Neutrino | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Neutrino


00:03:11 1 History
00:03:20 1.1 Pauli's proposal
00:06:31 1.2 Direct detection
00:08:09 1.3 Neutrino flavor
00:09:18 1.4 Solar neutrino problem
00:10:35 1.5 Oscillation
00:12:38 1.6 Cosmic neutrinos
00:13:18 2 Properties and reactions
00:13:42 2.1 Flavor, mass, and their mixing
00:15:48 2.2 Flavor oscillations
00:16:57 2.3 Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect
00:17:28 2.4 Antineutrinos
00:19:14 2.5 Majorana mass
00:20:44 2.6 Nuclear reactions
00:21:56 2.7 Induced fission
00:22:31 2.8 No self interaction
00:22:47 2.9 Types
00:23:46 3 Research
00:24:13 3.1 Detectors near artificial neutrino sources
00:25:01 3.2 Tests of neutrino oscillation
00:25:24 3.3 Gravitational effects
00:26:02 3.4 Sterile neutrino searches
00:27:19 3.5 Neutrinoless double-beta decay searches
00:28:13 3.6 Speed
00:31:32 3.7 Mass
00:34:11 3.8 Size
00:37:24 3.9 Chirality
00:38:42 3.10 GSI anomaly
00:40:35 4 Sources
00:41:37 4.1 Artificial
00:41:45 4.1.1 Reactor neutrinos
00:41:54 4.1.2 Accelerator neutrinos
00:44:28 4.1.3 Nuclear weapons
00:45:10 4.2 Geologic
00:45:49 4.3 Atmospheric
00:46:32 4.4 Solar
00:47:12 4.5 Supernovae
00:48:06 4.6 Supernova remnants
00:49:11 4.7 Big Bang
00:53:20 5 Detection
00:55:17 6 Scientific interest
00:57:25 7 See also
01:01:14 8 Notes
01:04:51 9 References



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SUMMARY
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A neutrino ( or ) (denoted by the Greek letter ν) is a fermion (an elementary particle with half-integer spin) that interacts only via the weak subatomic force and gravity. The mass of the neutrino is much smaller than that of the other known elementary particles. Although only differences of squares of the three mass values are known as of 2016, cosmological observations imply that the sum of the three masses must be less than one millionth that of the electron. The neutrino is so named because it is electrically neutral and because its rest mass is so small (-ino) that it was long thought to be zero. The weak force has a very short range, gravity is extremely weak on the subatomic scale, and neutrinos, as leptons, do not participate in the strong interaction. Thus, neutrinos typically pass through normal matter unimpeded and undetected.Weak interactions create neutrinos in one of three leptonic flavors: electron neutrinos (νe), muon neutrinos (νμ), or tau neutrinos (ντ), in association with the corresponding charged lepton. Although neutrinos were long believed to be massless, it is now known that there are three discrete neutrino masses with different tiny values, but they do not correspond uniquely to the three flavors. A neutrino created with a specific flavor is in an associated specific quantum superposition of all three mass states. As a result, neutrinos oscillate between different flavors in flight. For example, an electron neutrino produced in a beta decay reaction may interact in a distant detector as a muon or tau neutrino.For each neutrino, there also exists a corresponding antiparticle, called an antineutrino, which also has half-integer spin and no electric charge. They are distinguished from the neutrinos by having opposite signs of lepton number and chirality. To conserve total lepton number, in nuclear beta decay, electron neutrinos appear together with only positrons (anti-electrons) or electron-antineutrinos, and electron antineutrinos with electrons or electron neutrinos.Neutrinos are created by various radioactive decays, including in beta decay of atomic nuclei or hadrons, nuclear reactions such as those that take place in the core of a star or artificially in nuclear reactors, nuclear bombs or particle accelerators, during a supernova, in the spin-down of a neutron star, or when accelerated particle beams or cosmic rays strike atoms. The majority of neutrinos in the vicinity of the Earth are from nuclear reactions in the Sun. In the vicinity of the Earth, about 65 billion (6.5×1010) solar neutrinos per second pass through every square centimeter perpendicular to the direction o ...