Ramayana | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 10/05/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana


00:02:43 1 Etymology
00:02:58 2 Textual history and structure
00:05:54 3 Period
00:08:05 4 Characters
00:08:14 4.1 Ikshvaku dynasty
00:12:15 4.2 Allies of Rama
00:15:09 4.3 Foes Of Rama
00:17:16 5 Synopsis
00:17:25 5.1 iBala Kanda/i
00:20:02 5.2 iAyodhya Kanda/i
00:21:57 5.3 iAranya Kanda/i
00:24:49 5.4 iKishkindha Kanda/i
00:26:09 5.5 iSundara Kanda/i
00:28:42 5.6 iYuddha Kanda/i
00:31:12 5.7 iUttara Kanda/i
00:34:41 6 Versions
00:35:20 6.1 India
00:38:16 6.1.1 Buddhist version
00:39:41 6.1.2 Jain version
00:43:14 6.1.3 Sikh version
00:44:45 6.2 Nepal
00:45:47 6.3 Southeast Asian
00:45:56 6.3.1 Cambodia
00:46:59 6.3.2 Indonesia
00:49:41 6.3.3 Laos
00:50:04 6.3.4 Malaysia
00:50:21 6.3.5 Myanmar
00:51:06 6.3.6 Philippines
00:52:42 6.3.7 Thailand
00:53:51 6.4 Critical edition
00:54:33 7 Influence on culture and art
00:57:48 8 Religious significance
00:58:48 9 In popular culture
00:59:52 9.1 Stage
01:01:01 9.2 Movies
01:03:41 9.3 Plays
01:04:13 9.4 Exhibitions
01:04:38 9.5 Books
01:05:12 9.6 TV series



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SUMMARY
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Ramayana (; Sanskrit: रामायणम्, Rāmāyaṇam [ɽaːˈmaːjɐɳɐm]) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the Mahābhārata. Along with the Mahābhārata, it forms the Hindu Itihasa.
The epic, traditionally ascribed to the Hindu Valmiki, narrates the life of Rama, the legendary prince of the Kosala Kingdom. It follows his fourteen-year exile to the forest from the kingdom, by his father King Dasharatha, on request of his second wife Kaikeyi. His travels across forests in India with his wife Sita and brother Lakshmana, the kidnapping of his wife by Ravana, the great king of Lanka, resulting in a war with him, and Rama's eventual return to Ayodhya to be crowned king.
There have been many attempts to unravel the epic's historical growth and compositional layers; various recent scholars' estimates for the earliest stage of the text range from the 27th to 24th centuries BCE, with later stages extending up to the 23rd century CE.The Ramayana is one of the largest ancient epics in world literature. It consists of nearly 24,000 verses (mostly set in the Shloka meter), divided into seven Kandas and about 500 sargas (chapters). In Hindu tradition, it is considered to be the adi-kavya (first poem). It depicts the duties of relationships, portraying ideal characters like the ideal father, the ideal servant, the ideal brother, the ideal husband and the ideal king. Ramayana was an important influence on later Sanskrit poetry and Hindu life and culture. Like Mahabharata, Ramayana is not just a story: it presents the teachings of ancient Hindu sages in narrative allegory, interspersing philosophical and ethical elements. The characters Rama, Sita, Lakshmana, Bharata, Hanuman, Shatrughna, and Ravana are all fundamental to the cultural consciousness of India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and south-east Asian countries such as Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
There are many versions of Ramayana in Indian languages, besides Buddhist, Sikh, and Jain adaptations. There are also Cambodian, Indonesian, Filipino, Thai, Lao, Burmese, and Malaysian versions of the tale.