Liquid crystal | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 25/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal


00:01:53 1 History
00:09:03 2 Design of liquid crystalline materials
00:10:44 3 Liquid-crystal phases
00:12:21 3.1 Thermotropic liquid crystals
00:13:13 3.1.1 Nematic phase
00:14:46 3.1.2 Smectic phases
00:15:34 3.1.3 Chiral phases
00:18:47 3.1.4 Discotic phases
00:19:18 3.1.5 Bowlic phases
00:19:43 3.2 Lyotropic liquid crystals
00:23:31 3.3 Metallotropic liquid crystals
00:24:07 3.4 Laboratory analysis of mesophases
00:25:38 4 Biological liquid crystals
00:27:13 5 Mineral liquid crystals
00:28:14 6 Pattern formation in liquid crystals
00:29:20 7 Theoretical treatment of liquid crystals
00:29:59 7.1 Director
00:30:35 7.2 Order parameter
00:35:08 7.3 Onsager hard-rod model
00:36:34 7.4 Maier–Saupe mean field theory
00:37:13 7.5 McMillan's model
00:40:17 7.6 Elastic continuum theory
00:41:31 8 External influences on liquid crystals
00:42:13 8.1 Electric and magnetic field effects
00:43:35 8.2 Surface preparations
00:44:32 8.3 Fredericks transition
00:45:36 9 Effect of chirality
00:47:49 10 Applications of liquid crystals



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SUMMARY
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Liquid crystals (LCs) are a state of matter which has properties between those of conventional liquids and those of solid crystals. For instance, a liquid crystal may flow like a liquid, but its molecules may be oriented in a crystal-like way. There are many different types of liquid-crystal phases, which can be distinguished by their different optical properties (such as textures). The contrasting areas in the textures correspond to domains where the liquid-crystal molecules are oriented in different directions. Within a domain, however, the molecules are well ordered. LC materials may not always be in a liquid-crystal phase (just as water may turn into ice or steam).
Liquid crystals can be divided into thermotropic, lyotropic and metallotropic phases. Thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals consist mostly of organic molecules, although a few minerals are also known. Thermotropic LCs exhibit a phase transition into the liquid-crystal phase as temperature is changed. Lyotropic LCs exhibit phase transitions as a function of both temperature and concentration of the liquid-crystal molecules in a solvent (typically water). Metallotropic LCs are composed of both organic and inorganic molecules; their liquid-crystal transition depends not only on temperature and concentration, but also on the inorganic-organic composition ratio.
Examples of liquid crystals can be found both in the natural world and in technological applications. Most contemporary  electronic displays use liquid crystals. Lyotropic liquid-crystalline phases are abundant in living systems but can also be found in the mineral world. For example, many proteins and cell membranes are liquid crystals. Other well-known examples of liquid crystals are solutions of soap and various related detergents, as well as the tobacco mosaic virus, and some clays.