Aviation and the environment | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-16

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation


00:02:24 1 Climate change
00:04:43 1.1 Mechanisms and cumulative effects of aviation on climate
00:05:39 1.1.1 Carbon dioxide (COsub2/sub)
00:06:37 1.1.2 Oxides of nitrogen (NOsubx/sub)
00:07:58 1.1.3 Water vapor (Hsub2/subO), and contrails
00:09:53 1.1.4 Particulates
00:11:12 1.2 Greenhouse gas emissions per passenger kilometre
00:11:23 1.2.1 Averaged emissions
00:12:01 1.2.1.1 Europe
00:12:43 1.2.1.2 Finland
00:14:11 1.2.1.3 USA
00:14:57 1.2.1.4 International
00:15:56 1.2.1.5 British Airways
00:16:19 1.2.2 Emissions by passenger class, and effects of seating configuration
00:18:20 1.3 Total climate effects
00:20:14 1.4 Future emission levels
00:21:18 1.4.1 Continual increases in travel and freight
00:24:42 1.5 Scope for improvement
00:24:51 1.5.1 Aircraft efficiency
00:28:12 1.5.2 Operations efficiency
00:30:58 1.5.3 Alternative fuels
00:36:06 1.5.4 Electric aircraft
00:38:16 1.6 Reducing air travel
00:38:25 1.6.1 Personal choices and social pressure
00:39:37 1.6.2 Business and professional choices
00:40:37 1.6.3 Ending incentives to fly—frequent flyer programs
00:45:39 1.6.4 Potential for governmental constraints on demand
00:47:23 1.7 International regulation of air travel GHG emissions
00:47:35 1.7.1 Kyoto Protocol 2005
00:48:48 1.7.2 Approaches toward emissions trading
00:51:02 1.7.3 International Civil Aviation Organization agreement 2016
00:53:59 1.8 Effects of climate change on aviation
00:54:09 1.8.1 Increased turbulence
00:55:00 2 Noise
00:56:14 3 Water pollution
00:58:17 4 Air quality
00:58:26 4.1 Particulate emissions
00:59:40 4.2 Lead emissions
01:00:42 5 Radiation exposure
01:01:21 6 Land use for infrastructure
01:02:03 7 See also



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SUMMARY
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The environmental impact of aviation occurs because aircraft engines emit heat, noise, particulates and gases which contribute to climate change and global dimming. Airplanes emit particles and gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, lead, and black carbon which interact among themselves and with the atmosphere.Despite emission reductions from automobiles and more fuel-efficient and less polluting turbofan and turboprop engines, the rapid growth of air travel in the past years contributes to an increase in total pollution attributable to aviation. From 1992 to 2005, passenger kilometers increased 5.2 percent per year. In the European Union, greenhouse gas emissions from aviation increased by 87 percent between 1990 and 2006.Comprehensive research shows that despite anticipated efficiency innovations to airframes, engines, aerodynamics and flight operations, there is no end in sight, even many decades out, to rapid growth in CO2 emissions from air travel and air freight, due to projected continual growth in air travel. This is because international aviation emissions have escaped international regulation up to the ICAO triennial conference in October 2016 agreed on the CORSIA offset scheme. In addition, due to low or non-existent taxes on aviation fuel, air travel enjoys a competitive advantage over other transportation modes due to lower fares.  Unless market constraints are put in place, growth in aviation emissions will result in the sector's emissions amounting to all or nearly all of the annual global CO2 emissions budget by mid-century, if climate change is to be held to a temperature increase of 2 °C or less.There is an ongoing debate about possible taxation of air travel and the inclusion of aviation in an emissions trading scheme, with a view to ensuring that the total external costs of aviation are taken into account.