Mamluk | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 04/10/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk


00:02:14 1 Overview
00:05:16 2 Organization
00:06:49 3 Relations with homelands and families
00:07:20 4 Egypt
00:07:28 4.1 Early origins in Egypt
00:08:57 4.2 French attack and Mamluk takeover
00:10:25 4.3 Relationship with the Mongols
00:12:31 4.4 Burji dynasty
00:14:39 4.5 Portuguese–Mamluk Wars
00:16:47 4.6 Ottomans and the end of the Mamluk Sultanate
00:18:37 4.7 Independence from the Ottomans
00:19:02 4.7.1 Napoleon invades
00:21:04 4.8 After Napoleon
00:22:17 4.9 End of power in Egypt
00:24:13 5 Other regimes
00:24:30 5.1 South Asia
00:24:52 5.2 Iraq
00:25:32 6 Rulers
00:25:41 6.1 In Egypt
00:25:49 6.1.1 Bahri Dynasty
00:27:45 6.1.2 Burji Dynasty
00:29:53 6.2 In India
00:30:58 6.3 In Iraq
00:31:44 6.4 In Acre
00:32:02 7 Office titles and terminology
00:32:22 8 Linguistic evolution
00:32:31 8.1 As a derogatory term
00:33:12 8.2 Portuguese mameluco
00:33:33 9 Gallery
00:33:42 10 See also



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SUMMARY
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Mamluk (Arabic: مملوك mamlūk (singular), مماليك mamālīk (plural), meaning "property", also transliterated as Mameluke, mamluq, mamluke, mameluk, mameluke, mamaluke or marmeluke) is an Arabic designation for slaves. The term is most commonly used to refer to non-muslim slave soldiers and Muslim rulers of slave origin.

The most enduring Mamluk realm was the knightly military caste in Egypt in the Middle Ages, which developed from the ranks of slave soldiers. These were mostly enslaved Turkic peoples, Egyptian Copts, Circassians, Abkhazians, and Georgians. Many Mamluks were also of Balkan origin (Albanians, Greeks, and South Slavs). The "mamluk phenomenon", as David Ayalon dubbed the creation of the specific warrior class, was of great political importance; for one thing, it endured for nearly 1,000 years, from the ninth to the nineteenth centuries.
Over time, Mamluks became a powerful military knightly caste in various societies that were controlled by Muslim rulers. Particularly in Egypt, but also in the Levant, Mesopotamia, and India, mamluks held political and military power. In some cases, they attained the rank of sultan, while in others they held regional power as emirs or beys. Most notably, mamluk factions seized the sultanate centered on Egypt and Syria, and controlled it as the Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517). The Mamluk Sultanate famously defeated the Ilkhanate at the Battle of Ain Jalut. They had earlier fought the western European Christian Crusaders in 1154–1169 and 1213–1221, effectively driving them out of Egypt and the Levant. In 1302 the mamluks formally expelled the last Crusaders from the Levant, ending the era of the Crusades.While mamluks were purchased as property, their status was above ordinary slaves, who were not allowed to carry weapons or perform certain tasks. In places such as Egypt, from the Ayyubid dynasty to the time of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, mamluks were considered to be "true lords" and "true warriors", with social status above the general population in Egypt and the Levant. In a sense they were like enslaved mercenaries.