Qualia | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-09

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualia


00:01:15 1 Definitions
00:04:39 2 Arguments for the existence
00:05:06 2.1 "What's it like to be?" argument
00:06:12 2.2 Inverted spectrum argument
00:08:32 2.3 Zombie argument
00:09:14 2.4 Explanatory gap argument
00:10:40 2.5 Knowledge argument
00:13:51 3 Critics of qualia
00:14:00 3.1 Daniel Dennett
00:20:51 3.2 Paul Churchland
00:21:35 3.3 Gary Drescher
00:22:45 3.4 David Lewis
00:24:42 3.5 Marvin Minsky
00:25:43 3.6 Michael Tye
00:28:36 4 Proponents of qualia
00:28:46 4.1 David Chalmers
00:29:25 4.2 E. J. Lowe
00:30:34 4.3 J. B. Maund
00:33:57 4.4 Moreland Perkins
00:35:00 4.5 Ramachandran and Hirstein
00:36:52 4.6 Howard Robinson and William Robinson
00:39:29 4.7 Edmond Wright
00:41:58 4.8 Erwin Schrödinger
00:44:05 5 Neurobiological blending of perspectives
00:44:16 5.1 Rodolfo Llinás
00:45:25 5.2 Roger Orpwood
00:49:47 6 Other issues
00:49:57 6.1 Indeterminacy
00:51:04 6.2 Causal efficacy
00:51:49 6.3 Epistemological issues
00:58:11 7 See also



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SUMMARY
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In philosophy and certain models of psychology, qualia ( or ; singular form: quale) are defined to be individual instances of subjective, conscious experience. The term qualia derives from the Latin neuter plural form (qualia) of the Latin adjective quālis (Latin pronunciation: [ˈkʷaːlɪs]) meaning "of what sort" or "of what kind" in a specific instance like "what it is like to taste a specific apple, this particular apple now". 
Examples of qualia include the perceived sensation of pain of a headache, the taste of wine, as well as the redness of an evening sky. As qualitative characters of sensation, qualia stand in contrast to "propositional attitudes", where the focus is on beliefs about experience rather than what it is directly like to be experiencing.
Philosopher and cognitive scientist Daniel Dennett once suggested that qualia was "an unfamiliar term for something that could not be more familiar to each of us: the ways things seem to us".Much of the debate over their importance hinges on the definition of the term, and various philosophers emphasize or deny the existence of certain features of qualia. Consequently, the nature and existence of various definitions of qualia remains controversial due to qualia not being a pragmatically verifiable matter.