Aurangzeb | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-16

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Aurangzeb


00:02:08 1 Early life
00:03:41 2 Early military campaigns and administration
00:03:52 2.1 Bundela War
00:04:29 2.2 Viceroy of the Deccan
00:09:35 2.3 War of Succession
00:16:30 3 Reign
00:16:38 3.1 Bureaucracy
00:18:14 3.2 Establishment of Islamic law
00:21:00 3.3 Taxation policy
00:21:59 3.4 Policy on temples and mosques
00:25:21 3.5 Execution of opponents
00:26:36 3.6 Expansion of the Mughal Empire
00:29:29 3.7 Military equipment
00:30:50 3.7.1 War elephants
00:31:09 3.8 Art and Culture
00:31:34 3.8.1 Calligraphy
00:31:51 3.8.2 Architecture
00:32:35 3.8.3 Textiles
00:34:02 4 Foreign relations
00:34:42 4.1 Relations with the Uzbek
00:35:05 4.2 Relations with the Safavid dynasty
00:35:54 4.3 Relations with the French
00:36:22 4.4 Relations with the Sultanate of Maldives
00:36:53 4.5 Relations with the Ottoman Empire
00:37:27 4.6 Relations with the English
00:39:41 5 Administrative reforms
00:39:50 5.1 Tribute
00:40:11 5.2 Revenue
00:40:39 5.3 Coins
00:41:09 6 Rebellions
00:43:11 6.1 Jat rebellion
00:44:30 6.2 Mughal–Maratha Wars
00:49:12 6.3 Ahom campaign
00:51:46 6.4 Satnami opposition
00:52:53 6.5 Sikh opposition
00:54:09 6.6 Sikh-Mughal wars
00:54:57 6.7 Pashtun opposition
00:56:44 7 Death
01:02:25 7.1 Criticism
01:03:18 8 Full title
01:03:46 9 In literature
01:04:29 10 Ancestry
01:04:38 11 See also



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SUMMARY
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Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad (Persian: محي الدين محمد‎) ( Hindi: अबुल मुज़फ़्फ़र मुहिउद्दीन मुहम्मद औरंगज़ेब आलमगीर) (3 November 1618 – 3 March 1707), commonly known by the sobriquet Aurangzeb (Urdu: اَورنگزیب ‬‎),
(Persian: اورنگ‌زیب‎ "Ornament of the Throne") or by his regnal title Alamgir (Urdu: عالمگِیر ‬‎),
(Persian: عالمگير‎ "Conqueror of the World"), was the sixth Mughal emperor. Widely considered the last effective Mughal emperor, his reign lasted for 49 years from 1658 until his death in 1707.Aurangzeb was a notable expansionist during his reign, and the Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent, ruling over nearly all of the Indian subcontinent. During his lifetime, victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to 4 million square kilometres, and he ruled over a population estimated to be over 158 million subjects, with an annual yearly revenue of $450 million (more than ten times that of his contemporary Louis XIV of France), or £38,624,680 (2,879,469,894 rupees) in 1690. Under his reign, the Mughal Empire surpassed China to become the world's largest economy, worth over $90 billion, nearly a quarter of world GDP in 1700.Aurangzeb has been subject to controversy and criticism for his policies that abandoned his predecessors' legacy of pluralism and religious tolerance, citing his introduction of the Jizya tax, destruction of Hindu temples, and the executions of Maratha Kingdom ruler Sambhaji and the ninth Sikh guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur. Various historians question the historicity of the claims of his critics, arguing that his destruction of temples has been exaggerated, and noting that he also built temples,  paid for the maintenance of temples, employed significantly more Hindus in his imperial bureaucracy than his predecessors did, and opposed bigotry against Hindus and Shia Muslims.The downfall of the Mughal Empire began near the end of his reign due to his political and religious intolerance.