Neurotoxin | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxin


00:01:46 1 Background
00:07:27 2 Applications in neuroscience
00:09:11 3 Mechanisms of activity
00:10:04 3.1 Inhibitors
00:10:13 3.1.1 Sodium channel
00:10:21 3.1.1.1 Tetrodotoxin
00:12:37 3.1.2 Potassium channel
00:12:45 3.1.2.1 Tetraethylammonium
00:14:14 3.1.3 Chloride channel
00:14:22 3.1.3.1 Chlorotoxin
00:15:06 3.1.4 Calcium channel
00:15:14 3.1.4.1 Conotoxin
00:16:22 3.1.5 Synaptic vesicle release
00:16:30 3.1.5.1 Botulinum toxin
00:17:51 3.1.5.2 Tetanus toxin
00:19:13 3.1.6 Blood brain barrier
00:19:21 3.1.6.1 Aluminium
00:20:36 3.1.6.2 Mercury
00:21:26 3.2 Receptor agonists and antagonists
00:21:36 3.2.1 Anatoxin-a
00:23:46 3.2.2 Bungarotoxin
00:25:23 3.2.2.1 Caramboxin
00:26:07 3.2.2.2 Curare
00:27:27 3.3 Cytoskeleton interference
00:27:36 3.3.1 Arsenic
00:29:14 3.3.1.1 Ammonia
00:30:44 3.4 Calcium-mediated cytotoxicity
00:30:55 3.4.1 Lead
00:32:08 3.5 Neurotoxins with multiple effects
00:32:18 3.5.1 Ethanol
00:35:49 3.6 n-Hexane
00:36:08 3.7 Receptor-selective neurotoxins
00:36:17 3.7.1 MPP+
00:36:54 3.8 Endogenous neurotoxin sources
00:37:38 3.8.1 Nitric oxide
00:38:34 3.8.2 Glutamate
00:39:26 3.8.3 Dopamine
00:39:54 4 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
Speaking Rate: 0.9507944478323127
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-A


"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Neurotoxins are toxins that are destructive to nerve tissue (causing neurotoxicity). Neurotoxins are an extensive class of exogenous chemical neurological insults that can adversely affect function in both developing and mature nervous tissue. The term can also be used to classify endogenous compounds, which, when abnormally contacted, can prove neurologically toxic. Though neurotoxins are often neurologically destructive, their ability to specifically target neural components is important in the study of nervous systems. Common examples of neurotoxins include lead, ethanol (drinking alcohol), manganese glutamate, nitric oxide, botulinum toxin (e.g. Botox), tetanus toxin, and tetrodotoxin. Some substances such as nitric oxide and glutamate are in fact essential for proper function of the body and only exert neurotoxic effects at excessive concentrations.
Neurotoxins inhibit neuron control over ion concentrations across the cell membrane, or communication between neurons across a synapse. Local pathology of neurotoxin exposure often includes neuron excitotoxicity or apoptosis but can also include glial cell damage. Macroscopic manifestations of neurotoxin exposure can include widespread central nervous system damage such as intellectual disability, persistent memory impairments, epilepsy, and dementia. Additionally, neurotoxin-mediated peripheral nervous system damage such as neuropathy or myopathy is common. Support has been shown for a number of treatments aimed at attenuating neurotoxin-mediated injury, such as antioxidant and antitoxin administration.