Mediterranean | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-07

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea


00:03:13 1 Names and etymology
00:07:28 2 History
00:07:37 2.1 Ancient civilizations
00:09:06 2.2 Middle Ages and empires
00:13:53 2.3 21st century and migrations
00:16:07 3 Geography
00:17:35 3.1 Extent
00:19:10 3.2 Coastal countries
00:20:13 3.3 Coastal cities
00:20:31 3.4 Subdivisions
00:21:32 3.4.1 Other seas
00:22:35 3.4.2 Other features
00:25:24 3.5 Ten largest islands by area
00:25:34 3.6 Climate
00:26:08 3.6.1 Sea temperature
00:26:16 4 Oceanography
00:27:18 4.1 General circulation
00:29:27 4.2 Other events affecting water circulation
00:31:05 4.3 Climate change
00:32:01 5 Biogeochemistry
00:35:47 6 Geology
00:38:22 6.1 Tectonics and paleoenvironmental analysis
00:40:09 6.1.1 Messinian salinity crisis
00:42:07 6.1.2 Desiccation and exchanges of flora and fauna
00:45:32 6.1.3 Shift to a "Mediterranean climate"
00:46:46 7 Paleoclimate
00:47:50 8 Biodiversity
00:50:06 9 Environmental issues
00:53:46 9.1 Natural hazards
00:56:24 9.2 Invasive species
01:00:25 9.2.1 Arrival of new tropical Atlantic species
01:01:16 9.3 Sea-level rise
01:02:55 9.4 Pollution
01:04:34 9.5 Shipping
01:06:13 9.6 Tourism
01:08:34 9.7 Overfishing
01:09:48 10 Gallery



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SUMMARY
=======
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa and on the east by the Levant. Although the sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean, it is usually identified as a separate body of water. Geological evidence indicates that around 5.9 million years ago, the Mediterranean was cut off from the Atlantic and was partly or completely desiccated over a period of some 600,000 years, the Messinian salinity crisis, before being refilled by the Zanclean flood about 5.3 million years ago.
It covers an approximate area of 2.5 million km2 (965,000 sq mi), representing 0.7 % of the global ocean surface, but its connection to the Atlantic via the Strait of Gibraltar-the narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Spain in Europe from Morocco in Africa- is only 14 km (8.7 mi) wide.  In oceanography, it is sometimes called the Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea or the European Mediterranean Sea to distinguish it from mediterranean seas elsewhere.The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of 1,500 m (4,900 ft) and the deepest recorded point is 5,267 m (17,280 ft) in the Calypso Deep in the Ionian Sea. The sea is bordered on the north by Europe, the east by Asia, and in the south by Africa.  It is located between latitudes 30° and 46° N and longitudes 6° W and 36° E. Its west-east length, from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Gulf of Iskenderun, on the southwestern coast of Turkey, is approximately 4,000 km (2,500 miles). The sea's average north-south length, from Croatia's southern shore
to Libya, is approximately 800 km (500 miles).The sea was an important route for merchants and travellers of ancient times - it facilitated trade and cultural exchange between peoples of the region. The history of the Mediterranean region is crucial to understanding the origins and development of many modern societies.
The countries surrounding the Mediterranean in clockwise order are Spain, France, Monaco, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco; Malta and Cyprus are island countries in the sea. In addition, the Gaza Strip and the British Overseas Territories of Gibraltar and Akrotiri and Dhekelia have coastlines on the sea.