Space planes | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-03

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceplane


00:02:39 1 Description
00:02:55 1.1 Aerodynamic lift
00:03:33 1.2 Atmospheric reentry
00:04:19 1.3 Aircraft landing
00:06:01 1.4 Propulsion
00:06:09 1.4.1 Rocket engines
00:06:36 1.4.2 Airbreathing engines
00:08:45 1.5 Harsh flight environment
00:10:12 1.6 Center of mass issues
00:11:23 2 Flown spaceplanes
00:11:33 2.1 Orbital spaceplanes
00:14:36 2.2 Suborbital spaceplanes
00:16:44 3 Proposed spaceplanes
00:17:41 3.1 United States
00:24:30 3.2 Soviet Union and Russia
00:25:13 3.2.1 Cosmoplane
00:25:47 3.3 United Kingdom
00:27:27 3.4 France and the European Space Agency
00:29:01 3.5 Japan
00:30:03 3.6 Germany
00:31:39 3.7 India
00:33:02 3.8 China
00:33:31 4 See also
00:34:03 4.1 Spaceplane vehicles and projects



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SUMMARY
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A spaceplane is an aerospace vehicle that operates as an aircraft in Earth's atmosphere, as well as a spacecraft when it is in space. It combines features of an aircraft and a spacecraft, which can be thought of as an aircraft that can endure and maneuver in the vacuum of space or likewise a spacecraft that can fly like an airplane. Typically, it takes the form of a spacecraft equipped with wings, although lifting bodies have been designed and tested as well. The propulsion to reach space may be purely rocket based or may use the assistance of airbreathing jet engines. The spaceflight is then followed by an unpowered glide return to landing.
Six kinds of spaceplanes have successfully flown to date, having reentered Earth's atmosphere, returned to Earth, and safely landed — the North American X-15, Space Shuttle, Buran, Boeing X-37, and Scaled Composites' SpaceShipOne and SpaceShipTwo.  All six are considered rocket gliders. As of 2019, only these aircraft and conventional rockets have succeeded in reaching space.  Three of these six (X-15, SpaceShipOne, and SpaceShipTwo) are rocket-powered aircraft, having been carried up to an altitude of several tens of thousands of feet by an atmospheric mother ship before being released, and then flying beyond the Kármán line (with the exception of SpaceShipTwo), the internationally-accepted boundary of Earth's atmosphere, under their own power.  Three (Space Shuttle, Buran, and X-37) are vertical takeoff horizontal landing (VTHL) vehicles relying upon rocket lift for the ascent phase in reaching space and atmospheric lift for reentry, descent and landing. The three VTHL spaceplanes flew much further than the aircraft launched ones, not merely leaving Earth's atmosphere but also entering orbit around it, which requires at least 50 times more energy on the way up and heavy heat shielding for the trip back. Of the six vehicles, four have been piloted by astronauts, with the Buran and X-37 flying unmanned missions.