Dopamine | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 04/10/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine


00:03:23 1 Structure
00:04:45 2 Biochemistry
00:04:54 2.1 Synthesis
00:07:02 2.2 Degradation
00:08:50 3 Functions
00:08:59 3.1 Cellular effects
00:10:30 3.1.1 Storage, release, and reuptake
00:12:59 3.2 Nervous system
00:17:34 3.2.1 Basal ganglia
00:20:44 3.2.2 Reward
00:24:24 3.2.3 Pleasure
00:27:06 3.3 Outside the nervous system
00:31:35 4 Medical uses
00:33:50 5 Disease, disorders, and pharmacology
00:34:45 5.1 Aging brain
00:35:36 5.2 Multiple sclerosis
00:36:00 5.3 Parkinson's disease
00:38:43 5.4 Drug addiction and psychostimulants
00:42:17 5.5 Psychosis and antipsychotic drugs
00:45:30 5.6 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
00:46:46 5.7 Pain
00:47:25 5.8 Nausea
00:48:09 6 Comparative biology and evolution
00:48:19 6.1 Microorganisms
00:49:02 6.2 Animals
00:51:02 6.3 Plants
00:53:20 6.4 As a precursor for melanin
00:54:25 7 History and development
00:55:23 7.1 Polydopamine



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SUMMARY
=======
Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families. It functions both as a hormone and a neurotransmitter, and plays several important roles in the brain and body. It is an amine synthesized by removing a carboxyl group from a molecule of its precursor chemical L-DOPA, which is synthesized in the brain and kidneys. Dopamine is also synthesized in plants and most animals. In the brain, dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter—a chemical released by neurons (nerve cells) to send signals to other nerve cells. The brain includes several distinct dopamine pathways, one of which plays a major role in the motivational component of reward-motivated behavior. The anticipation of most types of rewards increases the level of dopamine in the brain, and many addictive drugs increase dopamine release or block its reuptake into neurons following release. Other brain dopamine pathways are involved in motor control and in controlling the release of various hormones. These pathways and cell groups form a dopamine system which is neuromodulatory.
In popular culture and media, dopamine is often seen as the main chemical of pleasure, but the current opinion in pharmacology is that dopamine instead confers motivational salience; in other words, dopamine signals the perceived motivational prominence (i.e., the desirability or aversiveness) of an outcome, which in turn propels the organism's behavior toward or away from achieving that outcome.Outside the central nervous system, dopamine functions primarily as a local paracrine messenger.  In blood vessels, it inhibits norepinephrine release and acts as a vasodilator (at normal concentrations); in the kidneys, it increases sodium excretion and urine output; in the pancreas, it reduces insulin production; in the digestive system, it reduces gastrointestinal motility and protects intestinal mucosa; and in the immune system, it reduces the activity of lymphocytes.  With the exception of the blood vessels, dopamine in each of these peripheral systems is synthesized locally and exerts its effects near the cells that release it.
Several important diseases of the nervous system are associated with dysfunctions of the dopamine system, and some of the key medications used to treat them work by altering the effects of dopamine. Parkinson's disease, a degenerative condition causing tremor and motor impairment, is caused by a loss of dopamine-secreting neurons in an area of the midbrain called the substantia nigra. Its metabolic precursor L-DOPA can be manufactured; Levodopa, a pure form of L-DOPA, is the most widely used treatment for Parkinson's. There is evidence that schizophrenia involves altered levels of dopamine activity, and most antipsychotic drugs used to treat this are dopamine antagonists w ...