Hippocampus | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 04/10/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus


00:02:17 1 History of name
00:04:53 2 Relation to limbic system
00:05:42 3 Anatomy
00:09:59 3.1 Circuitry
00:12:42 3.2 Regions
00:15:09 4 Function
00:15:18 4.1 Theories of hippocampal functions
00:20:14 4.2 Role in memory
00:23:06 4.3 Role in spatial memory and navigation
00:28:02 4.4 Role in approach-avoidance conflict processing
00:29:08 5 Electroencephalography
00:31:56 5.1 Theta rhythm
00:34:10 5.2 Sharp waves
00:36:58 5.3 Long-term potentiation
00:39:13 6 Disorders
00:39:22 6.1 Aging
00:40:45 6.2 Dementia
00:41:06 6.3 Stress
00:43:29 6.4 Epilepsy
00:44:49 6.5 Schizophrenia
00:47:46 6.6 Transient global amnesia
00:48:38 6.7 PTSD
00:49:30 7 Other animals
00:49:40 7.1 Other mammals
00:51:02 7.2 Other vertebrates
00:52:08 7.2.1 Birds
00:52:44 7.2.2 Fish
00:53:58 7.3 Insects and molluscs
00:54:41 8 Additional images
00:54:51 9 See also



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SUMMARY
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The hippocampus (from the Greek ἱππόκαμπος, "seahorse") is  a major component of the brain of humans and other vertebrates. Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in each side of the brain. The hippocampus is part of the limbic system, and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory, and in spatial memory that enables navigation. The hippocampus is located under the cerebral cortex in the allocortex, and in primates it is in the medial temporal lobe. It contains two main interlocking parts:  the hippocampus proper (also called Ammon's horn)  and the dentate gyrus.
In Alzheimer's disease (and other forms of dementia), the hippocampus is one of the first regions of the brain to suffer damage; short-term memory loss and disorientation are included among the early symptoms. Damage to the hippocampus can also result from oxygen starvation (hypoxia), encephalitis, or medial temporal lobe epilepsy.  People with extensive, bilateral hippocampal damage may experience anterograde amnesia: the inability to form and retain new memories.
Since different neuronal cell types are neatly organized into layers in the hippocampus, it has frequently been used as a model system for studying neurophysiology. The form of neural plasticity known as long-term potentiation (LTP) was initially discovered to occur in the hippocampus and has often been studied in this structure. LTP is widely believed to be one of the main neural mechanisms by which memories are stored in the brain.
In rodents as model organisms, the hippocampus has been studied extensively as part of a brain system responsible for spatial memory and navigation.  Many neurons in the rat and mouse hippocampus respond as place cells:  that is, they fire bursts of action potentials when the animal passes through a specific part of its environment.  Hippocampal place cells interact extensively with head direction cells, whose activity acts as an inertial compass, and conjecturally with grid cells in the neighboring entorhinal cortex.