Solar electric | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-02-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell


00:01:49 1 Applications
00:02:17 1.1 Cells, modules, panels and systems
00:03:46 2 History
00:05:42 2.1 Space applications
00:07:33 2.2 Price reductions
00:09:33 2.3 Research and industrial production
00:11:04 3 Declining costs and exponential growth
00:14:54 3.1 Subsidies and grid parity
00:17:44 4 Theory
00:19:33 5 Efficiency
00:22:24 6 Materials
00:23:51 6.1 Crystalline silicon
00:25:53 6.1.1 Monocrystalline silicon
00:26:34 6.1.2 Epitaxial silicon development
00:27:09 6.1.3 Polycrystalline silicon
00:28:24 6.1.4 Ribbon silicon
00:29:02 6.1.5 Mono-like-multi silicon (MLM)
00:29:34 6.2 Thin film
00:30:22 6.2.1 Cadmium telluride
00:30:55 6.2.2 Copper indium gallium selenide
00:31:42 6.2.3 Silicon thin film
00:32:22 6.2.4 Gallium arsenide thin film
00:34:05 6.3 Multijunction cells
00:35:38 7 Research in solar cells
00:38:50 7.1 Perovskite solar cells
00:39:01 7.2 Bifacial solar cells
00:40:00 7.3 Intermediate Band
00:43:42 7.4 Liquid inks
00:44:53 7.5 Upconversion and downconversion
00:45:14 7.6 Light-absorbing dyes
00:47:24 7.7 Quantum dots
00:49:22 7.8 Organic/polymer solar cells
00:51:43 7.9 Adaptive cells
00:54:36 7.10 Surface texturing
00:55:44 7.11 Encapsulation
00:58:21 8 Manufacture
01:00:04 9 Manufacturers and certification
01:02:42 9.1 China
01:03:49 9.2 Malaysia
01:04:16 9.3 United States
01:04:34 10 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon. It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light. Individual solar cell devices can be combined to form modules, otherwise known as solar panels.  In basic terms a single junction silicon solar cell can produce a maximum open-circuit voltage of approximately 0.5 to 0.6 volts.Solar cells are described as being photovoltaic, irrespective of whether the source is sunlight or an artificial light. They are used as a photodetector (for example infrared detectors), detecting light or other electromagnetic radiation near the visible range, or measuring light intensity.
The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires three basic attributes:

The absorption of light, generating either electron-hole pairs or excitons.
The separation of charge carriers of opposite types.
The separate extraction of those carriers to an external circuit.In contrast, a solar thermal collector supplies heat by absorbing sunlight, for the purpose of either direct heating or indirect electrical power generation from heat. A "photoelectrolytic cell" (photoelectrochemical cell), on the other hand, refers either to a type of photovoltaic cell (like that developed by Edmond Becquerel and modern dye-sensitized solar cells), or to a device that splits water directly into hydrogen and oxygen using only solar illumination.