Hadrian | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-05

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian


00:03:42 1 Early life
00:05:59 2 Public service
00:09:23 2.1 Relationship with Trajan and his family
00:11:53 2.2 Succession
00:13:22 3 Emperor (117)
00:13:32 3.1 Securing power
00:17:20 4 Travels
00:19:23 4.1 Britannia and the West (122)
00:21:42 4.2 Africa, Parthia and Anatolia; Antinous (123–124)
00:24:08 4.3 Greece (124–125)
00:27:17 4.4 Return to Italy and trip to Africa (126–128)
00:29:03 4.5 Greece, Asia, and Egypt (128–130); Antinous's death
00:32:06 4.6 Greece and the East (130–132)
00:34:41 4.7 Second Roman–Jewish War (132–136)
00:39:40 5 Final years
00:40:51 5.1 Arranging the succession
00:44:00 5.2 Death
00:45:40 6 Military activities
00:50:24 7 Legal and social reforms
00:55:15 8 Religious activities
00:58:29 8.1 Antinous
01:00:42 8.2 Christians
01:01:16 9 Personal and cultural interests
01:05:15 9.1 Poem by Hadrian
01:06:30 10 Appraisals
01:10:23 11 Sources and historiography
01:13:18 12 Nerva–Antonine family tree
01:13:29 13 Notes
01:13:37 14 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Hadrian (; Latin: Publius Aelius Hadrianus Augustus; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. He was born Publius Aelius Hadrianus in Italica, Hispania Baetica, into a Hispano-Italic family that settled in Spain from the Italian city of Atri in Picenum. His father was of senatorial rank and was a first cousin of Emperor Trajan. He married Trajan's grand-niece Vibia Sabina early in his career, before Trajan became emperor and possibly at the behest of Trajan's wife Pompeia Plotina. Plotina and Trajan's close friend and adviser Lucius Licinius Sura were well disposed towards Hadrian. When Trajan died, his widow claimed that he had nominated Hadrian as emperor immediately before his death.
Rome's military and Senate approved Hadrian's succession, but four leading senators were unlawfully put to death soon after. They had opposed Hadrian or seemed to threaten his succession, and the senate held him responsible for it and never forgave him. He earned further disapproval among the elite by abandoning Trajan's expansionist policies and territorial gains in Mesopotamia, Assyria, Armenia, and parts of Dacia. Hadrian preferred to invest in the development of stable, defensible borders and the unification of the empire's disparate peoples. He is known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of Britannia.
Hadrian energetically pursued his own Imperial ideals and personal interests. He visited almost every province of the Empire, accompanied by an Imperial retinue of specialists and administrators. He encouraged military preparedness and discipline, and he fostered, designed, or personally subsidised various civil and religious institutions and building projects. In Rome itself, he rebuilt the Pantheon and constructed the vast Temple of Venus and Roma. In Egypt, he may have rebuilt the Serapeum of Alexandria. He was an ardent admirer of Greece and sought to make Athens the cultural capital of the Empire, so he ordered the construction of many opulent temples there. His intense relationship with Greek youth Antinous and Antinous' untimely death led Hadrian to establish a widespread cult late in his reign. He suppressed the Bar Kokhba revolt in Judaea, but his reign was otherwise peaceful.
Hadrian's last years were marred by chronic illness. He saw the Bar Kokhba revolt as the failure of his panhellenic ideal. He executed two more senators for their alleged plots against him, and this provoked further resentment. His marriage to Vibia Sabina had been unhappy and childless; he adopted Antoninus Pius in 138 and nominated him as a successor, on the condition that Antoninus adopt Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus as his own heirs. Hadrian died the same year at Baiae, and Anton ...