Sparta | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-26

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta


00:03:01 1 Names
00:06:46 2 Geography
00:07:46 3 Mythology
00:08:31 4 Archaeology of the classical period
00:12:23 4.1 Menelaion
00:14:03 5 History
00:14:12 5.1 Prehistory, "dark age" and archaic period
00:16:58 5.2 Classical Sparta
00:21:12 5.3 Hellenistic and Roman Sparta
00:25:13 5.4 Postclassical and modern Sparta
00:26:04 6 Structure of Classical Spartan society
00:26:15 6.1 Constitution
00:28:36 6.2 Citizenship
00:29:52 6.3 Non citizens
00:30:14 6.3.1 Helots
00:35:50 6.3.2 Perioikoi
00:36:50 6.4 Economy
00:39:32 7 Life in Classical Sparta
00:39:43 7.1 Birth and death
00:41:10 7.2 Education
00:43:39 7.3 Military life
00:48:31 7.4 Agriculture, food, and diet
00:49:23 7.5 Marriage
00:50:44 8 Role of women
00:50:53 8.1 Political, social, and economic equality
00:55:21 8.2 Historic women
00:56:25 9 Laconophilia
01:00:08 10 Notable ancient Spartans
01:01:26 11 See also
01:01:38 12 Notes and references
01:01:52 13 Sources
01:02:02 14 Further reading
01:03:34 15 External links



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- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Sparta (Doric Greek: Σπάρτα, Spártā; Attic Greek: Σπάρτη, Spártē) was a prominent city-state in ancient Greece. In antiquity the city-state was known as Lacedaemon (Λακεδαίμων, Lakedaímōn), while the name Sparta referred to its main settlement on the banks of the Eurotas River in Laconia, in south-eastern Peloponnese. Around 650 BC, it rose to become the dominant military land-power in ancient Greece.
Given its military pre-eminence, Sparta was recognized as the leading force of the unified Greek military during the Greco-Persian Wars, in rivalry with the rising naval power of Athens. Between 431 and 404 BC, Sparta was the principal enemy of Athens during the Peloponnesian War, from which it emerged victorious. The defeat by Thebes in the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC ended Sparta's prominent role, though it maintained its political independence until the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 BC. It then underwent a long period of decline, especially in the Middle Ages, when many Spartans moved to Mystras. Modern Sparta is the capital of the Greek region of Laconia and a center for processing citrus and olives.
Sparta was unique in ancient Greece for its social system and constitution, which configured its entire society to maximize military proficiency at all costs, focusing all social institutions on military training and physical development. Its inhabitants were classified as Spartiates (Spartan citizens with full rights), mothakes (non-Spartan free men raised as Spartans), perioikoi (free residents engaged in commerce), and helots (state-owned serfs, enslaved non-Spartan local population). Spartiates underwent the rigorous agoge training and education regimen, and Spartan phalanx brigades were widely considered to be among the best in battle. Spartan women enjoyed considerably more rights and equality with men than elsewhere in classical antiquity.

Sparta was the subject of fascination in its own day, as well as in Western culture following the revival of classical learning. The admiration of Sparta is known as Laconism or Laconophilia. Bertrand Russell wrote:Sparta had a double effect on Greek thought: through the reality, and through the myth.... The reality enabled the Spartans to defeat Athens in war; the myth influenced Plato's political theory, and that of countless subsequent writers.... [The] ideals that it favors had a great part in framing the doctrines of Rousseau, Nietzsche, and National Socialism.