Battery (electricity) | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 25/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_battery


00:02:12 1 History
00:04:13 2 Principle of operation
00:08:16 3 Categories and types of batteries
00:09:18 3.1 Primary
00:10:19 3.2 Secondary
00:13:13 3.3 Cell types
00:13:35 3.3.1 Wet cell
00:14:56 3.3.2 Dry cell
00:16:18 3.3.3 Molten salt
00:16:37 3.3.4 Reserve
00:17:27 3.4 Cell performance
00:17:59 4 Capacity and discharge
00:21:18 4.1 C rate
00:22:57 4.2 Fast-charging, large and light batteries
00:24:17 5 Lifetime
00:25:22 5.1 Self-discharge
00:26:28 5.2 Corrosion
00:26:43 5.3 Physical component changes
00:27:55 5.4 Charge/discharge speed
00:28:09 5.5 Overcharging
00:28:25 5.6 Memory effect
00:28:51 5.7 Environmental conditions
00:30:04 5.8 Storage
00:30:48 6 Battery sizes
00:31:19 7 Hazards
00:31:28 7.1 Explosion
00:33:32 7.2 Leakage
00:34:21 7.3 Toxic materials
00:36:04 7.4 Ingestion
00:37:17 8 Chemistry
00:37:39 8.1 Primary batteries and their characteristics
00:37:49 8.2 Secondary (rechargeable) batteries and their characteristics
00:38:00 9 Solid state batteries
00:39:38 10 Homemade cells



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SUMMARY
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An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections provided to power electrical devices  such as flashlights, smartphones, and electric cars. When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that will flow through an external electric circuit to the positive terminal. When a battery is connected to an external electric load, a redox reaction converts high-energy reactants to lower-energy products, and the free-energy difference is delivered to the external circuit as electrical energy. Historically the term "battery" specifically referred to a device composed of multiple cells, however the usage has evolved to include devices composed of a single cell.Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded; the electrode materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common examples are the alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic devices. Secondary (rechargeable) batteries can be discharged and recharged multiple times using an applied electric current; the original composition of the electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics such as laptops and smartphones.
Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to small, thin cells used in smartphones, to large lead acid batteries used in cars and trucks, and at the largest extreme, huge battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby or emergency power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.
According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry generates US$48 billion in sales each year, with 6% annual growth.
Batteries have much lower specific energy (energy per unit mass) than common fuels such as gasoline. In automobiles, this is somewhat offset by the higher efficiency of electric motors in converting chemical energy to mechanical work, compared to combustion engines.