Reactive oxygen species | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-03

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species


00:01:46 1 Sources of ROS production
00:01:56 1.1 Endogenous sources
00:04:10 1.2 Exogenous sources
00:05:39 2 Antioxidant enzymes
00:05:49 2.1 Superoxide dismutase
00:07:23 2.2 Singlet oxygen
00:07:35 3 Damaging effects
00:08:46 3.1 Pathogen response
00:10:35 3.2 Oxidative damage
00:12:18 3.3 Impairment of cognitive function
00:14:42 4 Cause of aging
00:16:04 5 Male infertility
00:17:59 6 Cancer
00:19:44 6.1 Carcinogenesis
00:20:19 6.2 Cell proliferation
00:23:38 6.3 Cell death
00:25:00 6.4 Tumor cell invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis
00:25:58 6.5 Chronic inflammation and cancer
00:30:05 6.6 Cancer therapy
00:31:08 7 Positive role of ROS in memory
00:31:54 8 See also
00:34:41 9 References
00:38:48 10 Further reading



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SUMMARY
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive chemical species containing oxygen. Examples include peroxides, superoxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, and alpha-oxygen.
The reduction of molecular oxygen (O2) produces superoxide (•O−2) and is the precursor of most other reactive oxygen species:
O2 + e− → •O−2Dismutation of superoxide produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2):
2 H+ + •O−2 + •O−2 → H2O2 + O2Hydrogen peroxide in turn may be partially reduced to hydroxyl radical (•OH) or fully reduced to water:
H2O2 + e− → HO− + •OH
2 H+ + 2 e− + H2O2 → 2 H2OIn a biological context, ROS are formed as a natural byproduct of the normal metabolism of oxygen and have important roles in cell signaling and homeostasis. However, during times of environmental stress (e.g., UV or heat exposure), ROS levels can increase dramatically. This may result in significant damage to cell structures. Cumulatively, this is known as oxidative stress. The production of ROS is strongly influenced by stress factor responses in plants, these factors that increase ROS production include drought, salinity, chilling, nutrient deficiency, metal toxicity and UV-B radiation. ROS are also generated by exogenous sources such as ionizing radiation.