History of the Internet | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-02

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet


00:04:08 1 Precursors
00:05:49 2 Development of wide area networking
00:06:24 2.1 Inspiration
00:09:14 2.2 Development of packet switching
00:10:47 2.3 Networks that led to the Internet
00:10:57 2.3.1 NPL network
00:12:11 2.3.2 ARPANET
00:15:28 2.3.3 Merit Network
00:17:01 2.3.4 CYCLADES
00:17:44 2.3.5 X.25 and public data networks
00:20:14 2.3.6 UUCP and Usenet
00:21:53 2.4 Merging the networks and creating the Internet (1973–95)
00:22:07 2.4.1 TCP/IP
00:26:14 2.4.2 From ARPANET to NSFNET
00:30:49 2.4.3 Transition towards the Internet
00:33:10 2.5 TCP/IP goes global (1980s)
00:33:21 2.5.1 CERN, the European Internet, the link to the Pacific and beyond
00:36:34 2.5.2 The early global "digital divide" emerges
00:37:09 2.5.2.1 Africa
00:39:26 2.5.2.2 Asia and Oceania
00:40:46 2.5.2.3 Latin America
00:41:14 2.6 Rise of the global Internet (late 1980s/early 1990s onward)
00:44:36 2.6.1 World Wide Web and introduction of browsers
00:46:57 2.6.2 Use in wider society 1990s to early 2000s (Web 1.0)
00:52:40 2.6.3 Web 2.0
00:56:09 2.6.4 The mobile revolution
00:57:42 2.7 Networking in outer space
01:00:14 3 Internet governance
01:01:18 3.1 NIC, InterNIC, IANA and ICANN
01:06:36 3.2 Internet Engineering Task Force
01:09:32 3.2.1 Request for Comments
01:11:05 3.3 The Internet Society
01:12:27 3.4 Globalization and Internet governance in the 21st century
01:14:48 4 Politicization of the Internet
01:15:59 4.1 Net neutrality
01:19:01 5 Use and culture
01:19:10 5.1 Email and Usenet
01:22:08 5.2 From Gopher to the WWW
01:26:30 5.3 Search engines
01:29:35 5.4 File sharing
01:32:06 5.5 Dot-com bubble
01:34:05 5.6 Mobile phones and the Internet
01:36:17 6 Web technologies
01:37:14 7 Historiography



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SUMMARY
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The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, United Kingdom, and France. The U.S.  Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s, including for the development of the ARPANET project, directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. The first message was sent over the ARPANET  in 1969 from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the second network node at Stanford Research Institute (SRI).
Packet switching networks such as the NPL network, ARPANET, Tymnet, Merit Network, CYCLADES, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of communications protocols. Donald Davies first demonstrated packet switching in 1967 at the National Physics Laboratory (NPL) in the UK, which became a testbed for UK research for almost two decades. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks.
The Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) was developed by Robert E. Kahn and Vint Cerf in the 1970s and became the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET, incorporating concepts from the French CYCLADES project directed by Louis Pouzin. In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centers at several universities, and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project, which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the very late 1980s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Limited private connections to parts of the Internet by officially commercial entities emerged in several American cities by late 1989 and 1990, and the NSFNET was decommissio ...