Manuel I Komnenos | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-03

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Manuel I Komnenos


00:02:36 1 Accession to the throne
00:05:46 2 Second Crusade and Raynald of Châtillon
00:05:57 2.1 Prince of Antioch
00:06:49 2.2 Expedition against Konya
00:07:54 2.3 Arrival of the Crusaders
00:10:17 2.4 Cyprus invaded
00:11:47 2.5 Manuel in Antioch
00:13:51 3 Italian campaign
00:14:00 3.1 Roger II of Sicily
00:16:09 3.2 Papal-Byzantine alliance
00:19:34 3.3 Failure of the Church union
00:21:54 3.4 Byzantine policy in Italy after 1158
00:23:36 4 Balkan frontier
00:26:16 5 Relations with Russia
00:28:45 6 Invasion of Egypt
00:28:54 6.1 Alliance with the Kingdom of Jerusalem
00:31:53 6.2 Failure of the expedition
00:33:36 7 Kilij Arslan II and the Seljuk Turks
00:39:14 8 Doctrinal controversies (1156–1180)
00:41:30 9 Chivalric narrations
00:42:47 10 Family
00:44:40 11 Assessments
00:44:49 11.1 Foreign and military affairs
00:46:55 11.2 Internal affairs
00:50:35 11.3 Legacy
00:54:39 12 Ancestors
00:54:48 13 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Manuel I Komnenos (or Comnenus; Greek: Μανουήλ Α' Κομνηνός, Manouēl I Komnēnos; 28 November 1118 – 24 September 1180) was a Byzantine Emperor of the 12th century who reigned over a crucial turning point in the history of Byzantium and the Mediterranean. His reign saw the last flowering of the Komnenian restoration, during which the Byzantine Empire had seen a resurgence of its military and economic power, and had enjoyed a cultural revival.
Eager to restore his empire to its past glories as the superpower of the Mediterranean world, Manuel pursued an energetic and ambitious foreign policy. In the process he made alliances with the Pope and the resurgent West. He invaded the Norman Kingdom of Sicily, although unsuccessfully, being the last Eastern Roman Emperor to attempt reconquests in the western Mediterranean. The passage of the potentially dangerous Second Crusade was adroitly managed through his empire.  Manuel established a Byzantine protectorate over the Crusader states of Outremer. Facing Muslim advances in the Holy Land, he made common cause with the Kingdom of Jerusalem and participated in a combined invasion of Fatimid Egypt. Manuel reshaped the political maps of the Balkans and the eastern Mediterranean, placing the kingdoms of Hungary and Outremer under Byzantine hegemony and campaigning aggressively against his neighbours both in the west and in the east.
However, towards the end of his reign Manuel's achievements in the east were compromised by a serious defeat at Myriokephalon, which in large part resulted from his arrogance in attacking a well-defended Seljuk position. Although the Byzantines recovered and Manuel concluded an advantageous peace with Sultan Kilij Arslan II, Myriokephalon proved to be the final, unsuccessful effort by the empire to recover the interior of Anatolia from the Turks.
Called ho Megas (ὁ Μέγας, translated as "the Great") by the Greeks, Manuel is known to have inspired intense loyalty in those who served him. He also appears as the hero of a history written by his secretary, John Kinnamos, in which every virtue is attributed to him. Manuel, who was influenced by his contact with western Crusaders, enjoyed the reputation of "the most blessed emperor of Constantinople" in parts of the Latin world as well. Modern historians, however, have been less enthusiastic about him. Some of them assert that the great power he wielded was not his own personal achievement, but that of the dynasty he represented; they also argue that, since Byzantine imperial power declined catastrophically after Manuel's death, it is only natural to look for the causes of this decline in his reign.