Water pollution in Lebanon | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-15

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Lebanon


00:01:53 1 Access
00:03:54 2 Service quality
00:06:40 3 Water resources and water use
00:06:51 3.1 Water resource availability
00:09:09 3.2 Transboundary rivers
00:10:37 3.3 Pollution
00:12:08 3.4 Water use
00:14:07 3.5 Water losses
00:15:00 3.6 Example: Greater Beirut water supply
00:17:37 4 Modern history
00:18:47 4.1 Institutional weaknesses and lack of sustainability
00:20:56 4.2 Sector reform
00:22:48 4.3 Private sector participation
00:25:07 4.4 Impact of 2006 War
00:25:59 4.5 Impact of Syrian Civil War
00:26:31 5 Responsibility for water supply and sanitation
00:27:42 5.1 Policy and regulation: The Ministry of Water and Energy
00:28:58 5.2 Service provision: The four Regional Water Establishments
00:31:22 5.3 The Council for Development and Reconstruction and other national agencies
00:32:23 6 Financial aspects and efficiency
00:32:34 6.1 Tariffs
00:34:33 6.2 Cost recovery
00:36:15 6.3 Investment and financing
00:37:02 7 External cooperation
00:39:15 7.1 Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development
00:39:51 7.2 European Union and European Investment Bank
00:41:28 7.3 France
00:43:01 7.4 Germany
00:45:22 7.5 Islamic Development Bank
00:45:46 7.6 Italy
00:46:56 7.7 Japan
00:48:44 7.8 Kuwait
00:49:35 7.9 United States
00:52:09 7.10 World Bank
00:54:09 7.11 Non-governmental organizations
00:54:45 8 Further reading
00:55:08 9 External links



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SUMMARY
=======
This article's last major overhaul was conducted in December 2013.
Water supply and sanitation in Lebanon is characterized by a number of achievements and challenges. The achievements include the reconstruction of infrastructure after the 1975–90 Civil War and the 2006 war with Israel, as well as the reform of the water and sanitation sector through a water law passed in 2000. The law created four Regional Water Establishments to consolidate numerous smaller utilities.
The challenges include poor service quality, in particular intermittent water supply that persists despite the availability of relatively abundant water resources; the slow implementation of the water reform; the separation of responsibilities between various entities such as the Council for Development and Reconstruction, which are de facto in charge of investment, and the Regional Water Establishments, which are in charge of operation and maintenance; limited institutional capacity in the public sector, and in particular the Regional Water Establishments; politicization of decision-making; the absence of an autonomous regulatory agency; poor information about water resources, sector performance and assets; a very low share of metering and the absence of volumetric water tariffs; a high level of water distribution losses; limited cost recovery for water supply; and no cost recovery for sewerage and wastewater treatment. These challenges persist more than two decades after the end of the Civil War.
The Lebanese water and sanitation sector has received and continues to receive substantial foreign aid in the form of grants and soft loans from a dozen Western and Arab donors.