Existence | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-15

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Existence


00:01:59 1 Etymology
00:02:36 2 Historical conceptions
00:04:04 2.1 Early modern philosophy
00:07:29 3 Predicative nature
00:10:21 3.1 Semantics
00:14:16 4 Modern approaches
00:15:59 4.1 Existence in the wide and narrow senses
00:17:13 4.2 European views
00:17:34 4.3 Anti-realist arguments
00:18:20 5 Dharmic "middle way" view
00:19:58 6 See also



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"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates



SUMMARY
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Existence is an ontological, empirically observable property of being, referring to the ability of an entity to, directly or indirectly, interact with the reality.
Materialism holds that the only things that exist are matter and energy, that all things are composed of material, that all actions require energy, and that all phenomena (including consciousness) are the result of material interactions. Dialectical materialism does not make a distinction between being and existence, and defines it as the objective reality of various forms of matter.Idealism holds that the only things that properly exist are thoughts and ideas, while the material world is secondary. In idealism, existence is sometimes contrasted with transcendence, the ability to go beyond the limits of existence. As a form of epistemological idealism, rationalism interprets existence as cognizable and rational, all things as composed of strings of reasoning, requiring an associated idea of the thing, and all phenomena (including consciousness) as the result of an understanding of the imprint from the noumenal world in which lies beyond the thing-in-itself.
In scholasticism, existence of a thing is not derived from its essence and is determined by the creative volition of God, the dichotomy of existence and essence demonstrates that the dualism of the created universe is only resolvable through God. Empiricism recognizes existence of singular facts, which are not derivable and which are observable through empirical knowledge. 
The exact definition of existence is one of the most important and fundamental topics of ontology, the philosophical study of the nature of being, existence, or reality in general, as well as of the basic categories of being and their relations. Traditionally listed as a part of the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics, ontology deals with questions concerning what things or entities exist or can be said to exist, and how such things or entities can be grouped, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided according to similarities and differences.