Alfred Russel Wallace | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-17

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace


00:03:37 1 Biography
00:03:46 1.1 Early life
00:08:37 1.2 Exploration and study of the natural world
00:14:13 1.3 Return to England, marriage and children
00:16:15 1.4 Financial struggles
00:17:59 1.5 Social activism
00:22:42 1.6 Further scientific work
00:24:10 1.7 Death
00:25:29 2 Theory of evolution
00:25:39 2.1 Early evolutionary thinking
00:31:03 2.2 Natural selection and Darwin
00:38:55 2.2.1 Defence of Darwin and his ideas
00:40:16 2.2.2 Differences between Darwin's and Wallace's ideas on natural selection
00:42:33 2.2.3 Warning coloration and sexual selection
00:44:59 2.2.4 Wallace effect
00:46:35 2.3 Application of theory to humans, and role of teleology in evolution
00:50:43 2.4 Assessment of Wallace's role in history of evolutionary theory
00:53:52 3 Other scientific contributions
00:54:03 3.1 Biogeography and ecology
00:58:58 3.2 Environmental issues
01:02:38 3.3 Astrobiology
01:04:35 4 Other contributions
01:04:44 4.1 Poetry
01:06:56 5 Controversies
01:07:05 5.1 Spiritualism
01:15:09 5.2 Flat Earth wager
01:16:36 5.3 Anti-vaccination campaign
01:19:20 6 Legacy and historical perception
01:22:44 7 Awards, honours, and memorials
01:24:35 8 Writings by Wallace
01:25:38 8.1 Selected books
01:27:19 8.2 Selected papers
01:29:59 9 Bird specimens collected by Wallace
01:30:10 10 See also
01:30:29 11 Further reading



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SUMMARY
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Alfred Russel Wallace  (8 January 1823 – 7 November 1913) was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist. He is best known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection; his paper on the subject was jointly published with some of Charles Darwin's writings in 1858. This prompted Darwin to publish his own ideas in On the Origin of Species. Wallace did extensive fieldwork, first in the Amazon River basin and then in the Malay Archipelago, where he identified the faunal divide now termed the Wallace Line, which separates the Indonesian archipelago into two distinct parts: a western portion in which the animals are largely of Asian origin, and an eastern portion where the fauna reflect Australasia.
He was considered the 19th century's leading expert on the geographical distribution of animal species and is sometimes called the "father of biogeography". Wallace was one of the leading evolutionary thinkers of the 19th century and made many other contributions to the development of evolutionary theory besides being co-discoverer of natural selection. These included the concept of warning colouration in animals, and the Wallace effect, a hypothesis on how natural selection could contribute to speciation by encouraging the development of barriers against hybridisation. Wallace's 1904 book Man's Place in the Universe was the first serious attempt by a biologist to evaluate the likelihood of life on other planets. He was also one of the first scientists to write a serious exploration of the subject of whether there was life on Mars.Wallace was strongly attracted to unconventional ideas (such as evolution). His advocacy of spiritualism and his belief in a non-material origin for the higher mental faculties of humans strained his relationship with some members of the scientific establishment.
Aside from scientific work, he was a social activist who was critical of what he considered to be an unjust social and economic system (capitalism) in 19th-century Britain. His interest in natural history resulted in his being one of the first prominent scientists to raise concerns over the environmental impact of human activity. He was also a prolific author who wrote on both scientific and social issues; his account of his adventures and observations during his explorations in Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysi ...