Upaveda | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-09

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas


00:01:56 1 Etymology and usage
00:03:37 2 Chronology
00:06:02 2.1 Ancient universities
00:06:21 3 Categories of Vedic texts
00:06:46 3.1 Vedic Sanskrit corpus
00:09:17 3.2 Shruti literature
00:10:44 4 Vedic schools or recensions
00:12:54 5 Four Vedas
00:14:41 5.1 Rigveda
00:16:03 5.2 Samaveda
00:17:07 5.3 Yajurveda
00:18:37 5.4 Atharvaveda
00:20:20 5.5 Embedded Vedic texts
00:20:28 5.5.1 Brahmanas
00:22:06 5.5.2 Aranyakas and Upanishads
00:23:45 6 Post-Vedic literature
00:23:54 6.1 Vedanga
00:24:52 6.2 Parisista
00:26:05 6.3 Upaveda
00:26:47 6.4 "Fifth" and other Vedas
00:28:00 6.5 Puranas
00:28:50 7 Western Indology
00:29:47 8 See also



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SUMMARY
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The Vedas (; Sanskrit: वेद veda, "knowledge") are a large body of religious texts originating in ancient India. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit, the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism. Hindus consider the Vedas to be apauruṣeya, which means "not of a man, superhuman" and "impersonal, authorless".Vedas are also called śruti ("what is heard") literature, distinguishing them from other religious texts, which are called smṛti ("what is remembered"). The Veda, for orthodox Indian theologians, are considered revelations seen by ancient sages after intense meditation, and texts that have been more carefully preserved since ancient times. In the Hindu Epic the Mahabharata, the creation of Vedas is credited to Brahma. The Vedic hymns themselves assert that they were skillfully created by Rishis (sages), after inspired creativity, just as a carpenter builds a chariot.According to tradition, Vyasa is the compiler of the Vedas, who arranged the four kinds of mantras into four Samhitas. There are four Vedas: the Rigveda, the Yajurveda, the Samaveda and the Atharvaveda. Each Veda has been subclassified into four major text types – the Samhitas (mantras and benedictions), the Aranyakas (text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolic-sacrifices), the Brahmanas (commentaries on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices), and the Upanishads (texts discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge). Some scholars add a fifth category – the Upasanas (worship).The various Indian philosophies and denominations have taken differing positions on the Vedas.  Schools of Indian philosophy which cite the Vedas as their scriptural authority are classified as "orthodox" (āstika). Other śramaṇa traditions, such as Lokayata, Carvaka, Ajivika, Buddhism and Jainism, which did not regard the Vedas as authorities, are referred to as "heterodox" or "non-orthodox" (nāstika) schools. Despite their differences, just like the texts of the śramaṇa traditions, the layers of texts in the Vedas discuss similar ideas and concepts.