Classical biology | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: Subhajit Sahu
Date: 2019-02-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_biology


00:03:25 1 Etymology of "biology"
00:05:43 2 Ancient and medieval knowledge
00:05:53 2.1 Early cultures
00:06:55 2.1.1 Ancient Mesopotamia
00:08:53 2.1.2 Ancient Chinese traditions
00:09:49 2.1.3 Ancient Indian traditions
00:11:03 2.1.4 Ancient Egyptian traditions
00:11:39 2.2 Ancient Greek and Roman traditions
00:14:47 2.3 Medieval and Islamic knowledge
00:15:35 3 Renaissance and early modern developments
00:17:36 3.1 Seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
00:21:00 4 19th century: the emergence of biological disciplines
00:21:49 4.1 Natural history and natural philosophy
00:22:34 4.1.1 Geology and paleontology
00:24:03 4.1.2 Evolution and biogeography
00:27:51 4.2 Physiology
00:28:24 4.2.1 Cell theory, embryology and germ theory
00:31:26 4.2.2 Rise of organic chemistry and experimental physiology
00:33:22 5 Twentieth century biological sciences
00:34:17 5.1 Ecology and environmental science
00:37:04 5.2 Classical genetics, the modern synthesis, and evolutionary theory
00:40:29 5.3 Biochemistry, microbiology, and molecular biology
00:41:54 5.3.1 Origins of molecular biology
00:45:35 5.3.2 Expansion of molecular biology
00:49:09 5.4 Biotechnology, genetic engineering, and genomics
00:50:02 5.4.1 Recombinant DNA
00:52:41 5.4.2 Molecular systematics and genomics
00:55:23 6 Twenty-first century biological sciences
00:56:47 7 See also



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SUMMARY
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The history of biology traces the study of the living world from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of biology as a single coherent field arose in the 19th century, the biological sciences emerged from traditions of medicine and natural history reaching back to ayurveda, ancient Egyptian medicine and the works of Aristotle and Galen in the ancient Greco-Roman world. This ancient work was further developed in the Middle Ages by Muslim physicians and scholars such as Avicenna. During the European Renaissance and early modern period, biological thought was revolutionized in Europe by a renewed interest in empiricism and the discovery of many novel organisms. Prominent in this movement were Vesalius and Harvey, who used experimentation and careful observation in physiology, and naturalists such as Linnaeus and Buffon who began to classify the diversity of life and the fossil record, as well as the development and behavior of organisms. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek revealed by means of microscopy the previously unknown world of microorganisms, laying the groundwork for cell theory. The growing importance of natural theology, partly a response to the rise of mechanical philosophy, encouraged the growth of natural history (although it entrenched the argument from design).
Over the 18th and 19th centuries, biological sciences such as botany and zoology became increasingly professional scientific disciplines. Lavoisier and other physical scientists began to connect the animate and inanimate worlds through physics and chemistry. Explorer-naturalists such as Alexander von Humboldt investigated the interaction between organisms and their environment, and the ways this relationship depends on geography—laying the foundations for biogeography, ecology and ethology. Naturalists began to reject essentialism and consider the importance of extinction and the mutability of species. Cell theory provided a new perspective on the fundamental basis of life. These developments, as well as the results from embryology and paleontology, were synthesized in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. The end of the 19th century saw the fall of spontaneous generation and the rise of the germ theory of disease, though the mechanism of inheritance remained a mystery.
In the early 20th century, the rediscovery of Mendel's work led to the rapid developmen ...