Aqua ion | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 04/07/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_ions_in_aqueous_solution


00:01:12 1 Introduction to metal aqua ions
00:04:21 2 Occurrence in nature
00:05:16 3 Experimental methods
00:05:48 3.1 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
00:06:38 3.2 X-ray diffraction (XRD)
00:07:52 3.3 Neutron diffraction
00:10:23 3.4 Vibrational spectra
00:11:32 3.5 Dynamic methods
00:12:00 4 Solvation numbers and structures
00:12:10 4.1 Alkali metals
00:12:56 4.2 Alkaline earth metals
00:14:06 4.3 Group 3 metals, lanthanides and actinides
00:15:25 4.4 Transition metals and group 12 metals
00:17:23 4.5 Group 13-15 metals
00:18:50 4.6 Oxo-aqua-cations
00:20:29 5 Thermodynamics
00:23:14 6 Hydrolysis of aqua ions
00:27:10 6.1 First hydrolysis constant
00:29:31 6.2 Multiple hydrolysis reactions
00:31:49 6.3 Oxyanions
00:32:18 7 Exchange kinetics
00:35:10 7.1 Mechanisms
00:36:53 8 Formation of complexes
00:38:17 9 Electrochemistry
00:38:22 10 References



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SUMMARY
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A metal ion in aqueous solution (aqua ion) is a cation, dissolved in water, of chemical formula [M(H2O)n]z+. The solvation number, n, determined by a variety of experimental methods is 4 for Li+ and Be2+ and 6 for elements in periods 3 and 4 of the periodic table. Lanthanide and actinide aqua ions have a solvation number of 8 or 9. The strength of the bonds between the metal ion and water molecules in the primary solvation shell increases with the electrical charge, z, on the metal ion and decreases as its radius, r, increases. Aqua ions are subject to hydrolysis. The logarithm of the first hydrolysis constant is proportional to z2/r for most aqua ions. The aqua ion is associated, through hydrogen bonding with other water molecules in a secondary solvation shell. Water molecules in the first hydration shell exchange with molecules in the second solvation shell and molecules in the bulk liquid. The residence time of a molecule in the first shell varies among the chemical elements from about 100 picoseconds to more than 200 years. Aqua ions are prominent in electrochemistry.