Tin | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-25

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin


00:01:51 1 Characteristics
00:02:00 1.1 Physical
00:04:59 1.2 Chemical
00:05:31 1.3 Isotopes
00:08:25 2 Etymology
00:09:26 3 History
00:11:15 4 Compounds and chemistry
00:11:31 4.1 Inorganic compounds
00:13:18 4.2 Hydrides
00:13:48 4.3 Organotin compounds
00:15:25 5 Occurrence
00:18:03 6 Production
00:18:21 6.1 Mining and smelting
00:18:30 6.2 Industry
00:19:10 7 Price and exchanges
00:21:47 8 Applications
00:22:08 8.1 Solder
00:23:20 8.2 Tin plating
00:24:22 8.3 Specialized alloys
00:26:07 8.4 Optoelectronics
00:26:29 8.5 Other applications
00:28:50 8.6 Organotin compounds
00:29:10 8.6.1 PVC stabilizers
00:29:50 8.6.2 Biocides
00:31:00 8.6.3 Organic chemistry
00:31:25 8.6.4 Li-ion batteries
00:32:22 9 Precautions
00:33:16 10 See also



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SUMMARY
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Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (from Latin: stannum) and atomic number 50. It is a post-transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table of elements. It is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains stannic oxide, SnO2. Tin shows a chemical similarity to both of its neighbors in group 14, germanium and lead, and has two main oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4. Tin is the 49th most abundant element and has, with 10 stable isotopes, the largest number of stable isotopes in the periodic table, thanks to its magic number of protons. It has two main allotropes: at room temperature, the stable allotrope is β-tin, a silvery-white, malleable metal, but at low temperatures it transforms into the less dense grey α-tin, which has the diamond cubic structure. Metallic tin does not easily oxidize in air.
The first tin alloy used on a large scale was bronze, made of tin and copper, from as early as 3000 BC. After 600 BC, pure metallic tin was produced. Pewter, which is an alloy of 85–90% tin with the remainder commonly consisting of copper, antimony, and lead, was used for flatware from the Bronze Age until the 20th century. In modern times, tin is used in many alloys, most notably tin/lead soft solders, which are typically 60% or more tin and in the manufacture of transparent, electrically conducting films of indium tin oxide in optoelectronic applications. Another large application for tin is corrosion-resistant tin plating of steel. Because of the low toxicity of inorganic tin, tin-plated steel is widely used for food packaging as tin cans. However, some organotin compounds can be almost as toxic as cyanide.