Urea | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-25

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea


00:01:32 1 Uses
00:01:41 1.1 Agriculture
00:06:24 1.2 Chemical industry
00:06:46 1.3 Explosives
00:07:09 1.4 Automobile systems
00:07:58 1.5 Laboratory uses
00:09:20 1.6 Medical use
00:11:38 1.7 Miscellaneous uses
00:13:17 2 Adverse effects
00:14:33 3 Physiology
00:17:07 3.1 Humans
00:19:08 3.2 Other species
00:20:08 4 Analysis
00:20:42 5 Related compounds
00:21:20 6 History
00:23:17 7 Production
00:23:38 7.1 Industrial methods
00:24:59 7.1.1 Synthesis
00:28:40 7.1.1.1 The stripping concept
00:31:31 7.1.1.2 Side reactions
00:33:21 7.1.1.3 Corrosion
00:34:59 7.1.2 Finishing
00:35:15 7.1.2.1 Solid forms
00:38:31 7.1.2.2 UAN solutions
00:39:35 7.2 Laboratory preparation
00:40:49 7.3 Historical process
00:42:28 8 Chemical properties
00:42:37 8.1 Molecular and crystal structure
00:44:27 8.2 Reactions
00:45:33 9 Etymology and pronunciation
00:45:51 10 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Urea, also known as carbamide, is an organic compound with chemical formula CO(NH2)2. This amide has two –NH2 groups joined by a carbonyl (C=O) functional group.
Urea serves an important role in the metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds by animals and is the main nitrogen-containing substance in the urine of mammals. It is a colorless, odorless solid, highly soluble in water, and practically non-toxic (LD50 is 15 g/kg for rats).  Dissolved in water, it is neither acidic nor alkaline.  The body uses it in many processes, most notably nitrogen excretion. The liver forms it by combining two ammonia molecules (NH3) with a carbon dioxide (CO2) molecule in the urea cycle. Urea is widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry.
Friedrich Wöhler's discovery in 1828 that urea can be produced from inorganic starting materials was an important conceptual milestone in chemistry. It showed for the first time that a substance previously known only as a byproduct of life could be synthesized in the laboratory without biological starting materials thereby contradicting the widely held doctrine of vitalism.