Ruthenium | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-25

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium


00:01:13 1 Characteristics
00:01:23 1.1 Physical properties
00:03:50 1.2 Isotopes
00:05:00 1.3 Occurrence
00:05:41 2 Production
00:07:45 3 Chemical compounds
00:08:17 3.1 Oxides and chalcogenides
00:10:35 3.2 Halides and oxyhalides
00:11:57 3.3 Coordination and organometallic complexes
00:13:23 4 History
00:16:13 5 Applications
00:18:56 5.1 Catalysis
00:19:19 5.1.1 Homogeneous catalysis
00:21:05 5.1.2 Heterogeneous catalysis
00:21:19 5.2 Emerging applications



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SUMMARY
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Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals. Russian-born scientist of Baltic-German ancestry Karl Ernst Claus discovered the element in 1844 at Kazan State University and named it after the Latin name of his homeland, Ruthenia. Ruthenium is usually found as a minor component of platinum ores; the annual production has risen from about 19 tonnes in 2009  to some 35.5 tonnes in 2017. Most ruthenium produced is used in wear-resistant electrical contacts and thick-film resistors. A minor application for ruthenium is in platinum alloys and as a chemistry catalyst. A new application of ruthenium is as the capping layer for extreme ultraviolet photomasks. Ruthenium is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the Ural Mountains and in North and South America. Small but commercially important quantities are also found in pentlandite extracted from Sudbury, Ontario and in pyroxenite deposits in South Africa.