Deuterium | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Deuterium


00:02:48 1 Differences from common hydrogen (protium)
00:02:58 1.1 Chemical symbol
00:03:58 1.2 Spectroscopy
00:06:10 1.3 Big Bang nucleosynthesis
00:08:36 1.4 Abundance
00:12:46 1.5 Production
00:14:09 2 Properties
00:14:18 2.1 Physical properties
00:16:14 2.2 Quantum properties
00:16:55 2.3 Nuclear properties (the deuteron)
00:17:20 2.3.1 Deuteron mass and radius
00:17:30 2.3.2 Spin and energy
00:17:43 2.3.3 Isospin singlet state of the deuteron
00:18:30 2.3.4 Approximated wavefunction of the deuteron
00:20:06 2.3.5 Magnetic and electric multipoles
00:22:01 3 Applications
00:24:03 3.1 Nuclear reactors
00:24:27 3.2 NMR spectroscopy
00:24:39 3.3 Tracing
00:25:02 3.4 Contrast properties
00:25:12 3.5 Nuclear weapons
00:25:25 3.6 Drugs
00:26:00 3.7 Reinforced essential nutrients
00:26:11 4 History
00:26:27 4.1 Suspicion of lighter element isotopes
00:26:43 4.2 Deuterium detected
00:26:54 4.3 Naming of the isotope and Nobel Prize
00:27:34 4.4 "Heavy water" experiments in World War II
00:27:46 4.5 In thermonuclear weapons
00:32:37 4.6 Modern research
00:33:21 5 Data for elemental deuterium
00:34:31 6 Antideuterium
00:35:00 7 See also
00:35:12 8 References
00:36:21 9 External links
00:36:35 undefined
00:37:45 undefined
00:39:15 undefined
00:41:27 undefined
00:42:23 undefined
00:43:00 undefined
00:43:32 undefined
00:44:21 undefined
00:44:30 undefined
00:45:26 undefined
00:46:16 undefined
00:47:54 undefined
00:49:41 undefined
00:51:21 undefined
00:51:52 undefined
00:53:15 undefined
00:53:56 undefined



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuKfABj2eGyjH3ntPxp4YeQ

You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts



"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Deuterium (or hydrogen-2, symbol D or 2H, also known as heavy hydrogen) is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen (the other being protium, or hydrogen-1). The nucleus of deuterium, called a deuteron, contains one proton and one neutron, whereas the far more common protium has no neutron in the nucleus. Deuterium has a natural abundance in Earth's oceans of about one atom in 6420 of hydrogen. Thus deuterium accounts for approximately 0.0156% (or, on a mass basis, 0.0312%) of all the naturally occurring hydrogen in the oceans, while protium accounts for more than 99.98%. The abundance of deuterium changes slightly from one kind of natural water to another (see Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water).
The deuterium isotope's name is formed from the Greek deuteros, meaning "second", to denote the two particles composing the nucleus. Deuterium was discovered and named in 1931 by Harold Urey. When the neutron was discovered in 1932, this made the nuclear structure of deuterium obvious, and Urey won the Nobel Prize in 1934. Soon after deuterium's discovery, Urey and others produced samples of "heavy water" in which the deuterium content had been highly concentrated.
Deuterium is destroyed in the interiors of stars faster than it is produced. Other natural processes are thought to produce only an insignificant amount of deuterium. Nearly all deuterium found in nature was produced in the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago, as the basic or primordial ratio of hydrogen-1 to deuterium (about 26 atoms of deuterium per million hydrogen atoms) has its origin from that time. This is the ratio found in the gas giant planets, such as Jupiter. However, other astronomical bodies are found to have different ratios of deuterium to hydrogen-1. This is thought to be a result of natural isotope separation processes that occur from solar heating of ices in comets. Like the water cycle in Earth's weather, such heating processes may enrich deuterium with respect to protium. The analysis of deuterium/protium ratios in comets found results very similar to the mean ratio in Earth's oceans (156 atoms of deuterium per million hydrogens). This reinforces theories that much of Earth's ocean water is of cometary origin.  The deuterium/protium ratio of the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, as measured by the Rosetta space probe, is about three times that of earth water. This figure is the highest yet measured in a comet ...