Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 16/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition


00:01:58 1 Background
00:06:32 2 First Afghan expedition
00:09:51 3 Second expedition
00:10:28 3.1 Composition
00:13:33 3.2 Organisation
00:14:34 4 Journey
00:15:10 4.1 Persia and Isfahan
00:19:06 4.2 East Persian Cordon
00:23:28 4.3 Afghanistan
00:26:03 5 Afghan intrigues
00:27:55 5.1 Meeting Emir Habibullah
00:32:23 5.2 Meetings with Nasrullah
00:35:33 5.3 Political developments
00:37:16 5.4 Draft Afghan-German friendship treaty
00:39:08 6 Mission's conclusion
00:44:15 7 British counter efforts
00:44:25 7.1 Seistan Force
00:46:08 7.2 Intelligence efforts
00:48:42 7.3 Diplomatic measures
00:51:06 8 Influence
00:51:15 8.1 On Afghanistan
00:54:06 8.2 Soviet Eastern policy
00:56:22 8.3 British India
00:59:39 9 Epilogue



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SUMMARY
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The Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition was a diplomatic mission to Afghanistan sent by the Central Powers in 1915–1916. The purpose was to encourage Afghanistan to declare full independence from the British Empire, enter World War I on the side of the Central Powers, and attack British India. The expedition was part of the Hindu–German Conspiracy, a series of Indo-German efforts to provoke a nationalist revolution in India. Nominally headed by the exiled Indian prince Raja Mahendra Pratap, the expedition was a joint operation of Germany and Turkey and was led by the German Army officers Oskar Niedermayer and Werner Otto von Hentig. Other participants included members of an Indian nationalist organisation called the Berlin Committee, including Maulavi Barkatullah and Chempakaraman Pillai, while the Turks were represented by Kazim Bey, a close confidante of Enver Pasha.
Britain saw the expedition as a serious threat. Britain and its ally, the Russian Empire, unsuccessfully attempted to intercept it in Persia during the summer of 1915. Britain waged a covert intelligence and diplomatic offensive, including personal interventions by the Viceroy Lord Hardinge and King George V, to maintain Afghan neutrality.
The mission failed in its main task of rallying Afghanistan, under Emir Habibullah Khan, to the German and Turkish war effort, but it influenced other major events. In Afghanistan, the expedition triggered reforms and drove political turmoil that culminated in the assassination of the Emir in 1919, which in turn precipitated the Third Afghan War. It influenced the Kalmyk Project of nascent Bolshevik Russia to propagate socialist revolution in Asia, with one goal being the overthrow of the British Raj. Other consequences included the formation of the Rowlatt Committee to investigate sedition in India as influenced by Germany and Bolshevism, and changes in the Raj's approach to the Indian independence movement immediately after World War I.