Elementary particle | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Elementary particle


00:02:30 1 Overview
00:03:12 2 Common elementary particles
00:03:48 3 Standard Model
00:05:17 3.1 Fundamental fermions
00:06:11 3.1.1 Generations
00:06:47 3.1.2 Mass
00:06:55 3.1.3 Antiparticles
00:07:56 3.1.4 Quarks
00:08:19 3.2 Fundamental bosons
00:10:42 3.2.1 Gluons
00:11:22 3.2.2 Electroweak bosons
00:11:57 3.2.3 Higgs boson
00:12:47 3.2.4 Graviton
00:14:19 4 Beyond the Standard Model
00:14:49 4.1 Grand unification
00:15:17 4.2 Supersymmetry
00:15:58 4.3 String theory
00:16:51 4.4 Technicolor
00:18:31 4.5 Preon theory
00:18:59 4.6 Acceleron theory
00:19:45 5 See also
00:20:15 6 Notes
00:20:24 7 Further reading
00:20:33 7.1 General readers
00:20:41 7.2 Textbooks
00:22:24 8 External links
00:23:24 undefined



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SUMMARY
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In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a subatomic particle with no  substructure, thus not composed of other particles. Particles currently thought to be elementary include the fundamental fermions (quarks, leptons, antiquarks, and antileptons), which generally are "matter particles" and "antimatter particles", as well as the fundamental bosons (gauge bosons and the Higgs boson), which generally are "force particles" that mediate interactions among fermions. A particle containing two or more elementary particles is a composite particle.
Everyday matter is composed of atoms, once presumed to be matter's elementary particles—atom meaning "unable to cut" in Greek—although the atom's existence remained controversial until about 1910, as some leading physicists regarded molecules as mathematical illusions, and matter as ultimately composed of energy. Soon, subatomic constituents of the atom were identified.  As the 1930s opened, the electron and the proton had been observed, along with the photon, the particle of electromagnetic radiation. At that time, the recent advent of quantum mechanics was radically altering the conception of particles, as a single particle could seemingly span a field as would a wave, a paradox still eluding satisfactory explanation.Via quantum theory, protons and neutrons were found to contain quarks—up quarks and down quarks—now considered elementary particles. And within a molecule, the electron's three degrees of freedom (charge, spin, orbital) can separate via the wavefunction into three quasiparticles (holon, spinon, orbiton). Yet a free electron—which is not orbiting an atomic nucleus and lacks orbital motion—appears unsplittable and remains regarded as an elementary particle.Around 1980, an elementary particle's status as indeed elementary—an ultimate constituent of substance—was mostly discarded for a more practical outlook, embodied in particle physics' Standard Model, what's known as science's most experimentally successful theory. Many elaborations upon and theories beyond the Standard Model, including the popular supersymmetry, double the number of elementary particles by hypothesizing that each known particle associates with a "shadow" partner far more massive, although all such superpartners remain undiscovered. Meanwhile, an elementary boson mediating gravitation—the graviton—remains hypothetical.