Epiousios | Wikipedia audio article
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Date: 2018-11-29

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Epiousios

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SUMMARY
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The word epiousios (ἐπιούσιος) is a hapax legomenon found only in the Lord's Prayer as reported in the New Testament passages Matthew 6:11 and Luke 11:3. As a hapax, its interpretation relies upon morphological analysis and context. It is an adjective modifying artos (ἄρτος), the word for bread.
By tradition, the most common English language translation is daily, although most scholars today reject this. All other New Testament passages with the translation "daily" include the word hemeran (ἡμέρᾱν, 'day').The difficulty in understanding epiousios goes at least as far back as AD 382.  At that time,  St. Jerome was commissioned by Pope Damasus I to renew and consolidate the various collections of biblical texts in the Vetus Latina ("Old Latin") then in use by the Church. Jerome accomplished this by going back to the original Greek of the New Testament and translating it into Latin; his translation came to be known as the Vulgate.  In the identical contexts of Matthew and Luke—that is, reporting the Lord's Prayer—Jerome translated epiousios in two different ways:  by morphological analysis as 'supersubstantial' (supersubstantialem) in Matthew 6:11, but retaining 'daily' (quotidianum) in Luke 11:3. 
The modern Catholic Catechism holds that there are several ways of understanding epiousios, including the traditional 'daily', but most literally as 'supersubstantial' or 'superessential', based on its morphological components.  Alternative theories are that—aside from the etymology of ousia, meaning 'substance'—it may be either derived from the verb 'to be' or from the word verb  ienai, meaning both 'to come' and 'to go'.According to the Catholic theologian Brant Pitre, a "for the future'" interpretation is "remarkably...now held by a majority of scholars," but that "the primary weakness of this view is its lack of support among ancient Christian interpreters, whose command of Greek was surely as good if not better than that of modern scholars."  He further states that 'supernatural' "translates (epiousios) as it stands as literally as possible."  Moreover, "among ancient authors, the supernatural interpretation finds remarkably wide support, which strangely often goes unmentioned by modern studies."  Pope Benedict XVI in his analysis wrote similarly on the same topic, stating "the fact is that the Fathers of the Church were practically unanimous in understanding the fourth petition of the Our Father (Lord's Prayer) as a Eucharistic petition."