Forty acres and a mule | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-05

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Forty acres and a mule


00:01:46 1 Background
00:04:37 2 War
00:05:16 2.1 Grand Contraband Camp
00:07:47 2.2 Sea Islands
00:10:56 2.2.1 Port Royal Experiment
00:13:34 2.2.2 Landownership in the Sea Islands
00:16:54 2.2.3 "Negroes of Savannah"
00:19:26 2.2.4 Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 15
00:21:36 2.2.5 Significance
00:22:30 2.3 Wage labor system
00:23:54 2.4 Davis Bend
00:27:05 3 Freedmen's Bureau
00:31:30 3.1 Circular #13
00:34:30 3.2 Black Codes
00:35:09 4 Colonization and homesteading
00:35:42 4.1 Foreign colonization plans
00:38:22 4.2 Domestic colonization plans
00:39:05 4.3 Southern Homesteading Act
00:41:58 5 Outcomes
00:42:36 5.1 Hopes and expectations
00:43:59 5.2 Wage labor
00:46:04 5.3 Tidewater Virginia
00:48:34 5.4 Sea Islands
00:54:14 5.5 Davis Bend
00:55:19 5.6 Politics
00:56:08 6 Legacy
00:59:40 6.1 Symbolism
01:00:22 6.2 Reparations
01:00:51 7 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Forty Acres and a Mule refers to a promise made in the United States for agrarian reform to former enslaved black farmers by Union General William Tecumseh Sherman on January 16, 1865. It followed a series of conversations between Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton and Radical Republican abolitionists Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens following disruptions to the institution of slavery provoked by the American Civil War. Many freedmen believed and were told by various political figures that they had a right to own the land they had long worked as slaves, and were eager to control their own property. Freed people widely expected to legally claim 40 acres (16 ha) of land (a quarter-quarter section) and a mule after the end of the war, long after proclamations such as Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 15 and the Freedmen's Bureau Act were explicitly reversed.
Some land redistribution occurred under military jurisdiction during the war and for a brief period thereafter. However, federal and state policy during the Reconstruction era emphasized wage labor, not land ownership, for blacks. Almost all land allocated during the war was restored to its pre-war white owners. Several black communities did maintain control of their land, and some families obtained new land by homesteading. Black land ownership increased markedly in Mississippi during the 19th century, particularly. The state had much undeveloped bottomland behind riverfront areas that had been cultivated before the war. Most blacks acquired land through private transactions, with ownership peaking at 15,000,000 acres (6,100,000 ha) in 1910, before an extended financial recession caused problems that resulted in the loss of their property for many.