Ukrainian alphabet
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Date: 2022-01-07

Ukrainian alphabet, by Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1001931 / CC BY SA 3.0

#Cyrillic_alphabets
#Ukrainian_orthography
The Ukrainian alphabet is the set of letters used to write Ukrainian, the official language of Ukraine.
It is one of the national variations of the Cyrillic script.
The modern Ukrainian alphabet consists of 33 letters.
In Ukrainian, it is called українська абетка （IPA: [ʊkrɐˈjinʲsʲkɐ ɐˈbɛtkɐ]; tr. Ukrayins’ka abetka）, from the initial letters а （tr. a） and б （tr. b）; алфавіт （tr. alfavit）; or,
archaically, азбука （tr. azbuka）, from the acrophonic early Cyrillic letter names азъ （tr. az） and буки （tr. buki）.
Ukrainian text is sometimes romanised: written in the Latin alphabet, for non-Cyrillic readers or transcription systems.
See romanisation of Ukrainian for details of specific romanisation systems.
There have also been several historical proposals for a native Latin alphabet for Ukrainian, but none have caught on.
The alphabet comprises thirty-three letters, representing thirty-eight phonemes （meaningful units of sound） and an additional sign: the apostrophe.
Ukrainian orthography （the rules of writing） is based on the phonemic principle, with one letter generally corresponding to one phoneme.
The orthography also has cases in which semantic, historical, and morphological principles are applied.
In the Ukrainian alphabet the "Ь" could also be the last letter in the alphabet.
Twenty letters represent consonants （б, г, ґ, д, ж, з, к, л, м, н, п, р, с, т, ф, х, ц, ч, ш, щ）, ten vowels （а, е, є, и, і, ї, о, у, ю, я）, and two semivowels （й/yot, and в）.
The soft sign ь has no meaning when written by itself, but when written after a consonant, it indicates that the consonant is soft （palatalized）.
Also, alveolar consonants are palatalized when followed by certain vowels: д, з, л, н, р, с, т, ц and дз are softened when they are followed by a "soft" vowel: є, і, ю, я.
See iotation.
The apostrophe negates palatalization in places that it wo...