Parkinson's disease | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease


00:03:22 1 Classification
00:05:44 2 Signs and symptoms
00:06:19 2.1 Motor
00:09:43 2.2 Neuropsychiatric
00:13:35 2.3 Other
00:14:48 3 Causes
00:15:23 3.1 Environmental factors
00:15:55 3.2 Genetics
00:18:28 4 Pathophysiology
00:20:40 4.1 Brain cell death
00:22:33 5 Diagnosis
00:25:30 5.1 Imaging
00:27:09 5.2 Differential diagnosis
00:27:24 6 Prevention
00:28:51 7 Management
00:31:19 7.1 Medications
00:31:28 7.1.1 Levodopa
00:34:20 7.1.2 COMT inhibitors
00:34:58 7.1.3 Dopamine agonists
00:37:10 7.1.4 MAO-B inhibitors
00:38:01 7.1.5 Other drugs
00:38:49 7.2 Surgery
00:41:01 7.3 Rehabilitation
00:44:08 7.4 Palliative care
00:46:50 8 Prognosis
00:50:00 9 Epidemiology
00:51:23 10 History
00:53:57 11 Society and culture
00:54:07 11.1 Cost
00:54:59 11.2 Advocacy
00:56:01 11.3 Notable cases
00:57:20 12 Research
00:57:46 12.1 Animal models
00:58:50 12.2 Gene therapy
00:59:37 12.3 Neuroprotective treatments
01:00:41 12.4 Cell-based therapies
01:01:54 12.5 Other



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SUMMARY
=======
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system. As the disease worsens, non-motor symptoms become increasingly common. The symptoms generally come on slowly over time. Early in the disease, the most obvious are shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement, and difficulty with walking. Thinking and behavioral problems may also occur. Dementia becomes common in the advanced stages of the disease. Depression and anxiety are also common, occurring in more than a third of people with PD. Other symptoms include sensory, sleep, and emotional problems. The main motor symptoms are collectively called "parkinsonism", or a "parkinsonian syndrome".The cause of Parkinson's disease is generally unknown, but believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors. Those with a family member affected are more likely to get the disease themselves. There is also an increased risk in people exposed to certain pesticides and among those who have had prior head injuries, while there is a reduced risk in tobacco smokers and those who drink coffee or tea. The motor symptoms of the disease result from the death of cells in the substantia nigra, a region of the midbrain. This results in not enough dopamine in these areas. The reason for this cell death is poorly understood, but involves the build-up of proteins into Lewy bodies in the neurons. Diagnosis of typical cases is mainly based on symptoms, with tests such as neuroimaging being used to rule out other diseases.There is no cure for Parkinson's disease, with treatment directed at improving symptoms. Initial treatment is typically with the antiparkinson medication levodopa (L-DOPA), with dopamine agonists being used once levodopa becomes less effective. As the disease progresses and neurons continue to be lost, these medications become less effective while at the same time they produce a complication marked by involuntary writhing movements. Diet and some forms of rehabilitation have shown some effectiveness at improving symptoms. Surgery to place microelectrodes for deep brain stimulation has been used to reduce motor symptoms in severe cases where drugs are ineffective. Evidence for treatments for the non-movement-related symptoms of PD, such as sleep disturbances and emotional problems, is less strong.In 2015, PD affected 6.2 million people and resulted in about 117,400 deaths globally. Parkinson's disease typically occurs in people over the age of 60, of which about one percent are affected. Males are more often affected than females at a ratio of around 3:2. When it is seen in people before the age of 50, it is called early-onset PD. The average life expectancy following diagnosis is between 7 and 14 year ...