【ENG DUB】The Mirror of Causality 03-5 The ten negative actions—lying | 十惡業—妄語 #buddhism #dharma
Channel: Yiming Pureland Academy Center
Date: 13/08/2023

【ENG DUB】The Mirror of Causality 03-5 The ten negative actions—lying | 十惡業—妄語

基有八種：已見說未見、已聞說未聞、已知說未知、已覺說未覺，
There are eight kinds of basis: saying you haven't seen what you have seen, saying you haven't heard what you have heard, saying you don't know what you know, saying you haven't realized what you have realized. 
此四條及反此四條。對境為能解義者。
Including these four situations and their opposites. The object is someone who can understand the meaning.

對境是能夠解義的人，妄語是有對象的，
Lying must have an object, which is someone who can understand the meaning.
打比方你對牛說妄語沒用，對啞巴、聾子說妄語也沒用，或者對精神病說妄語，他也聽不懂，他也不知道你說妄語。那個都不是。
For example, it's useless to lie to a cow, to someone who is deaf or mute or insane, as they cannot understand what you say and don't know that you are lying. They are not the objects of lying.
這個對境就是要懂得你的、能解義的人，能知道你意思的人。
The object should be someone who can understand what you mean. 

發心
Intention
（一）想：於基無誤想，即於所見變想為未見，及於未見變想為已見等。
Perception: Unmistakably perceiving the basis. That is, to change your perception from having seen into having not seen, or from having not seen into having seen, etc.
沒有看到你說看到了，這個就是說妄語，故意說妄語。可能是為了自己的利益，有些時候是因為嫉妒啊、因為貪愛啊、因為嗔恨啊，就是因為各種私心，就會開始騙人，為了自己的利益，為了滿足自己的五欲，撒謊騙人。
Saying that you have seen something which you haven't seen, is lying, intentional lying, maybe for your own interest or to satisfy your five desires. Driven by various selfish intentions such as jealousy, greed, or anger, you start to deceive others.

（二）發起心：發起掩蓋真實情況並交換為另一虛設情況而說，故意打妄語。 
Initiation: Initiating to cover up the real situation and replacing it with another false situation. That is, intentionally lying.

加行：口中說妄語，或默許虛假情況，
Execution: Telling the lie, or admitting the false situation in silence...
默許也是屬於妄語，沒說話也屬於妄語。
Admitting it in silence is also lying.
或者以身相指示虛假情況。自做或教他做。 
...or indicating a false situation through your gestures, either by yourself or by someone else under your direction. 
"以身相指示虛假情況"，打比方有人問你："你看到某人往哪裡去了沒有？"明明是你看到了往北去，你用手指往南去了，你指指，這個就是虛假。
For example, if someone asks you, "Did you see where someone went?" Although you have clearly seen that he was going north, you point at south. This is indicating a false situation through your gestures.
用動作也有打妄語的情況，用行為來造假，也屬於妄語、欺騙，造成虛假的情況讓人產生誤解。
Gestures and behaviors can also tell lies. They are also considered lying, as they create false situations that lead to misunderstandings.

究竟：他人已理解所說之義。
Completion: The listener has understood what one said. 
依《俱舍論》觀點，以有染心變換情況而說，當他人解義因此而變更了解，即成妄語。
According to the Treasury of Abhidharma, if you give a misleading talk driven by afflictions, and the listener changes his understanding of the situation as a result, then it becomes a lie. 
別人相信了你的妄語。
That is, the listener believes your lie.

如果他人不解，不至於變更了解，故僅成綺語。
However, if the listener doesn't understand your words, thus doesn't  change his understanding, then it just becomes worthless chatter. 
他人不解就是綺語。
If the listener doesn't understand, then it's just worthless talk.
以下三種語業，在對境未解時，都僅成綺語。 
If the listener doesn't understand, then the following three verbal acts are only considered worthless chatter.
別人沒有相信你的妄語，就成綺語了。
Since the listener doesn't believe your lie, it becomes worthless talk. 

妄語分為三類：
Lying is divided into three types: 
（一）一般妄語：懷有欺騙他人之心而說的一切自性妄語；
Ordinary lies: These are any untrue statements made with the intention of deceiving others.
（二）大妄語：如說善法無有功德、惡業無有罪過、清淨剎土無有安樂、惡趣無有痛苦、佛陀無有功德等；
Major lies: For example, claiming that there is no benefit in positive actions and no harm in negative ones, that there is no bliss in the pure lands and no suffering in the lower realms, or that the Buddhas have no good qualities, etc. 
（三）上人法妄語：如沒有得地說得地了，沒有神通說有神通等。
Phoney lama's lies: For example, claiming to have attained the Bodhisattva levels or supernatural powers that one hasn't actually attained, etc.
用這種方式來欺騙弟子。 
To deceive disciples in such a way.
聽了以後可能對妄語戒理解得更深刻一點，通過學習。不像以前我們沒有學習的時候，我們理解得就膚淺了。
After learning this, you may have a deeper understanding of the precept of not lying. Whereas in the past, the understanding was shallow without studying.
一切業有四個方面（基、發心、加行、究竟），只有對方相信了你的妄語才算究竟，才完成了妄語業。
All karma include four elements (basis, intention, execution, and completion). Only when the listener believes your lie, can the karma of lying be completed.


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