Battle of the Bulge | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-17

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge


00:03:30 1 Background
00:04:40 1.1 Allied supply issues
00:07:41 1.2 German plans
00:11:14 1.3 Drafting the offensive
00:15:09 1.4 Operation names
00:16:25 1.5 Planning
00:27:16 2 Initial German assault
00:28:35 2.1 Units involved in initial assault
00:28:57 3 Attack on the northern shoulder
00:29:30 3.1 Best German divisions assigned
00:30:33 3.2 German forces held up
00:32:15 3.3 Malmedy massacre
00:33:37 3.4 Kampfgruppe Peiper deflected southeast
00:35:10 3.5 Wereth 11
00:35:50 3.6 Germans advance west
00:38:31 3.7 German advance halted
00:41:38 3.8 Outcome
00:43:00 3.9 Operation Stösser
00:44:40 3.10 Chenogne massacre
00:45:06 4 Attack in the center
00:46:32 4.1 Battle for St. Vith
00:47:52 4.2 Meuse River bridges
00:50:44 4.3 Operation Greif and Operation Währung
00:53:52 5 Attack in the south
00:56:51 5.1 Siege of Bastogne
01:01:54 6 Allied counteroffensive
01:04:32 7 German counterattack
01:07:17 7.1 Allies prevail
01:10:00 8 Force comparisons by date
01:10:11 9 Strategy and leadership
01:10:21 9.1 Hitler's chosen few
01:13:40 9.2 Allied high-command controversy
01:14:12 9.3 Montgomery's actions
01:22:54 10 Casualties
01:26:13 11 Result
01:29:22 12 Media attention
01:30:05 13 Bletchley Park post-mortem
01:30:15 13.1 Missed indicators
01:32:02 13.2 SHAEF failures
01:33:59 14 Battle credit
01:34:45 15 In popular culture
01:36:11 16 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
The Battle of the Bulge, also known as the Ardennes Counteroffensive, took place from 16 December 1944 to 25 January 1945, and was the last major German offensive campaign on the Western Front during World War II. It was launched through the densely forested Ardennes region of Wallonia in eastern Belgium, northeast France, and Luxembourg, towards the end of the war in Europe. The offensive was intended to stop Allied use of the Belgian port of Antwerp and to split the Allied lines, allowing the Germans to encircle and destroy four Allied armies and force the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis powers' favor.
The Germans achieved a total surprise attack on the morning of 16 December 1944, due to a combination of Allied overconfidence, preoccupation with Allied offensive plans, and poor aerial reconnaissance. American forces bore the brunt of the attack and incurred their highest casualties of any operation during the war. The battle also severely depleted Germany's armored forces, and they were largely unable to replace them. German personnel and, later, Luftwaffe aircraft (in the concluding stages of the engagement) also sustained heavy losses. The Germans had attacked a weakly defended section of the Allied line, taking advantage of heavily overcast weather conditions that grounded the Allies' overwhelmingly superior air forces. Fierce resistance on the northern shoulder of the offensive, around Elsenborn Ridge, and in the south, around Bastogne, blocked German access to key roads to the northwest and west that they counted on for success. Columns of armor and infantry that were supposed to advance along parallel routes found themselves on the same roads. This, and terrain that favored the defenders, threw the German advance behind schedule and allowed the Allies to reinforce the thinly placed troops. The furthest west the offensive reached was the village of Foy-Nôtre-Dame, south east of Dinant, being stopped by the British 21st Army Group on 24 December 1944. Improved weather conditions permitted air attacks on German forces and supply lines, which sealed the failure of the offensive. In the wake of the defeat, many experienced German units were left severely depleted of men and equipment, as survivors retreated to the defenses of the Siegfried Line.
The Germans' initial attack involved 410,000 men; ju ...