Chemical dependency | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-07

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_dependence


00:01:50 1 Withdrawal
00:03:13 2 Risk factors
00:03:22 2.1 Dependence potential
00:04:11 2.2 Capture rates
00:04:30 3 Biomolecular mechanisms
00:04:41 3.1 Psychological dependence
00:07:27 3.2 Physical dependence
00:09:08 4 Diagnosis
00:09:17 4.1 DSM classification
00:11:00 5 Management
00:14:35 5.1 Residential
00:19:27 5.2 Behavioral programming
00:20:40 5.3 Alternative therapies
00:21:39 6 Treatment and issues
00:23:06 6.1 Cognitive approach
00:24:32 6.2 Medicinal approach
00:26:05 7 History
00:28:39 8 Society and culture
00:28:49 8.1 Demographics
00:31:48 8.2 Legislation
00:34:11 8.2.1 United States
00:36:59 9 See also



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SUMMARY
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Substance dependence, also known as drug dependence, is an adaptive state that develops from repeated drug administration, and which results in withdrawal upon cessation of drug use. A drug addiction, a distinct concept from substance dependence, is defined as compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. An addictive drug is a drug which is both rewarding and reinforcing. ΔFosB, a gene transcription factor, is now known to be a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral addiction and drug addictions, but not dependence.
Within the framework of the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), substance dependence is redefined as a drug addiction, and can be diagnosed without the occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome. It was described accordingly: "When an individual persists in use of alcohol or other drugs despite problems related to use of the substance, substance dependence may be diagnosed. Compulsive and repetitive use may result in tolerance to the effect of the drug and withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or stopped. This, along with Substance Abuse are considered Substance Use Disorders." In the DSM-5 (released in 2013), substance abuse and substance dependence have been merged into the category of substance use disorders and they no longer exist as individual diagnosis.