History of the Republic of China | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-26

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_China


00:03:04 1 Early republic (1912–1916)
00:03:16 1.1 Founding of the republic
00:07:57 1.2 Early republic
00:09:36 1.3 Journalism
00:10:42 1.4 Second Revolution
00:13:46 1.5 Mass banditry, Yuan Shikai and the National Protection War
00:18:59 2 Warlord Era (1916–1928)
00:19:45 2.1 World War I and brief Manchu restoration
00:23:01 2.2 Constitutional Protection War
00:25:27 2.3 May Fourth Movement
00:26:32 2.4 Fight against warlordism and the First United Front
00:30:05 2.5 Chiang consolidates power
00:33:19 3 Nanjing decade (1928–1937)
00:36:17 4 Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)
00:41:23 5 Chinese Civil War (1945–1949)
00:46:12 6 Republic of China only controls Taiwan (after 1949)
00:46:26 6.1 Cross-straits relations and international position in 1949–1970
00:53:45 6.2 Tensions between Mainlanders and people of Taiwan
00:57:42 6.3 Economic developments
00:59:08 6.4 Diplomatic setbacks
01:00:40 6.5 Democratic reforms
01:06:51 6.6 Political transition
01:13:24 7 See also



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SUMMARY
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The History of the Republic of China begins after the Qing dynasty in 1912, when the formation of the Republic of China as a constitutional republic put an end to 4,000 years of Imperial rule. The Qing dynasty, (also known as the Manchu dynasty), ruled from 1644–1912. The Republic had experienced many trials and tribulations after its founding which included being dominated by elements as disparate as warlord generals and foreign powers.
In 1928, the Republic was nominally unified under the Kuomintang (KMT)—Chinese Nationalist Party—after the Northern Expedition, and was in the early stages of industrialization and modernization when it was caught in the conflicts among the Kuomintang government, the Communist Party of China, (founded 1921), which was converted into a nationalist party;  local warlords, and the Empire of Japan. Most nation-building efforts were stopped during the full-scale Second Sino-Japanese War / War of Resistance against Japan from 1937 to 1945, and later the widening gap between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party made a coalition government impossible, causing the resumption of the Chinese Civil War, in 1946, shortly after the Japanese surrender to the Americans and the Western Allies in September 1945.
A series of political, economic and military missteps led to the KMT's defeat and its retreat to Taiwan (formerly "Formosa") in 1949, where it established an authoritarian one-party state continuing under Generalissimo/President Chiang Kai-shek. This state considered itself to be the continuing sole legitimate ruler of all of China, referring to the communist government or "regime" as illegitimate, a so-called "People's Republic of China" declared in Beijing (Peking) by Mao Zedong in 1949, as "mainland China", "Communist China, or "Red China". Although supported for many years, even decades by many nations especially with the support of the United States who established a 1954 Mutual Defense treaty, as the decades passed, since political liberalization began in the late 1960s, the PRC was able after a constant yearly campaign in the United Nations to finally get approval in 1971, to take the seat for "China" in the General Assembly, and more importantly, be seated as one of the five permanent members of the Security Council.  After recovering from this shock of rejection by its former allies and liberalization in the late 1970s from the Nationalist authoritarian government and following the death of Chiang Kai-shek, the Republic of China has transformed itself into a multiparty, representative democracy on Taiwan and  given more representation to those native Taiwanese, whose ancestors predate the 1949 mainland evacuation.