Modern synthesis (20th century) | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)


00:03:02 1 Developments leading up to the synthesis
00:03:15 1.1 Darwin's evolution by natural selection, 1859
00:04:32 1.2 The eclipse of Darwinism, 1880s onwards
00:06:09 1.3 Weismann's germ plasm, 1892
00:07:37 2 Disputed beginnings
00:07:48 2.1 Genetics, mutationism and biometrics, 1900–1918
00:12:44 2.2 Castle's hooded rats, 1911
00:14:09 2.3 Morgan's fruit flies, 1912
00:15:25 3 An obstruction: Woodger's positivism, 1929
00:17:55 4 Events in the synthesis
00:18:05 4.1 Fisher and Haldane's mathematical population genetics, 1918–1930
00:20:03 4.2 De Beer's embryology, 1930
00:21:30 4.3 Wright's adaptive landscape, 1932
00:22:51 4.4 Dobzhansky's evolutionary genetics, 1937
00:26:50 4.5 Ford's ecological genetics, 1940
00:28:07 4.6 Schmalhausen's stabilizing selection, 1941
00:29:40 4.7 Huxley's popularising synthesis, 1942
00:34:25 4.8 Mayr's allopatric speciation, 1942
00:36:32 4.9 Simpson's palaeontology, 1944
00:37:47 4.10 The Society for the Study of Evolution, 1946
00:39:29 4.11 Stebbins's botany, 1950
00:40:17 5 Definitions by the founders
00:40:41 6 After the synthesis
00:41:10 6.1 Hamilton's inclusive fitness, 1964
00:42:22 6.2 Williams's gene-centred evolution, 1966
00:43:24 6.3 Wilson's sociobiology, 1975
00:44:37 6.4 Lewis's homeotic genes, 1978
00:45:56 7 Later syntheses
00:48:57 7.1 Pigliucci's extended evolutionary synthesis, 2007
00:49:55 7.2 Koonin's 'post-modern' evolutionary synthesis, 2009
00:52:51 7.3 Towards a replacement synthesis
00:54:56 8 Historiography
00:56:15 9 See also



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SUMMARY
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The modern synthesis was the early 20th-century synthesis reconciling Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel's ideas on heredity in a joint mathematical framework. Julian Huxley coined the term in his 1942 book, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis.
The 19th century ideas of natural selection and Mendelian genetics were put together with population genetics, early in the twentieth century. The modern synthesis also addressed the relationship between the broad-scale changes of macroevolution seen by palaeontologists and the small-scale microevolution of local populations of living organisms. The synthesis was defined differently by its founders, with Ernst Mayr in 1959, G. Ledyard Stebbins in 1966 and Theodosius Dobzhansky in 1974 offering differing numbers of basic postulates, though they all included natural selection, working on heritable variation supplied by mutation. Other major figures in the synthesis included E. B. Ford, Bernhard Rensch, Ivan Schmalhausen, and George Gaylord Simpson. An early event in the modern synthesis was R. A. Fisher's 1918 paper on mathematical population genetics, but William Bateson, and separately Udny Yule, were already starting to show how Mendelian genetics could work in evolution in 1902.
Different syntheses followed, accompanying the gradual breakup of the early 20th century synthesis, including with social behaviour in E. O. Wilson's sociobiology in 1975, evolutionary developmental biology's integration of embryology with genetics and evolution, starting in 1977, and Massimo Pigliucci's proposed extended evolutionary synthesis of 2007. In the view of the evolutionary biologist Eugene Koonin in 2009, the modern synthesis will be replaced by a 'post-modern' synthesis that will include revolutionary changes in molecular biology, the study of prokaryotes and the resulting tree of life, and genomics.