Oxygen | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Oxygen


00:02:35 1 Etymology
00:03:15 2 History
00:03:23 2.1 Early experiments
00:05:09 2.2 Phlogiston theory
00:06:26 2.3 Discovery
00:09:21 2.4 Lavoisier's contribution
00:11:25 2.5 Later history
00:14:15 3 Characteristics
00:14:24 3.1 Properties and molecular structure
00:17:30 3.2 Allotropes
00:19:33 3.3 Physical properties
00:21:54 3.4 Isotopes and stellar origin
00:23:19 3.5 Occurrence
00:25:49 3.6 Analysis
00:28:07 4 Biological role of Osub2/sub
00:28:17 4.1 Photosynthesis and respiration
00:31:23 4.2 Living organisms
00:31:50 4.3 Build-up in the atmosphere
00:33:55 5 Industrial production
00:35:52 6 Storage
00:36:52 7 Applications
00:37:01 7.1 Medical
00:39:06 7.2 Life support and recreational use
00:41:57 7.3 Industrial
00:43:17 8 Compounds
00:43:55 8.1 Oxides and other inorganic compounds
00:46:21 8.2 Organic compounds
00:48:04 9 Safety and precautions
00:48:39 9.1 Toxicity
00:50:46 9.2 Combustion and other hazards
00:52:01 10 See also
00:52:10 11 Notes



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SUMMARY
=======
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds.  By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium.  At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula O2. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere. As compounds including oxides, the element makes up almost half of the Earth's crust.
Dioxygen is used in cellular respiration and many major classes of organic molecules in living organisms contain oxygen, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats, as do the major constituent inorganic compounds of animal shells, teeth, and bone. Most of the mass of living organisms is oxygen as a component of water, the major constituent of lifeforms. Oxygen is continuously replenished in Earth's atmosphere by photosynthesis, which uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is too chemically reactive to remain a free element in air without being continuously replenished by the photosynthetic action of living organisms. Another form (allotrope) of oxygen, ozone (O3), strongly absorbs ultraviolet UVB radiation and the high-altitude ozone layer helps protect the biosphere from ultraviolet radiation. However, ozone present at the surface is a byproduct of smog and thus a pollutant.
Oxygen was isolated by Michael Sendivogius before 1604, but it is commonly believed that the element was discovered independently by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, in Uppsala, in 1773 or earlier, and Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire, in 1774. Priority is often given for Priestley because his work was published first. Priestley, however, called oxygen "dephlogisticated air", and did not recognize it as a chemical element.  The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier, who first recognized oxygen as a chemical element and correctly characterized the role it plays in combustion.
Common uses of oxygen include production of steel, plastics and textiles, brazing, welding and cutting of steels and other metals, rocket propellant, oxygen therapy, and life support systems in aircraft, submarines, spaceflight and diving.