Presidency of Herbert Hoover | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-04

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Presidency of Herbert Hoover


00:02:49 1 Election of 1928
00:06:09 2 Latin America tour
00:06:55 3 Inauguration
00:08:31 4 Administration
00:08:41 4.1 Cabinet
00:10:23 4.2 Press corps
00:11:10 5 Judicial appointments
00:12:48 6 Domestic affairs
00:13:50 6.1 Agriculture
00:16:18 6.2 Great Depression
00:16:27 6.2.1 Onset
00:18:53 6.2.2 Early response
00:22:01 6.2.3 1930 midterm elections
00:23:10 6.2.4 Later response
00:26:39 6.3 Taxes and deficits
00:28:10 6.4 Labor
00:29:00 6.5 Prohibition
00:30:47 6.6 Civil rights
00:32:21 6.7 Bonus Army
00:33:30 6.8 Twentieth Amendment
00:35:08 7 Foreign affairs
00:35:45 7.1 Mulilateral agreements
00:37:19 7.2 Reparations
00:38:42 7.3 Latin America
00:39:34 7.4 Affairs in the Pacific
00:41:01 8 Election of 1932
00:44:55 9 Post-election period
00:46:25 10 Historical reputation



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SUMMARY
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The presidency of Herbert Hoover began on March 4, 1929, when Herbert Hoover was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1933. Hoover, a Republican, took office after a landslide victory in the 1928 presidential election over Democrat Al Smith of New York. At the time of his election he was the nation's Secretary of Commerce, a position he had held since March 1921. Hoover, the 31st United States president, was defeated when he ran for re-election against Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York in the 1932 presidential election.
Hoover was the third straight Republican president, and he retained many of the previous administration's policies and personnel, including Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon. Hoover favored policies in which government, business, and labor worked together to contribute in the pursuit of economic prosperity, but he generally opposed a direct role for the federal government in the economy. Seeking to address an ongoing farm crisis, Hoover signed the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929. He also signed the Davis–Bacon Act of 1931, which instituted an eight-hour day for government contractors, and the Norris–La Guardia Act, which banned yellow-dog contracts. Seeking to garner support with white Southerners, Hoover opposed federal anti-lynching legislation. Hoover favored non-interventionism in Latin America, and he pursued disarmament policies with the London Naval Treaty.
When the Wall Street Crash of 1929 struck less than eight months after he took office, Hoover tried to combat the ensuing Great Depression by reassuring public confidence and working with business leaders and local government. Hoover at first believed that the country was suffering a mild recession, and he resisted proposals to abandon the gold standard or implement federal relief programs. As the depression continued, Hoover reluctantly gave into calls for direct federal intervention, establishing the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. He also approved the Smoot–Hawley Tariff of 1930, which diminished international trade. Hoover believed that it was essential to balance the budget despite falling tax revenue, and he raised taxes with the Revenue Act of 1932. Economic conditions continued to decline, and the unemployment rate rose to 25%, with heavy industry, mining, and wheat and cotton farming hit especially hard.
The ailing economy, combined with Hoover's handling of the Bonus Army and continuing support for unpopular Prohibition policies, set the stage for Hoover's overwhelming defeat in 1932. Hoover is usually ranked lower than average among U.S. presidents.  With the end of his presidency came the close of an era in American political history from the mid–1890s to 1932 that was generally dominated by the Republican Party.