Virus | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 08/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Virus


00:03:23 1 Etymology
00:04:34 2 History
00:10:15 3 Origins
00:15:03 4 Microbiology
00:15:12 4.1 Life properties
00:16:29 4.2 Structure
00:22:49 4.3 Genome
00:25:59 4.3.1 Genome size
00:27:17 4.4 Genetic mutation
00:28:50 4.5 Replication cycle
00:32:59 4.6 Genome replication
00:35:38 4.7 Cytopathic effects on the host cell
00:36:31 4.8 Dormant and latent infections
00:37:00 4.9 Host range
00:37:59 5 Classification
00:39:06 5.1 ICTV classification
00:40:38 5.2 Baltimore classification
00:43:06 6 Role in human disease
00:45:27 6.1 Epidemiology
00:48:21 6.2 Epidemics and pandemics
00:50:42 6.3 Cancer
00:52:32 6.4 Host defence mechanisms
00:56:06 6.5 Prevention and treatment
00:56:36 6.5.1 Vaccines
00:58:09 6.5.2 Antiviral drugs
00:59:43 7 Infection in other species
01:00:10 7.1 Animal viruses
01:00:52 7.2 Plant viruses
01:02:43 7.3 Bacterial viruses
01:04:17 7.4 Archaeal viruses
01:05:09 8 Role in aquatic ecosystems
01:07:31 9 Role in evolution
01:08:05 10 Applications
01:08:14 10.1 Life sciences and medicine
01:09:55 10.1.1 Virotherapy
01:11:03 10.2 Materials science and nanotechnology
01:12:36 10.3 Synthetic viruses
01:13:51 10.4 Weapons



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SUMMARY
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A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants, and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898, about 5,000 virus species have been described in detail, although there are millions of types. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as virology, a sub-speciality of microbiology.
While not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent particles. These viral particles, also known as virions, consist of: (i) the genetic material made from either DNA or RNA, long molecules that carry genetic information; (ii) a protein coat, called the capsid, which surrounds and protects the genetic material; and in some cases (iii) an envelope of lipids that surrounds the protein coat. The shapes of these virus particles range from simple helical and icosahedral forms for some virus species to more complex structures for others. Most virus species have virions that are too small to be seen with an optical microscope. The average virion is about one one-hundredth the size of the average bacterium.
The origins of viruses in the evolutionary history of life are unclear: some may have evolved from plasmids—pieces of DNA that can move between cells—while others may have evolved from bacteria. In evolution, viruses are an important means of horizontal gene transfer, which increases genetic diversity. Viruses are considered by some to be a life form, because they carry genetic material, reproduce, and evolve through natural selection, but lack key characteristics (such as cell structure) that are generally considered necessary to count as life. Because they possess some but not all such qualities, viruses have been described as "organisms at the edge of life", and as replicators.Viruses spread in many ways; viruses in plants are often transmitted from plant to plant by insects that feed on plant sap, such as aphids; viruses in animals can be carried by blood-sucking insects. These disease-bearing organisms are known as vectors. Influenza viruses are spread by coughing and sneezing. Norovirus and rotavirus, common causes of viral gastroenteritis, are transmitted by the faecal–oral route and are passed from person to person by contact, entering the body in food or water. HIV is one of several viruses transmitted through sexual contact and by exposure to infected blood. The variety of host cells that a virus can i ...