Spacewalks | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-29

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extravehicular_activity


00:01:30 1 Development history
00:03:07 1.1 First spacewalk
00:04:29 1.2 Project Gemini
00:06:23 1.3 First EVA crew transfer
00:06:49 1.4 Apollo lunar EVA
00:08:00 1.5 Post-Apollo EVAs
00:09:32 1.6 Chinese EVA
00:10:04 2 Milestones
00:10:12 2.1 Capability milestones
00:12:04 2.2 Personal cumulative duration records
00:12:45 2.3 National, ethnic and gender firsts
00:14:50 3 Commemoration
00:15:30 4 Designations
00:15:51 5 Camp-out procedure



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SUMMARY
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Extravehicular activity (EVA) is any activity done by an astronaut or cosmonaut outside a spacecraft beyond the Earth's appreciable atmosphere. The term most commonly applies to a spacewalk made outside a craft orbiting Earth (such as the International Space Station), but also has applied to lunar surface exploration (commonly known as moonwalks) performed by six pairs of American astronauts in the Apollo program from 1969 to 1972. On each of the last three of these missions, astronauts also performed deep-space EVAs on the return to Earth, to retrieve film canisters from the outside of the spacecraft. Astronauts also used EVA in 1973 to repair launch damage to Skylab, the United States' first space station.
A "Stand-up" EVA (SEVA) is when an astronaut does not fully leave a spacecraft, but is completely reliant on the spacesuit for environmental support. Its name derives from the astronaut "standing up" in the open hatch, usually to record or assist a spacewalking astronaut.
EVAs may be either tethered (the astronaut is connected to the spacecraft; oxygen and electrical power can be supplied through an umbilical cable; no propulsion is needed to return to the spacecraft), or untethered. Untethered spacewalks were only performed on three missions in 1984 using the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU), and on a flight test in 1994 of the Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue (SAFER), a safety device worn on tethered U.S. EVAs.
The Soviet Union/Russia, the United States, and China have conducted EVAs.