Middle East and globalization | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 13/06/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_and_globalization


00:02:11 1 Views on globalization
00:02:21 1.1 The Arab and Muslim intellectuals
00:04:45 1.2 The Jihadists
00:06:31 2 Reactions to globalization
00:10:10 3 Who is influencing whom?
00:13:05 4 Terrorism made easy: 9/11
00:16:31 5 Globalization in the future
00:19:21 6 See also



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- Socrates


SUMMARY
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Globalization has been internalized in Arabic as “awlaama:العولمة”  and refers to the spread throughout the globe of ideas, customs, institutions, and attitudes originated in one part of the world  which are usually Western in origin. For this reason it has often been perceived as largely equivalent to Westernization and is still widely regarded as an external threat rather than as an opportunity. In the Middle East the decade of globalization was marked by endless wars, intrusive US hegemony, renewed economic dependency and continuing insecurity. Globalization was ushered into the Middle East by a war which gave the Western victors excessive power over the region  and created a violent anti-globalization struggle. As some authors argue, it has strengthened Islamic fundamentalism  and, due to its ambiguity created a contradictory and tension filled situation. Globalization thus often acted as an obstacle rather than an impetus to democratization.
Against most expectations, the processes of globalization hence proved highly turbulent and have generated new conflicts, hostilities and exclusions throughout the world. Oppositional individuals and groups are now able to participate in global culture and politics through gaining access to global communication and media networks and to circulate local struggles and oppositional ideas through these media. 
Initially globalization was expected to spread the zone of peace by delivering economic prosperity which people would not want to sacrifice in conflicts. Instead the imposition of structural adjustment, of unpopular and inequitable peace treaties together with the US campaign against terrorism, led to more unrest and instability. This helped to create a chain reaction as the victims of economic liberalization appear to be among the main constituents of Islamic opposition movements.