and Seville in 1248—leaving only the Muslim enclave of Granada as a tributary state in the south. After 1491, the entire peninsula was controlled by Christian rulers. The conquest was followed by the Alhambra Decree (1492) which expelled Jews who would not convert to Christianity from Castile and Aragon, and a series of edicts (1499–1526) which forced the conversions of the Muslims in Spain, although later a significant part of them were expelled from the Iberian Peninsula.Traditional historiography uses the term Reconquista starting at 19th century for what was earlier thought of as a restoration of the Visigothic Kingdom over conquered territories. The concept of Reconquista, consolidated in Spanish historiography in the second half of the 19th century, was associated with the development of a Spanish national identity, emphasizing natio ...