P-block | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 08/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
P-block


00:01:56 1 Periodic table
00:03:32 1.1 s-block
00:04:57 1.2 p-block
00:06:12 1.2.1 p-block metals
00:07:30 1.2.2 Metalloids
00:10:06 1.2.3 Noble gases
00:11:56 1.2.4 Halogens
00:12:45 1.3 d-block
00:13:58 1.4 f-block
00:15:15 1.5 g-block



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SUMMARY
=======
A block of the periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups. The term appears to have been first used by Charles Janet. The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same atomic orbital type.  Each block is named after its characteristic orbital; thus, the blocks are:

s-block
p-block
d-block
f-block
g-block (hypothetical)The block names (s, p, d, f and g) are derived from the spectroscopic notation for the associated atomic orbitals: sharp, principal, diffuse and fundamental, and then g which follows f in the alphabet.
The following is the order for filling the "subshell" orbitals, according to the Aufbau principle, which also gives the linear order of the "blocks" (as atomic number increases) in the periodic table:

1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p, ...For discussion of the nature of why the energies of the blocks naturally appear in this order in complex atoms, see atomic orbital and electron configuration.
The "periodic" nature of the filling of orbitals, as well as emergence of the s, p, d and f "blocks" is more obvious, if this order of filling is given in matrix form, with increasing principal quantum numbers starting the new rows ("periods") in the matrix. Then, each subshell (composed of the first two quantum numbers) is repeated as many times as required for each pair of electrons it may contain. The result is a compressed periodic table, with each entry representing two successive elements:

.The elements which give the greatest number of oxidation states occur in or near the middle of the series from +2 to +7