Biology of depression | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-05

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_of_depression


00:01:49 1 Genetic factors
00:06:46 2 Circadian rhythm
00:09:48 3 Monoamines
00:15:53 3.1 Monoamine oxidase
00:17:20 3.2 Limitations
00:19:22 3.3 Receptor binding
00:22:15 4 Emotional processing and neural circuits
00:22:27 4.1 Emotional Bias
00:24:55 4.2 Neural circuits
00:27:39 4.3 Reward
00:33:09 5 Neuroanatomy
00:34:12 5.1 Structural neuroimaging
00:38:11 5.2 Functional neuroimaging
00:40:12 5.3 Brain regions
00:40:40 5.3.1 Subgenual cingulate
00:41:47 5.3.2 Prefrontal cortex
00:43:08 5.3.3 Amygdala
00:44:02 5.3.4 Hippocampus
00:47:19 6 Animal Models
00:50:29 6.1 Neurocircuits
00:55:11 7 Altered neuroplasticity
00:56:44 8 Inflammation and oxidative stress
01:01:15 9 Large-scale brain network theory
01:02:02 9.1 Central executive network
01:02:58 9.2 Default mode network
01:05:00 9.3 Salience network
01:06:08 10 See also



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SUMMARY
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Scientific studies have found that  numerous brain areas show altered activity in people with major depressive disorder, and this has encouraged advocates of various theories that seek to identify a biochemical origin of the disease, as opposed to theories that emphasize psychological or situational causes. Factors spanning these causative groups include nutritional deficiencies in magnesium, vitamin D, and tryptophan with situational origin but biological impact. Several theories concerning the biologically based cause of depression have been suggested over the years, including theories revolving around monoamine neurotransmitters, neuroplasticity, neurogenesis, inflammation and the circadian rhythm. Physical illnesses, including hypothyroidism and mitochondrial disease, can also trigger depressive symptoms.Neural circuits implicated in depression include those involved in the generation and regulation of emotion, as well as in reward. Abnormalities are commonly found in the lateral prefrontal cortex whose putative function is generally considered to involve regulation of emotion. Regions involved in the generation of emotion and reward such as the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and striatum are frequently implicated as well. These regions are innervated by a monoaminergic nuclei, and tentative evidence suggests a potential role for abnormal monoaminergic activity.