Barrier jet | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-02

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_stream


00:03:17 1 Discovery
00:05:30 2 Description
00:09:16 3 Cause
00:12:02 3.1 Polar jet stream
00:13:22 3.2 Subtropical jet
00:14:20 3.3 Other planets
00:15:03 4 Some effects
00:15:13 4.1 Hurricane protection
00:15:54 5 Uses
00:16:35 5.1 Aviation
00:18:06 5.2 Possible future power generation
00:19:06 5.3 Unpowered aerial attack
00:19:42 6 Changes due to climate cycles
00:19:53 6.1 Effects of ENSO
00:20:44 6.1.1 El Niño
00:22:15 6.1.2 La Niña
00:23:04 6.2 Dust Bowl
00:23:50 7 Longer-term climatic changes
00:25:51 8 Other upper-level jets
00:26:01 8.1 Polar night jet
00:27:18 9 Low-level jets
00:27:35 9.1 Barrier jet
00:28:29 9.2 Valley exit jet
00:29:33 9.3 Africa
00:30:24 10 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Jet streams are fast flowing, narrow, meandering air currents in the atmospheres of some planets, including Earth. On Earth, the main jet streams are located near the altitude of the tropopause and are westerly winds (flowing west to east). Their paths typically have a meandering shape. Jet streams may start, stop, split into two or more parts, combine into one stream, or flow in various directions including opposite to the direction of the remainder of the jet.
The strongest jet streams are the polar jets, at 9–12 km (30,000–39,000 ft) above sea level, and the higher altitude and somewhat weaker subtropical jets at 10–16 km (33,000–52,000 ft). The Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere  each have a polar jet and a subtropical jet. The northern hemisphere polar jet flows over the middle to northern latitudes of North America, Europe, and Asia and their intervening oceans, while the southern hemisphere polar jet mostly circles Antarctica all year round.
Jet streams are the product of two factors: the atmospheric heating by solar radiation that produces the large-scale Polar, Ferrel, and Hadley circulation cells, and the action of the Coriolis force acting on those moving masses. The Coriolis force is caused by the planet's rotation on its axis. On other planets, internal heat rather than solar heating drives their jet streams. The Polar jet stream forms near the interface of the Polar and Ferrel circulation cells; the subtropical jet forms near the boundary of the Ferrel and Hadley circulation cells.Other jet streams also exist. During the Northern Hemisphere summer, easterly jets can form in tropical regions, typically where dry air encounters more humid air at high altitudes. Low-level jets also are typical of various regions such as the central United States.  There are also jet streams in the thermosphere.
Meteorologists use the location of some of the jet streams as an aid in weather forecasting. The main commercial relevance of the jet streams is in air travel, as flight time can be dramatically affected by either flying with the flow or against, which results in significant fuel and time cost savings for airlines. Often, the airlines work to fly 'with' the jet stream for this reason. Dynamic North Atlantic Tracks are one example of how airlines and air traffic control work together to accommodate the jet stream and winds aloft that results in the maximum benefit for airlines and other users. Clear-air turbulence, a potential hazard to aircraft passenger safety, is often found in a jet stream's vicinity, but it does not create a substantial alteration on flight times.