Law of universal gravitation | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 24/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation


00:02:44 1 History
00:02:52 1.1 Early history
00:04:17 1.2 Hooke's work and claims
00:06:53 1.3 Newton's work and claims
00:10:20 1.4 Newton's acknowledgment
00:11:06 1.5 Modern priority controversy
00:12:55 1.6 Plagiarism dispute
00:14:13 2 Modern form
00:15:16 3 Bodies with spatial extent
00:17:16 4 Vector form
00:19:29 5 Gravitational field
00:19:33 6 Problematic aspects
00:23:46 6.1 Theoretical concerns with Newton's expression
00:26:18 6.2 Observations conflicting with Newton's formula
00:27:18 6.3 Newton's reservations
00:28:26 6.4 Einstein's solution
00:30:25 7 Extensions
00:31:14 8 Solutions of Newton's law of universal gravitation
00:33:30 9 See also
00:34:36 10 Notes



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SUMMARY
=======
Newton's law of universal gravitation states that every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. This is a general physical law derived from empirical observations by what Isaac Newton called inductive reasoning. It is a part of classical mechanics and was formulated in Newton's work Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("the Principia"), first published on 5 July 1687. When Newton presented Book 1 of the unpublished text in April 1686 to the Royal Society, Robert Hooke made a claim that Newton had obtained the inverse square law from him.
In today's language, the law states that every point mass attracts every other point mass by a force acting along the line intersecting the two points. The force is proportional to the product of the two masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.The equation for universal gravitation thus takes the form:

  
    
      
        F
        =
        G
        
          
            
              
                m
                
                  1
                
              
              
                m
                
                  2
                
              
            
            
              r
              
                2
              
            
          
        
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle F=G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}}\ }
  where F is the gravitational force acting between two objects, m1 and m2 are the masses of the objects, r is the distance between the centers of their masses, and G is the gravitational constant.
The first test of Newton's theory of gravitation between masses in the laboratory was the Cavendish experiment conducted by the British scientist Henry Cavendish in 1798. It took place 111 years after the publication of Newton's Principia and approximately 71 years after his death.
Newton's law of gravitation resembles Coulomb's law of electrical forces, which is used to calculate the magnitude of the electrical force arising between two charged bodies. Both are inverse-square laws, where force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the bodies. Coulomb's law has the product of two charges in place of the product of the masses, and the electrostatic constant in place of the gravitational constant.
Newton's law has since been superseded by Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, but it continues to be used as an excellent approximation of the effects of gravity in most applications. Relativity is required only when there is a need for extreme precision, or when dealing with very strong gravitational fields, such as those found near extremely massive and dense objects, or at very close distances (such as Mercury's orbit around the Sun).