Blood pressure | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-02

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure


00:02:43 1 Classification, normal and abnormal values
00:02:54 1.1 Systemic arterial pressure
00:05:31 1.2 Systemic arterial pressure and age
00:05:41 1.2.1 Fetal blood pressure
00:06:19 1.2.2 Childhood
00:06:41 1.2.3 Aging adults
00:07:35 2 Systemic venous pressure
00:08:46 3 Pulmonary pressure
00:09:14 4 Mean systemic pressure
00:09:42 5 Disorders of blood pressure
00:10:01 5.1 High blood pressure
00:11:51 5.2 Low blood pressure
00:12:35 5.2.1 Orthostatic hypotension
00:14:38 5.3 Fluctuating blood pressure
00:15:28 6 Physiology
00:16:37 6.1 Hemodynamics
00:19:11 6.2 Mean arterial pressure
00:20:46 6.3 Pulse pressure
00:21:39 6.4 Regulation of blood pressure
00:25:29 7 Measurement
00:26:30 8 Blood pressure in other animals
00:27:09 8.1 Hypertension in cats and dogs



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SUMMARY
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Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. Most of this pressure is due to work done by the heart by pumping blood through the circulatory system. Used without further specification, "blood pressure" usually refers to the pressure in large arteries of the systemic circulation.  Blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the systolic pressure (maximum during one heartbeat) over diastolic pressure (minimum in between two heartbeats) and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), above the surrounding atmospheric pressure.
Blood pressure is one of the vital signs, along with respiratory rate, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and body temperature.  Normal resting blood pressure in an adult is approximately 120 millimetres of mercury (16 kPa) systolic, and 80 millimetres of mercury (11 kPa) diastolic, abbreviated "120/80 mmHg". Globally, the average blood pressure, age standardized,  has remained about the same since 1975 to the present, at approx. 127/79 mmHg in men and 122/77 mmHg in women.Traditionally, blood pressure was measured non-invasively using auscultation with a mercury-tube sphygmomanometer. Ausculation is still generally considered to be the gold standard of accuracy for non-invasive blood pressure readings in clinic. However, semi-automated methods have become common, largely due to concerns about potential mercury toxicity, although cost, ease of use and applicability to ambulatory blood pressure or home blood pressure measurements have also influenced this trend. Early automated alternatives to mercury-tube sphygmomanometers were often seriously inaccurate, but modern devices validated to international standards achieve an average difference between two standardized reading methods of 5 mm Hg or less and a standard deviation of less than 8 mm Hg. Most of these semi-automated methods measure blood pressure using oscillometry.Blood pressure is influenced by cardiac output, total peripheral resistance and arterial stiffness and varies depending on situation, emotional state, activity, and relative health/disease states.  In the short term, blood pressure is regulated by baroreceptors which act via the brain to influence the nervous and the endocrine systems.
Blood pressure that is too low is called hypotension, and pressure that is consistently high is hypertension.  Both have many causes and may be of sudden onset or of long duration.  Long-term hypertension is a risk factor for many diseases, including heart disease, stroke and kidney failure.  Long-term hypertension is more common than long-term hypotension, which is usually only diagnosed when it causes symptoms.