Principle of sufficient reason | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-27

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_sufficient_reason


00:00:43 1 Formulation
00:02:00 2 Leibniz's view
00:05:20 3 As a law of thought
00:06:09 3.1 Hamilton's fourth law: "Infer nothing without ground or reason"
00:08:55 4 Schopenhauer's Four Forms
00:10:54 5 Proposed proofs of universal validity
00:12:08 6 See also



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SUMMARY
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The principle of sufficient reason states that everything must have a reason or a cause. The modern formulation of the principle is usually attributed to Gottfried Leibniz, although the idea was conceived of and utilized by various philosophers who preceded him, including Anaximander, Parmenides, Archimedes, Plato and Aristotle, Cicero, Avicenna, Thomas Aquinas, and Spinoza. Some philosophers have associated the principle of sufficient reason with "ex nihilo nihil fit". Hamilton identified the laws of inference modus ponens with the "law of Sufficient Reason, or of Reason and Consequent" and modus tollens with its contrapositive expression.