VA spacecraft | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-26

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VA_spacecraft


00:02:37 1 Design
00:03:00 1.1 LK-1 – manned lunar flyby spacecraft
00:04:59 1.2 Almaz space station support craft
00:05:29 1.2.1 Almaz APOS
00:06:29 1.2.2 TKS spacecraft
00:07:30 2 Test flights
00:08:55 2.1 VA spacecraft test flightssup&#91;14&#93;/supsup&#91;15&#93;/sup
00:09:05 2.1.1 Kosmos 881 and Kosmos 882
00:09:38 2.1.2 Kosmos 929
00:10:04 2.1.3 Kosmos 937 and Kosmos 938
00:10:47 2.1.4 Kosmos 997 and Kosmos 998
00:11:17 2.1.5 Kosmos 1096 and Kosmos 1097
00:11:44 2.1.6 Kosmos 1100 and Kosmos 1101
00:12:12 2.2 TKS missions sup&#91;15&#93;/sup
00:12:21 2.2.1 TKS-1 (Kosmos 929)
00:12:47 2.2.2 TKS-2 (Kosmos 1267)
00:13:10 2.2.3 TKS-3 (Kosmos 1443)
00:13:37 2.2.4 TKS-4 (Kosmos 1686)
00:14:04 3 Existing hardwaresup&#91;16&#93;/supsup&#91;15&#93;/sup
00:15:43 4 Specifications
00:15:53 4.1 VA spacecraft
00:17:35 4.2 VA capsule
00:18:15 4.3 TKS spacecraft
00:19:41 5 Excalibur Almaz
00:20:25 6 See also
00:20:38 7 External links



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SUMMARY
=======
The Vozvraschaemyi Apparat (Russian: Возвращаемый Аппарат, translit. Return Vehicle, GRAU index 11F74), or VA spacecraft, was a Soviet crew capsule, intended to serve as a manned launch and reentry vehicle. Initially designed for the LK-1 manned lunar flyby spacecraft for one of the Soviet manned lunar programs, then the LK-700 redesign, it was later repurposed for the Almaz military space station program.
The VA capsule on display at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum was labeled as Merkur, following a mistranslation of the original documentation – while incorrect, the name is being used in the West for the VA spacecraft and capsule.The VA spacecraft was capable of independent flight – up to 31 hours in its last incarnation – it needed however to be combined with additional hardware (containing propulsion and storage) to achieve a longer flight duration. Three different such usage scenarios for the VA spacecraft were planned: Initially the LK-1 spacecraft, and after LK-1's cancellation the plans for Almaz APOS and the TKS spacecraft utilized the VA spacecraft.

For the lunar flyby spacecraft LK-1, the plans by Vladimir Chelomei's design bureau OKB-52  were to mate an VA spacecraft together with an Equipment-Rocket System Block (PAB) and the Translunar Injection Stage (RB).For the Almaz program, the plans envisaged two configurations for the crewed VA spacecraft: 

A VA spacecraft would have launched the initial crew of an Almaz-OPS space station, the VA spacecraft launched together with the station itself; This combination was known as "Almaz APOS".
A VA spacecraft would have been launched mated together with a Functional Cargo Block (FGB) to resupply an Almaz station, in both crewed and uncrewed flights; This combination was known as the TKS spacecraft.While the VA spacecraft has seen some successful uncrewed test flights, both with and without a Functional Cargo Block, it never served in its intended role as a lunar or Almaz crew vehicle when the programs was canceled, and neither was it ever launched together with an Almaz space station.
VA was the first spacecraft to be launched into orbit twice, as Kosmos 929 was recovered and launched again as Kosmos 998. Gemini 2 was launched into space twice, but both launches were suborbital.