Photochemical smog | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 28/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog


00:02:37 1 Etymology
00:03:36 2 Causes
00:03:45 2.1 Coal
00:04:47 2.2 Transportation emissions
00:05:51 3 Photochemical smog
00:08:24 3.1 Formation and Reactions
00:12:29 3.2 Natural causes
00:13:54 4 Health effects
00:15:46 4.1 Levels of unhealthy exposure
00:16:48 4.2 Premature deaths due to cancer and respiratory disease
00:17:23 4.3 Alzheimer risk
00:18:10 4.4 Risk of certain birth defects
00:18:52 4.5 Low birth weight
00:19:18 5 Areas affected
00:19:58 5.1 Canada
00:20:51 5.2 Delhi, India
00:24:08 5.3 Beijing, China
00:24:48 5.4 United Kingdom
00:24:57 5.4.1 London
00:27:13 5.4.2 Other areas
00:28:10 5.5 Mexico City, Mexico
00:28:48 5.6 Santiago, Chile
00:29:18 5.7 Tehran, Iran
00:29:40 5.8 United States
00:30:50 5.8.1 Los Angeles and the San Joaquin Valley
00:33:09 5.8.2 Major incidents in the U.S.
00:33:55 5.9 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
00:35:12 5.10 Southeast Asia
00:37:22 5.11 Pakistan
00:37:46 6 Pollution index
00:39:18 7 Cultural references
00:40:21 8 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Smog is a type of severe air pollution. The word "smog" was coined in the early 20th century as a blending of the words smoke and fog to refer to smoky fog, its opacity, and odor.  The word was then intended to refer to what was sometimes known as pea soup fog, a familiar and serious problem in London from the 19th century to the mid-20th century. This kind of visible air pollution is composed of nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, ozone, smoke and other particulates. Man-made smog is derived from coal combustion emissions, vehicular emissions, industrial emissions, forest and agricultural fires and photochemical reactions of these emissions.
Smog is often categorized as being either summer smog or winter smog. Summer smog is primarily associated with the photochemical formation of ozone. During the summer season when the temperatures are warmer and there is more sunlight present, photochemical smog is the dominant type of smog formation. During the winter months when the temperatures are colder, and atmospheric inversions are common, there is an increase in coal and other fossil fuel usage to heat homes and buildings. These combustion emissions, together with the lack of pollutant dispersion under inversions, characterize winter smog formation. While photochemical smog is the main smog formation mechanism during summer months, winter smog episodes are still common. Smog formation in general relies on both primary and secondary pollutants. Primary pollutants are emitted directly from a source, such as emissions of sulfur dioxide from coal combustion. Secondary pollutants, such as ozone, are formed when primary pollutants undergo chemical reactions in the atmosphere.
Photochemical smog, as found for example in Los Angeles, is a type of air pollution derived from vehicular emission from internal combustion engines and industrial fumes. These pollutants react in the atmosphere with sunlight to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog. In certain other cities, such as Delhi, smog severity is often aggravated by stubble burning in neighboring agricultural areas. The atmospheric pollution levels of Los Angeles, Beijing, Delhi, Lahore, Mexico City, Tehran and other cities are often increased by an inversion that traps pollution close to the ground. The developing smog is usually toxic to humans and can cause severe sickness, a shortened life span, or premature death.