Biological dispersal | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-27

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_dispersal


00:01:52 1 Types of dispersal
00:03:59 2 Costs and benefits
00:05:30 3 Dispersal range
00:06:05 3.1 Environmental constraints
00:07:53 3.2 Dispersal barriers
00:08:54 4 Dispersal mechanisms
00:09:48 4.1 Plant dispersal mechanisms
00:10:49 4.2 Animal dispersal mechanisms
00:10:59 4.2.1 Non-motile animals
00:13:29 4.2.2 Motile animals
00:14:13 4.2.3 Dispersal by dormant stages
00:15:36 5 Quantifying dispersal
00:16:54 6 Consequences of dispersal



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SUMMARY
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Biological dispersal refers to both the movement of individuals (animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, etc.) from their birth site to their breeding site ('natal dispersal'), as well as the movement from one breeding site to another ('breeding dispersal').
Dispersal is also used to describe the movement of propagules such as seeds and spores.
Technically, dispersal is defined as any movement that has the potential to lead to gene flow. 
The act of dispersal involves three phases: departure, transfer, settlement and there are different fitness costs and benefits associated with each of these phases.
Through simply moving from one habitat patch to another, the dispersal of an individual has consequences not only for individual fitness, but also for population dynamics, population genetics, and species distribution. Understanding dispersal and the consequences both for evolutionary strategies at a species level, and for processes at an ecosystem level, requires understanding on the type of dispersal, the dispersal range of a given species, and the dispersal mechanisms involved.
Biological dispersal may be contrasted with geodispersal, which is the mixing of previously isolated populations (or whole biotas) following the erosion of geographic barriers to dispersal or gene flow (Lieberman, 2005; Albert and Reis, 2011).
Dispersal can be distinguished from animal migration (typically round-trip seasonal movement), although within the population genetics literature, the terms 'migration' and 'dispersal' are often used interchangeably.