Organ transplantation | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-07

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplantation


00:02:45 1 Types of transplant
00:02:54 1.1 Autograft
00:03:48 1.2 Allograft and allotransplantation
00:04:31 1.2.1 Isograft
00:05:00 1.3 Xenograft and xenotransplantation
00:06:08 1.4 Domino transplants
00:09:14 1.5 ABO-incompatible transplants
00:11:05 1.6 Transplantation in obese individuals
00:11:50 2 Organs and tissues transplanted
00:12:01 2.1 Chest
00:12:20 2.2 Abdomen
00:12:52 2.3 Tissues, cells and fluids
00:13:49 3 Types of donor
00:16:18 3.1 Living donor
00:17:00 3.2 Deceased donor
00:18:38 4 Allocation of organs
00:23:13 5 Reasons for donation and ethical issues
00:23:24 5.1 Living related donors
00:23:51 5.1.1 Paired exchange
00:26:47 5.2 Good Samaritan
00:27:34 5.3 Financial compensation
00:33:39 5.4 Forced donation
00:36:19 6 Usage
00:42:25 7 History
00:56:33 7.1 Timeline of transplants
01:04:04 8 Society and culture
01:04:14 8.1 Success rates
01:04:49 8.2 Comparative costs
01:06:24 8.3 Safety
01:08:30 8.4 Transplant laws
01:12:44 8.5 Ethical concerns
01:14:43 8.6 Artificial organ transplantation
01:16:57 9 Research
01:18:32 10 See also



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SUMMARY
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Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ.  The donor and recipient may be at the same location, or organs may be transported from a donor site to another location. Organs and/or tissues that are transplanted within the same person's body are called autografts. Transplants that are recently performed between two subjects of the same species are called allografts. Allografts can either be from a living or cadaveric source.
Organs that have been successfully transplanted include the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine, and thymus. Tissues include bones, tendons (both referred to as musculoskeletal grafts), corneae, skin, heart valves, nerves and veins.  Worldwide, the kidneys are the most commonly transplanted organs, followed by the liver and then the heart. Corneae and musculoskeletal grafts are the most commonly transplanted tissues; these outnumber organ transplants by more than tenfold.
Organ donors may be living, brain dead, or dead via circulatory death. Tissue may be recovered from donors who die of circulatory death, as well as of brain death – up to 24 hours past the cessation of heartbeat. Unlike organs, most tissues (with the exception of corneas) can be preserved and stored for up to five years, meaning they can be "banked". Transplantation raises a number of bioethical issues, including the definition of death, when and how consent should be given for an organ to be transplanted, and payment for organs for transplantation. Other ethical issues include transplantation tourism (medical tourism) and more broadly the socio-economic context in which organ procurement or transplantation may occur. A particular problem is organ trafficking. There is also the ethical issue of not holding out false hope to patients.Transplantation medicine is one of the most challenging and complex areas of modern medicine. Some of the key areas for medical management are the problems of transplant rejection, during which the body has an immune response to the transplanted organ, possibly leading to transplant failure and the need to immediately remove the organ from the recipient. When possible, transplant rejection can be reduced through serotyping to determine the most appropriate donor-recipient match and through the use of immunosuppressant drugs.