Melancholic Ringtone [WITH FREE DOWNLOAD LINK IN THE DESCRIPTION]
Channel: Minim Ringtones
Date: 2023-09-09

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Melancholia or melancholy (from Greek: µέλαινα χολή melaina chole,[1] meaning black bile)[2] is a concept found throughout ancient, medieval and premodern medicine in Europe that describes a condition characterized by markedly depressed mood, bodily complaints, and sometimes hallucinations and delusions.

Melancholy was regarded as one of the four temperaments matching the four humours.[3] Until the 18th century, doctors and other scholars classified melancholic conditions as such by their perceived common cause – an excess of a notional fluid known as "black bile", which was commonly linked to the spleen.

Between the late 18th and late 19th centuries, melancholia was a common medical diagnosis, and modern concepts of depression as a mood disorder eventually arose from this historical context.[4]

Related concepts in historical medicine include: lugubriousness, from Latin lugere, "to mourn"; moroseness, from Latin morosus, "self-will or fastidious habit"; wistfulness, from obsolete English whist; and saturnineness, from Latin Sāturnīnus, "under the influence of the planet Saturn."The name "melancholia" comes from the old medical belief of the four humours: disease or ailment being caused by an imbalance in one or more of the four basic bodily liquids, or humours. Personality types were similarly determined by the dominant humor in a particular person. According to Hippocrates and subsequent tradition, melancholia was caused by an excess of black bile,[5] hence the name, which means "black bile", from Ancient Greek μέλας (melas), "dark, black",[6] and χολή (kholé), "bile";[7] a person whose constitution tended to have a preponderance of black bile had a melancholic disposition. In the complex elaboration of humorist theory, it was associated with the earth from the Four Elements, the season of autumn, the spleen as the originating organ and cold and dry as related qualities. In astrology it showed the influence of Saturn, hence the related adjective saturnine.

Melancholia was described as a distinct disease with particular mental and physical symptoms in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. Hippocrates, in his Aphorisms, characterized all "fears and despondencies, if they last a long time" as being symptomatic of melancholia.[8] Other symptoms mentioned by Hippocrates include: poor appetite, abulia, sleeplessness, irritability, agitation.[9] The Hippocratic clinical description of melancholia shows significant overlaps with contemporary nosography of depressive syndromes (6 symptoms out of the 9 included in DSM [10] diagnostic criteria for a Major Depressive).[11]

In the common era, Galen added "fixed delusions" to the set of symptoms listed by Hippocrates. Galen also believed that melancholia caused cancer.[12] Aretaeus of Cappadocia, in turn, believed that melancholia involved both a state of anguish, and a delusion.[13]

In the 10th century Persian physician Al-Akhawayni Bokhari described melancholia as a chronic illness caused by the impact of black bile on the brain.[14] He described melancholia's initial clinical manifestations as "suffering from an unexplained fear, inability to answer questions or providing false answers, self-laughing and self-crying and speaking meaninglessly, yet with no fever."[15]

In Middle-Ages Europe, the humoral, somatic paradigm for understanding sustained sadness lost primacy in front of the prevailing religious perspective.[16][17] Sadness came to be a vice (λύπη in the Greek vice list by Evagrius Ponticus,[18] tristitia vel acidia in the 7 vice list by Gregorius Magnus).[19] When a patient could not be cured of the disease it was thought that the melancholia was a result of demonic possession.For the purposes of medical diagnostic classification, the terms "melancholia" the "melancholic" are still in use (for example, in ICD-11 and DSM-5) to specify certain features that may be present in major depression, such as:[43][44]

severely depressed mood, wherein the person often feels despondent, forlorn, disconsolate, or empty
pervasive anhedonia – loss of interest or pleasure in most activities that are normally enjoyable
lack of emotional responsiveness (mood does not brighten, even briefly) to normally pleasurable stimuli (such as food or entertainment) or situations (such as warm, affectionate interactions with friends or family)
terminal insomnia – unwanted early morning awakening (two or more hours earlier than normal)
marked psychomotor retardation or agitation
marked loss of appetite or weight loss
In May 2020, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a twelve part series titled "The New Anatomy of Melancholy", looking at depression from the perspectives of Richard Burton's 1621 book "The Anatomy of Melancholy

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