Fish | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-20

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish


00:03:40 1 Evolution
00:04:51 1.1 Taxonomy
00:09:35 2 Diversity
00:14:47 3 Anatomy and physiology
00:14:57 3.1 Respiration
00:15:06 3.1.1 Gills
00:16:14 3.1.2 Air breathing
00:19:00 3.2 Circulation
00:19:59 3.3 Digestion
00:20:45 3.4 Excretion
00:21:30 3.5 Scales
00:21:47 3.6 Sensory and nervous system
00:21:56 3.6.1 Central nervous system
00:24:12 3.6.2 Sense organs
00:25:27 3.6.2.1 Vision
00:26:16 3.6.2.2 Hearing
00:26:32 3.6.3 Capacity for pain
00:28:36 3.7 Muscular system
00:29:33 3.7.1 Endothermy
00:31:13 3.8 Reproductive system
00:37:00 4 Acoustic communication in fish
00:37:47 4.1 Stridulatory sound producing mechanisms
00:39:47 4.2 Non-stridulatory sound producing mechanisms
00:41:36 5 Diseases
00:43:15 5.1 Immune system
00:46:13 6 Conservation
00:47:05 6.1 Overfishing
00:48:32 6.2 Habitat destruction
00:49:07 6.3 Exotic species
00:49:54 7 Importance to humans
00:50:04 7.1 Economic importance
00:51:33 7.2 Recreation
00:52:34 7.3 Culture
00:56:17 8 Terminology
00:56:26 8.1 Fish or fishes
00:57:13 8.2 True fish and finfish
00:58:28 8.3 Shoal or school
01:00:05 9 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Fish are gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. They form a sister group to the tunicates, together forming the olfactores. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Tetrapods emerged within lobe-finned fishes, so cladistically they are fish as well. However, traditionally fish are rendered paraphyletic by excluding the tetrapods (i.e., the amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals which all descended from within the same ancestry). Because in this manner the term "fish" is defined negatively as a paraphyletic group, it is not considered a formal taxonomic grouping in systematic biology, unless it is used in the cladistic sense, including tetrapods. The traditional term pisces (also ichthyes) is considered a typological, but not a phylogenetic classification.
The earliest organisms that can be classified as fish were soft-bodied chordates that first appeared during the Cambrian period. Although they lacked a true spine, they possessed notochords which allowed them to be more agile than their invertebrate counterparts. Fish would continue to evolve through the Paleozoic era, diversifying into a wide variety of forms. Many fish of the Paleozoic developed external armor that protected them from predators. The first fish with jaws appeared in the Silurian period, after which many (such as sharks) became formidable marine predators rather than just the prey of arthropods.
Most fish are ectothermic ("cold-blooded"), allowing their body temperatures to vary as ambient temperatures change, though some of the large active swimmers like white shark and tuna can hold a higher core temperature.Fish can communicate in their underwater environments through the use of acoustic communication. Acoustic communication in fish involves the transmission of acoustic signals from one individual of a species to another. The production of sounds as a means of communication among fish is most often used in the context of feeding, aggression or courtship behaviour. The sounds emitted by fish can vary depending on the species and stimulus involved. They can produce either stridulatory sounds by moving components of the skeletal system, or can produce non-stridulatory sounds by manipulating specialized organs such as the swimbladder.Fish are abundant in most bodies of water. They can be found in nearly all aquatic environments, from high mountain streams (e.g., char and gudgeon) to the abyssal and even hadal depths of the deepest oceans (e.g., gulpers and anglerfish), although no species has yet been documented in the d ...