Xiongnu | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-14

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Xiongnu


00:01:29 1 History
00:01:38 1.1 Early history
00:03:32 1.2 Xiongnu tribes
00:03:50 1.3 State formation
00:06:17 1.4 Xiongnu hierarchy
00:07:52 1.5 The marriage treaty system
00:10:58 1.6 War with Han dynasty
00:14:40 1.7 Xiongnu Civil War (60–53 BC)
00:16:30 1.8 Tributary relations with the Han
00:19:13 1.9 Southern Xiongnu and Northern Xiongnu
00:20:22 1.9.1 The Northern Xiongnu
00:21:14 1.9.2 The Southern Xiongnu
00:23:59 1.10 Later Xiongnu states
00:24:08 1.10.1 Former Zhao state (304–329)
00:26:14 1.10.2 Tiefu and Xia (260–431)
00:27:43 1.10.3 Juqu and Northern Liang (401–460)
00:28:14 2 Interpretation
00:29:31 3 Theories regarding ethnolinguistic identity
00:30:01 3.1 Huns
00:31:30 3.2 Iranian theories
00:32:34 3.3 Mongolic theories
00:33:35 3.4 Turkic theories
00:34:19 3.5 Yeniseian theories
00:35:37 3.6 Multiple ethnicities
00:37:54 3.7 Language isolate theories
00:38:16 4 Archaeology and genetics
00:38:46 4.1 Archaeology
00:43:10 4.2 Genetics
00:44:50 5 Culture
00:44:59 5.1 Artistic distinctions
00:47:14 5.2 Rock art and writing
00:48:11 5.3 Diet
00:48:31 6 Possible connection to Silla Dynasty
00:49:05 7 See also



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SUMMARY
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The Xiongnu [ɕjʊ́ŋ.nǔ] (Chinese: 匈奴; Wade–Giles: Hsiung-nu) were a confederation of nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Asian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD. Chinese sources report that Modu Chanyu, the supreme leader after 209 BC, founded the Xiongnu Empire.After their previous overlords, the Yuezhi, migrated into Central Asia during the 2nd century BC, the Xiongnu became a dominant power on the steppes of north-east Central Asia, centred on an area known later as Mongolia. The Xiongnu were also active in areas now part of Siberia, Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Xinjiang. Their relations with adjacent Chinese dynasties to the south east were complex, with repeated periods of conflict and intrigue, alternating with exchanges of tribute, trade, and marriage treaties.
Attempts to identify the Xiongnu with later groups of the western Eurasian Steppe remain controversial. Scythians and Sarmatians were concurrently to the west. The identity of the ethnic core of Xiongnu has been a subject of varied hypotheses, because only a few words, mainly titles and personal names, were preserved in the Chinese sources. The name Xiongnu may be cognate with that of the Huns or the Huna, although this is disputed. Other linguistic links – all of them also controversial – proposed by scholars include Iranian, Mongolic, Turkic, Uralic, Yeniseian, Tibeto-Burman or multi-ethnic.