Reserve army of labour | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 28/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_army_of_labour


00:01:45 1 Marx's discussion of the concept
00:08:12 2 Composition of the relative surplus population
00:11:16 3 Controversies and criticism
00:11:26 3.1 Economist criticisms
00:13:29 3.2 Immiseration
00:16:59 3.3 Overpopulation
00:19:31 3.4 Consent
00:20:45 3.5 Measurement
00:22:32 3.6 Hidden unemployment
00:24:10 4 A global reserve army of labour
00:27:06 5 Modern academic usage
00:28:43 6 See also



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SUMMARY
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Reserve army of labour is a concept in Karl Marx's critique of political economy. It refers to the unemployed and underemployed in capitalist society. It is synonymous with "industrial reserve army" or "relative surplus population", except that the unemployed can be defined as those actually looking for work and that the relative surplus population also includes people unable to work. The use of the word "army" refers to the workers being conscripted and regimented in the workplace in a hierarchy under the command or authority of the owners of capital. Marx did not invent the term "reserve army of labour". It was already being used by Friedrich Engels in his 1845 book The Condition of the Working Class in England. What Marx did was theorize the reserve army of labour as a necessary part of the capitalist organization of work.
Prior to what Marx regarded as the start of the capitalist era in human history (i.e. before the 16th century), structural unemployment on a mass scale rarely existed, other than that caused by natural disasters and wars. In ancient societies, all people who could work necessarily had to work, otherwise they would starve; and a slave or a serf by definition could not become "unemployed". There was normally very little possibility of "earning a crust" without working at all, and the usual attitude toward beggars and idlers was harsh. Children began to work already at a very early age.