Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-04

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era


00:04:04 1 Background
00:09:45 2 Post-Reconstruction disenfranchisement
00:13:36 3 New state constitutions, 1890 to 1908
00:18:57 4 Case studies
00:19:06 4.1 Southern black populations in 1900
00:19:16 4.2 Louisiana
00:21:29 4.3 North Carolina
00:24:12 4.4 Virginia
00:25:22 4.5 Border States: failed disenfranchisement
00:27:21 5 Methods of disenfranchisement
00:27:31 5.1 Poll taxes
00:29:20 5.2 Educational and character requirements
00:31:08 5.3 Eight Box Law
00:33:23 5.4 Grandfather clause
00:36:14 5.5 White primaries
00:37:11 6 Congressional response
00:45:11 7 Legislative and cultural effects
00:45:22 7.1 20th-century Supreme Court decisions
00:48:05 7.2 Successful challenges
00:50:04 8 Civil Rights Movement
00:55:01 9 See also



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SUMMARY
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Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era in the United States of America was based on a series of laws, new constitutions, and practices in the South that were deliberately used to prevent black citizens from registering to vote and voting. These measures were enacted by the former Confederate states at the turn of the 20th century, and by Oklahoma when it gained statehood in 1907, although not by the former border slave states. Their actions were designed to frustrate the objective of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1870, which sought to protect the suffrage of freedmen after the American Civil War.
During the later elections of Reconstruction era, beginning in the 1870s, white Democrats used violence by paramilitary groups, as well as fraud, to suppress black Republican voters and turn Republicans out of office.  After regaining control of the state legislatures, Democrats were alarmed by a late 19th-century alliance between Republicans and Populists that cost them some elections. After achieving control of state legislatures, white Democrats added to previous efforts and achieved widespread disenfranchisement by law: from 1890 to 1908, Southern state legislatures passed new constitutions, constitutional amendments, and laws that made voter registration and voting more difficult, especially when administered by white staff in a discriminatory way. They succeeded in disenfranchising most of the black citizens, as well as many poor whites in the South, and voter rolls dropped dramatically in each state. The Republican Party was nearly eliminated in the region for decades, and the Democrats established one-party control throughout the southern states.In 1912, the Republican Party was split when Roosevelt ran against the party regular, Taft. In the South by this time, the Republican Party had been hollowed out by the disenfranchisement of African Americans, who were largely excluded from voting. Democrat Woodrow Wilson was elected as the first southern President since 1856. He was re-elected in 1916, in a much closer presidential contest. During his first term, Wilson satisfied the request of Southerners in his cabinet and instituted overt racial segregation throughout federal government workplaces, as well as racial discrimination in hiring. During World War I, American military forces were segregated, with black soldiers poorly trained and equipped.
Disenfranchisement had far-reaching effects in Congress, where the Democratic Solid South enjoyed "about 25 extra seats in Congress for each decade between 1903 and 1953." Also, the Democratic dominance in the South meant that southern Senators and Representatives became entrenched in Congress. They favored seniority privileges in Congress, which became the standard by 1920, and Southerners controlled chairmanships of important committees, as well as leadership of the national Democratic Party. During the Great Depression, legislation establishing numerous national social programs were passed without the representation of African Americans, leading to gaps in program coverage and discrimination against them i ...