Scandium | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 08/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Scandium


00:01:15 1 Properties
00:01:24 1.1 Chemical characteristics
00:02:03 1.2 Isotopes
00:02:54 1.3 Occurrence
00:03:22 2 Production
00:03:31 3 Price
00:04:18 4 Compounds
00:05:59 4.1 Oxides and hydroxides
00:06:46 4.2 Halides and pseudohalides
00:07:17 4.3 Organic derivatives
00:07:58 4.4 Uncommon oxidation states
00:08:10 5 History
00:08:46 5.1 Red giant stars near the Galactic Center
00:08:56 6 Applications
00:09:16 7 Health and safety
00:09:26 8 See also
00:10:13 9 References
00:10:23 10 Further reading
00:11:40 11 External links
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SUMMARY
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Scandium is a chemical element with symbol Sc and atomic number 21. A silvery-white metallic d-block element, it has historically been classified as a rare-earth element, together with yttrium and the lanthanides. It was discovered in 1879 by spectral analysis of the minerals euxenite and gadolinite from Scandinavia.
Scandium is present in most of the deposits of rare-earth and uranium compounds, but it is extracted from these ores in only a few mines worldwide. Because of the low availability and the difficulties in the preparation of metallic scandium, which was first done in 1937, applications for scandium were not developed until the 1970s. The positive effects of scandium on aluminium alloys were discovered in the 1970s, and its use in such alloys remains its only major application. The global trade of scandium oxide is about 10 tonnes per year.
The properties of scandium compounds are intermediate between those of aluminium and yttrium. A diagonal relationship exists between the behavior of magnesium and scandium, just as there is between beryllium and aluminium. In the chemical compounds of the elements in group 3, the predominant oxidation state is +3.