Archaeology | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 14/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Archaeology


00:02:24 1 History
00:02:33 1.1 Antiquarians
00:03:57 1.2 First excavations
00:05:11 1.3 Development of archaeological method
00:09:12 2 Purpose
00:13:26 2.1 Theory
00:15:41 3 Methods
00:16:35 3.1 Remote sensing
00:18:09 3.2 Field survey
00:22:44 3.3 Excavation
00:25:34 3.4 Analysis
00:26:49 3.5 Computational and virtual archaeology
00:27:35 3.6 Drones
00:28:53 4 Academic sub-disciplines
00:29:37 4.1 Historical archaeology
00:30:07 4.2 Ethnoarchaeology
00:30:45 4.3 Experimental archaeology
00:31:25 4.4 Archaeometry
00:32:22 4.5 Cultural resources management
00:36:46 5 Popular views of archaeology
00:39:04 6 Current issues and controversy
00:39:14 6.1 Public archaeology
00:43:23 6.2 Pseudoarchaeology
00:44:35 6.3 Looting
00:46:13 6.4 Descendant peoples
00:48:46 6.4.1 Repatriation



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SUMMARY
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Archaeology, or archeology, is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts and cultural landscapes. Archaeology can be considered both a social science and a branch of the humanities.  In North America archaeology is a sub-field of anthropology, while in Europe it is often viewed as either a discipline in its own right or a sub-field of other disciplines.
Archaeologists study human prehistory and history, from the development of the first stone tools at Lomekwi in East Africa 3.3 million years ago up until recent decades. Archaeology is distinct from palaeontology, the study of fossil remains. It is particularly important for learning about prehistoric societies, for whom there may be no written records to study. Prehistory includes over 99% of the human past, from the Paleolithic until the advent of literacy in societies across the world. Archaeology has various goals, which range from understanding culture history to reconstructing past lifeways to documenting and explaining changes in human societies through time.The discipline involves surveying, excavation and eventually analysis of data collected to learn more about the past. In broad scope, archaeology relies on cross-disciplinary research. It draws upon anthropology, history, art history, classics, ethnology, geography, geology, literary history, linguistics, semiology, textual criticism, physics, information sciences, chemistry, statistics, paleoecology, paleography, paleontology, paleozoology, and paleobotany.
Archaeology developed out of antiquarianism in Europe during the 19th century, and has since become a discipline practiced across the world. Archaeology has been used by nation-states to create particular visions of the past. Since its early development, various specific sub-disciplines of archaeology have developed, including maritime archaeology, feminist archaeology and archaeoastronomy, and numerous different scientific techniques have been developed to aid archaeological investigation. Nonetheless, today, archaeologists face many problems, such as dealing with pseudoarchaeology, the looting of artifacts, a lack of public interest, and opposition to the excavation of human remains.