Habitable planets | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 02/06/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_habitability


00:03:08 1 Earth habitability comparison
00:04:28 2 Suitable star systems
00:06:08 2.1 Spectral class
00:09:19 2.2 A stable habitable zone
00:12:25 2.3 Low stellar variation
00:14:29 2.4 High metallicity
00:15:45 3 Planetary characteristics
00:18:07 3.1 Mass
00:23:11 3.2 Orbit and rotation
00:28:31 3.3 Geochemistry
00:32:06 3.4 Microenvironments and extremophiles
00:34:35 3.5 Ecological factors
00:35:03 4 Alternative star systems
00:35:32 4.1 Binary systems
00:37:54 4.2 Red dwarf systems
00:38:16 4.2.1 Size
00:40:50 4.2.2 Other factors limiting habitability
00:43:36 4.2.3 Longevity and ubiquity
00:44:38 4.3 Massive stars
00:46:03 5 Four classes of habitable planets based on water
00:48:20 6 The galactic neighborhood
00:50:48 7 Other considerations
00:50:57 7.1 Alternative biochemistries
00:52:54 7.2 "Good Jupiters"
00:55:33 7.3 Life's impact on habitability
00:56:56 8 See also



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SUMMARY
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Planetary habitability is the measure of a planet's or a natural satellite's potential to develop and maintain environments hospitable to life. Life may be generated directly on a planet or satellite endogenously or be transferred to it from another body, a hypothetical process known as panspermia. Environments do not need to contain life to be considered habitable nor are accepted habitable zones the only areas in which life might arise.As the existence of life beyond Earth is unknown, planetary habitability is largely an extrapolation of conditions on Earth and the characteristics of the Sun and Solar System which appear favorable to life's flourishing. Of particular interest are those factors that have sustained complex, multicellular organisms on Earth and not just simpler, unicellular creatures. Research and theory in this regard is a component of a number of natural sciences, such as astronomy, planetary science and the emerging discipline of astrobiology.
An absolute requirement for life is an energy source, and the notion of planetary habitability implies that many other geophysical, geochemical, and astrophysical criteria must be met before an astronomical body can support life. In its astrobiology roadmap, NASA has defined the principal habitability criteria as "extended regions of liquid water, conditions favorable for the assembly of complex organic molecules, and energy sources to sustain metabolism". In August 2018, researchers reported that water worlds could support life.Habitability indicators and biosignatures must be interpreted within a planetary and environmental context. In determining the habitability potential of a body, studies focus on its bulk composition, orbital properties, atmosphere, and potential chemical interactions. Stellar characteristics of importance include mass and luminosity, stable variability, and high metallicity. Rocky, wet terrestrial-type planets and moons with the potential for Earth-like chemistry are a primary focus of astrobiological research, although more speculative habitability theories occasionally examine alternative biochemistries and other types of astronomical bodies.
The idea that planets beyond Earth might host life is an ancient one, though historically it was framed by philosophy as much as physical science. The late 20th century saw two breakthroughs in the field. The observation and robotic spacecraft exploration of other planets and moons within the Solar System has provided critical information on defining habitability criteria and allowed for substantial geophysical comparisons between the Earth and other bodies. The discovery of extrasolar planets, beginning in the early 1990s and accelerating thereafter, has provided further information for the study of possible extraterrestrial life. These findings confirm that the Sun is ...