Planetary boundaries | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 06/05/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_boundaries


00:01:32 1 History of framework
00:05:22 2 Background
00:05:32 2.1 The idea
00:09:30 2.2 From Holocene to Anthropocene
00:12:14 3 Nine boundaries
00:14:11 4 Debate
00:14:21 4.1 On the framework
00:21:56 4.1.1 Climate change
00:23:47 4.1.2 Biodiversity loss
00:24:12 4.1.3 Nitrogen cycle
00:25:43 4.1.4 Phosphorus
00:26:25 4.1.5 Ocean acidification
00:27:28 4.1.6 Land use
00:28:44 4.1.7 Freshwater
00:30:30 4.1.8 Ozone depletion
00:31:37 4.1.9 Atmospheric aerosols
00:32:41 4.1.10 Chemical pollution
00:33:44 5 Interaction among boundaries
00:36:04 6 Subsequent developments
00:36:15 6.1 The doughnut
00:37:23 6.2 Comparisons of national environmental footprints with planetary boundaries
00:38:08 6.3 Tenth boundary
00:38:37 6.4 Not yet endorsed by United Nations
00:40:43 6.5 Boundaries related to agriculture and food consumption
00:42:08 7 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
Speaking Rate: 0.8343710491415793
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C


"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Planetary boundaries is a concept involving Earth system processes which contain environmental boundaries, proposed in 2009 by a group of Earth system and environmental scientists led by Johan Rockström from the Stockholm Resilience Centre and Will Steffen from the Australian National University. The group wanted to define a "safe operating space for humanity" for the international community, including governments at all levels, international organizations, civil society, the scientific community and the private sector, as a precondition for sustainable development. The framework is based on scientific evidence that human actions since the Industrial Revolution have become the main driver of global environmental change. 
According to the paradigm, "transgressing one or more planetary boundaries may be deleterious or even catastrophic due to the risk of crossing thresholds that will trigger non-linear, abrupt environmental change within continental-to planetary-scale systems."The Earth system process boundaries mark the safe zone for the planet to the extent that they are not crossed. As of 2009, two boundaries have already been crossed, while others are in imminent danger of being crossed.