Evolution of mammals | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-10

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals


00:04:32 1 Definition of "mammal"
00:07:04 2 The ancestry of mammals
00:07:14 2.1 Amniotes
00:08:45 2.2 Synapsids
00:09:52 3 Therapsids
00:12:23 3.1 Therapsid family tree
00:12:49 3.2 Biarmosuchia
00:13:05 3.3 Dinocephalians
00:13:47 3.4 Anomodonts
00:14:26 3.5 Theriodonts
00:15:55 3.6 Cynodonts
00:16:51 4 Triassic takeover
00:21:02 5 From cynodonts to crown mammals
00:21:13 5.1 Fossil record
00:23:02 5.2 Mammals or mammaliaforms
00:25:12 5.3 Family tree – cynodonts to crown group mammals
00:25:29 5.4 Morganucodontidae
00:26:12 5.5 Docodonts
00:28:38 5.6 iHadrocodium/i
00:31:07 6 Earliest crown mammals
00:31:49 6.1 Family tree of early crown mammals
00:32:06 6.2 Color vision
00:33:16 6.3 Australosphenida and Ausktribosphenidae
00:35:54 6.4 Monotremes
00:38:42 6.5 Multituberculates
00:41:37 6.6 Theria
00:42:40 6.7 Metatheria
00:46:41 6.8 Eutheria
00:51:13 7 Expansion of ecological niches in the Mesozoic
00:57:37 8 Evolution of major groups of living mammals
00:58:44 8.1 Fossil-based family tree of placental mammals
01:02:03 8.2 Molecular phylogenetics based family tree of placental mammals
01:07:06 8.3 Timing of placental evolution
01:09:01 9 Evolution of mammalian features
01:09:12 9.1 Jaws and middle ears
01:10:23 9.2 Lactation
01:12:44 9.3 Hair and fur
01:15:57 9.4 Erect limbs
01:16:59 9.5 Warm-bloodedness
01:19:17 9.5.1 Respiratory turbinates
01:20:19 9.5.2 Bony secondary palate
01:20:59 9.5.3 Diaphragm
01:22:35 9.5.4 Limb posture
01:23:21 9.6 Brain
01:24:13 10 See also



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SUMMARY
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The evolution of mammals has passed through many stages since the first appearance of their synapsid ancestors in the late Carboniferous period. The most ancestral forms in the class Mammalia are the egg-laying mammals in the subclass Prototheria. This class first started out as something close to the platypus and evolved to modern day mammals. By the mid-Triassic, there were many synapsid species that looked like mammals. The lineage leading to today's mammals split up in the Jurassic; synapsids from this period include Dryolestes, more closely related to extant placentals and marsupials than to monotremes, as well as Ambondro, more closely related to monotremes. Later on, the eutherian and metatherian lineages separated; the metatherians are the animals more closely related to the marsupials, while the eutherians are those more closely related to the placentals. Since Juramaia, the earliest known eutherian, lived 160 million years ago in the Jurassic, this divergence must have occurred in the same period.
After the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs (birds being the only surviving dinosaurs) and several mammalian groups, placental and marsupial mammals diversified into many new forms and ecological niches throughout the Paleogene and Neogene, by the end of which all modern orders had appeared.
Mammals are the only living synapsids. The synapsid lineage became distinct from the sauropsid lineage in the late Carboniferous period, between 320 and 315 million years ago. The sauropsids are today's reptiles and birds along with all the extinct animals more closely related to them than to mammals. This does not include the mammal-like reptiles, a group more closely related to the mammals.
Throughout the Permian period, the synapsids included the dominant carnivores and several important herbivores. In the subsequent Triassic period, however, a previously obscure group of sauropsids, the archosaurs, became the dominant vertebrates. The mammaliaforms appeared during this period; their superior sense of smell, backed up by a large brain, facilitated entry into nocturnal niches with less exposure to archosaur predation. The nocturnal lifestyle may have contributed gr ...