Carcinogen | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-22

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen


00:05:00 1 Radiation
00:08:19 2 In prepared food
00:10:26 3 In cigarettes
00:11:18 4 Mechanisms of carcinogenicity
00:12:19 5 Classification
00:12:29 5.1 International Agency for Research on Cancer
00:14:26 5.2 Globally Harmonized System
00:15:38 5.3 U.S. National Toxicology Program
00:16:24 5.4 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
00:17:38 5.5 European Union
00:18:47 5.6 Safe Work Australia
00:20:02 6 Procarcinogen
00:20:31 7 Common carcinogens
00:20:41 7.1 Occupational carcinogens
00:21:00 7.2 Others
00:21:46 8 Major carcinogens implicated in the four most common cancers worldwide
00:22:39 8.1 Lung cancer
00:25:06 8.2 Breast cancer
00:27:04 8.3 Colon cancer
00:29:50 8.4 Stomach cancer



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SUMMARY
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A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer. This may be due to the ability to damage the genome or to the disruption of cellular metabolic processes. Several radioactive substances are considered carcinogens, but their carcinogenic activity is attributed to the radiation, for example gamma rays and alpha particles, which they emit. Common examples of non-radioactive carcinogens are inhaled asbestos, certain dioxins, and tobacco smoke.  Although the public generally associates carcinogenicity with synthetic chemicals, it is equally likely to arise in both natural and synthetic substances. Carcinogens are not necessarily immediately toxic; thus, their effect can be insidious.
Cancer is any disease in which normal cells are damaged and do not undergo programmed cell death as fast as they divide via mitosis. Carcinogens may increase the risk of cancer by altering cellular metabolism or damaging DNA directly in cells, which interferes with biological processes, and induces the uncontrolled, malignant division, ultimately leading to the formation of tumors. Usually, severe DNA damage leads to programmed cell death, but if the programmed cell death pathway is damaged, then the cell cannot prevent itself from becoming a cancer cell.
There are many natural carcinogens. Aflatoxin B1, which is produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus growing on stored grains, nuts and peanut butter, is an example of a potent, naturally occurring microbial carcinogen. Certain viruses such as hepatitis B and human papilloma virus have been found to cause cancer in humans. The first one shown to cause cancer in animals is Rous sarcoma virus, discovered in 1910 by Peyton Rous.  Other infectious organisms which cause cancer in humans include some bacteria (e.g. Helicobacter pylori ) and helminths (e.g. Opisthorchis viverrini  and Clonorchis sinensis.Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds, benzene, kepone, EDB, and asbestos have all been classified as carcinogenic. As far back as the 1930s, Industrial smoke and tobacco smoke were identified as sources of dozens of carcinogens, including benzo[a]pyrene, tobacco-specific nitrosamines such as nitrosonornicotine, and reactive aldehydes such as formaldehyde, which is also a hazard in embalming and making plastics. Vinyl chloride, from which PVC is manufactured, is a carcinogen and thus a hazard in PVC production.
Co-carcinogens are chemicals that do not necessarily cause cancer on their own, but promote the activity of other carcinogens in causing cancer.
After the carcinogen enters the body, the body makes an attempt to eliminate it through a process called biotransformation. The purpose of these reactions is to make the carcinogen more water-soluble so that it can be removed from the body. However, in some cases, these reactions can also convert a less toxic carcinogen into a more toxic carcinogen.
DNA is nucleophilic; therefore, soluble carbon electrophiles are carcinogenic, because DNA attacks  ...