Pseudo-scientific | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-28

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience


00:02:11 1 Etymology
00:04:13 2 Classification
00:06:00 3 Relationship to science
00:06:30 3.1 Scientific method
00:08:04 3.2 Falsifiability
00:10:32 3.3 Mertonian norms
00:12:30 3.4 Refusal to acknowledge problems
00:13:39 3.5 Criticism of the term
00:15:21 3.6 Alternative definition
00:16:44 4 History
00:18:36 5 Identifying
00:27:17 5.1 Indicators of the possible presence of pseudoscience
00:27:29 5.1.1 Use of vague, exaggerated or untestable claims
00:29:19 5.1.2 Over-reliance on confirmation rather than refutation
00:32:33 5.1.3 Lack of openness to testing by other experts
00:34:15 5.1.4 Absence of progress
00:36:07 5.1.5 Personalization of issues
00:36:56 5.1.6 Use of misleading language
00:37:48 6 Prevalence of pseudoscientific beliefs in the United States
00:41:17 7 Explanations
00:42:13 7.1 Psychology
00:48:00 8 Boundaries with science
00:55:27 9 Politics, health, and education
00:55:39 9.1 Political implications
00:57:14 9.2 Health and education implications
01:01:41 10 See also
01:01:51 10.1 Related concepts
01:02:24 10.2 Similar terms



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SUMMARY
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Pseudoscience consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that are claimed to be both scientific and factual, but are incompatible with the scientific method. Pseudoscience is often characterized by contradictory, exaggerated or unfalsifiable claims; reliance on confirmation bias rather than rigorous attempts at refutation; lack of openness to evaluation by other experts; and absence of systematic practices when developing theories, and continued adherence long after they have been experimentally discredited. The term pseudoscience is considered pejorative because it suggests something is being presented as science inaccurately or even deceptively. Those described as practicing or advocating pseudoscience often dispute the characterization.The demarcation between science and pseudoscience has philosophical and scientific implications. Differentiating science from pseudoscience has practical implications in the case of health care, expert testimony, environmental policies, and science education. Distinguishing scientific facts and theories from pseudoscientific beliefs, such as those found in astrology, alchemy, alternative medicine, occult beliefs, religious beliefs, and creation science, is part of science education and scientific literacy.Pseudoscience can cause negative consequences in the real world. Antivaccine activists present pseudoscientific studies that falsely call into question the safety of vaccines. Homeopathic remedies with no active ingredients have been promoted as treatment for deadly diseases.