Preon | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-25

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preon


00:01:23 1 Goals of preon models
00:03:06 2 Background
00:04:14 2.1 Comparisons of quarks, leptons, and bosons
00:05:23 2.2 Unresolved problems with the Standard Model
00:06:55 2.3 Motivation for preon models
00:07:52 2.4 Attempts
00:09:49 2.5 Composite Higgs
00:10:26 3 Rishon model
00:11:49 4 Criticisms
00:11:58 4.1 The mass paradox
00:14:02 4.2 Conflicts with observed physics
00:14:43 5 In popular culture
00:16:00 6 See also
00:16:17 7 Notes
00:16:26 8 Further reading



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SUMMARY
=======
In particle physics, preons are point particles, conceived of as subcomponents of quarks and leptons. The word was coined by Jogesh Pati and Abdus Salam in 1974. Interest in preon models peaked in the 1980s but has slowed as the Standard Model of particle physics continues to describe the physics mostly successfully, and no direct experimental evidence for lepton and quark compositeness has been found.
In the hadronic sector, some effects are considered anomalies within the Standard Model. For example, the proton spin puzzle, the EMC effect, the distributions of electric charges inside the nucleons as found by Hofstadter in 1956, and the ad hoc CKM matrix elements.
When the term "preon" was coined, it was primarily to explain the two families of spin-½ fermions: leptons and quarks. More recent preon models also account for spin-1 bosons, and are still called "preons". Each of the preon models postulates a set of fewer fundamental particles than those of the Standard Model, together with the rules governing how those fundamental particles combine and interact. Based on these rules, the preon models try to explain the Standard Model, often predicting small discrepancies with this model and generating new particles and certain phenomena, which do not belong to the Standard Model.