DDT | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-21

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT


00:02:47 1 Properties and chemistry
00:03:48 1.1 Isomers and related compounds
00:04:58 1.2 Production and use
00:06:36 1.3 Mechanism of insecticide action
00:07:43 2 History
00:08:44 2.1 Use in the 1940s and 1950s
00:12:17 2.2 United States ban
00:19:49 2.3 International usage restrictions
00:22:43 3 Environmental impact
00:25:41 3.1 Eggshell thinning
00:27:26 4 Human health
00:28:09 4.1 Acute toxicity
00:28:43 4.2 Chronic toxicity
00:30:40 4.3 Carcinogenicity
00:32:46 4.3.1 Breast cancer
00:35:10 5 Malaria control
00:38:30 5.1 Initial effectiveness
00:41:27 5.2 Mosquito resistance
00:45:02 5.3 Residents' concerns
00:45:45 5.4 Human exposure
00:47:19 5.5 Criticism of restrictions on DDT use
00:49:35 5.6 Alternatives
00:49:44 5.6.1 Insecticides
00:51:11 5.6.2 Non-chemical vector control
00:56:50 6 See also



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SUMMARY
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Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, commonly known as DDT, is a colorless, tasteless, and almost odorless crystalline chemical compound, an organochlorine, originally developed as an insecticide, and ultimately becoming infamous for its environmental impacts. It was first synthesized in 1874 by the Austrian chemist Othmar Zeidler. DDT's insecticidal action was discovered by the Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Müller in 1939. DDT was used in the second half of World War II to control malaria and typhus among civilians and troops. Müller was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods" in 1948.By October 1945, DDT was available for public sale in the United States. Although it was promoted by government and industry for use as an agricultural and household pesticide, there were also concerns about its use from the beginning. Opposition to DDT was focused by the 1962 publication of Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring. It cataloged environmental impacts that coincided with widespread use of DDT in agriculture in the United States, and it questioned the logic of broadcasting potentially dangerous chemicals into the environment with little prior investigation of their environmental and health effects. The book claimed that DDT and other pesticides had been shown to cause cancer and that their agricultural use was a threat to wildlife, particularly birds. Its publication was a seminal event for the environmental movement and resulted in a large public outcry that eventually led, in 1972, to a ban on DDT's agricultural use in the United States. A worldwide ban on agricultural use was formalized under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, but its limited and still-controversial use in disease vector control continues, because of its effectiveness in reducing malarial infections, balanced by environmental and other health concerns.
Along with the passage of the Endangered Species Act, the United States ban on DDT is a major factor in the comeback of the bald eagle (the national bird of the United States) and the peregrine falcon from near-extinction in the contiguous United States.