Bivalent (chemistry) | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 30/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)


00:00:58 1 Description
00:02:40 2 Modern definitions
00:03:40 3 Historical development
00:07:27 3.1 Electrons and valence
00:10:59 4 Common valences
00:13:17 5 Valence versus oxidation state
00:14:43 5.1 Examples
00:15:42 6 "Maximum number of bonds" definition
00:18:32 7 Maximum valences of the elements
00:18:54 8 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
Speaking Rate: 0.7289843140193345
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-D


"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
In chemistry, the valence or valency of an element is a measure of its combining power with other atoms when it forms chemical compounds or molecules. The concept of  valence developed in the second half of the 19th century and helped successfully explain the molecular structure of inorganic and organic compounds. 
The quest for the underlying causes of valence led to the modern theories of chemical bonding, including the cubical atom (1902), Lewis structures (1916), valence bond theory (1927), molecular orbitals (1928), valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (1958), and all of the advanced methods of quantum chemistry.