Indo-Greeks | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-17

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Indo-Greeks


00:02:53 1 Background
00:03:02 1.1 Preliminary Greek presence in the Indian Subcontinent
00:09:08 1.2 Greek rule in Bactria
00:20:24 1.3 Rise of the Shungas (185 BC)
00:22:11 2 History of the Indo-Greek kingdom
00:22:21 2.1 Nature and quality of the sources
00:24:18 2.2 Expansion of Demetrius into India
00:26:26 2.2.1 First bilingual and multi-religion monetary system
00:28:43 2.3 Rule of Menander I
00:32:51 2.3.1 Western accounts
00:35:19 2.3.2 Rule in Mathura
00:37:18 2.3.2.1 Indian sources
00:40:57 2.4 Consolidation
00:42:09 2.4.1 Fall of Bactria and death of Menander
00:43:34 2.4.2 Preservation of the Indo-Greek realm
00:45:43 2.5 Interactions with Indian culture and religions
00:45:53 2.5.1 Indo-Greeks in the regions of Vidisha and Sanchi (115 BC)
00:47:21 2.5.2 Indo-Greeks and Bharhut (100-75 BC)
00:48:40 2.5.3 Sanchi Yavanas (50-0 BC)
00:50:26 2.6 Decline
00:51:08 2.6.1 Loss of Hindu Kush territories (70 BC-)
00:52:23 2.6.2 Loss of Central territories (48/47 BC)
00:54:29 2.6.3 Loss of Eastern territories (10 AD)
00:56:14 2.7 Later contributions
00:56:43 2.7.1 Buddhist caves
01:00:13 2.7.2 Yavana era for Buddha sculptures
01:01:50 3 Ideology
01:04:45 4 Religion
01:05:11 4.1 Interactions with Buddhism
01:08:41 4.2 "Followers of the Dharma"
01:10:11 4.3 Blessing gestures
01:10:41 4.4 Bhagavata cult
01:11:21 5 Art
01:14:44 6 Economy
01:14:59 6.1 Coinage
01:15:43 6.2 Tribute payments
01:16:23 6.3 Trade with China
01:18:09 6.4 Indian Ocean trade
01:19:05 7 Armed forces
01:19:30 7.1 Military technology
01:21:04 7.2 Size of Indo-Greek armies
01:23:14 8 Legacy of the Indo-Greeks
01:25:24 9 Indo-Greek kings: their coins, territories and chronology



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SUMMARY
=======
The Indo-Greek Kingdom or Graeco-Indian Kingdom was an Hellenistic kingdom covering various parts of Afghanistan and the northwest regions of the Indian subcontinent (parts of modern Pakistan and northwestern India), during the last two centuries BC and was ruled by more than thirty kings, often conflicting with one another. 
The kingdom was founded when the Graeco-Bactrian king Demetrius invaded the subcontinent early in the 2nd century BC. The Greeks in the Indian Subcontinent were eventually divided from the Graeco-Bactrians centered in Bactria (now the border between Afghanistan and Uzbekistan), and the Indo-Greeks in the present-day north-western Indian Subcontinent. The most famous Indo-Greek ruler was Menander (Milinda). He had his capital at Sakala in the Punjab (present-day Sialkot).
The expression "Indo-Greek Kingdom" loosely describes a number of various dynastic polities, traditionally associated with a number of regional capitals like Taxila, (modern Punjab (Pakistan)), Pushkalavati and Sagala. Other potential centers are only hinted at; for instance, Ptolemy's Geographia and the nomenclature of later kings suggest that a certain Theophila in the south of the Indo-Greek sphere of influence may also have been a satrapal or royal seat at one time.
During the two centuries of their rule, the Indo-Greek kings combined the Greek and Indian languages and symbols, as seen on their coins, and blended Greek and Indian ideas, as seen in the archaeological remains. The diffusion of Indo-Greek culture had consequences which are still felt today, particularly through the influence of Greco-Buddhist art. The ethnicity of the Indo-Greek may also have been hybrid to some degree. Euthydemus I was, according to Polybius, a Magnesian Greek. His son, Demetrius I, founder of the Indo-Greek kingdom, was therefore of Greek ethnicity at least by his father. A marriage treaty was arranged for the same Demetrius with a daughter of the Seleucid ruler Antiochus III (who had some Persian descent). The ethnicity of later Indo-Greek rulers is sometimes less clear. For example, Artemidoros (80 BC) may have been of Indo-Scythian ascendency, although this is now disputed.Following the death of Menander,  most of his empire splintered and Ind ...