Penal labor in the United States | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 05/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Penal labor in the United States


00:03:45 1 History
00:03:54 1.1 Origins
00:04:28 1.1.1 Prison Labor Post 13th Amendment (1865-1866)
00:06:29 1.1.1.1 Prison Labor in the Reconstruction Era (1866-1877)
00:09:03 1.1.2 Hired convict labor
00:12:17 2 Modern prison labor systems
00:12:27 2.1 Mississippi for-profit prison labor
00:13:27 2.2 California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
00:14:42 2.3 Texas Department of Criminal Justice
00:16:02 2.4 Georgia Department of Corrections
00:17:08 3 Prison labor legislation
00:19:49 4 Response
00:19:57 4.1 Free Alabama Movement
00:22:43 4.2 Critics
00:23:40 4.3 Inmate strikes
00:24:25 5 Alternative policies and reform
00:24:35 5.1 Prison abolition movement
00:25:19 6 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuKfABj2eGyjH3ntPxp4YeQ

You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts



"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Penal labor in the United States, including a form of slavery or involuntary servitude, is explicitly allowed by the 13th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. This form of legal slavery is only allowed when used as punishment for committing a crime. The 13th Amendment states that "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." Unconvicted detainees awaiting trial cannot be forced to participate in forced rehabilitative labor programs in prison as it violates the Thirteenth Amendment. 
Penal labor in the United States aims to mitigate recidivism risks by providing training and work experience to inmates , while also supplying a labor pool which can benefit the states and their local economies.  Some penal labor is voluntary, while some is involuntary, with noncompliance punished by means including  solitary confinement.
The Reconstruction Era of 1865 began as the government fashioned laws to help stabilize the economy, society, and government of the South post slavery. From 1866 through 1872, Alabama, Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, Tennessee, and South Carolina began to lease out convicts for labor.[3] As these states released larger and larger blocks of prisoners into the convict lease system to work for private companies, prison labor effectively reinforced a racist social order in the South.Penal labor in the United States underwent many transitions throughout the late 19th and early and mid 20th centuries. Periods of national economic strife and security guided much of these transitions. Legislation such as the Hawes-Cooper Act of 1929 placed limitations on the trade of prison-made goods. Federal establishment of the Federal Prison Industries (FPI) in 1934 revitalized the prison labor system following the Great Depression. Increases in prison labor participation began in 1979 with the formation of the Prison Industry Enhancement Certification Program (PIECP). The PIECP is a federal program first authorized under the Justice System Improvement Act of 1979. Approved by Congress in 1990 for indefinite continuation, the program legalizes the transportation of prison-made goods across state lines and allows prison inmates to earn market wages in private sector jobs that can go towards tax deductions, victim compensation, family support, and room and board.Firms including those in the technology and food industries are often provided tax incentives to contract prison labor, commonly at below market rates. The Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) serves as a federal tax credit that grants employers $2,400 for every work-release employed inmate. "Prison in-sourcing" has grown in popularity as an alternative to outsourcing work to countries with lower labor costs. A wide variety of companies such as Whole Foods, McDonald's, Target, IBM, Texas Instruments, Boeing, Nordstrom, Intel, Wal-Mart, Victoria's Secret, Aramark, AT&T, BP, Starbucks, Microsoft, Nike, Honda, Macy's and Sprint and many more actively participated in prison in-sourcing throughout the 1990s and 2000s.Critics  ...