Bacteriophage | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 20/03/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage


00:02:21 1 Classification
00:03:46 2 History
00:06:14 3 Uses
00:06:23 3.1 Phage therapy
00:11:53 3.2 Dairy industry
00:12:21 3.3 Other
00:17:34 4 Replication
00:20:27 4.1 Attachment and penetration
00:22:38 4.2 Synthesis of proteins and nucleic acid
00:24:09 4.3 Virion assembly
00:24:51 4.4 Release of virions
00:25:56 5 Genome structure
00:27:42 6 Systems biology
00:29:14 7 In the environment
00:30:37 8 Model bacteriophages
00:30:53 9 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
Speaking Rate: 0.7408542505279753
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-A


"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
A bacteriophage (), also known informally as a phage (), is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea.  The term was derived from "bacteria" and the Greek φαγεῖν (phagein), "to devour". Bacteriophages are composed of proteins that encapsulate a DNA or RNA genome, and may have relatively simple or elaborate structures. Their genomes may encode as few as four genes and as many as hundreds of genes. Phages replicate within the bacterium following the injection of their genome into its cytoplasm. Bacteriophages are among the most common and diverse entities in the biosphere. Bacteriophages are ubiquitous viruses, found wherever bacteria exist. It is estimated there are more than 1031 bacteriophages on the planet, more than every other organism on Earth, including bacteria, combined.Phages are widely distributed in locations populated by bacterial hosts, such as soil or the intestines of animals. One of the densest natural sources for phages and other viruses is seawater, where up to 9x108 virions per millilitre have been found in microbial mats at the surface, and up to 70% of marine bacteria may be infected by phages. They have been used for over 90 years as an alternative to antibiotics in the former Soviet Union and Central Europe as well as in France. They are seen as a possible therapy against multi-drug-resistant strains of many bacteria (see phage therapy). Nevertheless, phages of Inoviridae have been shown to complicate biofilms involved in pneumonia and cystic fibrosis and shelter the bacteria from drugs meant to eradicate disease, thus promoting persistent infection.