History of artificial intelligence | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-13

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence


00:02:36 1 Precursors
00:03:28 1.1 AI in myth, fiction and speculation
00:04:36 1.2 Automatons
00:05:29 1.3 Formal reasoning
00:09:58 1.4 Computer science
00:11:16 2 The birth of artificial intelligence 1952–1956
00:11:58 2.1 Cybernetics and early neural networks
00:14:07 2.2 Turing's test
00:15:12 2.3 Game AI
00:15:55 2.4 Symbolic reasoning and the Logic Theorist
00:17:22 2.5 Dartmouth Conference 1956: the birth of AI
00:18:54 3 The golden years 1956–1974
00:19:57 3.1 The work
00:20:17 3.1.1 Reasoning as search
00:22:01 3.1.2 Natural language
00:23:27 3.1.3 Micro-worlds
00:24:56 3.2 The optimism
00:26:13 3.3 The money
00:27:53 3.4 Robotics
00:28:50 4 The first AI winter 1974–1980
00:29:57 4.1 The problems
00:34:42 4.2 The end of funding
00:37:00 4.3 Critiques from across campus
00:40:11 4.4 Perceptrons and the dark age of connectionism
00:41:46 4.5 The neats: logic and symbolic reasoning
00:44:02 4.6 The scruffies: frames and scripts
00:46:34 5 Boom 1980–1987
00:47:25 5.1 The rise of expert systems
00:49:23 5.2 The knowledge revolution
00:51:26 5.3 The money returns: the Fifth Generation project
00:52:49 5.4 The revival of connectionism
00:54:13 6 Bust: the second AI winter 1987–1993
00:55:01 6.1 AI winter
00:57:48 6.2 The importance of having a body: nouvelle AI and embodied reason
01:00:16 7 AI 1993–2011
01:01:44 7.1 Milestones and Moore's law
01:04:02 7.2 Intelligent agents
01:06:18 7.3 "Victory of the neats"
01:07:44 7.4 AI behind the scenes
01:09:57 7.5 Where is HAL 9000?
01:11:43 8 Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence: 2011–present
01:13:28 8.1 Deep learning
01:15:27 8.2 Big Data
01:16:51 8.3 Artificial general intelligence
01:18:33 9 See also



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SUMMARY
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The history of Artificial Intelligence (AI) began in antiquity, with myths, stories and rumors of artificial beings endowed with intelligence or consciousness by master craftsmen; as Pamela McCorduck writes, AI began with "an ancient wish to forge the gods."The seeds of modern AI were planted by classical philosophers who attempted to describe the process of human thinking as the mechanical manipulation of symbols. This work culminated in the invention of the programmable digital computer in the 1940s, a machine based on the abstract essence of mathematical reasoning. This device and the ideas behind it inspired a handful of scientists to begin seriously discussing the possibility of building an electronic brain.
The field of AI research was founded at a workshop held on the campus of Dartmouth College during the summer of 1956. Those who attended would become the leaders of AI research for decades. Many of them predicted that a machine as intelligent as a human being would exist in no more than a generation and they were given millions of dollars to make this vision come true.
Eventually it became obvious that they had grossly underestimated the difficulty of the project. In 1973, in response to the criticism from James Lighthill and ongoing pressure from congress, the U.S. and British Governments stopped funding undirected research into artificial intelligence, and the difficult years that followed would later be known as an "AI winter". Seven years later, a visionary initiative by the Japanese Government inspired governments and industry to provide AI with billions of dollars, but by the late 80s the investors became disillusioned by the absence of the needed computer power (hardware) and withdrew funding again.
Investment and interest in AI boomed in the first decades of the 21st century, when machine learning was successfully applied to many problems in academia and industry due to the presence of powerful computer hardware.