How Old Is It - Chapter 2 - Big Bang Cosmology Fundamentals (4K)
Channel: David Butler
Date: 13/09/2017

Text - http://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Big-Bang-Cosmology-Fundamentals-1.pdf 

Credits - http://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/How-Old-Is-It-05-Credits-and-Research.pdf

Music Free Version - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnzMN3tEHgI&list=PLpH1IDQEoE8Tp4EdkY4Ijm5-HcqOMJWzG

This is part one of a two part series on the Big Bang theory. Here we cover the foundational concepts used in the standard model we cover in part 2. We start out with the basic Cosmological Principle for an isotropic and homogeneous Universe. We then review Hubble’s Law that came from the discovery that the Universe was expanding. We go into some depth to illustrate what expanding space is and how it impacts the basic idea of ‘distance’. This includes a definition of Cosmic Distance and how it leads to the Visible Horizon.  We then develop a concept of how the Universe’s expansion would work using Newton’s gravitational theory including his Shell Theorem. We use this to define a cosmic scale factor and use it to see what happens in a matter dominated Universe. We then expand that to include a radiation dominated Universe. With the Newtonian mechanics view in hand, we update to Friedmann’s equation based on Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity along with the Equation of State. We examine the impact of flat, spherical and hyperbolic space on the cosmic sale factor, and identify the Critical Energy Density needed in order to have flat space. We end with a look at cosmological redshift, and an observation on galaxy counts that lead to the conclusion that we exist in flat space-time.

Music:

@00:00 Puccini, Giacomo: Che gelida manina - what a cold little hand La   Boheme Act I: Rodolfo's Aria - "Che gelida manina" (Instrumental Version), Sofia Philharmonic Orchestra; from the album “100 Must-Have Opera Karao-ke” 2015

@04:34 Beethoven, Ludwig van: Piano Concerto No. 2 in B-Flat Major, Op. 19: II. Adagio; Anton Dikov, Sofia Philharmonic Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013

@09:41 Borodin, Alexander: Polovetsian Dances from Price Igor; London Philharmonic Orchestra; from the album “The Greatest Classical Masterpieces! (Digitally Remastered)” 2008

@13:26 Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich: Waltz from Sleeping Beauty from the al-bum Tchaikovsky Peter Ilyich 2009

@16:37 Schubert, Franz: Music to Rosamunde, D. 797_ Ballet Music No. 1_ II. Andante un poco assai; Hermitage Museum Orchestra and Alexander Ti-tov; from the album “Schubert - 100 Supreme Classical Masterpieces: Rise of the Masters” 2011

@22:24 Offenbach, Jacques: Barcarolle (from Tales of Hoffman); from the al-bum “A Calendar of Classics - July” 2007

@25:40 Bach, Johann Sebastian: Double Violin Concerto; Anne-Sophie Mut-ter, English Chamber Orchestra, Salvatore Accardo; from the album “Essential Adagios” 2010

@33:00 Rimsky-Korsakov: Scheherazade, II, Lento; Berliner Philharmoniker, from the album “Rimsky-Korsakov Greatest Hits” 2005