Ice | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-17

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice


00:02:05 1 Physical properties
00:06:43 1.1 Phases
00:10:15 1.2 Friction properties
00:12:18 2 Natural formation
00:13:09 2.1 On the oceans
00:13:54 2.2 On land and structures
00:15:14 2.3 On rivers and streams
00:16:16 2.4 On lakes
00:17:10 2.5 In the air
00:17:18 2.5.1 Rime ice
00:17:51 2.5.2 Ice pellets
00:19:21 2.5.3 Hail
00:22:08 2.5.4 Snow
00:23:35 2.5.5 Diamond dust
00:24:07 3 Ablation
00:25:30 4 Role in human activities
00:26:23 4.1 Cooling
00:26:51 4.1.1 Harvesting
00:27:58 4.1.2 Mechanical production
00:30:00 4.2 Transportation
00:31:02 4.2.1 Land travel
00:31:17 4.2.2 Water-borne travel
00:33:03 4.2.3 Air travel
00:33:59 4.3 Recreation and sports
00:36:00 4.4 Other uses
00:36:49 4.4.1 As thermal ballast
00:36:58 4.4.2 As structural material
00:37:47 5 "Ice" of other materials
00:39:37 6 See also



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SUMMARY
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Ice is water frozen into a solid state. Depending on the presence of impurities such as particles of soil or bubbles of air, it can appear transparent or a more or less opaque bluish-white color.
In the Solar System, ice is abundant and occurs naturally from as close to the Sun as Mercury to as far away as the Oort cloud objects. Beyond the Solar System, it occurs as interstellar ice. It is abundant on Earth's surface – particularly in the polar regions and above the snow line – and, as a common form of precipitation and deposition, plays a key role in Earth's water cycle and climate. It falls as snowflakes and hail or occurs as frost, icicles or ice spikes.
Ice molecules can exhibit eighteen or more different phases (packing geometries) that depend on temperature and pressure. When water is cooled rapidly (quenching), up to three different types of amorphous ice can form depending on the history of its pressure and temperature. When cooled slowly correlated proton tunneling occurs below −253.15 °C (20 K, −423.67 °F) giving rise to macroscopic quantum phenomena. Virtually all the ice on Earth's surface and in its atmosphere is of a hexagonal crystalline structure denoted as ice Ih (spoken as "ice one h") with minute traces of cubic ice denoted as ice Ic. The most common phase transition to ice Ih occurs when liquid water is cooled below 0 °C (273.15 K, 32 °F) at standard atmospheric pressure. It may also be deposited directly by water vapor, as happens in the formation of frost. The transition from ice to water is melting and from ice directly to water vapor is sublimation.
Ice is used in a variety of ways, including cooling, winter sports and ice sculpture.