OBESITY, CAUSES, SIGN, SYMPTOMS, PREVENTION, TREATMENT, MEDICINES, मोटापा होने के कारण लक्षण और इलाज
Channel: PHARMAROCKS THE WAY OF SUCCESS
Date: 2021-01-01

OBESITY (मोटापा)
Obesity is a complex disease involving an excessive amount of body fat. 
It is a medical problem that increases your risk of other diseases and health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure and certain cancers.

OBESITY (मोटापा)
Obesity Defined as an excess of body fat.
Body Mass Index is marker for body fat content
BMI= Weight (in kg) /Height (in m2)
BMI not a direct estimate of adiposity; large muscle mass.

BODY MASS INDEX
BODY MASS INDEX VALUES(kg/m2)

OVERWEIGHT
CLASS I OBESITY
CLASS II OBESITY
CLASS III OBESITY (EXTREME)

CAUSES OF OBESITY                
Obesity is generally caused by eating too much and moving too little throughout the day. 
If you consume high amounts of energy, particularly fat and sugars, but do not burn off the energy through exercise and physical activity, much of the surplus energy will be stored by the body as fat.

TYPES OF OBESITY
Infancy; childhood hyperplastic obesity increase number of adipocytes
Adults Hypertrophic obesity increase size of adipocytes
Extremely obese increase size and number of adipocytes increase contains double amount of lipids as a lean person

OBESITY AND GENETICS
Rarely, obesity occurs in families according to a clear inheritance pattern caused by changes in a single gene.
The most commonly implicated gene is MC4R, which encodes the melanocortin 4 receptor. 
Changes in MC4R that diminish its function are found in a small fraction (LESS THAN 5%) of obese people in various ethnic groups.

OBESITY COMPLICATIONS
Type 2 diabetes.
Heart disease.
High blood pressure.
Certain cancers (breast, colon, and endometrial)
Stroke.
Gallbladder disease.
Fatty liver disease.
High cholesterol.

OBESITY PREVENTION
Exercise regularly
healthy-eating 
Monitor your weight regularly.
Lifestyle modification
Walk in open air
Sports activity in life
Take proper sleep
Reduce stress level

TREATMENT OF OBESITY

LIST OF ANTIOBESITY DRUGS
Orlistat- pancreatic lipase inhibitor
Sibutramine- serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
Rimonobant- cannabinoid type-1 receptor antagonist
Lorcaserin- June 2012
Phentermine & Topiramate ER- July 2012
Naltrexone & Bupropion- Sept 2014
Liraglutide- Dec 2014

ORLISTAT
Lipostatin (Streptomyces toxytricini).
MOA: Lipase inhibitor (irreversible). 
PK: Virtually all of it excreted in faeces.
Dose: 120 mg three times a day. 
ADR: Malabsorption of dietary fat, 
flatus with discharge, fecal urgency, fatty/oily stool, and 
increased defecation. Fat-soluble vit D and E and β-carotene.
Interaction –Cyclosporin.

SIBUTRAMINE
Inhibits reuptake of serotonin; norepinephrine at hypothalamic sites
Increases levels of these substances- enhances satiety
Reduction in waist circumference
Decrease in plasma TG and VLDL Increase in HDL
Dose- 5-15 mg/day
ADR : Dry mouth, Constipation, Insomnia, Increased BP; Increased Heart rate

LORCASERIN
Lorcaserin- selective 5-HT2C receptor agonist.
MOA: ↓ food intake through pro-opiomelanocortin.
Dose: 10 mg Two times a day.
BLOOM trial: Weight loss was 3.6%.
No difference in the development of valvulopathy between drug-treated and placebo-treated participants at 1 year. 
ADR: headache, dizziness, and nausea.

PHENTERMINE-TOPIRAMATE (PHEN/TPM)
Approved by FDA (2012), not by EMA.
MOA: Not well understood.
EQUIP and CONQUER trials: Wt loss 9.3% and 8.6% respectively.
Dose: 15mg/90 mg (PHEN/TPM) once a day
ADR: Paresthesias, dry mouth, constipation, insomnia.
dysgeusia decrease in taste sensitivity.

NALTREXONE-BUPROPION
MOA: Combined to dampen motivation that food 
brings (dopamine effect) and the pleasure of eating 
(opioid effect).
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 1742 enrolled participants, weight loss= 6.1%
Dose = 32 mg/ 360 mg (Naltrexone-Bupropion).
ADR: Nausea, headache, dizziness, 
vomiting and dry mouth.

LIRAGLUTIDE
Liraglutide, GLP-1 receptor agonist. 
Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor  agonist. 
MOA: Weight loss effects via hypothalamic neural activation causing appetite suppression. 
SCALE™ Obesity and Prediabetes trial: 9.2 % weight loss.
Dose = 3 mg once daily, injected s/c.
ADR: Nausea, vomiting, change in bowel habits, acute pancreatitis

PLENITY
Plenity, created by Boston biotech company Gelesis, is a hydrogel capsule made with a proprietary blend of cellulose (a type of fiber) and citric acid. 

#obesity

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