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Pol Pot (UK: /pɒl pɒt/, US: /poʊl/; Khmer: ប៉ុល ពត Khmer pronunciation: [pol pɔːt] born Saloth Sâr 19 May 1925 – 15 April 1998)[1][2] was a Cambodian revolutionary and politician who served as the general secretary of the Communist Party of Kampuchea from 1963 to 1981. Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist and Khmer nationalist, he led the Khmer Rouge[4] group from 1963 until 1997. From 1976 to 1979, he served as the Prime Minister of Democratic Kampuchea.

Pol Pot
Pol Pot Headshot.jpg
General Secretary of the Communist Party of Kampuchea
In office
22 February 1963 – 6 December 1981
Deputy
Nuon Chea
Preceded by
Tou Samouth
Succeeded by
Position abolished (party dissolved)
27th Prime Minister of Cambodia
Prime Minister of Democratic Kampuchea
In office
25 October 1976 – 7 January 1979
President
Khieu Samphan
Deputy
Ieng Sary
Son Sen
Vorn Vet
Preceded by
Nuon Chea (acting)
Succeeded by
Pen Sovan
In office
14 April 1976 – 27 September 1976
President
Khieu Samphan
Preceded by
Khieu Samphan (acting)
Succeeded by
Nuon Chea (acting)
Personal details
Born
Saloth Sâr
19 May 1925[1][2]
Prek Sbauv, Kampong Thom, Cambodia
Died
15 April 1998 (aged 72)
Anlong Veng, Oddar Meanchey, Cambodia
Resting place
Anlong Veng, Oddar Meanchey, Cambodia
Political party
Communist Party of Kampuchea
Spouse(s)
Khieu Ponnary
(m. 1956; div. 1979)
Mea Son
(m. 1986; his death 1998)
Children
Sar Patchata[3]
Education
EFREI
Military service
Allegiance
Banner of the Communist Party of Kampuchea.svg Khmer Rouge
Flag of Democratic Kampuchea.svg Democratic Kampuchea
Branch/service
Banner of the Communist Party of Kampuchea.svg Kampuchean Revolutionary Army
Years of service
1963–1997
Rank
General
Born to a prosperous farmer in Prek Sbauv, French Cambodia, Pol Pot was educated at some of Cambodia's elite schools. In the 1940s, he moved to Paris, France, where he joined the French Communist Party and adopted Marxism–Leninism, particularly as it was presented in the writings of Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong. Returning to Cambodia in 1953, he joined the Marxist–Leninist Khmer Việt Minh organisation in its guerrilla war against King Norodom Sihanouk's newly independent government. Following the Khmer Việt Minh's 1954 retreat into North Vietnam, Pol Pot returned to Phnom Penh, working as a teacher while remaining a central member of the Cambodian Marxist–Leninist movement. In 1959, he helped convert the movement into the Kampuchean Labour Party—later renamed the Communist Party of Kampuchea—and in 1960 took control as party secretary. To avoid state repression, in 1962 he relocated to a Việt Cộng jungle encampment before visiting Hanoi and Beijing. In 1968, he re-launched the war against Sihanouk.

Renaming the country Democratic Kampuchea and seeking to create an agrarian socialist society, Pol Pot's government forcibly relocated the urban population to the countryside to work on collective farms. Those regarded as enemies of the new government were killed. These mass killings, coupled with malnutrition, strenuous working conditions, and poor medical care, killed between 1.5 and 3 million people of a population of roughly 8 million (about 25%), a period later termed the Cambodian genocide. Marxist–Leninists unhappy with Pol Pot's government encouraged Vietnamese intervention. However, Pol Pot forced Vietnam's hand by attacking villages in Vietnam and massacring their villagers. In December 1978, the Vietnamese invaded Cambodia, toppling Pol Pot's government in 1979. The Vietnamese installed a rival Marxist–Leninist faction opposed to Pol Pot and renamed the country as the People's Republic of Kampuchea. Pol Pot and his Khmer Rouge retreated to a jungle base near the Thai border. Until 1993, they remained part of a coalition internationally recognized as Cambodia's rightful government. The Ta Mok faction placed Pol Pot under house arrest, where he died in April 1998.