Bio-fuel | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 08/02/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel


00:03:59 1 Generations
00:04:08 1.1 First-generation biofuels
00:04:44 1.2 Second-generation biofuels
00:06:23 1.3 Third-generation biofuels
00:07:52 1.4 Fourth-generation biofuels
00:08:24 2 Types
00:08:48 2.1 Biogas
00:09:44 2.2 Syngas
00:11:02 2.3 Ethanol
00:14:29 2.4 Other bioalcohols
00:16:00 2.5 Biodiesel
00:20:02 2.6 Green diesel
00:21:11 2.7 Straight vegetable oil
00:23:13 2.8 Bioethers
00:24:46 2.9 Solid biomass fuels
00:27:43 3 By region
00:29:31 4 Air pollution
00:30:55 5 Debates regarding the production and use of biofuel
00:32:43 5.1 Banning of first-generation biofuels
00:33:09 5.2 Sustainable biofuels
00:34:51 5.3 Greenhouse gas emissions
00:37:30 5.4 Water Use
00:37:46 5.5 Forests and Carbon Sequestration
00:38:18 6 Current research
00:39:42 6.1 Ethanol biofuels (bioethanol)
00:42:30 6.2 Jatropha
00:44:01 6.3 Fungi
00:45:07 6.4 Animal gut bacteria



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
Speaking Rate: 0.9467421454989454
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A


"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary biological processes, such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion, rather than a fuel produced by geological processes such as those involved in the formation of fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum, from prehistoric biological matter. If the source biomatter can regrow quickly, the resulting fuel is said to be a form of renewable energy.
Biofuels can be derived directly from plants (i.e. energy crops), or indirectly from agricultural, commercial, domestic, and/or industrial wastes. Renewable biofuels generally involve contemporary carbon fixation, such as those that occur in plants or microalgae through the process of photosynthesis. Other renewable biofuels are made through the use or conversion of biomass  (referring to recently living organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-derived materials). This biomass can be converted to convenient energy-containing substances in three different ways: thermal conversion, chemical conversion, and biochemical conversion. This biomass conversion can result in fuel in solid, liquid, or gas form. This new biomass can also be used directly for biofuels.
Biofuels are in theory carbon-neutral because the carbon dioxide that is absorbed by the plants is equal to the carbon dioxide that is released when the fuel is burned. However, in practice, whether or not a biofuel is carbon-neutral also depends greatly on whether the land which is used to grow the biofuel (with 1st and 2nd generation biofuel) needed to be cleared of carbon-holding vegetation or not.
Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops such as corn, sugarcane, or sweet sorghum. Cellulosic biomass, derived from non-food sources, such as trees and grasses, is also being developed as a feedstock for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form (E100), but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions. Bioethanol is widely used in the United States and in Brazil. Current plant design does not provide for converting the lignin portion of plant raw materials to fuel components by fermentation.
Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form (B100), but it is usually used as a diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is the most common biofuel in Europe.
In 2010, worldwide biofuel production reached 105 billion liters (28 billion gallons US), up 17% from 2009, and biofuels provided 2.7% of the world's fuels for road transport. Global ethanol fuel production reached 86 billion liters (23 billion gallons US) in 2010, with the United States and Brazil as the world's top  ...