Diamond | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 08/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Diamond


00:02:00 1 Material properties
00:03:48 1.1 Thermodynamics
00:05:17 1.2 Crystal structure
00:06:12 1.3 Crystal habit
00:07:52 1.4 Mechanical properties
00:08:02 1.4.1 Hardness
00:09:39 1.4.2 Toughness
00:10:37 1.4.3 Yield strength
00:11:09 1.5 Electrical conductivity
00:11:56 1.6 Surface property
00:13:02 1.7 Chemical stability
00:13:38 1.8 Color
00:16:45 1.9 Identification
00:17:59 2 Geology
00:19:45 2.1 Surface distribution
00:22:06 2.2 Exploration
00:23:31 2.3 Ages
00:24:39 2.4 Origin in mantle
00:27:07 2.5 Carbon sources
00:28:36 2.6 Formation and growth
00:29:40 2.7 Transport to the surface
00:30:28 2.8 In space
00:31:30 3 Industry
00:31:53 3.1 Gem-grade diamonds
00:39:17 3.1.1 Cutting
00:42:05 3.1.2 Marketing
00:44:08 3.2 Industrial-grade diamonds
00:46:44 3.3 Mining
00:50:30 3.3.1 Political issues
00:52:13 4 Synthetics, simulants, and enhancements
00:52:24 4.1 Synthetics
00:54:46 4.2 Simulants
00:55:14 4.3 Enhancements
00:56:16 4.4 Identification
00:59:12 5 Stolen diamonds
01:00:41 6 History
01:02:14 7 See also



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SUMMARY
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Diamond is a solid form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic. At room temperature and pressure, another solid form of carbon known as graphite is the chemically stable form, but diamond almost never converts to it. Diamond has the highest hardness and thermal conductivity of any natural material,  properties that are utilized in major industrial applications such as cutting and polishing tools. They are also the reason that diamond anvil cells can subject materials to pressures found deep in the Earth.
Because the arrangement of atoms in diamond is extremely rigid, few types of impurity can contaminate it (two exceptions being boron and nitrogen). Small numbers of defects or impurities (about one per million of lattice atoms) color diamond blue (boron), yellow (nitrogen), brown (defects), green (radiation exposure), purple, pink, orange or red. Diamond also has relatively high optical dispersion (ability to disperse light of different colors).
Most natural diamonds have ages between 1 billion and 3.5 billion years. Most were formed at depths between 150 and 250 kilometers (93 and 155 mi) in the Earth's mantle, although a few have come from as deep as 800 kilometers (500 mi). Under high pressure and temperature, carbon-containing fluids dissolved minerals and replaced them with diamonds. Much more recently (tens to hundreds of million years ago), they were carried to the surface in volcanic eruptions and deposited in igneous rocks known as kimberlites and lamproites.
Synthetic diamonds can be grown from high-purity carbon under high pressures and temperatures or from hydrocarbon gas by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Imitation diamonds can also be made out of materials such as cubic zirconia and silicon carbide. Natural, synthetic and imitation diamonds are most commonly distinguished using optical techniques or thermal conductivity measurements.