Baseball color line | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 07/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Baseball color line


00:01:27 1 Origins
00:06:18 2 Covert efforts at integration
00:09:05 3 The Negro leagues
00:10:17 4 Kenesaw Mountain Landis
00:11:33 5 Bill Veeck and Branch Rickey
00:13:57 6 Jackie Robinson and Larry Doby
00:17:29 7 Reluctance of Boston Red Sox
00:20:55 8 Statistics
00:21:21 9 Professional baseball firsts
00:24:00 10 See also



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SUMMARY
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The Color Line, also known as the Color Barrier, in American baseball excluded players of Black African descent from Major League Baseball and its affiliated Minor Leagues until 1947 (with a few notable exceptions in the 19th century before the line was firmly established). Racial segregation in professional baseball was sometimes called a gentlemen's agreement, meaning a tacit understanding, as there was no written policy at the highest level of organized baseball, the major leagues.  But a high minor league's vote in 1887 against allowing new contracts with black players within its league sent a powerful signal that eventually led to the disappearance of blacks from the sport's other minor leagues later that century, including the low minors.
After the line was in virtually full effect in the early 20th century, many black baseball clubs were established, especially during the 1920s to 1940s when there were several Negro Leagues. During this period some light-skinned Hispanic players, Native Americans, and native Hawaiians, like Prince Oana, were able to play in the Major Leagues.The color line was broken for good when Jackie Robinson signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers organization for the 1946 season. In 1947, both Robinson in the National League and Larry Doby with the American League's Cleveland Indians appeared in games for their teams. By the late 1950s, the percentage of black players on Major League teams matched or exceeded that of the general population.