Pharmaceutical | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication


00:02:06 1 Definition
00:03:38 2 Usage
00:04:27 3 Classification
00:06:58 4 Types of medicines
00:07:08 4.1 For the digestive system
00:07:42 4.2 For the cardiovascular system
00:08:43 4.3 For the central nervous system
00:09:39 4.4 For pain
00:10:04 4.5 For musculo-skeletal disorders
00:10:28 4.6 For the eye
00:11:31 4.7 For the ear, nose and oropharynx
00:11:56 4.8 For the respiratory system
00:12:22 4.9 For endocrine problems
00:12:54 4.10 For the reproductive system or urinary system
00:13:22 4.11 For contraception
00:13:38 4.12 For obstetrics and gynecology
00:14:18 4.13 For the skin
00:14:55 4.14 For infections and infestations
00:15:23 4.15 For the immune system
00:15:40 4.16 For allergic disorders
00:15:56 4.17 For nutrition
00:16:20 4.18 For neoplastic disorders
00:16:43 4.19 For diagnostics
00:16:55 4.20 For euthanasia
00:17:19 5 Administration
00:18:23 6 Drug discovery
00:21:20 7 Development
00:21:52 8 Regulation
00:25:04 9 Drug pricing
00:25:18 9.1 United Kingdom
00:26:03 9.2 Canada
00:26:53 9.3 Brazil
00:27:12 9.4 India
00:27:28 9.5 United States
00:27:57 10 Blockbuster drug
00:29:06 11 History
00:29:15 11.1 Prescription drug history
00:36:03 11.2 Ancient pharmacology
00:38:08 11.3 Medieval pharmacology
00:39:12 11.4 Modern pharmacology
00:43:40 12 Controversies
00:44:01 12.1 Access to unapproved drugs
00:46:23 12.2 Access to medicines and drug pricing
00:49:10 12.3 Environmental issues



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SUMMARY
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A medication (also referred to as medicine, pharmaceutical drug, or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease. Drug therapy (pharmacotherapy) is an important part of the medical field and relies on the science of pharmacology for continual advancement and on pharmacy for appropriate management.
Drugs are classified in various ways. One of the key divisions is by level of control, which distinguishes prescription drugs (those that a pharmacist dispenses only on the order of a physician, physician assistant, or qualified nurse) from over-the-counter drugs (those that consumers can order for themselves). Another key distinction is between traditional small-molecule drugs, usually derived from chemical synthesis, and biopharmaceuticals, which include recombinant proteins, vaccines, blood products used therapeutically (such as IVIG), gene therapy, monoclonal antibodies and cell therapy (for instance, stem-cell therapies). Other ways to classify medicines are by mode of action, route of administration, biological system affected, or therapeutic effects. An elaborate and widely used classification system is the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC system). The World Health Organization keeps a list of essential medicines.
Drug discovery and drug development are complex and expensive endeavors undertaken by pharmaceutical companies, academic scientists, and governments. As a result of this complex path from discovery to commercialization, partnering has become a standard practice for advancing drug candidates through development pipelines.  Governments generally regulate what drugs can be marketed, how drugs are marketed, and in some jurisdictions, drug pricing.   Controversies have arisen over drug pricing and disposal of used drugs.