Gamma ray | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Gamma ray


00:02:50 1 History of discovery
00:05:11 2 Sources
00:06:40 2.1 Radioactive decay (gamma decay)
00:09:44 2.1.1 Decay schemes
00:10:54 2.2 Particle physics
00:12:14 2.3 Gamma rays from sources other than radioactive decay
00:12:58 2.3.1 Laboratory sources
00:13:21 2.3.2 Terrestrial thunderstorms
00:14:03 2.3.3 Cosmic rays
00:14:39 2.3.4 Pulsars and magnetars
00:16:06 2.3.5 Quasars and active galaxies
00:17:30 2.3.6 Gamma-ray bursts
00:19:17 3 Properties
00:19:25 3.1 Penetration of matter
00:21:53 3.2 Matter interaction
00:25:30 3.3 Light interaction
00:25:59 3.4 Gamma spectroscopy
00:27:18 4 Uses
00:30:08 5 Health effects
00:30:53 5.1 Body response
00:31:20 5.2 Risk assessment
00:33:57 6 Units of measurement and exposure
00:35:28 7 Distinction from X-rays
00:40:03 8 See also



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SUMMARY
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A gamma ray or gamma radiation (symbol γ or 
  
    
      
        γ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \gamma }
  ), is a penetrating electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. It consists of the shortest wavelength electromagnetic waves and so imparts the highest photon energy. Paul Villard, a French chemist and physicist, discovered gamma radiation in 1900 while studying radiation emitted by radium. In 1903, Ernest Rutherford named this radiation gamma rays based on their relatively strong penetration of matter; he had previously discovered two less penetrating types of decay radiation, which he named alpha rays and beta rays in ascending order of penetrating power.
Gamma rays from radioactive decay are in the energy range from a few keV to ~8 MeV, corresponding to the typical energy levels in nuclei with reasonably long lifetimes. The energy spectrum of gamma rays can be used to identify the decaying radionuclides using gamma spectroscopy. Very-high-energy gamma rays in the 100–1000 TeV range have been observed from sources such as the Cygnus X-3 microquasar.
Natural sources of gamma rays originating on Earth are mostly as a result of radioactive decay and secondary radiation from atmospheric interactions with cosmic ray particles. However there are other rare natural sources, such as terrestrial gamma-ray flashes, that produce gamma rays from electron action upon the nucleus. Notable artificial sources of gamma rays include fission, such as occurs in nuclear reactors, as well as high energy physics experiments, such as neutral pion decay and nuclear fusion.
Gamma rays and X-rays are both electromagnetic radiation and they overlap in the electromagnetic spectrum; so that over a range of energies they cannot be differentiated by detection only. One way to distinguish them is by their origin, and in the case of X-rays, the origin is outside the nucleus due to electron interaction. Terminology varies between scientific disciplines. In astrophysics gamma rays are conventionally defined as having photon energies above 100 keV and are the subject of gamma ray astronomy, while radiation below 100 keV is classified as X-rays and is the subject of X-ray astronomy. This convention stems from the early man-made X-rays, which had energies only up to 100 KeV, whereas many gamma rays could go to higher energies. A large fraction of astronomical gamma rays are screened by Earth's atmosphere.
Gamma rays are ionizing radiation and are thus biologically hazardous. Due to their high penetration power, they can damage bone marrow and internal organs. Unlike alpha and beta rays, they pass easily through the body and thus pose a formidable radiation protection challenge.