Electron cloud | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-13

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_orbital


00:01:12 1 Electron properties
00:03:02 1.1 Formal quantum mechanical definition
00:03:11 1.2 Types of orbitals
00:06:22 2 History
00:09:37 2.1 Early models
00:12:47 2.2 Bohr atom
00:13:41 2.3 Modern conceptions and connections to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle
00:15:28 3 Orbital names
00:19:23 3.1 Orbital notation
00:20:06 3.2 X-ray notation
00:20:19 4 Hydrogen-like orbitals
00:20:51 5 Quantum numbers
00:23:36 5.1 Complex orbitals
00:23:45 5.2 Real orbitals
00:24:44 6 Shapes of orbitals
00:25:00 6.1 Orbitals table
00:25:30 6.2 Qualitative understanding of shapes
00:25:45 7 Orbital energy
00:28:37 8 Electron placement and the periodic table
00:29:13 8.1 Relativistic effects
00:34:30 9 Transitions between orbitals
00:34:59 10 See also
00:37:27 11 References
00:37:43 12 Further reading
00:39:11 13 External links
00:41:48 0 the orbital is vertical, counter rotating information is unknown, and the orbital is z-axis symmetric. For the case where ℓ
00:44:03 1 it is roughly a solid ball (it is most dense at the center and fades exponentially outwardly), but for n
00:49:11 Orbitals table
00:50:14 Qualitative understanding of shapes
00:55:04 Orbital energy
01:00:12 Electron placement and the periodic table
01:04:47 Relativistic effects
01:08:13 Transitions between orbitals
01:08:57 1, ℓ
01:09:08 0 and s
01:09:21 2, ℓ
01:09:32 0 and s



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SUMMARY
=======
In atomic theory and quantum mechanics, an atomic orbital is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of either one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom. This function can be used to calculate the probability of finding any electron of an atom in any specific region around the atom's nucleus. The term atomic orbital may also refer to the physical region or space where the electron can be calculated to be present, as defined by the particular mathematical form of the orbital.Each orbital in an atom is characterized by a unique set of values of the three quantum numbers n, ℓ, and m, which respectively correspond to the electron's energy, angular momentum, and an angular momentum vector component (the magnetic quantum number). Each such orbital can be occupied by a maximum of two electrons, each with its own spin quantum number s. The simple names s orbital, p orbital, d orbital and f orbital refer to orbitals with angular momentum quantum number ℓ = 0, 1, 2 and 3 respectively. These names, together with the value of n, are used to describe the electron configurations of atoms. They are derived from the description by early spectroscopists of certain series of alkali metal spectroscopic lines as sharp, principal, diffuse, and fundamental. Orbitals for ℓ  3 continue alphabetically, omitting j (g, h, i, k, ...) because some languages do not distinguish between the letters "i" and "j".Atomic orbitals are the basic building blocks of the atomic orbital model (alternatively known as the electron cloud or wave mechanics model), a modern framework for visualizing the submicroscopic behavior of electrons in matter. In this model the electron cloud of a multi-electron atom may be seen as being built up (in approximation) in an electron configuration that is a product of simpler hydrogen-like atomic orbitals. The repeating periodicity of the blocks of 2, 6, 10, and 14 elements within sections of the periodic table arises naturally from the total number of electrons that occupy a complete set of s, p, d and f atomic orbitals, respectively, although for higher values of the quantum number n, particularly when the atom in question bears a positive charge, the energies of certain sub-shells become very similar and so the order in which they are said to be populated by electrons (e.g. Cr = [Ar]4s13d5 and Cr2+ = [Ar]3d4) can o ...