Biomass with carbon capture and storage | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-energy_with_carbon_capture_and_storage


00:03:31 1 Negative emission
00:06:28 2 Application
00:06:38 3 Cost
00:07:49 4 Technology
00:08:19 4.1 Oxy-Combustion
00:09:53 4.2 Pre-Combustion
00:12:37 4.3 Post-Combustion
00:14:43 5 Biofuels in BECCS
00:15:28 6 Current Projectsup&#91;29&#93;/supsup&#91;33&#93;/sup
00:16:53 6.1 At Ethanol plants
00:19:33 6.2 At MSW recycling centers
00:20:36 6.3 Techno-economics of BECCS and the TESBiC Project
00:21:20 7 Challenges
00:21:30 7.1 Environmental considerations
00:24:30 7.2 Technical challenges
00:25:55 8 Potential solutions
00:26:06 8.1 Alternative biomass sources
00:26:16 8.1.1 Agricultural and forestry residuessup&#91;41&#93;/sup
00:27:09 8.1.2 Municipal solid wastesup&#91;41&#93;/sup
00:28:07 8.2 Co-firing coal with biomasssup&#91;41&#93;/sup
00:31:07 9 Policy
00:33:18 10 Future Outlook
00:34:53 11 See also



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SUMMARY
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Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is the process of extracting bioenergy from biomass and capturing and storing the carbon.The carbon in the trees or crops used for the biomass comes from the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2), which they extract from the atmosphere whilst growing. As of 2019 most BECCS stores the carbon temporarily with the bioenergy in the form of a biofuel, such as ethanol. By providing aviation biofuel and reducing the environmental impact of aviation BECCS may help with climate change mitigation. Alternatively the bioenergy could be used in the form of electricity and the CO2 stored permanently by injection into geological formations.There are other non-BECCS forms of carbon dioxide removal and storage that include  technologies such as biochar, carbon dioxide air capture and biomass burial and enhanced weathering.
According to a recent Biorecro report, there is 550 000 tonnes CO2/year in total BECCS capacity currently operating, divided between three different facilities (as of January 2012).In the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), BECCS was indicated as a key technology for reaching low carbon dioxide atmospheric concentration targets.  The negative emissions that can be produced by BECCS has been estimated by the Royal Society to be equivalent to a 50 to 150 ppm decrease in global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and according to the International Energy Agency, the BLUE map climate change mitigation scenario calls for more than 2 gigatonnes of negative CO2 emissions per year with BECCS in 2050. According to Stanford University, 10 gigatonnes is achievable by this date.The Imperial College London, the UK Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, the Walker Institute for Climate System Research, and the Grantham Institute for Climate Change issued a joint report on carbon dioxide removal technologies as part of the AVOID: Avoiding dangerous climate change research program, stating that "Overall, of the technologies studied in this report, BECCS has the greatest maturity and there are no major practical barriers to its introduction into today’s energy system. The presence of a primary product will support early deployment."According to the OECD, "Achieving lower concentration targets (450 ppm) depends significantly on the use of BECCS".An alternative to BECSS is pyrogenic carbon capture and storage (PyCCS) or biochar. Which are superior in order to fix carbon in a more stable way: solid C, for longer times. Carbon dioxide injected into geologic formations eventually leaks back into the atmosphere due to seismic activity and natural faults and problems with the seal of the ancient injection pits.