Second generation biofuels | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 16/01/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-generation_biofuels


00:01:43 1 Introduction
00:04:56 2 Second-generation technology
00:05:14 2.1 Thermochemical routes
00:06:09 2.1.1 Gasification
00:07:01 2.1.2 Pyrolysis
00:07:41 2.1.3 Torrefaction
00:08:02 2.1.4 Hydrothermal liquefaction
00:08:36 2.2 Biochemical routes
00:09:27 3 Types of biofuel
00:10:20 3.1 From syngas using catalysis
00:12:46 3.2 From syngas using Fischer–Tropsch
00:13:30 3.3 Biocatalysis
00:14:20 3.4 Other processes
00:15:19 4 Second Generation Feedstocks
00:16:08 4.1 Energy crops
00:16:43 4.2 Municipal solid waste
00:17:18 4.3 Green waste
00:17:48 4.4 Black liquor
00:18:22 5 Greenhouse gas emissions
00:19:28 6 Commercial development
00:22:18 7 "Drop-in" biofuels
00:25:50 8 See also



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SUMMARY
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Second-generation biofuels, also known as advanced biofuels, are fuels that can be manufactured from various types of non-food biomass. Biomass in this context means plant materials and animal waste used especially as a source of fuel.
First-generation biofuels are made from the sugars and vegetable oils found in food crops using standard processing technologies. Second-generation biofuels are made from different feedstocks and therefore may require different technology to extract useful energy from them. Second generation feedstocks include lignocellulosic biomass or woody crops, agricultural residues or waste, as well as dedicated non-food energy crops grown on marginal land unsuitable for crop production.
The term second-generation biofuels is used loosely to describe both the 'advanced' technology used to process feedstocks into biofuel, but also the use of non-food crops, biomass and wastes as feedstocks in 'standard' biofuels processing technologies if suitable. This causes some considerable confusion. Therefore it is important to distinguish between second-generation feedstocks and second-generation biofuel processing technologies.
The development of second-generation biofuels has seen a stimulus since the food vs. fuel dilemma regarding the risk of diverting farmland or crops for biofuels production to the detriment of food supply. The biofuel and food price debate involves wide-ranging views, and is a long-standing, controversial one in the literature.