Optical fiber | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber


00:02:12 1 History
00:07:54 1.1 Record speeds
00:09:00 2 Uses
00:09:08 2.1 Communication
00:11:49 2.1.1 Advantages over copper wiring
00:13:13 2.2 Sensors
00:16:01 2.3 Power transmission
00:16:36 2.4 Other uses
00:19:22 3 Principle of operation
00:19:58 3.1 Index of refraction
00:21:41 3.2 Total internal reflection
00:22:49 3.3 Multi-mode fiber
00:24:36 3.4 Single-mode fiber
00:26:22 3.5 Special-purpose fiber
00:27:14 4 Mechanisms of attenuation
00:28:39 4.1 Light scattering
00:30:43 4.2 UV-Vis-IR absorption
00:33:15 4.3 Loss budget
00:34:26 5 Manufacturing
00:34:35 5.1 Materials
00:35:28 5.1.1 Silica
00:38:12 5.1.2 Fluoride glass
00:40:08 5.1.3 Phosphate glass
00:40:49 5.1.4 Chalcogenide glass
00:41:24 5.2 Process
00:41:32 5.2.1 Preform
00:44:43 5.2.2 Drawing
00:45:06 5.3 Coatings
00:47:52 6 Practical issues
00:48:01 6.1 Cable construction
00:50:15 6.2 Termination and splicing
00:54:27 6.3 Free-space coupling
00:56:10 6.4 Fiber fuse
00:57:02 6.5 Chromatic dispersion



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SUMMARY
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An optical fiber or optical fibre is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair. Optical fibers are used most often as a means to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber and find wide usage in fiber-optic communications, where they permit transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than electrical cables. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss; in addition, fibers are immune to electromagnetic interference, a problem from which metal wires suffer excessively. Fibers are also used for illumination and imaging, and are often wrapped in bundles so they may be used to carry light into, or images out of confined spaces, as in the case of a fiberscope. Specially designed fibers are also used for a variety of other applications, some of them being fiber optic sensors and fiber lasers.Optical fibers typically include a core surrounded by a transparent cladding material with a lower index of refraction. Light is kept in the core by the phenomenon of total internal reflection which causes the fiber to act as a waveguide. Fibers that support many propagation paths or transverse modes are called multi-mode fibers, while those that support a single mode are called single-mode fibers (SMF). Multi-mode fibers generally have a wider core diameter and are used for short-distance communication links and for applications where high power must be transmitted. Single-mode fibers are used for most communication links longer than 1,000 meters (3,300 ft).Being able to join optical fibers with low loss is important in fiber optic communication. This is more complex than joining electrical wire or cable and involves careful cleaving of the fibers, precise alignment of the fiber cores, and the coupling of these aligned cores. For applications that demand a permanent connection a fusion splice is common. In this technique, an electric arc is used to  melt the ends of the fibers together. Another common technique is a mechanical splice, where the ends of the fibers are held in contact by mechanical force. Temporary or semi-permanent connections are made by means of specialized optical fiber connectors.The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics. The term was coined by Indian physicist Narinder Singh Kapany, who is widely acknowledged as the father of fiber optics.