Constantinople | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-01

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople


00:05:09 1 Names
00:05:18 1.1 Before Constantinople
00:07:29 1.2 Names of Constantinople
00:10:05 1.3 Modern names of the city
00:11:57 2 History
00:12:06 2.1 Byzantium and earlier settlements
00:16:17 2.2 324–337: Foundation of Constantinople
00:21:40 2.3 337–529: Constantinople during the Barbarian Invasions and the fall of the West
00:25:31 2.4 527–565: Constantinople in the Age of Justinian
00:30:55 2.5 Survival, 565–717: Constantinople during the Byzantine Dark Ages
00:33:12 2.6 717–1025: Constantinople during the Macedonian Renaissance
00:37:22 2.6.1 Iconoclast controversy in Constantinople
00:39:05 2.7 1025–1081: Constantinople after Basil II
00:40:41 2.8 1081–1185: Constantinople under the Comneni
00:46:07 2.9 1185–1261: Constantinople during the Imperial Exile
00:55:23 2.10 1261–1453: Palaiologan Era and the Fall of Constantinople
00:57:13 2.11 1453–1922: Ottoman Kostantiniyye
00:59:33 3 Culture
01:01:38 3.1 Women in Literature
01:02:54 3.2 Architecture
01:04:10 3.3 Religion
01:05:04 3.4 Popular culture
01:10:52 4 International status
01:12:23 5 See also
01:12:33 5.1 People from Constantinople
01:12:47 5.2 Secular buildings and monuments
01:12:57 5.3 Churches, monasteries and mosques



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SUMMARY
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Constantinople (Greek: Κωνσταντινούπολις, translit. Kōnstantinoúpolis; Latin: Cōnstantīnopolis) was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (330–1204 and 1261–1453), and also of the brief Crusader state known as the Latin Empire (1204–1261), until finally falling to the Ottoman (1453–1923) empire. It was reinaugurated in 324 from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and dedicated on 11 May 330. The city was largely located in what is now the European side and the core of modern Istanbul.
From the mid-5th century to the early 13th century, Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe. The city was also famed for its architectural masterpieces, such as the Greek Orthodox cathedral of Hagia Sophia, which served as the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the sacred Imperial Palace where the Emperors lived, the Galata Tower, the Hippodrome, the Golden Gate of the Land Walls, and the opulent aristocratic palaces lining the arcaded avenues and squares. The University of Constantinople was founded in the fifth century and contained numerous artistic and literary treasures before it was sacked in 1204 and 1453, including its vast Imperial Library which contained the remnants of the Library of Alexandria and had over 100,000 volumes of ancient texts. It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times as the home of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and as the guardian of Christendom's holiest relics such as the Crown of Thorns and the True Cross.

Constantinople was famed for its massive and complex defences. The first wall of the city was erected by Constantine I, and surrounded the city on both land and sea fronts. Later, in the 5th century, the Praetorian Prefect Anthemius under the child emperor Theodosius II undertook the construction of the Theodosian Walls, which consisted of a double wall lying about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the west of the first wall and a moat with palisades in front. This formidable complex of defences was one of the most sophisticated of Antiquity. The city was built intentionally to rival Rome, and it was claimed that several elevations within its walls matched the 'seven hills' of Rome. Because it was located between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara the land area that needed defensive walls was reduced, and this helped it to present an impregnable fortress enclosi ...