Cryogenic | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 02/10/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenics


00:02:06 1 Definitions and distinctions
00:03:30 2 Etymology
00:03:50 3 Cryogenic fluids
00:04:04 4 Industrial applications
00:05:40 4.1 Cryogenic processing
00:08:43 4.2 Fuels
00:09:49 5 Other applications
00:13:47 6 Production
00:14:34 7 Detectors
00:15:07 8 See also



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SUMMARY
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In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.
It is not well defined at what point on the temperature scale refrigeration ends and cryogenics begins, but scientists assume a gas to be cryogenic if it can be liquefied at or below −150 °C (123 K; −238 °F). The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology considers the field of cryogenics as that involving temperatures below −180 °C (93 K; −292 °F). This is a logical dividing line, since the normal boiling points of the so-called permanent gases (such as helium, hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, oxygen, and normal air) lie below −180 °C while the Freon refrigerants, hydrocarbons, and other common refrigerants have boiling points above −180 °C.Discovery of superconducting materials with critical temperatures significantly above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen has provided new interest in reliable, low cost methods of producing high temperature cryogenic refrigeration. The term "high temperature cryogenic" describes temperatures ranging from above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen, −195.79 °C (77.36 K; −320.42 °F), up to −50 °C (223 K; −58 °F).Cryogenicists use the Kelvin or Rankine temperature scale, both of which measure from absolute zero, rather than more usual scales such as Celsius which measures from the freezing point of water at sea level or Fahrenheit with its zero at an arbitrary temperature.