Bismuth | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 25/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth


00:01:57 1 History
00:03:34 2 Characteristics
00:03:43 2.1 Physical characteristics
00:06:24 2.2 Chemical characteristics
00:08:02 2.3 Isotopes
00:10:04 3 Chemical compounds
00:10:28 3.1 Oxides and sulfides
00:12:05 3.2 Bismuthine and bismuthides
00:13:30 3.3 Halides
00:15:32 3.4 Aqueous species
00:16:02 4 Occurrence and production
00:17:46 4.1 Price
00:19:50 4.2 Recycling
00:21:00 5 Applications
00:22:04 5.1 Medicines
00:23:46 5.2 Cosmetics and pigments
00:24:50 5.3 Metal and alloys
00:25:12 5.3.1 Lead replacement
00:27:09 5.3.2 Other metal uses and specialty alloys
00:29:42 5.4 Other uses as compounds
00:32:18 6 Toxicology and ecotoxicology
00:33:25 7 Bioremediation
00:33:42 8 See also



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SUMMARY
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Bismuth is a chemical element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83. It is a pentavalent post-transition metal and one of the pnictogens with chemical properties resembling its lighter homologs arsenic and antimony. Elemental bismuth may occur naturally, although its sulfide and oxide form important commercial ores. The free element is 86% as dense as lead. It is a brittle metal with a silvery white color when freshly produced, but surface oxidation can give it a pink tinge. Bismuth is marginally radioactive, and the most naturally diamagnetic element, and has one of the lowest values of thermal conductivity among metals.
Bismuth was long considered the element with the highest atomic mass that is stable, but in 2003 it was discovered to be extremely weakly radioactive: its only primordial isotope, bismuth-209, decays via alpha decay with a half-life more than a billion times the estimated age of the universe. Because of its tremendously long half-life, bismuth may still be considered stable for almost all purposes.Bismuth metal has been known since ancient times, although it was often confused with lead and tin, which share some physical properties. The etymology is uncertain, but possibly comes from Arabic bi ismid, meaning having the properties of antimony or the German words weiße Masse or Wismuth ("white mass"), translated in the mid-sixteenth century to New Latin bisemutum.Bismuth compounds account for about half the production of bismuth. They are used in cosmetics, pigments, and a few pharmaceuticals, notably bismuth subsalicylate, used to treat diarrhea. Bismuth's unusual propensity to expand upon freezing is responsible for some of its uses, such as in casting of printing type. Bismuth has unusually low toxicity for a heavy metal. As the toxicity of lead has become more apparent in recent years, there is an increasing use of bismuth alloys (presently about a third of bismuth production) as a replacement for lead.