Einsteinium | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Einsteinium


00:02:26 1 History
00:10:21 2 Characteristics
00:10:31 2.1 Physical
00:11:50 2.2 Chemical
00:15:11 2.3 Isotopes
00:15:57 2.4 Nuclear fission
00:16:51 2.5 Natural occurrence
00:17:33 3 Synthesis and extraction
00:18:31 3.1 Laboratory synthesis
00:20:27 3.2 Synthesis in nuclear explosions
00:24:51 3.3 Separation
00:28:56 3.4 Preparation of the metal
00:31:22 4 Chemical compounds
00:32:12 4.1 Oxides
00:32:22 4.2 Halides
00:33:13 4.3 Organoeinsteinium compounds
00:34:59 5 Applications
00:35:36 6 Safety
00:35:46 7 References
00:37:36 8 Bibliography
00:39:46 9 External links



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SUMMARY
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Einsteinium is a synthetic element with symbol Es and atomic number 99. A member of the actinide series, it is the seventh transuranic element.
Einsteinium was discovered as a component of the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion in 1952, and named after Albert Einstein. Its most common isotope einsteinium-253 (half-life 20.47 days) is produced artificially from decay of californium-253 in a few dedicated high-power nuclear reactors with a total yield on the order of one milligram per year. The reactor synthesis is followed by a complex process of separating einsteinium-253 from other actinides and products of their decay. Other isotopes are synthesized in various laboratories, but at much smaller amounts, by bombarding heavy actinide elements with light ions. Owing to the small amounts of produced einsteinium and the short half-life of its most easily produced isotope, there are currently almost no practical applications for it outside basic scientific research. In particular, einsteinium was used to synthesize, for the first time, 17 atoms of the new element mendelevium in 1955.
Einsteinium is a soft, silvery, paramagnetic metal. Its chemistry is typical of the late actinides, with a preponderance of the +3 oxidation state; the +2 oxidation state is also accessible, especially in solids. The high radioactivity of einsteinium-253 produces a visible glow and rapidly damages its crystalline metal lattice, with released heat of about 1000 watts per gram. Difficulty in studying its properties is due to einsteinium-253's decay to berkelium-249 and then californium-249 at a rate of about 3% per day. The isotope of einsteinium with the longest half-life, einsteinium-252 (half-life 471.7 days) would be more suitable for investigation of physical properties, but it has proven far more difficult to produce and is available only in minute quantities, and not in bulk. Einsteinium is the element with the highest atomic number which has been observed in macroscopic quantities in its pure form, and this was the common short-lived isotope einsteinium-253.Like all synthetic transuranic elements, isotopes of einsteinium are very radioactive and are considered highly dangerous to health on ingestion.