Shamanism | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 08/01/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism


00:02:23 1 Terminology
00:04:49 1.1 Etymology
00:04:59 1.2 Definitions
00:08:45 2 Initiation and learning
00:10:41 3 Roles
00:12:25 4 Ecological aspect
00:17:44 5 Economics
00:18:55 6 Beliefs
00:19:53 6.1 Soul and spirit concepts
00:23:59 7 Practice
00:26:06 7.1 Entheogens
00:26:37 7.2 Music and songs
00:28:15 7.3 Other practices
00:28:59 7.4 Paraphernalia
00:29:29 8 Academic study
00:30:22 8.1 Cognitive, semiotic, hermeneutic approaches
00:30:31 8.2 Ecological approaches, systems theory
00:33:32 8.3 Hypotheses on origins
00:34:08 9 Decline and revitalization / tradition-preserving movements
00:37:00 10 Regional variations
00:43:50 10.1 Asia
00:44:01 10.1.1 Vietnam
00:44:09 10.1.2 Hmong shamanism
00:44:40 10.1.3 Indonesia
00:49:16 10.1.4 Japan
00:49:41 10.1.5 Korea
00:50:39 10.1.6 Malaysia
00:51:16 10.1.7 Mongolia
00:51:51 10.1.8 Philippines
00:55:52 10.1.9 Siberia and North Asia
00:57:49 10.1.10 Central Asia
01:00:22 10.1.10.1 Geographic influences on Central Asian shamanism
01:00:31 10.1.10.2 Common shamanic practices and beliefs shared among Central Asians
01:02:35 10.1.10.3 Shamanic rituals as artistic performance
01:06:14 10.1.10.4 Costume and accessories
01:08:09 10.1.10.5 Shamanism in Tsarist and Soviet Russia
01:09:24 10.1.11 Other Asian traditions
01:10:59 10.2 Europe
01:12:46 10.3 Circumpolar shamanism
01:15:30 10.3.1 Inuit and Yupik cultures
01:15:39 10.3.2 Diversity, with similarities
01:17:49 10.4 Americas
01:20:28 10.4.1 North America
01:20:36 10.4.2 Mesoamerica
01:24:04 10.4.2.1 Maya
01:24:13 10.4.2.2 Aztec
01:24:20 10.4.3 South America
01:24:28 10.4.3.1 Amazonia
01:25:07 10.4.3.2 Mapuche
01:27:39 10.4.3.3 Aymara
01:28:06 10.4.3.4 Fuegians
01:28:38 10.5 Oceania
01:29:37 10.6 Africa
01:30:59 10.7 Contemporary Western shamanism
01:33:20 11 Criticism of the term
01:36:04 12 See also
01:40:53 13 Notes



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SUMMARY
=======
Shamanism is a practice that involves a practitioner reaching altered states of consciousness in order to perceive and interact with what they believe to be a spirit world and channel these transcendental energies into this world.A shaman ( SHAH-men,  or ) is someone who is regarded as having access to, and influence in, the world of benevolent and malevolent spirits, who typically enters into a trance state during a ritual, and practices divination and healing. The word "shaman" probably originates from the Tungusic Evenki language of North Asia. According to ethnolinguist Juha Janhunen, "the word is attested in all of the Tungusic idioms" such as Negidal, Lamut, Udehe/Orochi, Nanai, Ilcha, Orok, Manchu and Ulcha, and "nothing seems to contradict the assumption that the meaning 'shaman' also derives from Proto-Tungusic" and may have roots that extend back in time at least two millennia. The term was introduced to the west after Russian forces conquered the shamanistic Khanate of Kazan in 1552.
The term "shamanism" was first applied by Western anthropologists as outside observers of the ancient religion of the Turks and Mongols, as well as those of the neighbouring Tungusic and Samoyedic-speaking peoples. Upon observing more religious traditions across the world, some Western anthropologists began to also use the term in a very broad sense.  The term was used to describe unrelated magico-religious practices found within the ethnic religions of other parts of Asia, Africa, Australasia and even completely unrelated parts of the Americas, as they believed these practices to be similar to one another.Mircea Eliade writes, "A first definition of this complex phenomenon, and perhaps the least hazardous, will be: shamanism = 'technique of religious ecstasy'." Shamanism encompasses the premise that shamans are intermediaries or messengers between the human world and the spirit  ...