Mithraism | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-20

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithraism


00:02:44 1 Name
00:03:27 1.1 Etymology of Mithras
00:06:14 2 Iconography
00:07:43 2.1 Bull-slaying scene
00:11:17 2.2 Banquet
00:12:29 2.3 Birth from a rock
00:14:42 2.4 Lion-headed figure
00:18:00 3 Rituals and worship
00:24:23 3.1 Mithraeum
00:27:31 3.2 Degrees of initiation
00:33:06 3.3 Ritual re-enactments
00:36:12 3.4 Membership
00:37:42 3.5 Ethics
00:38:39 4 History and development
00:38:50 4.1 Mithras before the Mysteries
00:40:13 4.2 Beginnings of Roman Mithraism
00:41:24 4.2.1 Earliest archaeology
00:44:51 4.2.2 Earliest cult locations
00:46:17 4.3 Classical literature about Mithras and the Mysteries
00:46:44 4.3.1 Statius
00:47:31 4.3.2 Plutarch
00:48:54 4.3.3 Dio Cassius
00:49:50 4.3.4 Porphyry
00:52:00 4.3.5 Mithras Liturgy
00:52:59 4.4 Modern debate about origins
00:53:10 4.4.1 Cumont's hypothesis: from Persian state religion
00:54:49 4.4.2 Criticisms and reassessments of Cumont
01:00:32 4.4.3 Modern theories
01:04:24 4.5 Later history
01:06:26 4.6 Persecution and Christianization
01:10:25 5 Interpretations of the bull-slaying scene
01:14:25 6 Mithras and other gods
01:15:17 6.1 Mithraism and Christianity
01:18:50 7 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Mithraism, also known as the Mithraic mysteries, was a mystery religion centered on the god Mithras that was practiced in the Roman Empire from about the 1st to the 4th century CE. The religion was inspired by Iranian worship of the god Mithra, though the Greek Mithras was linked to a new and distinctive imagery, and the level of continuity between Persian and Greco-Roman practice is debated. The mysteries were popular among the Roman military.Worshippers of Mithras had a complex system of seven grades of initiation and communal ritual meals. Initiates called themselves syndexioi, those "united by the handshake". They met in underground temples, now called mithraea (singular mithraeum), which survive in large numbers. The cult appears to have had its centre in Rome, and was popular throughout the western half of the empire, as far south as Roman Africa and Numidia, as far north as Roman Britain, and to a lesser extent in Roman Syria in the east.Mithraism is viewed as a rival of early Christianity. In the 4th century, Mithraists faced persecution from Roman Christians and the religion was subsequently suppressed and eliminated in the empire by the end of the century.Numerous archaeological finds, including meeting places, monuments and artifacts, have contributed to modern knowledge about Mithraism throughout the Roman Empire. The iconic scenes of Mithras show him being born from a rock, slaughtering a bull, and sharing a banquet with the god Sol (the Sun). About 420 sites have yielded materials related to the cult. Among the items found are about 1000 inscriptions, 700 examples of the bull-killing scene (tauroctony), and about 400 other monuments. It has been estimated that there would have been at least 680 mithraea in Rome. No written narratives or theology from the religion survive; limited information can be derived from the inscriptions and brief or passing references in Greek and Latin literature. Interpretation of the physical evidence remains problematic and contested.