History of the scientific method | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-28

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_scientific_method


00:01:51 1 Early methodology
00:06:22 1.1 Aristotle
00:13:35 1.2 Epicurus
00:14:58 2 Emergence of inductive experimental method
00:16:15 2.1 Ibn al-Haytham
00:19:45 2.2 Al-Biruni
00:21:34 2.3 Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
00:24:00 2.4 Robert Grosseteste
00:25:01 2.5 Roger Bacon
00:27:29 2.6 Renaissance humanism and medicine
00:30:56 2.7 Skepticism as a basis for understanding
00:33:50 2.8 Francis Bacon's eliminative induction
00:38:46 2.9 Descartes
00:42:08 2.10 Galileo Galilei
00:45:45 2.11 Isaac Newton
00:48:09 3 Integrating deductive and inductive method
00:56:45 3.1 Charles Sanders Peirce
01:00:17 3.2 Popper and Kuhn
01:02:35 4 Mention of the topic
01:04:33 5 Current issues
01:05:36 6 Science and pseudoscience
01:06:45 7 See also
01:06:58 8 Notes and references
01:07:08 9 Sources



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SUMMARY
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The history of scientific method considers changes in the methodology of scientific inquiry, as distinct from the history of science itself. The development of rules for scientific reasoning has not been straightforward; scientific  method has been the subject of intense and recurring debate throughout the history of science, and eminent natural philosophers and scientists have argued for the primacy of one or another approach to establishing scientific knowledge. Despite the disagreements about approaches, scientific method has advanced in definite steps. Rationalist explanations of nature, including atomism, appeared both in ancient Greece in the thought of Leucippus and Democritus, and in ancient India, in the Nyaya, Vaisesika and Buddhist schools, while Charvaka materialism rejected inference as a source of knowledge in favour of an empiricism that was always subject to doubt. Aristotle pioneered scientific method in ancient Greece alongside his empirical biology and his work on logic, rejecting a purely deductive framework in favour of generalisations made from observations of nature.
Some of the most important debates in the history of scientific method center on: rationalism, especially as advocated by René Descartes; inductivism, which rose to particular prominence with Isaac Newton and his followers; and hypothetico-deductivism, which came to the fore in the early 19th century.  In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a debate over realism vs. antirealism was central to discussions of scientific method as powerful scientific theories extended beyond the realm of the observable, while in the mid-20th century some prominent philosophers argued against any universal rules of science at all.