Magma | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 23/06/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma


00:01:36 1 Physical and chemical properties of magma
00:04:18 1.1 Temperature
00:05:32 1.2 Density
00:05:41 1.3 Composition
00:07:09 2 Origins of magma by partial melting
00:07:21 2.1 Partial melting
00:08:59 2.2 Geochemical implications of partial melting
00:10:35 3 Evolution of magmas
00:10:46 3.1 Primary melts
00:11:36 3.2 Parental melts
00:12:38 4 Migration and solidification of magmas
00:13:41 4.1 Plutonism
00:14:27 4.2 Volcanism
00:15:29 5 Magma usage for energy production



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SUMMARY
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Magma (from Ancient Greek μάγμα (mágma) meaning "thick unguent") is the molten or semi-molten natural material from which all igneous rocks are formed. Magma is found beneath the surface of the Earth, and evidence of magmatism has also been discovered on other terrestrial planets and some natural satellites. Besides molten rock, magma may also contain suspended crystals and gas bubbles. Magma is produced by melting of the mantle and/or the crust at various tectonic settings, including subduction zones, continental rift zones, mid-ocean ridges and hotspots. Mantle and crustal melts migrate upwards through the crust where they are thought to be stored in magma chambers or trans-crustal crystal-rich mush zones. During their storage in the crust, magma compositions may be modified by fractional crystallization, contamination with crustal melts, magma mixing, and degassing. Following their ascent through the crust, magmas may feed a volcano or solidify underground to form an intrusion (e.g., an igneous dike or a sill). While the study of magma has historically relied on observing magma in the form of lava flows, magma has been encountered in situ three times during geothermal drilling projects—twice in Iceland (see Magma usage for energy production), and once in Hawaii.