Biota (taxonomy) | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-29

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life


00:04:24 1 Definitions
00:05:17 1.1 Biology
00:07:39 1.1.1 Alternative definitions
00:09:01 1.1.2 Viruses
00:09:54 1.2 Biophysics
00:10:55 1.3 Living systems theories
00:11:53 1.3.1 Gaia hypothesis
00:12:52 1.3.2 Nonfractionability
00:13:50 1.3.3 Life as a property of ecosystems
00:14:47 1.3.4 Complex systems biology
00:16:18 1.3.5 Darwinian dynamic
00:17:04 1.3.6 Operator theory
00:17:52 2 History of study
00:18:02 2.1 Materialism
00:20:31 2.2 Hylomorphism
00:22:25 2.3 Spontaneous generation
00:23:30 2.4 Vitalism
00:25:13 3 Origin
00:32:47 4 Environmental conditions
00:34:02 4.1 Biosphere
00:38:04 4.2 Range of tolerance
00:39:13 4.3 Extremophiles
00:40:57 4.4 Chemical elements
00:42:18 4.4.1 DNA
00:46:33 5 Classification
00:46:42 5.1 Antiquity
00:48:06 5.2 Linnaean
00:51:24 5.3 Cladistic
00:51:43 6 Cells
00:56:13 7 Extraterrestrial
00:58:54 8 Artificial
01:00:22 9 Death
01:02:03 9.1 Extinction
01:03:01 9.2 Fossils
01:03:48 10 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Life is a characteristic that distinguishes physical entities that have biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from those that do not, either because such functions have ceased (they have died), or because they never had such functions and are classified as inanimate. Various forms of life exist, such as plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, and bacteria. The criteria can at times be ambiguous and may or may not define viruses, viroids, or potential synthetic life as "living". Biology is the science concerned with the study of life.
There is currently no consensus regarding the definition of life. One popular definition is that organisms are open systems that maintain homeostasis, are composed of cells, have a life cycle, undergo metabolism, can grow, adapt to their environment, respond to stimuli, reproduce and evolve. However, several other definitions have been proposed, and there are some borderline cases of life, such as viruses or viroids.
Abiogenesis attempts to describe the natural process of life arising from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds. The prevailing scientific hypothesis is that the transition from non-living to living entities was not a single event, but a gradual process of increasing complexity. Life on Earth first appeared as early as 4.28 billion years ago, soon after ocean formation 4.41 billion years ago, and not long after the formation of the Earth 4.54 billion years ago. The earliest known life forms are microfossils of bacteria. Earth's current life may have descended from an RNA world, although RNA-based life may not have been the first. The mechanism by which life began on Earth is unknown, though many hypotheses have been formulated and are often based on the Miller–Urey experiment. 
Since its primordial beginnings, life on Earth has changed its environment on a geologic time scale, but it has also adapted to survive in most ecosystems and conditions. Some microorganisms, called extremophiles, thrive in physically or geochemically extreme environments that are detrimental to most other life on Earth. The cell is considered the structural and functional unit of life. There are two kinds of cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic, both of which consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane and contain many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Cells reproduce through a process of cell division, in which the parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
In the past, there have been many attempts to define what is meant by "life" through obsolete concepts such as odic force, hylomorphism, spontaneous generation and vitalism, that have now been disproved by biological discoveries. Aristotle was the first person to classify organisms. Later, Carl Linnaeus  ...