Occam's razor | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam%27s_razor


00:01:27 1 History
00:02:25 1.1 Formulations before William of Ockham
00:05:18 1.2 William of Ockham
00:07:44 1.3 Later formulations
00:10:02 2 Justifications
00:10:12 2.1 Aesthetic
00:11:12 2.2 Empirical
00:12:01 2.2.1 Testing the razor
00:15:29 2.3 Practical considerations and pragmatism
00:15:39 2.4 Mathematical
00:17:44 2.5 Other philosophers
00:17:53 2.5.1 Karl Popper
00:18:42 2.5.2 Elliott Sober
00:20:02 2.5.3 Richard Swinburne
00:21:15 2.5.4 Ludwig Wittgenstein
00:22:43 3 Applications
00:22:52 3.1 Science and the scientific method
00:30:11 3.2 Biology
00:37:26 3.3 Religion
00:43:52 3.4 Penal ethics
00:45:11 3.5 Probability theory and statistics
00:47:36 3.5.1 Objective razor
00:49:59 4 Controversial aspects of the razor
00:51:36 5 Anti-razors
00:54:34 6 See also



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SUMMARY
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Occam's razor (also Ockham's razor or Ocham's razor (Latin: novacula Occami); further known as the law of parsimony  (Latin: lex parsimoniae) is the problem-solving principle that essentially states that "simpler solutions are more likely to be correct than complex ones". When presented with competing hypotheses to solve a problem, one should select the solution with the fewest assumptions. The idea is attributed to English Franciscan friar William of Ockham (c. 1287–1347), a scholastic philosopher and theologian.
In science, Occam's razor is used as an abductive heuristic in the development of theoretical models, rather than as a rigorous arbiter between candidate models. In the scientific method, Occam's razor is not considered an irrefutable principle of logic or a scientific result; the preference for simplicity in the scientific method is based on the falsifiability criterion. For each accepted explanation of a phenomenon, there may be an extremely large, perhaps even incomprehensible, number of possible and more complex alternatives.  Since one can always burden failing explanations with ad hoc hypotheses to prevent them from being falsified, simpler theories are preferable to more complex ones because they are more testable.