Social contract theory | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-31

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contract


00:05:57 1 History
00:08:23 1.1 Classical thought
00:11:31 1.2 Renaissance developments
00:13:16 2 Philosophers
00:13:25 2.1 Hugo Grotius (1625)
00:15:19 2.2 Thomas Hobbes' iLeviathan/i (1651)
00:17:58 2.3 John Locke's iSecond Treatise of Government/i (1689)
00:19:58 2.4 Jean-Jacques Rousseau's iDu contrat social/i (1762)
00:23:21 2.5 Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's individualist social contract (1851)
00:25:23 2.6 John Rawls' iTheory of Justice/i (1971)
00:26:18 2.7 David Gauthier's iMorals By Agreement/i (1986)
00:27:23 2.8 Philip Pettit's iRepublicanism/i (1997)
00:28:06 3 Critical theories
00:28:16 3.1 Consent of the governed
00:30:44 3.2 Natural law and constitutionalism
00:32:09 3.3 Tacit consent
00:33:02 3.4 Explicit consent
00:33:42 3.5 Voluntarism



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SUMMARY
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In both moral and political philosophy, the social contract is a theory or model that originated during the Age of Enlightenment and usually concerns the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual. Social contract arguments typically posit that individuals have consented, either explicitly or tacitly, to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the authority of the ruler (or to the decision of a majority) in exchange for protection of their remaining rights.
Therefore, the relation between natural and legal rights is often a topic of social contract theory. The term takes its name from The Social Contract (French: Du contrat social ou Principes du droit politique), a 1762 book by Jean-Jacques Rousseau that discussed this concept.
Although the antecedents of social contract theory are found in antiquity, in Greek and Stoic philosophy and Roman and Canon Law, the heyday of the social contract was the mid-17th to early 19th centuries, when it emerged as the leading doctrine of political legitimacy. The starting point for most social contract theories is an examination of the human condition absent of any political order that Thomas Hobbes termed the "state of nature". In this condition, individuals' actions are bound only by their personal power and conscience. From this shared starting point, social contract theorists seek to demonstrate, in different ways, why a rational individual would voluntarily consent to give up their natural freedom to obtain the benefits of political order.
Prominent of 17th- and 18th-century theorists of social contract and natural rights include Hugo Grotius (1625), Thomas Hobbes (1651), Samuel von Pufendorf (1673), John Locke (1689), Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762), and Immanuel Kant (1797). Each solved the problem of political authority differently. Grotius posited that individual humans had natural rights. Thomas Hobbes famously said that in a "state of nature", human life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short". In the absence of political order and law, everyone would have unlimited natural freedoms, including the "right to all things" and thus the freedom to plunder, rape, and murder; there would be an endless "war of all against all" (bellum omnium contra omnes). To avoid this, free men contract with each other to establish political community (civil society) through a social contract in which they all gain security in return for subjecting themselves to an absolute sovereign, one man or an assembly of men. Though the sovereign's edicts may well be arbitrary and tyrannical, Hobbes saw absolute government as the only alternative to the terrifying anarchy of a state of nature. Hobbes asserted that humans consent to abdicate their rights in favor of the absolute authority of government (whether monarchical or parliamentary). Pufendorf disputed Hobbes's equation of a state of nature with war. Alternatively, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that we gain ci ...