War crimes | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-05

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
War crimes


00:01:37 1 History
00:01:45 1.1 Early examples
00:02:32 1.2 Hague Conventions
00:03:00 1.3 Geneva Conventions
00:05:57 1.4 Leipzig War Crimes Trial
00:06:16 1.5 London Charter / Nuremberg Trials 1945
00:06:50 1.6 International Military Tribunal for the Far East 1946
00:07:26 1.7 International Criminal Court 2002
00:09:46 2 Prominent indictees
00:09:55 2.1 Heads of state and government
00:12:27 2.2 Other prominent indictees
00:13:55 3 Definition
00:20:12 4 See also
00:20:21 4.1 Country listings
00:21:17 4.2 Legal issues
00:21:55 4.3 Miscellaneous
00:23:18 5 Footnotes
00:23:26 6 Further reading
00:25:02 7 External links



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SUMMARY
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A war crime is an act that constitutes a serious violation of the laws of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility. Examples of war crimes include intentionally killing civilians or prisoners, torturing, destroying civilian property, taking hostages, performing a perfidy, raping, using child soldiers, pillaging, declaring that no quarter will be given, and seriously violating the principles of distinction and proportionality, such as strategic bombing of civilian populations.The concept of war crimes emerged at the turn of the twentieth century when the body of customary international law applicable to warfare between sovereign states was codified. Such codification occurred at the national level, such as with the publication of the Lieber Code in the United States, and at the international level with the adoption of the treaties during the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. Moreover, trials in national courts during this period further helped clarify the law. Following the end of World War II, major developments in the law occurred. Numerous trials of Axis war criminals established the Nuremberg principles, such as notion that war crimes constituted crimes defined by international law. Additionally, the Geneva Conventions in 1949 defined new war crimes and established that states could exercise universal jurisdiction over such crimes. In the late 20th century and early 21st century, following the creation of several international courts, additional categories of war crimes applicable to armed conflicts other than those between states, such as civil wars, were defined.