Proto-Germanic language | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 03/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Proto-Germanic language


00:02:14 1 Archaeology and early historiography
00:05:03 2 Evolution
00:05:35 2.1 Theories of phylogeny
00:05:44 2.1.1 Solutions
00:09:02 2.2 Phonological stages from Proto-Indo-European to end of Proto-Germanic
00:09:50 2.2.1 Pre-Proto-Germanic (Pre-PGmc)
00:10:25 2.2.2 Early Proto-Germanic
00:11:25 2.2.3 Late Proto-Germanic
00:12:15 2.3 Lexical evidence in other language varieties
00:12:45 2.3.1 Loans from adjoining Indo-European groups
00:14:42 2.3.2 Loans into non-Germanic languages
00:15:35 2.4 Non-Indo-European substrate elements
00:16:55 3 Phonology
00:17:04 3.1 Transcription
00:19:35 3.2 Consonants
00:20:48 3.2.1 Grimm's and Verner's law
00:24:27 3.2.2 Allophones
00:27:37 3.2.3 Labiovelars
00:29:22 3.2.4 Consonant gradation
00:30:38 3.3 Vowels
00:32:32 3.3.1 Diphthongs
00:33:34 3.3.2 Overlong vowels
00:38:14 3.3.3 iē₁/i and iē₂/i
00:40:11 3.3.4 Nasal vowels
00:43:04 3.4 Phonotactics
00:45:06 3.5 Later developments
00:46:55 4 Morphology
00:48:28 4.1 General morphological features
00:49:54 4.2 Consonant and vowel alternations
00:53:21 4.3 Nouns
00:54:32 4.4 Adjectives
00:55:27 4.5 Determiners
00:56:31 4.6 Verbs
01:04:32 4.7 Pronouns
01:04:43 5 Schleicher's PIE fable rendered into Proto-Germanic
01:07:10 6 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuKfABj2eGyjH3ntPxp4YeQ

You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts



"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages.
Proto-Germanic developed from pre-Proto-Germanic into three branches during the first half of the first millennium of the Common Era: West Germanic, East Germanic and North Germanic, which however remained in contact over a considerable time, especially the Ingvaeonic languages (including English), which arose from West Germanic dialects and remained in continued contact with North Germanic.
A defining feature of Proto-Germanic is the completion of Grimm's law, a set of sound changes that occurred between its status as a dialect of Proto-Indo-European and its gradual divergence into a separate language. As it is probable that the development of this sound shift spanned a considerable time (several centuries), Proto-Germanic cannot adequately be reconstructed as a simple node in a tree model but rather represents a phase of development that may span close to a thousand years. The end of the Common Germanic period is reached with the beginning of the Migration Period in the fourth century.
The alternative term "Germanic parent language" may be used to include a larger scope of linguistic developments, spanning the Nordic Bronze Age and Pre-Roman Iron Age in Northern Europe (second to first millennia BC) to include "Pre-Germanic" (PreGmc), "Early Proto Germanic" (EPGmc) and "Late Proto-Germanic" (LPGmc). While Proto-Germanic refers only to the most recent reconstruction of the common ancestor of Germanic languages, the Germanic parent language refers to the entire journey that the dialect of Proto-Indo-European that would become Proto-Germanic underwent through the millennia.
The Proto-Germanic language is not directly attested by any coherent surviving texts; it has been reconstructed using the comparative method. Fragmentary direct attestation exists of (late) Common Germanic in early runic inscriptions (specifically the second-century AD Vimose inscriptions and the second-century BC Negau helmet inscription), and in Roman Empire era transcriptions of individual words (notably in Tacitus' Germania, c. 90 CE).