Curium | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Curium


00:02:13 1 History
00:08:16 2 Characteristics
00:08:26 2.1 Physical
00:09:38 2.2 Chemical
00:10:13 2.3 Isotopes
00:12:34 2.4 Occurrence
00:12:42 3 Synthesis
00:14:30 3.1 Isotope preparation
00:18:03 3.2 Metal preparation
00:19:51 4 Compounds and reactions
00:20:00 4.1 Oxides
00:23:14 4.2 Halides
00:25:33 4.3 Chalcogenides and pnictides
00:25:42 4.4 Organocurium compounds and biological aspects
00:28:04 5 Applications
00:31:01 5.1 Radionuclides
00:31:37 5.2 X-ray spectrometer
00:33:23 6 Safety
00:33:32 7 References
00:36:41 8 Bibliography
00:37:54 9 External links



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SUMMARY
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Curium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Cm and atomic number 96. This element of the actinide series was named after Marie and Pierre Curie – both were known for their research on radioactivity. Curium was first intentionally produced and identified in July 1944 by the group of Glenn T. Seaborg at the University of California, Berkeley. The discovery was kept secret and only released to the public in November 1947. Most curium is produced by bombarding uranium or plutonium with neutrons in nuclear reactors – one tonne of spent nuclear fuel contains about 20 grams of curium.
Curium is a hard, dense, silvery metal with a relatively high melting point and boiling point for an actinide. Whereas it is paramagnetic at ambient conditions, it becomes antiferromagnetic upon cooling, and other magnetic transitions are also observed for many curium compounds. In compounds, curium usually exhibits valence +3 and sometimes +4, and the +3 valence is predominant in solutions. Curium readily oxidizes, and its oxides are a dominant form of this element. It forms strongly fluorescent complexes with various organic compounds, but there is no evidence of its incorporation into bacteria and archaea. When introduced into the human body, curium accumulates in the bones, lungs and liver, where it promotes cancer.
All known isotopes of curium are radioactive and have a small critical mass for a sustained nuclear chain reaction. They predominantly emit α-particles, and the heat released in this process can serve as a heat source in radioisotope thermoelectric generators, but this application is hindered by the scarcity and high cost of curium isotopes. Curium is used in production of heavier actinides and of the 238Pu radionuclide for power sources in artificial pacemakers. It served as the α-source in the alpha particle X-ray spectrometers installed on several space probes, including the Sojourner, Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity Mars rovers and the Philae lander on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, to analyze the composition and structure of the surface.