Renewable energy commercialization | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 21/06/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization


00:02:48 1 Background
00:02:57 1.1 Rationale for renewables
00:07:08 1.2 Growth of renewables
00:11:25 1.3 Economic trends
00:14:29 1.4 Three generations of technologies
00:16:13 2 First-generation technologies
00:16:43 2.1 Biomass
00:17:42 2.2 Hydroelectricity
00:19:20 2.3 Geothermal power and heat
00:21:05 3 Second-generation technologies
00:21:38 3.1 Solar heating
00:22:33 3.2 Photovoltaics
00:26:03 3.3 Wind power
00:28:48 3.4 Solar thermal power stations
00:30:01 3.5 Modern forms of bioenergy
00:32:38 4 Third-generation technologies
00:33:21 4.1 New bioenergy technologies
00:34:15 4.2 Ocean energy
00:36:24 4.3 Enhanced geothermal systems
00:37:10 4.4 Advanced solar concepts
00:39:18 5 Renewable energy industry
00:40:00 5.1 Wind power companies
00:40:47 5.2 Photovoltaic market trends
00:42:32 6 Non-technical barriers to acceptance
00:47:48 7 Public policy landscape
00:49:37 7.1 Shifting taxes
00:50:51 7.2 Shifting subsidies
00:53:49 7.3 Renewable energy targets
00:55:34 7.4 Levelling the playing field
00:57:01 7.5 Green stimulus programs
00:57:37 7.6 Energy sector regulation
00:59:23 7.7 Energy transition in Germany
01:03:16 8 Voluntary market mechanisms for renewable electricity
01:04:51 9 Recent developments
01:10:34 10 100% renewable energy
01:13:43 11 Energy efficiency
01:15:24 12 See also
01:15:33 12.1 Lists
01:15:41 12.2 Topics



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SUMMARY
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Renewable energy commercialization involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years. First-generation technologies, which are already mature and economically competitive, include biomass, hydroelectricity, geothermal power and heat. Second-generation technologies are market-ready and are being deployed at the present time; they include solar heating, photovoltaics, wind power, solar thermal power stations, and modern forms of bioenergy. Third-generation technologies require continued R&D efforts in order to make large contributions on a global scale and include advanced biomass gasification, hot-dry-rock geothermal power, and ocean energy. As of 2012, renewable energy accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity installed and costs are continuing to fall.Public policy and political leadership helps to "level the playing field" and drive the wider acceptance of renewable energy technologies. Countries such as Germany, Denmark, and Spain have led the way in implementing innovative policies which has driven most of the growth over the past decade. As of 2014, Germany has a commitment to the "Energiewende" transition to a sustainable energy economy, and Denmark has a commitment to 100% renewable energy by 2050. There are now 144 countries with renewable energy policy targets.
Renewable energy continued its rapid growth in 2015, providing multiple benefits. There was a new record set for installed wind and photovoltaic capacity (64GW and 57GW) and a new high of US$329 Billion for global renewables investment. A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs. The top countries for investment in recent years were China, Germany, Spain, the United States, Italy, and Brazil. Renewable energy companies include BrightSource Energy, First Solar, Gamesa, GE Energy, Goldwind, Sinovel, Targray, Trina Solar, Vestas, and Yingli.Climate change concerns are also driving increasing growth in the renewable energy industries. According to a 2011 projection by the (IEA) International Energy Agency, solar power generators may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years, reducing harmful greenhouse gas emissions.Renewable power has been more effective in creating jobs than coal or oil in the United States.