Vitalism | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalism


00:01:35 1 History
00:01:44 1.1 Ancient times
00:02:37 1.2 Medieval
00:02:55 1.3 Early modern
00:05:52 1.4 19th century
00:08:58 1.5 20th century
00:13:05 2 Emergentism
00:15:35 3 Mesmerism
00:18:03 4 Medical philosophies
00:20:28 5 Criticism
00:31:07 6 See also
00:31:17 7 Notes



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- Socrates


SUMMARY
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Vitalism is the belief that "living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principles than are inanimate things".a Where vitalism explicitly invokes a vital principle, that element is often referred to as the "vital spark", "energy" or "élan vital", which some equate with the soul. In the 18th and 19th centuries vitalism was discussed among biologists, between those who felt that the known mechanics of physics would eventually explain the difference between life and non-life and vitalists who argued that the processes of life could not be reduced to a mechanistic process. Some vitalist biologists proposed testable hypotheses meant to show inadequacies with mechanistic explanations, but these experiments failed to provide support for vitalism. Biologists now consider vitalism in this sense to have been refuted by empirical evidence, and hence regard it as a superseded scientific theory.Vitalism has a long history in medical philosophies: many traditional healing practices posited that disease results from some imbalance in vital forces.