Mali | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-25

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali


00:02:44 1 Etymology
00:04:08 2 History
00:06:12 2.1 French colonial rule
00:07:19 2.2 Moussa Traoré
00:09:16 2.2.1 March Revolution
00:11:18 2.3 Amadou Toumani Touré presidency
00:12:13 2.4 Northern Mali conflict
00:13:32 3 Geography
00:16:15 3.1 Regions and cercles
00:16:56 3.2 Extent of central government control
00:17:30 4 Politics and government
00:19:22 4.1 Foreign relations
00:20:27 4.2 Military
00:20:55 5 Economy
00:23:01 5.1 Agriculture
00:23:52 5.2 Mining
00:24:33 5.3 Energy
00:25:14 5.4 Transport infrastructure
00:25:42 6 Society
00:25:51 6.1 Demographics
00:27:07 6.2 Ethnicity
00:29:28 6.3 Languages
00:30:13 6.4 Religion
00:31:22 6.5 Education
00:32:42 6.6 Health
00:34:40 6.7 Gender Equality
00:35:59 6.7.1 Social Factors
00:38:19 6.7.2 Area of Opportunity
00:39:47 6.7.3 Efforts
00:41:20 7 Culture
00:41:46 7.1 Music
00:42:39 7.2 Literature
00:43:31 7.3 Sport
00:44:23 7.4 Cuisine
00:44:56 7.5 Media
00:45:25 8 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Mali ( (listen); French pronunciation: ​[mali]), officially the Republic of Mali (French: République du Mali), is a landlocked country in West Africa, a region geologically identified with the West African Craton. Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of just over 1,240,000 square kilometres (480,000 sq mi). The population of Mali is 18 million. It borders Mauritania to the West, Senegal, Guinea, Ivory Coast and Burkina Faso to the south, Niger to the east, and Algeria to the north. Its capital is Bamako. The sovereign state of Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert, while the country's southern part, where the majority of inhabitants live, features the Niger and Senegal rivers. The country's economy centers on agriculture and mining. Some of Mali's prominent natural resources include gold, being the third largest producer of gold in the African continent, and salt.Present-day Mali was once part of three West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire (for which Mali is named), and the Songhai Empire. During its golden age, there was a flourishing of mathematics, astronomy, literature, and art. At its peak in 1300, the Mali Empire covered an area about twice the size of modern-day France and stretched to the west coast of Africa. In the late 19th century, during the Scramble for Africa, France seized control of Mali, making it a part of French Sudan. French Sudan (then known as the Sudanese Republic) joined with Senegal in 1959, achieving independence in 1960 as the Mali Federation. Shortly thereafter, following Senegal's withdrawal from the federation, the Sudanese Republic declared itself the independent Republic of Mali. After a long period of one-party rule, a coup in 1991 led to the writing of a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state.
In January 2012, an armed conflict broke out in northern Mali, in which Tuareg rebels took control of a territory in the north, and in April declared the secession of a new state, Azawad. The conflict was complicated by a military coup that took place in March and later fighting between Tuareg and rebels. In response to territorial gains, the French military launched Opération Serval in January 2013. A month later, Malian and French forces recaptured most of the north. Presidential elections were held on 28 July 2013, with a second-round run-off held on 11 August, and legislative elections were held on 24 November and 15 December 2013.