Justice | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice


00:01:49 1 Harmony
00:03:53 2 Divine command
00:05:23 3 Natural law
00:06:19 3.1 Despotism and skepticism
00:06:42 3.2 Mutual agreement
00:07:21 3.3 Subordinate value
00:08:54 4 Theories of distributive justice
00:10:16 4.1 Social justice
00:11:54 4.2 Fairness
00:15:33 4.3 Property rights
00:17:53 4.4 Welfare-maximization
00:18:58 5 Theories of retributive justice
00:19:43 5.1 Utilitarianism
00:21:42 5.2 Retributivism
00:22:48 5.3 Restorative justice
00:23:50 5.4 Mixed theories
00:24:28 6 Theories
00:24:37 6.1 Rawls' theory of justice
00:26:17 6.2 Equality before the law
00:27:16 6.3 Classical liberalism
00:27:46 6.4 Religion and spirituality
00:27:56 6.4.1 Abrahamic justice
00:29:21 6.5 Theories of sentencing
00:30:55 6.6 Evolutionary perspectives
00:31:31 6.7 Reactions to fairness
00:32:22 6.8 Institutions and justice
00:33:16 7 See also
00:33:25 7.1 Other pages



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SUMMARY
=======
Justice is the legal or philosophical theory by which fairness is administered. As with most philosophically-driven disciplines, the concept of justice differs in every culture. An early theory of justice was set out by the Ancient Greek philosopher Plato in his work The Republic. Advocates of divine command theory say that justice issues from God. In the 17th century, theorists like John Locke advocated natural rights as a derivative of justice. Thinkers in the social contract tradition state that justice is derived from the mutual agreement of everyone concerned. In the 19th century, utilitarian thinkers including John Stuart Mill said that justice is what has the best consequences. Theories of distributive justice concern what is distributed, between whom they are to be distributed, and what is the proper distribution. Egalitarians state that justice can only exist within the coordinates of equality. John Rawls used a theory of social contract to show that justice, and especially distributive justice, is a form of fairness. Property rights theorists (like Robert Nozick) take a deontological view of distributive justice and state that property rights-based justice maximizes the overall wealth of an economic system. Theories of retributive justice are concerned with punishment for wrongdoing. Restorative justice (also sometimes called "reparative justice") is an approach to justice that focuses on restoring what is good, and necessarily focuses on the needs of victims and offenders.