Greenhouse gas emissions accounting | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-03

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_accounting


00:02:25 1 Rationale
00:04:58 2 Measuring GHG emissions
00:05:10 2.1 Production-based accounting
00:06:43 2.2 Consumption-based accounting
00:08:54 3 Emissions embodied in international trade
00:13:56 4 Consumption-based accounting
00:14:07 4.1 Advantages
00:14:46 4.1.1 Extending mitigation options
00:16:31 4.1.2 Increasing participation
00:18:12 4.1.3 Encompassing policies such as the CDM
00:19:58 4.2 Disadvantages and implementation
00:20:32 4.2.1 Greater uncertainty and complexity
00:21:59 4.2.2 Greater international co-operation
00:22:59 5 Sharing emissions responsibility
00:24:57 6 The future
00:27:20 7 See also



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SUMMARY
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Greenhouse gas emissions accounting is a method of calculating the amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) emitted by a region in a given time-scale. A National Emissions Inventory (NEI) measuring a country's GHG emissions in a year is required by the UNFCCC to provide a benchmark for the country's emission reductions, and subsequently to evaluate international climate policies such as the Kyoto protocol (although the original has now expired, extensions have been agreed) as well as regional climate policies such as the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS).There are two conflicting ways of measuring GHG emissions: production-based (sometimes referred to as territorial-based) or consumption-based. Production-based emissions take place “within national territory and offshore areas over which the country has jurisdiction”. Consumption-based emissions encompass those emissions from domestic final consumption and those caused by the production of its imports. This means the importing country takes responsibility for emissions related to production of the exporting country's exports. By these definitions production-based emissions include exports but exclude imports and emissions embodied in international trade, whereas consumption-based emissions refer to the reverse (Table 1).
Which technique is applied by policymakers is fundamental as each can generate a very different NEI. Different NEIs would result in a country's choosing different optimal mitigation activities, the wrong choice based on wrong information being potentially damaging. The application of production-based emissions accounting is currently favoured in policy terms, although much of the literature favours consumption-based accounting. The former method is criticised in the literature principally for its inability to allocate emissions embodied in international trade/transportation and the potential for carbon leakage.