Atom and Atomic Theory | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-31

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom


00:02:36 1 History of atomic theory
00:02:46 1.1 Atoms in philosophy
00:05:06 1.2 First evidence-based theory
00:06:41 1.3 Brownian motion
00:07:30 1.4 Discovery of the electron
00:08:46 1.5 Discovery of the nucleus
00:09:38 1.6 Discovery of isotopes
00:10:18 1.7 Bohr model
00:11:37 1.8 Chemical bonding explained
00:12:19 1.9 Further developments in quantum physics
00:14:22 1.10 Discovery of the neutron
00:15:20 1.11 Fission, high-energy physics and condensed matter
00:16:33 2 Structure
00:16:42 2.1 Subatomic particles
00:20:21 2.2 Nucleus
00:23:45 2.3 Electron cloud
00:24:51 3 Properties
00:27:41 3.1 Nuclear properties
00:27:50 3.2 Mass
00:31:28 3.3 Shape and size
00:33:45 3.4 Radioactive decay
00:36:15 3.5 Magnetic moment
00:39:22 3.6 Energy levels
00:42:06 3.7 Valence and bonding behavior
00:46:34 3.8 States
00:48:21 4 Identification
00:49:24 5 Origin and current state
00:52:02 5.1 Formation
00:53:12 5.2 Earth
00:55:14 5.3 Rare and theoretical forms
00:57:32 5.3.1 Superheavy elements
00:57:42 5.3.2 Exotic matter
00:58:20 6 See also
00:59:38 7 Notes



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SUMMARY
=======
An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms. Atoms are extremely small; typical sizes are around 100 picometers (a ten-billionth of a meter, in the short scale).
Atoms are small enough that attempting to predict their behavior using classical physics – as if they were billiard balls, for example – gives noticeably incorrect predictions due to quantum effects. Through the development of physics, atomic models have incorporated quantum principles to better explain and predict this behavior.
Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus. The nucleus is made of one or more protons and typically a similar number of neutrons. Protons and neutrons are called nucleons. More than 99.94% of an atom's mass is in the nucleus. The protons have a positive electric charge, the electrons have a negative electric charge, and the neutrons have no electric charge. If the number of protons and electrons are equal, that atom is electrically neutral. If an atom has more or fewer electrons than protons, then it has an overall negative or positive charge, respectively, and it is called an ion.
The electrons of an atom are attracted to the protons in an atomic nucleus by this electromagnetic force. The protons and neutrons in the nucleus are attracted to each other by a different force, the nuclear force, which is usually stronger than the electromagnetic force repelling the positively charged protons from one another. Under certain circumstances, the repelling electromagnetic force becomes stronger than the nuclear force, and nucleons can be ejected from the nucleus, leaving behind a different element: nuclear decay resulting in nuclear transmutation.
The number of protons in the nucleus defines to what chemical element the atom belongs: for example, all copper atoms contain 29 protons. The number of neutrons defines the isotope of the element. The number of electrons influences the magnetic properties of an atom. Atoms can attach to one or more other atoms by chemical bonds to form chemical compounds such as molecules. The ability of atoms to associate and dissociate is responsible for most of the physical changes observed in nature and is the subject of the discipline of chemistry.