Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-16

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh


00:03:06 1 History
00:06:25 2 Versions
00:07:02 2.1 Standard Akkadian version
00:09:02 2.1.1 Content of the standard version tablets
00:09:17 2.1.1.1 Tablet one
00:11:00 2.1.1.2 Tablet two
00:11:57 2.1.1.3 Tablet three
00:12:26 2.1.1.4 Tablet four
00:13:15 2.1.1.5 Tablet five
00:14:41 2.1.1.6 Tablet six
00:15:51 2.1.1.7 Tablet seven
00:17:24 2.1.1.8 Tablet eight
00:18:18 2.1.1.9 Tablet nine
00:20:01 2.1.1.10 Tablet ten
00:21:13 2.1.1.11 Tablet eleven
00:25:15 2.1.1.12 Tablet twelve
00:26:36 2.2 Old Babylonian versions
00:27:33 2.2.1 Pennsylvania tablet
00:27:43 2.2.2 Yale tablet
00:28:11 2.2.3 Philadelphia fragment
00:29:08 2.2.4 Nippur school tablet
00:30:12 2.2.5 Tell Harmal tablets
00:30:28 2.2.6 Ishchali tablet
00:30:45 2.2.7 Partial fragment in Baghdad
00:31:07 2.2.8 Sippar tablet
00:31:46 2.3 Sumerian poems
00:32:01 3 Later influence
00:33:39 3.1 Relationship to the Bible
00:36:27 3.1.1 Garden of Eden
00:36:36 3.1.2 Advice from Ecclesiastes
00:37:02 3.1.3 Noah's flood
00:37:47 3.1.4 Additional biblical parallels
00:38:14 3.1.5 Book of Giants
00:39:24 3.2 Influence on Homer
00:40:27 3.3 In popular culture
00:40:57 4 See also
00:41:50 5 References



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SUMMARY
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The Epic of Gilgamesh () is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia that is often regarded as the earliest surviving great work of literature. The literary history of Gilgamesh begins with five Sumerian poems about Bilgamesh (Sumerian for "Gilgamesh"), king of Uruk, dating from the Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2100 BC). These independent stories were later used as source material for a combined epic in Akkadian. The first surviving version of this combined epic, known as the "Old Babylonian" version dates to the 18th century BC and is titled after its incipit, Shūtur eli sharrī ("Surpassing All Other Kings"). Only a few tablets of it have survived. The later "standard" version compiled by Sîn-lēqi-unninni dates from the 13th to the 10th centuries BC and bears the incipit Sha naqba īmuru ("He who Saw the Abyss", in modern terms: "He who Sees the Unknown"). Approximately two thirds of this longer, twelve-tablet version have been recovered. Some of the best copies were discovered in the library ruins of the 7th-century BC Assyrian king Ashurbanipal.
The first half of the story discusses Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, and Enkidu, a wild man created by the gods to stop Gilgamesh from oppressing the people of Uruk. After Enkidu becomes civilized through sexual initiation with a prostitute, he travels to Uruk, where he challenges Gilgamesh to a test of strength. Gilgamesh wins the contest; nonetheless, the two become friends. Together, they make a six-day journey to the legendary Cedar Forest, where they plan to slay the Guardian, Humbaba the Terrible, and cut down the sacred Cedar. The goddess Ishtar sends the Bull of Heaven to punish Gilgamesh for spurning her advances.  Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill the Bull of Heaven after which the gods decide to sentence Enkidu to death and kill him.
In the second half of the epic, distress over Enkidu's death causes Gilgamesh to undertake a long and perilous journey to discover the secret of eternal life. He eventually learns that "Life, which you look for, you will never find. For when the gods created man, they let death be his share, and life withheld in their own hands". However, because of his great building projects, his account of Siduri's advice, and what the immortal man Utnapishtim told him about the Great Flood, Gilgamesh's fame survived well after his death with expanding interest in the Gilgamesh story which has been translated into many languages and is featured in works of popular fiction.