Alkane | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Alkane


00:02:42 1 Structure classification
00:03:48 2 Isomerism
00:03:51 3 Nomenclature
00:05:55 3.1 Linear alkanes
00:07:32 3.2 Branched alkanes
00:09:28 3.3 Saturated cyclic hydrocarbons
00:10:41 3.4 Trivial/common names
00:11:46 4 Physical properties
00:12:52 4.1 Table of alkanes
00:13:12 4.2 Boiling point
00:13:21 4.3 Melting points
00:15:12 4.4 Conductivity and solubility
00:16:34 4.5 Molecular geometry
00:17:47 4.6 Bond lengths and bond angles
00:18:34 4.7 Conformation
00:19:29 4.8 Spectroscopic properties
00:21:55 4.8.1 Infrared spectroscopy
00:22:24 4.8.2 NMR spectroscopy
00:23:18 4.8.3 Mass spectrometry
00:23:31 5 Chemical properties
00:24:16 5.1 Reactions with oxygen (combustion reaction)
00:24:56 5.2 Reactions with halogens
00:26:42 5.3 Cracking
00:28:21 5.4 Isomerization and reformation
00:29:43 5.5 Other reactions
00:30:51 6 Occurrence
00:31:43 6.1 Occurrence of alkanes in the Universe
00:32:26 6.2 Occurrence of alkanes on Earth
00:32:34 6.3 Biological occurrence
00:33:47 6.4 Ecological relations
00:35:49 7 Production
00:40:23 7.1 Petroleum refining
00:41:38 7.2 Fischer–Tropsch
00:41:46 7.3 Laboratory preparation
00:42:09 8 Applications
00:42:30 9 Environmental transformations
00:44:01 10 Hazards
00:47:00 11 See also
00:47:45 12 References
00:48:36 13 Further reading



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SUMMARY
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In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin (a historical name that also has other meanings), is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon. In other words, an alkane consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carbon–carbon bonds are single. Alkanes have the general chemical formula CnH2n+2. The alkanes range in complexity from the simplest case of methane (CH4), where n = 1 (sometimes called the parent molecule), to arbitrarily large and complex molecules, like pentacontane (C50H102) or 6-ethyl-2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)octane, an isomer of tetradecane (C14H30)
IUPAC defines alkanes as "acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms". However, some sources use the term to denote any saturated hydrocarbon, including those that are either monocyclic (i.e. the cycloalkanes) or polycyclic, despite their having a different general formula (i.e. cycloalkanes are CnH2n).
In an alkane, each carbon atom is sp3-hybridized with 4 sigma bonds (either C–C or C–H), and each hydrogen atom is joined to one of the carbon atoms (in a C–H bond). The longest series of linked carbon atoms in a molecule is known as its carbon skeleton or carbon backbone. The number of carbon atoms may be thought of as the size of the alkane.
One group of the higher alkanes are waxes, solids at standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP), for which the number of carbons in the carbon backbone is greater than about 17.
With their repeated –CH2 units, the alkanes constitute a homologous series of organic compounds in which the members differ in molecular mass by multiples of 14.03 u (the total mass of each such methylene-bridge unit, which comprises a single carbon atom of mass 12.01 u and two hydrogen atoms of mass ~1.01 u each).
Alkanes are not very reactive and have little biological activity. They can be viewed as molecular trees upon which can be hung the more active/reactive functional groups of biological molecules.
The alkanes have two main commercial sources: petroleum (crude oil) and natural gas.
An alkyl group, generally abbreviated with the symbol R, is a functional group that, like an alkane, consists solely of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms connected acyclically—for example, a methyl or ethyl group.