Constitution | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-15

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Constitution


00:01:38 1 Etymology
00:02:11 2 General features
00:05:09 3 History and development
00:05:18 3.1 Pre-modern constitutions
00:05:28 3.1.1 Ancient
00:08:42 3.1.2 Early Middle ages
00:11:24 3.1.3 Middle ages after 1000
00:18:24 3.1.4 Iroquois "Great Law of Peace"
00:20:27 3.2 Modern constitutions
00:24:17 3.2.1 Democratic constitutions
00:28:59 4 Principles of constitutional design
00:35:10 5 Governmental constitutions
00:36:10 5.1 Key features
00:36:30 5.1.1 Classification
00:36:39 5.1.2 Codification
00:37:10 5.1.2.1 Codified constitution
00:39:21 5.1.2.2 Uncodified constitution
00:40:28 5.1.2.3 Written versus unwritten; codified versus uncodified
00:42:35 5.1.3 Entrenchment
00:46:06 5.1.3.1 Absolutely unmodifiable articles
00:48:48 5.1.4 Distribution of sovereignty
00:51:00 5.1.5 Separation of powers
00:51:34 5.1.6 Lines of accountability
00:52:39 5.1.7 State of emergency
00:53:07 5.2 Facade constitutions
00:54:06 6 Constitutional courts
00:55:38 7 See also



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SUMMARY
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A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed. These rules together make up, i.e. constitute, what the entity is. When these principles are written down into a single document or set of legal documents, those documents may be said to embody a written constitution; if they are written down in a single comprehensive document, it is said to embody a codified constitution. Some constitutions (such as the constitution of the United Kingdom) are uncodified, but written in numerous fundamental Acts of a legislature, court cases or treaties.Constitutions concern different levels of organizations, from sovereign states to companies and unincorporated associations. A treaty which establishes an international organization is also its constitution, in that it would define how that organization is constituted. Within states, a constitution defines the principles upon which the state is based, the procedure in which laws are made and by whom. Some constitutions, especially codified constitutions, also act as limiters of state power, by establishing lines which a state's rulers cannot cross, such as fundamental rights.
The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world, containing 444 articles in 22 parts, 12 schedules and 118 amendments, with 146,385 words in its English-language version, while the Constitution of Monaco is the shortest written constitution, containing 10 chapters with 97 articles, and a total of 3,814 words.