Ruhollah Khomeini | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 03/10/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini


00:04:02 1 Early years
00:04:11 1.1 Background
00:06:01 1.2 Childhood
00:07:02 1.3 Education and lecturing
00:11:55 1.4 Political aspects
00:13:03 2 Early political activity
00:13:14 2.1 Background
00:14:26 2.2 Opposition to the White Revolution
00:17:20 2.3 Opposition to capitulation
00:18:35 3 Life in exile
00:24:29 4 Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran
00:24:41 4.1 Return to Iran
00:27:21 4.2 Islamic constitution
00:29:47 4.3 Hostage crisis
00:32:29 4.4 Relationship with Islamic and non-aligned countries
00:33:22 4.5 Iran–Iraq War
00:37:26 4.6 Fatwa against chemical weapons
00:37:58 4.7 Rushdie fatwa
00:39:36 5 Life under Khomeini
00:41:13 5.1 Emigration and economy
00:43:13 5.2 Suppression of opposition
00:45:54 5.3 Minority religions
00:48:53 5.4 Ethnic minorities
00:49:53 6 Death and funeral
00:53:20 6.1 Succession
00:55:57 6.2 Anniversary
00:56:20 7 Political thought and legacy
01:04:32 8 Appearance and habits
01:06:14 9 Mystique
01:10:39 10 Family and descendants
01:13:48 11 Bibliography
01:14:49 12 Notes
01:14:58 13 See also



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SUMMARY
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Sayyid Ruhollah Mūsavi Khomeini (UK:  khom-AY-nee, US:  khohm-; Persian: سید روح‌الله موسوی خمینی‎ [ruːholˈlɑːhe xomejˈniː] (listen); 24 September 1902 – 3 June 1989), also known in the Western world as Ayatollah Khomeini, was an Iranian politician and cleric. He was the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution, which saw the overthrow of the last Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and the end of the 2,500 year old Persian monarchy. Following the revolution, Khomeini became the country's Supreme Leader, a position created in the constitution of the Islamic Republic as the highest-ranking political and religious authority of the nation, which he held until his death. He was succeeded by Ali Khamenei on 4 June 1989.
Khomeini was born in 1902 in Khomeyn, in what is now Iran's Markazi Province. His father was murdered in 1903 when Khomeini was five months old. He began studying the Quran and the Persian language from a young age and was assisted in his religious studies by his relatives, including his mother's cousin and older brother.
Khomeini was a marja ("source of emulation") in Twelver Shia Islam, a Mujtahid or faqih (an expert in Sharia) and author of more than 40 books, but he is primarily known for his political activities. He spent more than 15 years in exile for his opposition to the last shah. In his writings and preachings he expanded the theory of welayat-el faqih, the "Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist (clerical authority)", to include theocratic political rule by Islamic jurists. This principle (though not known to the wider public before the revolution), was appended to the new Iranian constitution after being put to a referendum. According to The New York Times, Khomeini called democracy the equivalent of prostitution. Whether Khomeini's ideas are compatible with democracy and whether he intended the Islamic Republic to be democratic is disputed. He was Time magazine's Man of the Year in 1979 for his international influence, and Khomeini has been described as the "virtual face of Shia Islam in Western popular culture". In 1982, he survived one military coup attempt. Khomeini was known for his support of the hostage takers during the Iran hostage crisis, his fatwa calling for the murder of British Indian novelist Salman Rushdie, and for referring to the United States as the "Great Satan" and Soviet Union as the "Lesser Satan." Khomeini has been criticized for these acts and for human rights violations of Iranians (including his ordering of execution of thousands of political prisoners, war criminals and prisoners of the Iran–Iraq War). ...