Coal | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 08/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Coal


00:01:36 1 Etymology
00:02:11 2 Formation
00:03:26 3 Types
00:05:21 3.1 Hilt's law
00:05:46 3.2 Content
00:05:54 4 History
00:10:09 5 Uses today
00:10:18 5.1 Coal as fuel
00:13:35 5.1.1 Switch to natural gas
00:14:38 5.2 Coking coal and use of coke to smelt iron
00:16:42 5.2.1 Alternatives to coke
00:17:11 5.3 Gasification
00:19:05 5.4 Liquefaction
00:19:44 5.5 Refined coal
00:20:28 5.6 Use in foundry components
00:21:14 5.7 Production of chemicals
00:23:07 6 Coal industry
00:23:16 6.1 Coal mining
00:23:36 6.2 Coal as a traded commodity
00:24:45 7 Environmental and health effects
00:24:55 7.1 Health effects
00:27:36 7.2 Environmental effects
00:29:48 7.3 Global Warming
00:31:03 7.4 Coal pollution mitigation
00:31:56 7.4.1 Standards
00:32:17 7.4.2 Satellite Monitoring
00:32:45 7.4.3 Gasification
00:33:13 7.4.4 Carbon capture and storage
00:33:43 8 Opposition to coal
00:34:00 9 Transition away from coal
00:34:37 9.1 Employment
00:34:51 9.2 Bioremediation
00:35:11 10 Economic aspects
00:36:16 10.1 Subsidies
00:36:57 10.2 Stranded assets
00:37:33 11 Politics
00:37:52 11.1 Corruption
00:38:06 12 Energy density
00:38:52 13 Underground fires
00:41:07 14 Market trends
00:41:44 14.1 Peak coal
00:42:31 14.2 Major coal producers
00:42:46 14.3 Major coal consumers
00:43:04 14.4 Major coal exporters
00:43:19 14.5 Major coal importers
00:43:28 15 Cultural usage



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SUMMARY
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Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure. Coal is composed primarily of carbon, along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. Coal is a fossil fuel that forms when dead plant matter is converted into peat, which in turn is converted into lignite, then sub-bituminous coal, after that bituminous coal, and lastly anthracite. This involves biological and geological processes. The geological processes take place over millions of years.China mines almost half the world's coal followed by India with about a tenth.    Australia accounts for about a third of world coal exports followed by Indonesia and Russia; while the largest consumer and importer is China.Throughout human history, coal has been used as an energy resource, primarily burned for the production of electricity and heat, and is also used for industrial purposes, such as refining metals. Coal supplies about a quarter of the world’s primary energy and is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, as well as the largest worldwide anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide, 40% of the total.. The extraction and use of coal makes people ill and damages the environment, including by climate change. Therefore, as part of the worldwide energy transition, many countries have stopped using or use less coal.