Nuclear reprocessing | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 04/10/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing


00:01:57 1 Separated components and disposition
00:02:26 2 History
00:06:38 3 Separation technologies
00:06:49 3.1 Water and organic solvents
00:06:59 3.1.1 PUREX
00:08:12 3.1.2 Modifications of PUREX
00:08:21 3.1.2.1 UREX
00:09:45 3.1.2.2 TRUEX
00:10:35 3.1.2.3 DIAMEX
00:11:34 3.1.2.4 SANEX
00:12:41 3.1.2.5 UNEX
00:13:36 3.1.3 Electrochemical methods
00:13:53 3.1.4 Obsolete methods
00:14:02 3.1.4.1 Bismuth phosphate
00:15:59 3.1.4.2 Hexone or redox
00:16:49 3.1.4.3 Butex, β,β'-dibutyoxydiethyl ether
00:17:29 3.2 Pyroprocessing
00:21:17 3.2.1 Electrolysis
00:21:48 3.2.1.1 PYRO-A and -B for IFR
00:24:53 3.2.2 Voloxidation
00:25:48 3.2.3 Volatilization in isolation
00:26:39 3.2.4 Fluoride volatility
00:30:11 3.2.5 Chloride volatility and solubility
00:31:28 3.3 Radioanalytical separations
00:32:32 4 Economics
00:32:37 5 List of sites
00:35:48 6 See also
00:35:57 7 References



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SUMMARY
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Nuclear reprocessing is the chemical separation of fission products and unused uranium from spent nuclear fuel. Originally, reprocessing was used solely to extract plutonium for producing nuclear weapons. With commercialization of nuclear power, the reprocessed plutonium was recycled back into MOX nuclear fuel for thermal reactors. The reprocessed uranium, also known as the spent fuel material, can in principle also be re-used as fuel, but that is only economical when uranium supply is low and prices are high. A breeder reactor is not restricted to using recycled plutonium and uranium. It can employ all the actinides, closing the nuclear fuel cycle and potentially multiplying the energy extracted from natural uranium by about 60 times.Reprocessing must be highly controlled and carefully executed in advanced facilities by highly specialized personnel. Fuel bundles which arrive at the sites from nuclear power plants (after having cooled down for several years) are completely dissolved in chemical baths, which could pose contamination risks if not properly managed. Thus, a reprocessing factory must be considered an advanced chemical site, rather than a nuclear one.
Relatively high cost is associated with spent fuel reprocessing compared to the once-through fuel cycle, but fuel utilization can be increased and waste volumes decreased.  Nuclear fuel reprocessing is performed routinely in Europe, Russia and Japan. In the United States, the Obama administration stepped back from President Bush's plans for commercial-scale reprocessing and reverted to a program focused on reprocessing-related scientific research.