Tetrapoda | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-03

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapod


00:03:03 1 Definitions
00:04:39 2 Biodiversity
00:06:10 3 Classification
00:07:41 3.1 History of classification
00:08:46 3.2 Modern classification
00:11:36 4 Evolution
00:11:46 4.1 Ancestry
00:15:10 4.1.1 Devonian fossils
00:17:36 4.2 Palaeozoic
00:17:45 4.2.1 Devonian stem-tetrapods
00:18:44 4.2.2 Carboniferous
00:20:11 4.2.3 Permian
00:20:52 4.3 Mesozoic
00:21:54 4.4 Cenozoic
00:22:47 5 Cladistics
00:22:56 5.1 Stem group
00:23:20 5.2 Crown group
00:24:31 5.3 Temnospondyl hypothesis (TH)
00:25:15 5.4 Lepospondyl hypothesis (LH)
00:25:32 5.5 Polyphyly hypothesis (PH)
00:26:02 6 Anatomy and physiology
00:26:53 6.1 Skull
00:27:53 6.2 Neck
00:30:03 6.3 Dentition
00:31:01 6.4 Axial skeleton
00:31:32 6.5 Girdles
00:32:58 6.6 Limbs
00:33:59 6.7 Locomotion
00:34:47 6.8 Feeding
00:37:02 6.9 Respiration
00:37:49 6.9.1 Gills
00:38:24 6.9.2 Lungs
00:39:28 6.9.3 Recoil aspiration
00:40:22 6.9.4 Cutaneous respiration
00:41:07 6.9.5 Carbon dioxide metabolism
00:42:23 6.10 Circulation
00:43:04 6.11 Senses
00:43:13 6.11.1 Olfaction
00:43:42 6.11.2 Lateral line system
00:44:16 6.11.3 Vision
00:45:50 6.11.4 Balance
00:46:05 6.11.5 Hearing
00:47:49 7 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Tetrapods (; from Greek: τετρα- "four" and πούς "foot") are four-limbed (with a few exceptions, such as snakes) animals constituting the superclass Tetrapoda. It includes extant and extinct amphibians, reptiles (including dinosaurs and therefore birds), and mammals. Tetrapods evolved from a group of animals known as the Tetrapodomorpha which, in turn, evolved from ancient Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) around 390 million years ago in the middle Devonian period; their forms were transitional between lobe-finned fishes and the four-limbed tetrapods. The first tetrapods (from a traditional, apomorphy-based perspective) appeared by the late Devonian, 367.5 million years ago; the specific aquatic ancestors of the tetrapods, and the process by which they colonized Earth's land after emerging from water remains unclear. The change from a body plan for breathing and navigating in water to a body plan enabling the animal to move on land is one of the most profound evolutionary changes known. The first tetrapods were primarily aquatic. Modern amphibians, which evolved from earlier groups, are generally semiaquatic; the first stage of their lives is as fish-like tadpoles, and later stages are partly terrestrial and partly aquatic. However, most tetrapod species today are amniotes, most of those are terrestrial tetrapods whose branch evolved from earlier tetrapods about 340 million years ago (crown amniotes evolved 318 million years ago). The key innovation in amniotes over amphibians is laying of eggs on land or having further evolved to retain the fertilized egg(s) within the mother.
Amniote tetrapods began to dominate and drove most amphibian tetrapods to extinction. One group of amniotes diverged into the reptiles, which includes lepidosaurs, dinosaurs (which includes birds), crocodilians, turtles, and extinct relatives; while another group of amniotes diverged into the mammals and their extinct relatives. Amniotes include the tetrapods that further evolved for flight—such as birds from among the dinosaurs, and bats from among the mammals.
Some tetrapods, such as the snakes, have lost some or all of their limbs through further speciation and evolution; some have only concealed vestigial bones as a remnant of the limbs of their distant ancestors. Others returned to being amphibians or otherwise living partially or fully aquatic lives, the first during the Carboniferous period,  others as recently as the Cenozoic.Tetrapods have numerous anatomical and physiological features that are distinct from their aquatic ancestors. These include th ...