PhD | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
PhD


00:04:11 1 Terminology
00:04:45 2 History
00:04:53 2.1 Medieval and early modern Europe
00:07:17 2.2 Educational reforms in Germany
00:09:50 2.3 History in the United Kingdom
00:13:08 2.4 History in the United States
00:16:44 3 Requirements
00:19:10 3.1 PhD confirmation
00:20:11 4 Value and criticism
00:24:30 4.1 National variations
00:25:18 5 Degrees around the globe
00:26:11 5.1 Argentina
00:26:20 5.1.1 Admission
00:26:46 5.1.2 Funding
00:27:13 5.1.3 Requirements for completion
00:28:05 5.2 Australia
00:28:13 5.2.1 Admission
00:28:53 5.2.2 Scholarships
00:29:59 5.2.3 Fees
00:30:41 5.2.4 Requirements for completion
00:32:00 5.3 Canada
00:32:08 5.3.1 Admission
00:33:49 5.3.2 Funding
00:35:07 5.3.3 Requirements for completion
00:37:03 5.4 Colombia
00:37:11 5.4.1 Admission
00:37:37 5.4.2 Funding
00:38:01 5.4.3 Requirements for completion
00:38:42 5.5 Finland
00:39:36 5.6 France
00:39:44 5.6.1 History
00:40:24 5.6.2 Admission
00:41:23 5.6.3 Funding
00:42:20 5.7 Germany
00:42:29 5.7.1 Admission
00:43:50 5.7.2 Structure
00:44:56 5.7.3 Duration
00:45:21 5.8 India
00:45:29 5.8.1 Admission
00:46:56 5.9 Italy
00:47:04 5.9.1 History
00:48:31 5.9.2 Admission
00:49:04 5.10 Poland
00:50:13 5.11 Scandinavia
00:53:31 5.12 Singapore
00:53:59 5.13 Spain
00:55:58 5.14 Ukraine
00:56:46 5.15 United Kingdom
00:56:55 5.15.1 Admission
00:58:47 5.15.2 Funding
01:01:36 5.15.3 Completion
01:04:01 5.15.4 Other doctorates
01:05:29 5.16 United States
01:05:58 5.16.1 Requirements
01:09:16 5.16.2 Funding
01:10:02 5.17 USSR, Russian Federation and former Soviet Republics
01:13:27 6 Models of supervision
01:15:02 7 International PhD equivalent degrees
01:15:13 8 See also
01:15:55 9 Notes and references
01:16:05 10 Bibliography
01:18:27 11 External links



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SUMMARY
=======
A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ph.D., or DPhil; Latin Philosophiae doctor or Doctor philosophiae) is the highest academic degree awarded by universities in most countries. PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. As an earned research degree, those studying for this qualification are usually not only required to demonstrate subject-matter expertise and mastery by examination, they are also often asked to make a new scholarly contribution to a particular area of knowledge through their own original research. The completion of a PhD is often a requirement for employment as a university professor, researcher, or scientist in many fields. Individuals who have earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree may, in many jurisdictions, use the title Doctor (often abbreviated "Dr" or "Dr.") or, in non-English speaking countries, variants such as "Dr. phil." with their name, although the proper etiquette associated with this usage may also be subject to the professional ethics of their own scholarly field, culture, or society. Those who teach at universities or work in academic, educational, or research fields are usually addressed by this title "professionally and socially in a salutation or conversation." Additionally, holders of this degree may use post-nominal letters such as "Ph.D.", "PhD", or "DPhil" (depending on the awarding institution). However, they should never list both "Dr." and "Ph.D." with their name in reference to the same academic qualification, as this is considered redundant, possibly misleading, and in poor taste.The specific requirements to earn a PhD degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, and time period, from entry-level research degrees to higher doctorates. During the studies that lead to the degree, the student is called a doctoral student or PhD student; a student who has completed all of their coursework and comprehensive examinations and is working on their thesis/dissertation is sometimes known as a doctoral candidate or PhD candidate (see: all but dissertation). A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions, or may be granted a m ...