Anthrax | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax


00:03:01 1 Signs and symptoms
00:03:10 1.1 Skin
00:05:05 1.2 Lungs
00:06:47 1.3 Gastrointestinal
00:07:44 2 Cause
00:07:53 2.1 Bacteria
00:11:32 2.2 Exposure
00:13:11 2.3 Mode of infection
00:14:20 3 Mechanism
00:17:47 4 Diagnosis
00:19:52 5 Prevention
00:22:22 5.1 Vaccines
00:24:07 5.2 Antibiotics
00:25:16 6 Treatment
00:26:19 6.1 Antibiotics
00:27:17 6.2 Monoclonal antibodies
00:28:27 7 Epidemiology
00:28:41 7.1 United States
00:30:17 7.2 United Kingdom
00:30:53 8 History
00:31:02 8.1 Etymology
00:32:05 8.2 Discovery
00:34:18 8.3 First vaccination
00:36:35 8.4 Engineered strains
00:38:29 9 Society and culture
00:38:39 9.1 Site cleanup
00:42:55 9.2 Biological warfare
00:45:52 9.2.1 Sverdlovsk incident (2 April 1979)
00:49:25 9.2.2 Anthrax bioterrorism
00:50:56 9.2.3 Decontaminating mail
00:51:41 9.3 Popular culture
00:52:05 10 Other animals



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SUMMARY
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Anthrax is an infection caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It can occur in four forms: skin, lungs, intestinal, and injection. Symptoms begin between one day and two months after the infection is contracted. The skin form presents with a small blister with surrounding swelling that often turns into a painless ulcer with a black center. The inhalation form presents with fever, chest pain, and shortness of breath. The intestinal form presents with diarrhea which may contain blood, abdominal pains, and nausea and vomiting. The injection form presents with fever and an abscess at the site of drug injection.Anthrax is spread by contact with the bacterium's spores, which often appear in infectious animal products. Contact is by breathing, eating, or through an area of broken skin. It does not typically spread directly between people. Risk factors include people who work with animals or animal products, travelers, postal workers, and military personnel. Diagnosis can be confirmed based on finding antibodies or the toxin in the blood or by culture of a sample from the infected site.Anthrax vaccination is recommended for people who are at high risk of infection. Immunizing animals against anthrax is recommended in areas where previous infections have occurred. Two months of antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and doxycycline after exposure can also prevent infection. If infection occurs treatment is with antibiotics and possibly antitoxin. The type and number of antibiotics used depends on the type of infection. Antitoxin is recommended for those with widespread infection.Although a rare disease, human anthrax, when it does occur, is most common in Africa and central and southern Asia. It also occurs more regularly in Southern Europe than elsewhere on the continent, and is uncommon in Northern Europe and North America. Globally, at least 2,000 cases occur a year with about two cases a year in the United States. Skin infections represent more than 95% of cases. Without treatment, the risk of death from skin anthrax is 24%. For intestinal infection, the risk of death is 25 to 75%, while respiratory anthrax has a mortality of 50 to 80%, even with treatment. Until the 20th century, anthrax infections killed hundreds of thousands of people and animals each year. Anthrax has been developed as a weapon by a number of countries. In plant-eating animals, infection occurs when they eat or breathe in the spores while grazing. Carnivores may become infected by eating infected animals.