Depleted uranium | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 04/10/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depleted_uranium


00:04:14 1 History
00:06:19 1.1 Production and availability
00:08:18 1.2 Uranium hexafluoride
00:10:50 2 Military applications
00:11:40 2.1 Armor plate
00:12:16 2.2 Nuclear weapons
00:12:39 2.3 Ammunition
00:17:39 2.4 Legal status in weapons
00:22:21 2.5 Requests for a moratorium on military use
00:28:35 3 Civilian applications
00:29:02 3.1 Shielding in industrial radiography cameras
00:29:42 3.2 Coloring in consumer products
00:30:58 3.3 Trim weights in aircraft
00:32:09 3.4 US NRC general license
00:32:54 3.5 Sailboat keel
00:33:25 3.6 Sampling calorimeters for detectors in high-energy particle physics
00:33:50 4 Health considerations
00:38:06 4.1 Chemical toxicity
00:41:11 4.2 Radiological hazards
00:44:28 4.3 Gulf War syndrome and soldier complaints
00:51:53 4.4 Iraqi population
00:54:39 4.5 The Balkans
00:56:32 4.6 Okinawa
00:56:59 4.7 Sardinia
00:57:22 4.8 Contamination as a result of the Afghan War
00:57:54 4.9 Studies indicating negligible effects
01:01:38 4.10 Atmospheric contamination as a result of military actions
01:02:16 4.11 Other contamination cases
01:03:08 4.12 Safety and environmental issues
01:05:03 5 See also



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SUMMARY
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Depleted uranium (DU; also referred to in the past as Q-metal, depletalloy or D-38) is uranium with a lower content of the fissile isotope U-235 than natural uranium. Natural uranium contains about 0.72% U-235, while the DU used by the U.S. Department of Defense contains 0.3% U-235 or less. Uses of DU take advantage of its very high density of 19.1 g/cm3 (68.4% denser than lead). The less radioactive and non-fissile uranium-238 constitutes the main component of depleted uranium.
Civilian uses include counterweights in aircraft, radiation shielding in medical radiation therapy and industrial radiography equipment, and containers for transporting radioactive materials. Military uses include armor plating and armor-piercing projectiles.
Most depleted uranium arises as a by-product of the production of enriched uranium for use as fuel in nuclear reactors and in the manufacture of nuclear weapons. Enrichment processes generate uranium with a higher-than-natural concentration of lower-mass-number uranium isotopes (in particular U-235, which is the uranium isotope supporting the fission chain reaction) with the bulk of the feed ending up as depleted uranium, in some cases with mass fractions of U-235 and U-234 less than a third of those in natural uranium. Since U-238 has a much longer half-life than the lighter isotopes, DU emits less alpha radiation than natural uranium. DU from nuclear reprocessing has different isotopic ratios from enrichment–by-product DU, from which it can be distinguished by the presence of U-236. As per articles in The Lancet and Al Jazeera, DU from American artillery is suspected to be one of the major causes of an increase in the general mortality rate in Iraq since 1991.DU used in US munitions has 60% of the radioactivity of natural uranium. Most of the alpha radiation comes from U-238 and U-234 whereas beta radiation comes from thorium-234 and protactinium-234 that are formed within a few weeks. Trace transuranics (another indicator of the use of reprocessed material) have been reported to be present in some US tank armor.The use of DU in munitions is controversial because of concerns about potential long-term health effects. Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and numerous other systems can be affected by exposure to uranium, a toxic metal. It is only weakly radioactive because of the long radioactive half-life of uranium-238 (4468 million years) and the low amounts of uranium-234 (half-life about 246,000 years) and uranium-235 (half-life 700 million years). The biological half-life (the average time i ...