Islamophobia | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-15

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Islamophobia


00:01:35 1 Terms
00:02:56 2 Etymology and definitions
00:04:01 2.1 Debate on the term and its limitations
00:07:46 2.2 Fear
00:08:28 2.3 Racism
00:10:47 2.4 Proposed alternatives
00:12:56 3 Origins and causes
00:13:06 3.1 History of the term
00:15:25 3.2 Contrasting views on Islam
00:17:06 3.3 Identity politics
00:20:19 3.4 Links to ideologies
00:25:25 3.5 Opposition to multiculturalism
00:25:53 4 Manifestations
00:26:03 4.1 Media
00:30:27 4.2 Organizations
00:33:32 4.3 Public opinion
00:34:37 4.4 Internalized Islamophobia
00:35:16 5 Trends
00:44:11 5.1 Anti-Islamic hate crimes data in the United States
00:45:53 5.2 Anti-Islamic hate crimes in the European countries
00:46:37 5.3 Reports by governmental organizations
00:50:12 5.4 Research on Islamophobia and its correlates
00:52:13 5.5 Geographic trends
00:55:00 6 Criticism of term and use
00:55:37 6.1 Academic debate
00:58:59 6.2 Commentary
01:02:36 6.3 iThe Associated Press Stylebook/i



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SUMMARY
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Islamophobia is the fear, hatred of, or prejudice against, the Islamic religion or Muslims generally, especially when seen as a geopolitical force or the source of terrorism.The term was first used in the early 20th century and it emerged as a neologism in the 1970s, then it became increasingly salient during the 1980s and 1990s, and it reached public policy prominence with the report by the Runnymede Trust's Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia (CBMI) entitled Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All (1997). The introduction of the term was justified by the report's assessment that "anti-Muslim prejudice has grown so considerably and so rapidly in recent years that a new item in the vocabulary is needed".The causes and characteristics of Islamophobia are still debated. Some commentators have posited an increase in Islamophobia resulting from the September 11 attacks, the rise of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, some from multiple terror attacks in Europe and the United States, while others have associated it with the increased presence of Muslims in the United States and in the European Union. Some people also question the validity of the term.  The academics S. Sayyid and Abdoolkarim Vakil maintain that Islamophobia is a response to the emergence of a distinct Muslim public identity globally, the presence of Muslims is in itself not an indicator of the degree of Islamophobia in a society. Sayyid and Vakil maintain that there are societies where virtually no Muslims live but many institutionalized forms of Islamophobia still exist in them.