Supercomputer | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-02

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer


00:03:50 1 History
00:08:11 1.1 Massively parallel designs
00:15:14 2 Special purpose supercomputers
00:16:09 3 Energy usage and heat management
00:20:50 4 Software and system management
00:21:02 4.1 Operating systems
00:22:55 4.2 Software tools and message passing
00:24:24 5 Distributed supercomputing
00:24:35 5.1 Opportunistic approaches
00:26:49 5.2 Quasi-opportunistic approaches
00:28:09 6 HPC in the Cloud
00:29:28 7 Performance measurement
00:29:38 7.1 Capability versus capacity
00:30:51 7.2 Performance metrics
00:33:35 7.3 The TOP500 list
00:34:28 8 Largest Supercomputer Vendors according to the total Rmax (GFLOPS) operated
00:35:01 9 Applications
00:36:29 10 Development and trends
00:41:18 11 In fiction
00:42:10 12 See also
00:42:55 13 Notes and references
00:43:06 14 External links



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SUMMARY
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A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance compared to a general-purpose computer. Performance of a supercomputer is measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) instead of million instructions per second (MIPS). Since 2017, there are supercomputers which can perform up to nearly a hundred quadrillion FLOPS. Since November 2017, all of the world's fastest 500 supercomputers run Linux-based operating systems. Additional research is being conducted in China, the United States, the European Union, Taiwan and Japan to build even faster, more powerful and more technologically superior exascale supercomputers.Supercomputers play an important role in the field of computational science, and are used for a wide range of computationally intensive tasks in various fields, including quantum mechanics, weather forecasting, climate research, oil and gas exploration, molecular modeling (computing the structures and properties of chemical compounds, biological macromolecules, polymers, and crystals), and physical simulations (such as simulations of the early moments of the universe, airplane and spacecraft aerodynamics, the detonation of nuclear weapons, and nuclear fusion). Throughout their history, they have been essential in the field of cryptanalysis.Supercomputers were introduced in the 1960s, and for several decades the fastest were made by Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC), Cray Research and subsequent companies bearing his name or monogram. The first such machines were highly tuned conventional designs that ran faster than their more general-purpose contemporaries. Through the 1960s, they began to add increasing amounts of parallelism with one to four processors being typical. From the 1970s, the vector computing concept with specialized math units operating on large arrays of data came to dominate. A notable example is the highly successful Cray-1 of 1976. Vector computers remained the dominant design into the 1990s. From then until today, massively parallel supercomputers with tens of thousands of off-the-shelf processors became the norm.The US has long been the leader in the supercomputer field, first through Cray's almost uninterrupted dominance of the field, and later through a variety of technology companies. Japan made major strides in the field in the 1980s and 90s, but since then China has become increasingly active in the field. As of November 2018, the fastest supercomputer on the TOP500 supercomputer list is the Summit, in the United States, with a LINPACK benchmark score of 143.5 PFLOPS, Followed by, Sierra, by around 48.860 PFLOPS. the U.S. has five of the top 10 and China has two. 
in June of 2018, All supercomputers on the List combined have broken the 1 Exabyte Mark.