Marine life | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-02

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_life


00:02:15 1 Water
00:05:54 2 Evolution
00:13:00 3 Microorganisms
00:16:48 3.1 Marine viruses
00:20:56 3.2 Marine bacteria
00:24:06 3.3 Marine archaea
00:26:19 3.4 Marine protists
00:28:44 3.5 Marine microanimals
00:29:52 4 Fungi
00:33:22 5 Origin of animals
00:36:05 6 Body plans and phyla
00:38:57 7 Basal invertebrate animals
00:39:21 7.1 Marine sponges
00:41:44 7.2 Ctenophores
00:44:03 7.3 Placozoa
00:45:29 7.4 Marine cnidarians
00:47:29 8 Bilateral invertebrate animals
00:49:06 8.1 Protostomes
00:49:39 8.1.1 Marine worms
00:52:18 8.1.2 Marine molluscs
00:55:22 8.1.3 Marine arthropods
00:58:11 8.2 Deuterostomes
00:58:46 8.2.1 Echinoderms
01:00:37 8.2.2 Hemichordates
01:03:27 8.2.3 Marine chordates
01:04:11 9 Vertebrate animals
01:04:53 9.1 Marine fish
01:05:29 9.1.1 Jawless fish
01:07:36 9.1.2 Cartilaginous fish
01:08:39 9.1.3 Bony fish
01:10:43 9.1.4 Teleosts
01:11:58 9.2 Marine tetrapods
01:13:28 9.2.1 Reptiles
01:16:14 9.2.2 Birds
01:17:50 9.2.3 Mammals
01:19:29 10 Primary producers
01:21:17 10.1 Cyanobacteria
01:23:07 10.2 Algae
01:27:24 10.3 Marine plants
01:29:16 11 Plankton and trophic interactions
01:29:58 11.1 Phytoplankton
01:31:10 11.2 Zooplankton
01:32:42 11.3 Mixotrophic plankton
01:33:36 11.4 Marine food web
01:34:47 12 Sediments and biogenic ooze
01:36:06 13 Biogeochemical cycles
01:36:53 14 Land interactions
01:37:02 15 Anthropogenic impacts
01:42:03 16 Biodiversity and extinction events
01:44:32 17 Marine biology
01:48:34 18 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Marine life, or sea life or ocean life, is the plants, animals and other organisms that live in the salt water of the sea or ocean, or the brackish water of coastal estuaries. At a fundamental level, marine life affects the nature of the planet. Marine organisms produce oxygen and sequester carbon. Shorelines are in part shaped and protected by marine life, and some marine organisms even help create new land. The term marine comes from the Latin mare, meaning sea or ocean.
Most life forms evolved initially in marine habitats. By volume, oceans provide about 90 percent of the living space on the planet. The earliest vertebrates appeared in the form of fish, which live exclusively in water. Some of these evolved into amphibians which spend portions of their lives in water and portions on land. Other fish evolved into land mammals and subsequently returned to the ocean as seals, dolphins or whales. Plant forms such as kelp and algae grow in the water and are the basis for some underwater ecosystems. Plankton forms the general foundation of the ocean food chain, particularly the phytoplankton which are key primary producers.
Marine invertebrates exhibit a wide range of modifications to survive in poorly oxygenated waters, including breathing tubes as in mollusc siphons. Fish have gills instead of lungs, although some species of fish, such as the lungfish, have both. Marine mammals, such as dolphins, whales, otters, and seals need to surface periodically to breathe air.
A total of 230,000 documented marine species exist with some two million marine species yet to be documented. Marine species range in size from the microscopic, including phytoplankton which can be as small as 0.02 micrometres, to huge cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises), including the blue whale – the largest known animal reaching 33 metres (108 ft) in length. Marine microorganisms, including protists, bacteria and viruses, constitute about 70% of the total marine biomass.