Minerals | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 05/10/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral


00:03:20 1 Definition
00:03:29 1.1 Basic definition
00:06:39 1.2 Recent advances
00:11:14 1.3 Rocks, ores, and gems
00:13:35 1.4 Nomenclature and classification
00:16:56 2 Chemistry
00:24:34 3 Physical properties
00:25:36 3.1 Crystal structure and habit
00:32:17 3.2 Hardness
00:33:17 3.3 Lustre and diaphaneity
00:35:03 3.4 Colour and streak
00:38:03 3.5 Cleavage, parting, fracture, and tenacity
00:42:21 3.6 Specific gravity
00:44:13 3.7 Other properties
00:46:37 4 Classification
00:48:56 4.1 Silicates
00:51:32 4.1.1 Tectosilicates
00:55:18 4.1.2 Phyllosilicates
00:58:00 4.1.3 Inosilicates
01:00:54 4.1.4 Cyclosilicates
01:02:27 4.1.5 Sorosilicates
01:03:49 4.1.6 Orthosilicates
01:06:45 4.2 Non-silicates
01:06:54 4.2.1 Native elements
01:08:27 4.2.2 Sulfides
01:10:03 4.2.3 Oxides
01:12:07 4.2.4 Halides
01:13:01 4.2.5 Carbonates
01:15:12 4.2.6 Sulfates
01:16:53 4.2.7 Phosphates
01:18:05 4.2.8 Organic minerals
01:18:45 5 Astrobiology
01:19:52 6 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
Speaking Rate: 0.8861090633944495
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A


"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
A mineral is, broadly speaking, a solid chemical compound that occurs naturally in pure form.  Minerals are most commonly associated with rocks due to the presence of minerals within rocks.  These rocks may consist of one type of mineral, or may be an aggregate of two or more different types of minerals, spacially segregated into distinct phases.  Compounds that occur only in living beings are usually excluded, but some minerals are often biogenic (such as calcite) and/or are organic compounds in the sense of chemistry (such as mellite).  Moreover, living beings often synthesize inorganic minerals (such as hydroxylapatite) that also occur in rocks. 
In geology and mineralogy, the term "mineral" is usually reserved for mineral species: crystalline compounds with a fairly well-defined chemical composition and a specific crystal structure. Minerals without a definite crystalline structure, such as opal or obsidian, are then more properly called mineraloids.  If a chemical compound may occur naturally with different crystal structures, each structure is considered different mineral species.  Thus, for example, quartz and stishovite are two different minerals consisting of the same compound, silicon dioxide.
The International Mineralogical Association (IMA) is the world's premier standard body for the definition and nomenclature of mineral species. As of November 2018, the IMA recognizes 5,413 official mineral species. out of more than 5,500 proposed or traditional ones.The chemical composition of a named mineral species may vary somewhat by the inclusion of small amounts of impurities.  Specific varieties of a species sometimes have conventional or official names of their own. For example, amethyst is a purple variety of the mineral species quartz.  Some mineral species can have variable proportions of two or more chemical elements that occupy equivalent positions in the mineral's structure; for example, the formula of mackinawite is given as (Fe,Ni)9S8, meaning FexNi9-xS8, where x is a variable number between 0 and 9.  Sometimes a mineral with variable composition is split into separate species, more or less arbitrarily, forming a mineral group; that is the case of the silicates CaxMgyFe2-x-ySiO4, the olivine group.
Besides the essential chemical composition and crystal structure, the description of a mineral species usually includes its common physical properties such as  habit, hardness, lustre, diaphaneity, colour, streak, tenacity, cleavage, fracture, parting, specific gravity, magnetism, fluorescence, radioactivity, as well as its taste or smell and its reaction to acid.
Minerals are classified by key chemical constituents; the two dominant systems are the Dana classification and the Strunz classification. Silicate minerals comprise ...