Nyaya Sutras | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-11

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras


00:02:00 1 Author and chronology
00:04:37 2 Structure
00:06:02 3 Content
00:07:18 3.1 Means of attaining valid knowledge
00:08:28 3.1.1 Pratyaksha: Perception
00:10:23 3.1.2 Anumana: Inference
00:12:08 3.1.3 Upamana: Comparison and analogy
00:13:41 3.1.4 Shabda: Testimony and reliable sources
00:15:31 3.2 Theory of proper Argument
00:16:24 3.3 Theory of doubt as incomplete knowledge
00:18:01 3.4 Hetvabhasa, theory of errors
00:20:01 3.5 Theory of causality
00:21:26 3.6 Theory of negatives
00:21:58 3.7 Atheism in Nyayasutras
00:23:38 3.8 Soul, self exists, inner freedom
00:24:02 3.9 Philosophy: a form of Yoga
00:25:48 4 Commentaries
00:27:42 5 Influence
00:27:50 5.1 On Hinduism's soul, Buddhism's no-soul debate
00:30:10 5.2 On Vedanta traditions
00:30:44 6 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
Speaking Rate: 0.7455269041205309
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D


"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
The Nyāya Sūtras is an ancient Indian Sanskrit text composed by Akṣapāda Gautama, and the foundational text of the Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy. The date when the text was composed, and the biography of its author is unknown, but variously estimated between 6th-century BCE and 2nd-century CE. The text may have been composed by more than one author, over a period of time. The text consists of five books, with two chapters in each book, with a cumulative total of 528 aphoristic sutras, about rules of reason, logic, epistemology and metaphysics.The Nyāya Sūtras is a Hindu text, notable for focusing on knowledge and logic, and making no mention of Vedic rituals. The first book is structured as a general introduction and table of contents of sixteen categories of knowledge. Book two is about pramana (epistemology), book three is about prameya or the objects of knowledge, and the text discusses the nature of knowledge in remaining books. It set the foundation for Nyaya tradition of the empirical theory of validity and truth, opposing uncritical appeals to intuition or scriptural authority.The Nyaya sutras cover a wide range of topics, including Tarka-Vidyā, the science of debate or Vāda-Vidyā, the science of discussion. The Nyāya Sutras are related to but extend the Vaiśeṣika epistemological and metaphysical system. Later commentaries expanded, expounded and discussed Nyaya sutras, the earlier surviving commentaries being by Vātsyāyana (c.450–500 CE), followed by the Nyāyavārttika of Uddyotakāra (c. 6th–7th centuries), Vācaspati Miśra's Tātparyatīkā (9th century), Udayana's Tātparyapariśuddhi (10th century), and Jayanta's Nyāyamañjarī (10th century).