Rebound effect (conservation) | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-17

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_effect_(conservation)


00:02:38 1 History
00:06:21 1.1 Khazzoom-Brookes postulate
00:10:06 2 Types of effects
00:12:01 2.1 Direct and indirect effects
00:15:48 2.2 Indirect effects from conservation
00:17:38 2.3 Economy wide effects
00:19:50 2.4 Income level variation
00:22:51 2.5 Rebounds with respect to time
00:24:35 3 Suggested solutions
00:25:51 4 See also
00:26:27 5 Notes and references
00:26:38 6 External link



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SUMMARY
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In conservation and energy economics, the rebound effect (or take-back effect) is the reduction in expected gains from new technologies that increase the efficiency of resource use, because of behavioral or other systemic responses. These responses usually tend to offset the beneficial effects of the new technology or other measures taken.
While the literature on the rebound effect generally focuses on the effect of technological improvements on energy consumption, the theory can also be applied to the use of any natural resource or other input, such as labor. The rebound effect is generally expressed as a ratio of the lost benefit compared to the expected environmental benefit when holding consumption constant.For instance, if a 5% improvement in vehicle fuel efficiency results in only a 2% drop in fuel use, there is a 60% rebound effect (since ​(5-2)⁄5 = 60%). The 'missing' 3% might have been consumed by driving faster or further than before.
The existence of the rebound effect is uncontroversial. However, debate continues as to the magnitude and impact of the effect in real world situations.
Depending on the magnitude of the rebound effect, there are five different rebound effect (RE) types:
Super conservation (RE  0): the actual resource savings are higher than expected savings – the rebound effect is negative. This occurs if the increase in efficiency reduces costs.
Zero rebound (RE = 0): The actual resource savings are equal to expected savings – the rebound effect is zero.
Partial rebound (0  RE  1): The actual resource savings are less than expected savings – the rebound effect is between 0% and 100%. This is sometimes known as 'take-back', and is the most common result of empirical studies on individual markets.
Full rebound (RE = 1): The actual resource savings are equal to the increase in usage – the rebound effect is at 100%.
Backfire (RE  1): The actual resource savings are negative because usage increased beyond potential savings – the rebound effect is higher than 100%. This situation is commonly known as the Jevons paradox.In order to avoid the rebound effect, environmental economists have suggested that any cost savings from efficiency gains be taxed in order to keep the cost of use the same.