UQx DENIAL101x 6.3.1.1 Inoculation Theory
Channel: UQx Denial101x Making Sense of Climate Science Denial
Date: 2015-06-02

John Cook outlines how to stop science denial: by exposing people to weak forms of science denial. This is the findings of inoculation theory, a branch of psychological research that applies the metaphor of inoculation to knowledge. Subtitles available in ENGLISH and SLOVENIAN.

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References for this video:

Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., Richey, S., & Freed, G. L. (2014). Effective messages in vaccine promotion: a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 133(4), e835-e842. http://web.missouri.edu/~segerti/3830/Pediatrics-2014-Nyhan-e835-42.pdf

Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2010). When corrections fail: The persistence of political misperceptions. Political Behavior, 32(2), 303-330. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2

Hart, P. S., & Nisbet, E. C. (2011). Boomerang effects in science communication: How motivated reasoning and identity cues amplify opinion polarization about climate mitigation policies. Communication Research, 0093650211416646. http://climateshiftproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/HartNisbet2011_BoomerangeEffectsClimate_CommunicationResearch.pdf

(reference specifically about inoculation and climate science)
Leviston, Z., Walker, I., & Morwinski, S. (2013). Your opinion on climate change might not be as common as you think. Nature Climate Change, 3(4), 334-337. http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v3/n4/full/nclimate1743.html

(demonstrating that misinformation matters)
Malka, A., Krosnick, J. A., Debell, M., Pasek, J., & Schneider, D. (2009). Featuring skeptics in news media stories about global warming reduces public beliefs in the seriousness of global warming. Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Technical Paper https://woods.stanford.edu/news-events/news/featuring-skeptics-news-media-stories-reduces-public-beliefs-seriousness-global

Clark, D., Ranney, M. A., & Felipe, J. (2013). Knowledge helps: Mechanistic information and numeric evidence as cognitive levers to overcome stasis and build public consensus on climate change. In Proceedings of the 35th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society (pp. 2070-2075). http://csjarchive.cogsci.rpi.edu/Proceedings/2013/papers/0381/paper0381.pdf

(Over 50 years ago)
McGuire, W. J., & Papageorgis, D. (1961). The relative efficacy of various types of prior belief-defense in producing immunity against persuasion. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62(2), 327. http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/abn/62/2/327/

Tippett, C. D. (2010). Refutation text in science education: A review of two decades of research. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 8(6), 951-970. http://www.elainegalvin.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Refutation-text-in-Science-Education.pdf

(A study done with 1st year psychology students)
Kowalski, P., & Taylor, A. K. (2009). The effect of refuting misconceptions in the introductory psychology class. Teaching of Psychology, 36(3), 153-159. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00986280902959986#.VSKm9JM9rEZ

(Study of physics students)
Muller, D. A., Bewes, J., Sharma, M. D., & Reimann, P. (2008). Saying the wrong thing: Improving learning with multimedia by including misconceptions. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 24(2), 144-155. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2007.00248.x/abstract