Reform Act 1832 | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-05

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Reform Act 1832


00:02:20 1 Unreformed House of Commons
00:02:30 1.1 Composition
00:05:15 1.2 The franchise
00:08:21 1.2.1 Women's suffrage
00:09:40 1.3 Pocket boroughs, bribery
00:11:56 2 Movement for reform
00:12:06 2.1 Early attempts at reform
00:15:31 2.2 Aftermath of the French Revolution
00:18:27 2.3 Reform during the 1820s
00:20:31 3 Passage of the Reform Act
00:20:41 3.1 First Reform Bill
00:24:34 3.2 Second Reform Bill
00:27:02 3.3 Third Reform Bill
00:29:58 4 Results
00:30:07 4.1 Provisions
00:30:15 4.1.1 Abolition of seats
00:30:59 4.1.2 Creation of new seats
00:32:03 4.1.3 Extension of the franchise
00:33:59 4.2 Effects
00:36:05 4.3 Tenant voters
00:37:29 4.4 Limitations
00:39:17 4.5 Further reform
00:41:24 5 Assessment
00:44:25 6 See also



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SUMMARY
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The Representation of the People Act 1832 (known informally as the 1832 Reform Act, Great Reform Act or First Reform Act to distinguish it from subsequent Reform Acts) was an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom (indexed as 2 & 3 Will. IV c. 45) that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of England and Wales. According to its preamble, the Act was designed to "take effectual Measures for correcting divers Abuses that have long prevailed in the Choice of Members to serve in the Commons House of Parliament". Before the reform, most members nominally represented boroughs. The number of electors in a borough varied widely, from a dozen or so up to 12,000. Frequently the selection of MPs was effectively controlled by one powerful patron: for example Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk, controlled eleven boroughs. Criteria for qualification for the franchise varied greatly among boroughs, from the requirement to own land, to merely living in a house with a hearth sufficient to boil a pot.
There had been calls for reform long before 1832, but without success. The Act that finally succeeded was proposed by the Whigs, led by Prime Minister Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey. It met with significant opposition from the Pittite factions in Parliament, who had long governed the country; opposition was especially pronounced in the House of Lords. Nevertheless, the bill was eventually passed, mainly as a result of public pressure. The Act granted seats in the House of Commons to large cities that had sprung up during the Industrial Revolution, and removed seats from the "rotten boroughs": those with very small electorates and usually dominated by a wealthy patron. The Act also increased the electorate from about 400,000 to 650,000, making about one in five adult males eligible to vote.The full title is An Act to amend the representation of the people in England and Wales. Its formal short title and citation is "Representation of the People Act 1832 (2 & 3 Wm. IV, c. 45)". The Act applied only in England and Wales; the Irish Reform Act 1832 brought similar changes to Ireland. The separate Scottish Reform Act 1832 was revolutionary, enlarging the electorate by a factor of 1300% from 5000 to 65,000.