Ionizing radiation | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-08

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Ionizing radiation


00:02:54 1 Types
00:03:17 1.1 Directly ionizing
00:04:47 1.1.1 Alpha particles
00:06:24 1.1.2 Beta particles
00:07:50 1.1.3 Positrons and other types of antimatter
00:08:43 1.1.4 Charged nuclei
00:10:00 1.2 Indirectly ionizing
00:10:25 1.2.1 Photon radiation
00:12:55 1.2.2 Definition boundary for lower-energy photons
00:15:58 1.2.3 Neutrons
00:19:05 2 Physical effects
00:19:15 2.1 Nuclear effects
00:19:50 2.2 Chemical effects
00:21:21 2.3 Electrical effects
00:22:18 3 Health effects
00:23:57 4 Measurement
00:24:17 5 Uses
00:25:30 6 Sources of radiation
00:26:20 6.1 Background radiation
00:28:57 6.1.1 Cosmic radiation
00:30:38 6.1.2 External terrestrial sources
00:31:13 6.1.3 Internal radiation sources
00:31:54 6.1.4 Radon
00:32:33 7 Radiation exposure
00:35:04 7.1 Occupational exposure
00:36:37 7.2 Public exposure
00:38:19 7.2.1 Spaceflight
00:39:05 7.2.2 Air travel
00:40:20 7.3 Radiation hazard warning signs



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SUMMARY
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Ionizing radiation (ionising radiation) is radiation that carries enough energy to knock electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them. Ionizing radiation is made up of energetic subatomic particles, ions or atoms moving at high speeds (usually greater than 1% of the speed of light), and electromagnetic waves on the high-energy end of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Gamma rays, X-rays, and the higher ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum are ionizing, whereas the lower ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum and all the spectrum below UV, including visible light (including nearly all types of laser light), infrared, microwaves, and radio waves are considered non-ionizing radiation. The boundary between ionizing and non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation that occurs in the ultraviolet is not sharply defined, since different molecules and atoms ionize at different energies. Conventional definition places the boundary at a photon energy between 10 eV and 33 eV in the ultraviolet (see definition boundary section below).
Typical ionizing subatomic particles from radioactivity include alpha particles, beta particles and neutrons. Almost all products of radioactive decay are ionizing because the energy of radioactive decay is typically far higher than that required to ionize. Other subatomic ionizing particles which occur naturally are muons, mesons, positrons, and other particles that constitute the secondary cosmic rays that are produced after primary cosmic rays interact with Earth's atmosphere. Cosmic rays are generated by stars and certain celestial events such as supernova explosions. Cosmic rays may also produce radioisotopes on Earth (for example, carbon-14), which in turn decay and produce ionizing radiation. Cosmic rays and the decay of radioactive isotopes are the primary sources of natural ionizing radiation on Earth referred to as background radiation. Ionizing radiation can also be generated artificially by X-ray tubes, particle accelerators, and any of the various methods that produce radioisotopes artificially.
Ionizing radiation is not detectable by human senses, so radiation detection instruments such as Geiger counters must be used to indicate its presence and measure it. However, high intensities can cause emission of visible light upon interaction with matter, such as in Cherenkov radiation and radioluminescence. Ionizing radiation is used in a wide variety of fields such as medicine, nuclear power, research, manufacturing, construction, and many other areas, but presents a health hazard if proper measures against undesired exposure aren't followed. Exposure to ionizing radiation causes damage to living tissue, and can result in radiation burns, cell damage, radiation sickness, cancer, and death.