Timeline of cosmic microwave background astronomy | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-31

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background


00:05:10 1 Features
00:08:39 2 History
00:14:39 3 Relationship to the Big Bang
00:17:12 3.1 Primary anisotropy
00:17:26 3.2 Late time anisotropy
00:23:23 4 Polarization
00:26:28 4.1 E-modes
00:27:36 4.2 B-modes
00:27:53 4.2.1 Primordial gravitational waves
00:28:14 4.2.2 Gravitational lensing
00:29:49 5 Microwave background observations
00:30:46 6 Data reduction and analysis
00:36:13 6.1 CMBR dipole anisotropy
00:38:14 6.2 Low multipoles and other anomalies
00:38:54 7 Future evolution
00:39:46 8 Timeline of prediction, discovery and interpretation
00:40:19 8.1 Thermal (non-microwave background) temperature predictions
00:42:24 8.2 Microwave background radiation predictions and measurements
00:42:58 9 In popular culture
00:43:10 10 See also
00:44:56 11 References
00:52:53 12 Further reading



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SUMMARY
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The cosmic microwave background (CMB, CMBR) is electromagnetic radiation as a remnant from an early stage of the universe in Big Bang cosmology. In older literature, the CMB is also variously known as cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) or "relic radiation". The CMB is a faint cosmic background radiation filling all space that is an important source of data on the early universe because it is the oldest electromagnetic radiation in the universe, dating to the epoch of recombination. With a traditional optical telescope, the space between stars and galaxies (the background) is completely dark. However, a sufficiently sensitive radio telescope shows a faint background noise, or glow, almost isotropic, that is not associated with any star, galaxy, or other object. This glow is strongest in the microwave region of the radio spectrum. The accidental discovery of the CMB in 1964 by American radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson was the culmination of work initiated in the 1940s, and earned the discoverers the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics.
The discovery of CMB is landmark evidence of the Big Bang origin of the universe. When the universe was young, before the formation of stars and planets, it was denser, much hotter, and filled with a uniform glow from a white-hot fog of hydrogen plasma. As the universe expanded, both the plasma and the radiation filling it grew cooler. When the universe cooled enough, protons and electrons combined to form neutral hydrogen atoms. Unlike the uncombined protons and electrons, these newly conceived atoms could not absorb the thermal radiation, and so the universe became transparent instead of being an opaque fog. Cosmologists refer to the time period when neutral atoms first formed as the recombination epoch, and the event shortly afterwards when photons started to travel freely through space rather than constantly being scattered by electrons and protons in plasma is referred to as photon decoupling. The photons that existed at the time of photon decoupling have been propagating ever since, though growing fainter and less energetic, since the expansion of space causes their wavelength to increase over time (and wavelength is inversely proportional to energy according to Planck's relation). This is the source of the alternative term relic radiation. The surface of last scattering refers to the set of points in space at the right distance from us so that we are now receiving photons originally emitted from those points at the time of photon decoupling.
Precise measurements of the CMB are critical to cosmology, since any proposed model of the universe must explain this radiation. The CMB has a thermal black body spectrum at a temperature of 2.72548±0.00057 K. The spectral radiance dEν/dν peaks at 160.23 GHz, in the microwave range of frequencies, corresponding to a photon energy of about 6.626 × 10−4 eV. Alternatively, if spec ...