History of evolutionary biology | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-02

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought


00:04:23 1 Antiquity
00:04:32 1.1 Greeks
00:10:46 1.2 Chinese
00:11:32 1.3 Roman Empire
00:12:41 1.3.1 Origen and Augustine
00:17:24 2 Middle Ages
00:17:33 2.1 Islamic philosophy and the struggle for existence
00:20:49 2.2 Christian philosophy
00:23:15 2.3 Thomas Aquinas on creation and natural processes
00:24:35 3 Renaissance and Enlightenment
00:28:41 4 Early 19th century
00:28:51 4.1 Paleontology and geology
00:31:48 4.2 Transmutation of species
00:37:36 4.3 Anticipations of natural selection
00:41:53 4.4 Natural selection
00:44:36 5 1859–1930s: Darwin and his legacy
00:48:07 5.1 Application to humans
00:51:56 5.2 Alternatives to natural selection
00:55:24 5.3 Mendelian genetics, biometrics, and mutation
00:57:22 6 1920s–1940s
00:57:33 6.1 Population genetics
00:59:21 6.2 The modern synthesis
01:03:26 7 1940s–1960s: Molecular biology and evolution
01:05:39 8 Late 20th century
01:05:48 8.1 Gene-centered view
01:08:51 8.2 Sociobiology
01:10:24 8.3 Evolutionary paths and processes
01:12:06 8.4 Microbiology, horizontal gene transfer, and endosymbiosis
01:14:22 8.5 From spandrels to evolutionary developmental biology
01:16:30 9 21st century
01:16:39 9.1 Macroevolution and microevolution
01:17:54 9.2 Epigenetic inheritance
01:18:57 9.3 Extended evolutionary syntheses
01:19:30 10 Unconventional evolutionary theory
01:19:40 10.1 Omega Point
01:20:08 10.2 Gaia hypothesis
01:20:51 10.3 Self-organization
01:21:41 11 See also



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SUMMARY
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Evolutionary thought, the conception that species change over time, has roots in antiquity – in the ideas of the ancient Greeks, Romans, and Chinese as well as in medieval Islamic science. With the beginnings of modern biological taxonomy in the late 17th century, two opposed ideas influenced Western biological thinking:  essentialism, the belief that every species has essential characteristics that are unalterable, a concept which had developed from medieval Aristotelian metaphysics, and that fit well with natural theology; and  the development of the new anti-Aristotelian approach to modern science: as the Enlightenment progressed, evolutionary cosmology and the mechanical philosophy spread from the physical sciences to natural history. Naturalists began to focus on the variability of species; the emergence of paleontology with the concept of extinction further undermined static views of nature. In the early 19th century Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 – 1829) proposed his theory of the transmutation of species, the first fully formed theory of evolution.
In 1858 Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace published a new evolutionary theory, explained in detail in Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859). Unlike Lamarck, Darwin proposed common descent and a branching tree of life, meaning that two very different species could share a common ancestor. Darwin based his theory on the idea of natural selection: it synthesized a broad range of evidence from animal husbandry, biogeography, geology, morphology, and embryology. Debate over Darwin's work led to the rapid acceptance of the general concept of evolution, but the specific mechanism he proposed, natural selection, was not widely accepted until it was revived by developments in biology that occurred during the 1920s through the 1940s. Before that time most biologists regarded other factors as responsible for evolution. Alternatives to natural selection suggested during "the eclipse of Darwinism" (c. 1880 to 1920) included inheritance of acquired characteristics (neo-Lamarckism), an innate drive for change (orthogenesis), and sudden large mutations (saltationism). Mendelian genetics, a series of 19th-century experiments with pea plant variations rediscovered in 1900, was integrated with ...