Apoptosis | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-05

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis


00:02:32 1 Discovery and etymology
00:06:07 2 Activation mechanisms
00:08:25 2.1 Intrinsic pathway
00:10:58 2.2 Extrinsic pathway
00:15:45 2.3 Apoptosis model in amphibians
00:16:21 3 Negative regulators of apoptosis
00:16:58 4 Proteolytic caspase cascade: Killing the cell
00:18:58 4.1 Apoptotic cell disassembly
00:20:24 4.2 Removal of dead cells
00:21:29 5 Pathway knock-outs
00:24:57 6 Methods for distinguishing apoptotic from necrotic (necroptotic) cells
00:26:29 7 Implication in disease
00:26:38 7.1 Defective pathways
00:28:52 7.1.1 Dysregulation of p53
00:29:46 7.2 Inhibition
00:31:02 7.2.1 HeLa cell
00:32:55 7.2.2 Treatments
00:34:34 7.3 Hyperactive apoptosis
00:36:19 7.3.1 Treatments
00:37:16 7.4 HIV progression
00:40:14 7.5 Viral infection
00:45:37 8 Plants
00:46:20 9 Caspase-independent apoptosis
00:47:15 10 See also



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SUMMARY
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Apoptosis (from Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις "falling off") is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, chromosomal DNA fragmentation, and global mRNA decay. The average adult human loses between 50 and 70 billion cells each day due to apoptosis. For an average human child between the ages of 8 to 14 year old approximately 20 to 30 billion cells die per day.In contrast to necrosis, which is a form of traumatic cell death that results from acute cellular injury, apoptosis is a highly regulated and controlled process that confers advantages during an organism's lifecycle. For example, the separation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the digits undergo apoptosis. Unlike necrosis, apoptosis produces cell fragments called apoptotic bodies that phagocytic cells are able to engulf and remove before the contents of the cell can spill out onto surrounding cells and cause damage to them.Because apoptosis cannot stop once it has begun, it is a highly regulated process. Apoptosis can be initiated through one of two pathways. In the intrinsic pathway the cell kills itself because it senses cell stress, while in the extrinsic pathway the cell kills itself because of signals from other cells. Weak external signals may also activate the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Both pathways induce cell death by activating caspases, which are proteases, or enzymes that degrade proteins. The two pathways both activate initiator caspases, which then activate executioner caspases, which then kill the cell by degrading proteins indiscriminately.
Research on apoptosis has increased substantially since the early 1990s. In addition to its importance as a biological phenomenon, defective apoptotic processes have been implicated in a wide variety of diseases. Excessive apoptosis causes atrophy, whereas an insufficient amount results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, such as cancer.
Some factors like Fas receptors and caspases promote apoptosis, while some members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins inhibit apoptosis.