Hybrid-propellant rocket | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-17

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid-propellant_rocket


00:01:31 1 History
00:08:42 2 Basic concepts
00:09:54 3 Combustion
00:11:43 4 Properties
00:12:04 4.1 Advantages compared with liquid rockets
00:14:30 4.2 Advantages compared with solid rockets
00:15:58 4.3 Disadvantages of hybrid rockets
00:18:46 5 Fuel
00:18:55 5.1 Common fuel choices
00:20:05 5.2 Grain manufacturing methods
00:20:15 5.2.1 Cast
00:21:06 5.2.2 Additive manufacturing
00:22:06 6 Oxidizer
00:22:15 6.1 Common oxidizer choices
00:23:26 7 Hybrid safety
00:25:39 8 Organizations working on hybrids
00:25:49 8.1 Commercial companies
00:30:45 8.2 Universities
00:40:32 8.3 High power rocketry
00:41:28 9 In popular culture
00:43:23 10 See also



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SUMMARY
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A hybrid-propellant rocket is a rocket with a rocket motor that uses rocket propellants in two different phases: one solid and the other either gas or liquid. The hybrid rocket concept can be traced back at least 75 years.Hybrid rockets avoid some of the disadvantages of solid rockets like the dangers of propellant handling, while also avoiding some disadvantages of liquid rockets like their mechanical complexity. Because it is difficult for the fuel and oxidizer to be mixed intimately (being different states of matter), hybrid rockets tend to fail more benignly than liquids or solids. Like liquid rocket engines, hybrid rocket motors can be shut down easily and the thrust is throttleable. The theoretical specific impulse (
  
    
      
        
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  ) performance of hybrids is generally higher than solid motors and lower than liquid engines. 
  
    
      
        
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   as high as 400s has been measured in a hybrid rocket using metalized fuels. Hybrid systems are more complex than solid ones, but they avoid significant hazards of manufacturing, shipping and handling solid rocket motors by storing the oxidizer and the fuel separately.