Commons | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 26/03/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons


00:00:41 1 Definition and modern use
00:02:33 2 Types of commons
00:02:42 2.1 Environmental resource
00:02:56 2.1.1 European land use
00:04:29 2.1.2 Mongolian grasslands
00:05:25 2.1.3 Lobster fishery of Maine
00:06:02 2.1.4 Community forests in Nepal
00:06:57 2.1.5 Irrigation systems of New Mexico
00:07:30 2.2 Cultural and intellectual commons
00:08:30 2.3 Digital commons
00:09:17 2.4 Urban commons
00:10:35 2.5 Knowledge commons
00:12:56 3 Economic theories
00:13:05 3.1 Tragedy of the commons
00:14:19 3.2 Successful commons
00:15:29 3.3 Notable theorists
00:15:38 4 Historical land commons movements
00:15:52 5 Contemporary commons movements



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SUMMARY
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The commons is the cultural and natural resources accessible to all members of a society, including natural materials such as air, water, and a habitable earth. These resources are held in common, not owned privately. Commons can also be understood as natural resources that groups of people (communities, user groups) manage for individual and collective benefit. Characteristically, this involves a variety of informal norms and values (social practice) employed for a governance mechanism.
Commons can be also defined as a social practice of governing a resource not by state or market but by a community of users that self-governs the resource through institutions that it creates .