Identical particles | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: Subhajit Sahu
Date: 24/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identical_particles


00:01:31 1 Distinguishing between particles
00:03:10 2 Quantum mechanical description of identical particles
00:03:22 2.1 Symmetrical and antisymmetrical states
00:08:22 2.2 Exchange symmetry
00:13:49 2.3 Fermions and bosons
00:15:32 2.4 iN/i particles
00:20:11 2.5 Measurements of identical particles
00:23:21 2.6 Wavefunction representation
00:36:46 2.7 The operator approach and parastatistics
00:40:05 3 Statistical properties
00:40:15 3.1 Statistical effects of indistinguishability
00:45:00 3.2 Statistical properties of bosons and fermions
00:50:34 4 The homotopy class
00:53:51 5 See also
00:54:10 6 Footnotes



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SUMMARY
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Identical particles, also called indistinguishable or indiscernible particles, are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle. Species of identical particles include, but are not limited to elementary particles such as electrons, composite subatomic particles such as atomic nuclei, as well as atoms and molecules. Quasiparticles also behave in this way. Although all known indistinguishable particles are "tiny", there is no exhaustive list of all possible sorts of particles nor a clear-cut limit of applicability, as explored in quantum statistics.
There are two main categories of identical particles: bosons, which can share quantum states, and fermions, which do not share quantum states as described by the Pauli exclusion principle.  Examples of bosons are photons, gluons, phonons, helium-4 nuclei and all mesons. Examples of fermions are electrons, neutrinos, quarks, protons, neutrons, and helium-3 nuclei.
The fact that particles can be identical has important consequences in statistical mechanics. Calculations in statistical mechanics rely on probabilistic arguments, which are sensitive to whether or not the objects being studied are identical. As a result, identical particles exhibit markedly different statistical behaviour from distinguishable particles. For example, the indistinguishability of particles has been proposed as a solution to Gibbs' mixing paradox.