Constantine the Great | Wikipedia audio article
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Date: 2018-11-24

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Constantine the Great

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SUMMARY
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Constantine the Great (Latin: Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus Augustus; Greek: Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Μέγας; 27 February c. 272 AD – 22 May 337 AD), also known as Constantine I, was a Roman Emperor who ruled between 306 and 337 AD.  Born on the territory now known as Niš (Serbian Cyrillic: Ниш, located in Serbia), he was the son of Flavius Valerius Constantius, a Roman Army officer.  His mother was Empress Helena.  His father became Caesar, the deputy emperor in the west, in 293 AD.  Constantine was sent east, where he rose through the ranks to become a military tribune under Emperors Diocletian and Galerius.  In 305, Constantius raised himself to the rank of Augustus, senior western emperor, and Constantine was recalled west to campaign under his father in Britannia (Britain).  Constantine was acclaimed as emperor by the army at Eboracum (modern-day York) after his father's death in 306 AD.  He emerged victorious in a series of civil wars against Emperors Maxentius and Licinius to become sole ruler of both west and east by 324 AD.
As emperor, Constantine enacted administrative, financial, social, and military reforms to strengthen the empire.  He restructured the government, separating civil and military authorities.  To combat inflation he introduced the solidus, a new gold coin that became the standard for Byzantine and European currencies for more than a thousand years.  The Roman army was reorganised to consist of mobile field units and garrison soldiers capable of countering internal threats and barbarian invasions.  Constantine pursued successful campaigns against the tribes on the Roman frontiers—the Franks, the Alamanni, the Goths, and the Sarmatians—even resettling territories abandoned by his predecessors during the Crisis of the Third Century.
Constantine was the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity.  Although he lived most of his life as a pagan, he joined the Christian faith on his deathbed, being baptised by Eusebius of Nicomedia.  He played an influential role in the proclamation of the Edict of Milan in 313, which declared religious tolerance for Christianity in the Roman empire.  He called the First Council of Nicaea in 325, which produced the statement of Christian belief known as the Nicene Creed.  The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was built on his orders at the purported site of Jesus' tomb in Jerusalem and became the holiest place in Christendom.  The Papal claim to temporal power in the High Middle Ages was based on the forged Donation of Constantine.  He is venerated as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches.  He has historically been referred to as the "First Christian Emperor", and he did heavily promote the Christian Church.  Some modern scholars, however, debate his beliefs and even his comprehension of the Christian faith itself.The age of Constantine marked a distinct epoch in the history of the Roman Empire.  He built a new imperial residence at Byzantium and renamed the city Constantinople (now Istanbul) after himself (the laudatory epithet of "New Rome" came later, and was never an official title).  It became the capital of the Empire for more than a thousand years, with the later eastern Roman Empire now being referred to as the Byzantine Empire by historians.  His more immediate political legacy was that he replaced Diocletian's tetrarchy with the principle of dynastic succession by leaving the empire to his sons.  His reputation flourished during the lifetime of his children and for centuries after his reign.  The medieval church upheld him as a paragon of virtue, while secular rulers invoked him as a prototype, a point of reference, and the symbol of imperial legitimacy and identity.  Beginning with the Renaissance, there were more critical appraisals of his reign, due to the rediscovery of anti-Constantinian sources.  Trends in modern and recent scholarship have a ...