Frog | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-04

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog


00:03:19 1 Etymology and taxonomy
00:04:15 1.1 Etymology
00:05:29 1.2 Taxonomy
00:06:11 2 Evolution
00:08:45 3 Morphology and physiology
00:14:58 3.1 Feet and legs
00:17:18 3.2 Skin
00:21:15 3.3 Respiration and circulation
00:25:11 3.4 Digestion and excretion
00:27:08 3.5 Reproductive system
00:29:19 3.6 Nervous system
00:30:41 3.7 Sight
00:31:42 3.8 Hearing
00:33:30 3.9 Call
00:35:02 3.10 Torpor
00:38:01 4 Locomotion
00:40:07 5 Life history
00:48:58 5.1 Reproduction
00:49:30 5.2 Life cycle
00:52:45 5.2.1 Eggs / frogspawn
00:52:53 5.2.2 Tadpoles
00:55:07 5.2.3 Metamorphosis
00:57:53 5.2.4 Adults
00:59:21 5.3 Parental care
01:01:54 6 Defence
01:06:24 7 Distribution
01:10:20 8 Conservation
01:11:45 9 Uses
01:15:58 9.1 Culinary
01:16:07 9.2 Scientific research
01:17:51 9.3 Pharmaceutical
01:20:12 10 Cultural beliefs
01:22:10 11 See also
01:23:45 12 References



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SUMMARY
=======
A frog is any member of a diverse and largely carnivorous group of short-bodied, tailless amphibians composing the order Anura (literally without tail in Ancient Greek). The oldest fossil "proto-frog" appeared in the early Triassic of Madagascar, but molecular clock dating suggests their origins may extend further back to the Permian, 265 million years ago. Frogs are widely distributed, ranging from the tropics to subarctic regions, but the greatest concentration of species diversity is in tropical rainforests. There are over 6,300 recorded species, accounting for around 88% of extant amphibian species. They are also one of the five most diverse vertebrate orders. Warty frog species tend to be called toads, but the distinction between frogs and toads is informal, not from taxonomy or evolutionary history.
An adult frog has a stout body, protruding eyes, anteriorly-attached tongue, limbs folded underneath, and no tail (except in tailed frogs). Frogs have glandular skin, with secretions ranging from distasteful to toxic. Their skin varies in colour from well-camouflaged dappled brown, grey and green to vivid patterns of bright red or yellow and black to show toxicity and ward off predators. Adult frogs live in fresh water and on dry land; some species are adapted for living underground or in trees.
Frogs typically lay their eggs in water. The eggs hatch into aquatic larvae called tadpoles that have tails and internal gills. They have highly specialized rasping mouth parts suitable for herbivorous, omnivorous or planktivorous diets. The life cycle is completed when they metamorphose into adults. A few species deposit eggs on land or bypass the tadpole stage. Adult frogs generally have a carnivorous diet consisting of small invertebrates, but omnivorous species exist and a few feed on fruit. Frog skin has a rich microbiome which is important to their health. Frogs are extremely efficient at converting what they eat into body mass. They are an important food source for predators and part of the food web dynamics of many of the world's ecosystems. The skin is semi-permeable, making them susceptible to dehydration, so they either live in moist places or have special adaptations to deal with dry habitats. Frogs produce a wide range of vocalizations, particularly in their breeding season, and exhibit many different kinds of complex behaviours to attract mates, to fend off predators and to generally survive.
Frogs are valued as food by humans and also have many cultural roles in literature, symbolism and religion. They are also seen as environmental bellwethers, with declines in frog populations often viewed as early warning signs of environmental damage.  Frog populations have declined significantly since the 1950s. More than one third of species are considered to be threatened with extinction and over 120 are believed to have become extin ...