Volcano | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-25

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano


00:01:59 1 Etymology
00:02:24 2 Plate tectonics
00:02:34 2.1 Divergent plate boundaries
00:03:28 2.2 Convergent plate boundaries
00:04:19 2.3 Hotspots
00:05:00 3 Volcanic features
00:06:13 3.1 Fissure vents
00:06:27 3.2 Shield volcanoes
00:07:03 3.3 Lava domes
00:07:34 3.4 Cryptodomes
00:07:58 3.5 Volcanic cones (cinder cones)
00:08:55 3.6 Stratovolcanoes (composite volcanoes)
00:10:28 3.7 Supervolcanoes
00:11:28 3.8 Underwater volcanoes
00:12:39 3.9 Subglacial volcanoes
00:13:44 3.10 Mud volcanoes
00:14:08 4 Erupted material
00:14:18 4.1 Lava composition
00:17:10 4.2 Lava texture
00:18:01 5 Volcanic activity
00:18:10 5.1 Popular classification of volcanoes
00:18:52 5.1.1 Active
00:22:16 5.1.2 Extinct
00:23:20 5.1.3 Dormant and reactivated
00:24:37 5.2 Technical classification of volcanoes
00:24:47 5.2.1 Volcanic-alert level
00:25:27 5.2.2 Volcano warning schemes of the United States
00:26:00 6 Decade volcanoes
00:27:07 7 Effects of volcanoes
00:27:46 7.1 Volcanic gases
00:29:40 7.2 Significant consequences
00:29:49 7.2.1 Prehistory
00:30:52 7.2.2 Historical
00:31:28 7.3 Acid rain
00:33:17 7.4 Hazards
00:34:08 8 Volcanoes on other celestial bodies
00:37:29 9 Traditional beliefs about volcanoes



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SUMMARY
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A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
Earth's volcanoes occur because its crust is broken into 17 major, rigid tectonic plates that float on a hotter, softer layer in its mantle. Therefore, on Earth, volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging, and most are found underwater. For example, a mid-oceanic ridge, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates whereas the Pacific Ring of Fire has volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the crust's plates, e.g., in the East African Rift and the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and Rio Grande Rift in North America. This type of volcanism falls under the umbrella of "plate hypothesis" volcanism. Volcanism away from plate boundaries has also been explained as mantle plumes. These so-called "hotspots", for example Hawaii, are postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs with magma from the core–mantle boundary, 3,000 km deep in the Earth.  Volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another.
Erupting volcanoes can pose many hazards, not only in the immediate vicinity of the eruption. One such hazard is that volcanic ash can be a threat to aircraft, in particular those with jet engines where ash particles can be melted by the high operating temperature; the melted particles then adhere to the turbine blades and alter their shape, disrupting the operation of the turbine. Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth's lower atmosphere (or troposphere); however, they also absorb heat radiated from the Earth, thereby warming the upper atmosphere (or stratosphere). Historically, volcanic winters have caused catastrophic famines.