Swastika | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-11

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika


00:03:15 1 Etymology and nomenclature
00:06:40 2 Appearance
00:08:28 2.1 Written characters
00:09:54 3 Meaning of the symbol
00:10:25 3.1 North pole
00:12:48 3.2 Comet
00:14:18 4 Prehistory
00:17:30 5 Historical use
00:18:44 5.1 South Asia
00:18:53 5.1.1 Jainism
00:20:10 5.1.2 Hinduism
00:21:58 5.1.3 Swastika shaped temple tank
00:22:30 5.1.4 Buddhism
00:23:20 5.2 East Asia
00:26:06 5.3 Northern Europe
00:26:15 5.3.1 Sami (Finland)
00:26:58 5.3.2 Germanic Iron Age
00:28:54 5.3.3 Slavic
00:32:32 5.3.4 Celts
00:33:45 5.4 Greco-Roman antiquity
00:35:53 5.5 Illyrians
00:36:17 5.6 Armenia
00:37:32 5.7 Medieval and early modern Europe
00:40:45 5.8 Africa
00:41:02 5.9 Americas
00:41:23 5.10 Early 20th century
00:43:40 5.10.1 Europe
00:43:48 5.10.1.1 Britain
00:44:38 5.10.1.2 Denmark
00:45:13 5.10.1.3 Ireland
00:45:53 5.10.1.4 Finland
00:47:00 5.10.1.4.1 Finnish military
00:49:13 5.10.1.5 Latvia
00:50:36 5.10.1.6 Lithuania
00:50:54 5.10.1.7 Poland
00:51:23 5.10.1.8 Sweden
00:52:06 5.10.1.9 Norway
00:52:56 5.10.2 North America
00:56:09 6 Nazism
00:56:19 6.1 Use in Nazism
01:04:09 6.2 Use by anti-Nazis
01:04:37 6.3 Post–World War II stigmatization
01:05:44 6.3.1 Germany
01:09:13 6.3.2 Legislation in other European countries
01:11:02 6.3.3 Attempted ban in the European Union
01:12:29 6.3.4 Latin America
01:13:22 6.3.5 United States
01:14:43 6.3.6 Media
01:16:51 7 Contemporary use
01:17:01 7.1 Asia
01:17:09 7.1.1 Central Asia
01:17:58 7.1.2 East and Southeast Asia
01:20:01 7.1.3 Indian subcontinent
01:21:13 7.1.4 Western misinterpretation of Asian use
01:23:08 7.2 New religious movements
01:25:32 8 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
The swastika or sauwastika (as a character, 卐 or 卍, respectively) is a geometrical figure and an ancient religious icon in the cultures of Eurasia. It is used as a symbol of divinity and spirituality in Indian religions. In the Western world, it was a symbol of auspiciousness and good luck until the 1930s, when it became a feature of Nazi symbolism as an emblem of Aryan identity and, as a result, was stigmatized by its association with racism and antisemitism.The name swastika comes from Sanskrit (Devanagari: स्वस्तिक) meaning 'conducive to well being' or 'auspicious'. In Hinduism, the symbol with arms pointing clockwise (卐) is called swastika, symbolizing surya ('sun'), prosperity and good luck, while the counterclockwise symbol (卍) is called sauvastika, symbolizing night or tantric aspects of Kali. In Jainism, a swastika is the symbol for Suparshvanatha—the 7th of 24 Tirthankaras (spiritual teachers and saviours), while in Buddhism it symbolizes the auspicious footprints of the Buddha. In several major Indo-European religions, the swastika symbolizes lightning bolts, representing the thunder god and the king of the gods, such as Indra in Vedic Hinduism, Zeus in the ancient Greek religion, Jupiter in the ancient Roman religion, and Thor in the ancient Germanic religion.The swastika is an icon which is widely found in both human history and the modern world. In various forms, it is otherwise known (in various European languages) as the 'fylfot, gammadion, tetraskelion, or cross cramponnée (a term in Anglo-Norman heraldry); German: Hakenkreuz; French: croix gammée. In China it is named wàn 卐 / 卍 / 萬, meaning 'all things', pronounced manji in Japanese. A swastika generally takes the form of a cross, the arms of which are of equal length and perpendicular to the adjacent arms, each bent midway at a right angle. The symbol is found in the archeological remains of the Indus Valley Civilization and Mesopotamia, as well as in early Byzantine and Christian artwork.The swastika was adopted by several organizations in pre–World War I Europe, and later ...