Reason | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason


00:03:06 1 Etymology and related words
00:04:48 2 Philosophical history
00:05:32 2.1 Classical philosophy
00:07:33 2.2 Subject-centred reason in early modern philosophy
00:11:26 2.3 Substantive and formal reason
00:14:21 2.4 The critique of reason
00:16:46 3 Reason compared to related concepts
00:16:56 3.1 Compared to logic
00:18:29 3.2 Reason compared to cause-and-effect thinking, and symbolic thinking
00:20:38 3.3 Reason, imagination, mimesis, and memory
00:25:57 3.4 Logical reasoning methods and argumentation
00:26:27 3.4.1 Deductive reasoning
00:27:11 3.4.2 Inductive reasoning
00:28:18 3.4.3 Analogical reasoning
00:29:10 3.4.4 Abductive reasoning
00:30:00 3.4.5 Fallacious reasoning
00:30:40 4 Traditional problems raised concerning reason
00:31:29 4.1 Reason versus truth, and "first principles"
00:34:22 4.2 Reason versus emotion or passion
00:37:34 4.3 Reason versus faith or tradition
00:41:28 5 Reason in particular fields of study
00:41:38 5.1 Reason in political philosophy and ethics
00:44:26 5.2 Psychology
00:47:07 5.2.1 Behavioral experiments on human reasoning
00:47:44 5.2.2 Developmental studies of children's reasoning
00:48:40 5.2.3 Neuroscience of reasoning
00:49:07 5.3 Computer science
00:49:41 5.3.1 Automated reasoning
00:49:49 5.3.2 Meta-reasoning
00:50:12 5.4 Evolution of reason
00:50:36 6 See also
00:51:38 7 References



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"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things, establishing and verifying facts, applying logic, and changing or justifying practices, institutions, and beliefs based on new or existing information. It is closely associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy, science, language, mathematics, and art and is normally considered to be a distinguishing ability possessed by humans.
Reason, or an aspect of it, is sometimes referred to as rationality.
Reasoning is associated with thinking, cognition, and intellect. The philosophical field of logic studies ways in which humans reason formally through argument. Reasoning may be subdivided into forms of logical reasoning (forms associated with the strict sense): deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, abductive reasoning; and other modes of reasoning considered more informal, such as intuitive reasoning and verbal reasoning.  Along these lines, a distinction is often drawn between logical, discursive  reasoning (reason proper), and intuitive reasoning, in which the reasoning process through intuition—however valid—may tend toward the personal and the subjectively opaque.  In some social and political settings logical and intuitive modes of reasoning may clash, while in other contexts intuition and formal reason are seen as complementary rather than adversarial. For example, in mathematics, intuition is often necessary for the creative processes involved with arriving at a formal proof, arguably the most difficult of formal reasoning tasks.
Reasoning, like habit or intuition, is one of the ways by which thinking moves from one idea to a related idea. For example, reasoning is the means by which rational individuals understand sensory information from their environments, or conceptualize abstract dichotomies such as cause and effect, truth and falsehood, or ideas regarding notions of good or evil. Reasoning, as a part of executive decision making, is also closely identified with the ability to self-consciously change, in terms of goals, beliefs, attitudes, traditions, and institutions, and therefore with the capacity for freedom and self-determination. In contrast to the use of "reason" as an abstract noun, a reason is a consideration given which either explains or justifies events, phenomena, or behavior. Reasons justify decisions, reasons support explanations of na ...