Sharia | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-01

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia


00:03:48 1 Etymology and usage
00:03:58 1.1 Contemporary usage
00:05:55 1.2 Etymology
00:07:13 1.3 Use in religious texts
00:08:12 2 Historical origins
00:11:55 3 Traditional jurisprudence (ifiqh/i)
00:12:23 3.1 Principles of jurisprudence (iuṣūl al-fiqh/i)
00:14:02 3.1.1 Sources of sharia
00:17:17 3.1.2 Ijtihad
00:18:21 3.1.3 Decision types (iaḥkām/i)
00:19:20 3.1.4 Aims of sharia and public interest
00:20:55 3.2 Branches of law
00:23:45 3.3 Schools of law
00:26:32 3.4 Social context
00:27:48 4 Application
00:27:57 4.1 Application by country
00:30:01 4.2 Enforcement
00:32:36 4.3 Legal and court proceedings
00:34:05 4.3.1 Criminal cases
00:35:49 4.3.2 Civil cases
00:38:06 4.3.3 Diya
00:39:36 5 Support and opposition
00:39:46 5.1 Support
00:43:26 5.1.1 Extremism
00:45:54 5.2 Opposition
00:48:53 6 Criticism
00:49:02 6.1 Compatibility with western democracy
00:50:53 6.2 Human rights
00:54:01 6.3 Freedom of speech
00:55:46 6.4 Freedom of thought, conscience and religion
00:59:31 6.5 LGBT rights
01:00:12 6.6 Women
01:00:21 6.6.1 Domestic violence
01:01:14 6.6.2 Personal status laws and child marriage
01:03:08 6.6.3 Women's right to property and consent
01:05:12 7 Parallels with Western legal systems



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SUMMARY
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Sharia (), Sharia law, or Islamic law (Arabic: شريعة‎ [ʃaˈriːʕa]) is a religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam, particularly the Quran and the Hadith. In Arabic, the term sharīʿah refers to God's immutable divine law and is contrasted with fiqh, which refers to its human scholarly interpretations. It has been described as "one of the major intellectual achievements of Islam" and its importance in Islam has been compared to that of theology in Christianity. The manner of its application in modern times has been a subject of dispute between Muslim traditionalists and reformists.Traditional theory of Islamic jurisprudence recognizes four sources of sharia: the Quran, sunnah (authentic hadith), qiyas (analogical reasoning), and ijma (juridical consensus). Different legal schools—of which the most prominent are Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali and Jafari—developed methodologies for deriving sharia rulings from scriptural sources using a process known as ijtihad.  Traditional jurisprudence distinguishes two principal branches of law, ʿibādāt (rituals) and muʿāmalāt (social relations), which together comprise a wide range of topics. Its rulings assign actions to one of five categories: mandatory, recommended, neutral, abhorred, and prohibited. Thus, some areas of sharia overlap with the Western notion of law while others correspond more broadly to living life in accordance with God’s will.Historically, sharia was interpreted by independent jurists (muftis). Their legal opinions (fatwas) were taken into account by ruler-appointed judges who presided over qāḍī's courts, and by maẓālim courts, which were controlled by the ruler's council and administered criminal law. Ottoman rulers achieved additional control over the legal system by promulgating their own legal code (qanun) and turning muftis into state employees. Non-Muslim (dhimmi) communities had legal autonomy, except in cases of interconfessional disputes, which fell under jurisdiction of qadi's courts.In the modern era, sharia-based criminal laws have been widely replaced by statutes inspired by European models. Judicial procedures and legal education in the Muslim world were likewise brought in line with European practice. While the constitutions of most Muslim-majority states contain references to sharia, its classical rules were largely retained only in personal status (family) laws. Legislative bodies which codified these laws sought to m ...