Hittites | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 01/01/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites


00:03:55 1 Archaeological discovery
00:04:06 1.1 Biblical background
00:05:29 1.2 Initial discoveries
00:08:39 1.3 Writings
00:09:10 1.4 Museums
00:09:30 2 Geography
00:11:32 3 History
00:11:42 3.1 Origins
00:15:35 3.2 Early Period
00:18:06 3.3 Old Kingdom
00:23:52 3.4 Middle Kingdom
00:25:26 3.5 New Kingdom
00:29:21 3.5.1 Battle of Kadesh
00:30:20 3.5.2 Downfall and demise of the Kingdom
00:33:38 3.6 Syro-Hittite Kingdoms
00:36:09 4 Government
00:37:28 4.1 Religion in Early Hittite Government to establish control
00:38:43 4.2 Political dissent in the Old Kingdom
00:39:57 4.3 The Pankus
00:41:32 5 Language
00:44:59 6 Art
00:46:05 7 Religion and mythology
00:47:04 8 Law
00:48:48 8.1 Use of laws
00:50:54 8.2 Law reform
00:53:04 8.3 Examples of laws
00:56:04 9 Biblical Hittites
00:58:06 10 See also



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SUMMARY
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The Hittites () were an Anatolian people who played an important role in establishing an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1600 BC. This empire reached its height during the mid-14th century BC under Suppiluliuma I, when it encompassed an area that included most of Anatolia as well as parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia.
Between the 15th and 13th centuries BC the Empire of Hattusa, conventionally called the Hittite Empire, came into conflict with the Egyptian Empire, Middle Assyrian Empire and the empire of the Mitanni for control of the Near East. The Assyrians eventually emerged as the dominant power and annexed much of the Hittite empire, while the remainder was sacked by Phrygian newcomers to the region. After c. 1180 BC, during the Bronze Age collapse, the Hittites splintered into several independent "Neo-Hittite" city-states, some of which survived until the 8th century BC before succumbing to the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
The Hittite language was a distinct member of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family, and along with the related Luwian language, is the oldest historically attested Indo-European language. Hittites referred to their native language as nešili "in the language of Nesa" but called their native land as Kingdom of Hattusa (Hatti in Akkadian). The conventional name "Hittites" is due to their initial identification with the Biblical Hittites in 19th century archaeology. Despite their use of the name Hattusa for their state, the Hittites should be distinguished from the Hattians, an earlier people who inhabited the region of Hattusa (until the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC) and spoke an unrelated language known as Hattic.The history of the Hittite civilization is known mostly from cuneiform texts found in the area of their kingdom, and from diplomatic and commercial correspondence found in various archives in Assyria, Babylonia, Egypt and the Middle East, the decipherment of which was also a key event in the history of Indo-European linguistics. The Hittite military made successful use of chariots, and although belonging to the Bronze Age, the Hittites were the forerunners of the Iron Age, developing the manufacture of iron artifacts from as early as the 18th century BC; at this time, gifts from the "man of Burushanda" of an iron throne and an iron sceptre to the Kaneshite king Anitta were recorded in the Anitta text inscription.
The Hittite empire fell victim to the Bronze Age Collapse around the beginning of the 12th century BC. Ethnic Hittite dynasties survived in small kingdoms scattered around modern Syria, Lebanon and Israel. Lacking a unifying continuity, their descendants are scattered and ultimately have merged into the modern populations of the Levant, Turkey and Mesopotamia.During the 1920s, interest in the Hittites increased with the founding of the modern Republic of Turkey and attracted the atten ...