Memory | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Memory


00:03:22 1 Sensory memory
00:05:13 2 Short-term memory
00:07:10 3 Long-term memory
00:09:35 3.1 Multi-store model
00:10:58 3.2 Working memory
00:12:59 4 Types
00:13:33 4.1 By information type
00:14:20 4.1.1 Declarative
00:15:57 4.1.2 Procedural
00:16:55 4.2 By temporal direction
00:18:02 5 Study techniques
00:18:11 5.1 To assess infants
00:20:41 5.2 To assess older children and adults
00:22:35 6 Failures
00:23:20 7 Physiology
00:25:58 8 Cognitive neuroscience
00:30:15 9 Genetics
00:30:54 10 In infancy
00:33:03 11 Aging
00:33:54 12 Disorders
00:35:35 13 Influencing factors
00:36:16 14 Stress
00:41:15 15 Sleep
00:43:13 16 Construction for general manipulation
00:46:48 17 Improving
00:49:05 18 In plants
00:52:18 19 Memory and learning
00:52:39 20 See also



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"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Memory is the faculty of the brain by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed.
Memory is vital to experiences, it is the retention of information over time for the purpose of influencing future action. If we could not remember past events, we could not learn or develop language, relationships, or personal identity (Eysenck, 2012).
Often memory is understood as an informational processing system with explicit and implicit functioning that is made up of a sensory processor, short-term (or working) memory, and long-term memory (Baddely, 2007). This can be related to the neuron. 
The sensory processor allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli and attended to with various levels of focus and intent. Working memory serves as an encoding and retrieval processor. Information in the form of stimuli is encoded in accordance with explicit or implicit functions by the working memory processor. The working memory also retrieves information from previously stored material.  Finally, the function of long-term memory is to store data through various categorical models or systems (Baddely, 2007).Explicit and implicit functions of memory are also known as declarative and non-declarative systems (Squire, 2009). These systems involve the purposeful intention of memory retrieval and storage, or lack thereof.
Declarative, or explicit, memory is the conscious storage and recollection of data (Graf & Schacter, 1985).  Under declarative memory resides semantic and episodic memory. Semantic memory refers to memory that is encoded with specific meaning (Eysenck, 2012), while episodic memory refers to information that is encoded along a spatial and temporal plane (Schacter & Addis, 2007; Szpunar, 2010).  Declarative memory is usually the primary process thought of when referencing memory (Eysenck, 2012).Non-declarative, or implicit, memory is the unconscious storage and recollection of information (Foerde & Poldrack, 2009). An example of a non-declarative process would be the unconscious learning or retrieval of information by way of procedural memory, or a priming phenomenon (Eysenck, 2012; Foerde & Poldrack, 2009; Tulving & Schacter, 1990).  Priming is the process of subliminally arousing specific responses from memory and shows that not all memory is consciously activated (Tulving & Schacter, 1990), whereas procedural memory is the slow and gradual learning of skills that often occurs without conscious attention to learning (Eysenck, 2012; Foerde & Poldrack, 2009).Memory is not a perfect processor, and is affected by many factors.  The manner information is encoded, stored, and retrieved can all be corrupted. The amount of attention given new stimuli can diminish the amount of information that becomes encoded for storage (Eysenck, 2012). Also, the storage process can become corrupted by physical damage to areas of the brain that are associated with memory storage, such as the hippocampus (Squire, 2009). Finally, the retrieval of information from long-term memory can be disrupted because of decay within long-term memory (Eysenck, 2012). Normal functioning, decay  ...