Causality | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 08/01/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality


00:01:44 1 Concept
00:01:52 1.1 Metaphysics
00:02:07 1.1.1 Ontology
00:03:42 1.1.2 Epistemology
00:04:01 1.1.3 Geometrical significance
00:05:03 1.2 Necessary and sufficient causes
00:07:49 1.3 Contrasted with conditionals
00:10:44 1.4 Questionable cause
00:11:08 2 Theories
00:11:17 2.1 Counterfactual theories
00:14:41 2.2 Probabilistic causation
00:16:59 2.3 Causal calculus
00:20:49 2.4 Structure learning
00:24:31 2.5 Derivation theories
00:25:40 2.6 Manipulation theories
00:27:17 2.7 Process theories
00:28:32 3 Fields
00:28:41 3.1 Science
00:30:46 3.1.1 Physics
00:32:56 3.1.2 Engineering
00:33:36 3.1.3 Biology, medicine and epidemiology
00:34:24 3.1.4 Psychology
00:37:15 3.1.5 Statistics and economics
00:44:02 3.2 Metaphysics
00:44:34 3.3 Management
00:45:38 3.4 Humanities
00:45:46 3.4.1 History
00:48:52 3.4.2 Law
00:49:29 3.5 Theology
00:49:57 4 History
00:50:06 4.1 Hindu philosophy
00:52:10 4.2 Buddhist philosophy
00:55:23 4.3 Baha’i
00:55:54 4.4 Western philosophy
00:56:03 4.4.1 Aristotelian
01:03:16 4.4.2 Middle Ages
01:04:00 4.4.3 After the Middle Ages



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SUMMARY
=======
Causality (also referred to as causation, or cause and effect) is what connects one process (the cause) with another process or state (the effect), where the first is partly responsible for the second, and the second is partly dependent on the first. In general, a process has many causes,
which are said to be causal factors for it, and all lie in its past. An effect can in turn be a cause of, or causal factor for, many other effects, which all lie in its future. Causality is metaphysically prior to notions of time and space.Causality is an abstraction that indicates how the world progresses, so basic a concept that it is more apt as an explanation of other concepts of progression than as something to be explained by others more basic. The concept is like those of agency and efficacy. For this reason, a leap of intuition may be needed to grasp it. Accordingly, causality is implicit in the logic and structure of ordinary language.In the English language, as distinct from Aristotle's own language, Aristotelian philosophy uses the word "cause" to mean "explanation" or "answer to a why question", including Aristotle's material, formal, efficient, and final "causes"; then the "cause" is the explanans for the explanandum. In this case, failure to recognize that different kinds of "cause" are being considered can lead to futile debate. Of Aristotle's four explanatory modes, the one nearest to the concerns of the present article is the "efficient" one.
The topic of causality remains a staple in contemporary philosophy.