Russian lunar manned spacecraft | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-05

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs


00:01:33 1 Early concepts
00:02:16 1.1 Soyuz-A-B-C and N1
00:03:22 1.2 UR-500K / LK-1 and UR-700 / LK-3
00:04:05 2 Reaction to Apollo
00:05:37 2.1 Moon flyby iUR-500K(Proton)/L1(Zond)/i program
00:07:03 2.2 Moon landing iN1/L3/i program
00:10:53 2.3 Launch schedules
00:12:55 2.4 Cosmonauts
00:14:40 3 Later developments
00:18:20 4 Gallery
00:18:29 5 In popular fiction
00:18:54 6 See also



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SUMMARY
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The Soviet crewed lunar programs were a series of programmes pursued by the Soviet Union to land a man on the Moon, in competition with the United States Apollo program to achieve the same goal set publicly by President John F. Kennedy on May 25, 1961. The Soviet government publicly denied participating in such a competition, but secretly pursued two programs in the 1960s: crewed lunar flyby missions using Soyuz 7K-L1 (Zond) spacecraft launched with the Proton-K rocket, and a crewed lunar landing using Soyuz 7K-LOK and LK Lander spacecraft launched with the N1 rocket. Following the dual American successes of the first crewed lunar orbit on December 24–25, 1968 (Apollo 8) and the first Moon landing on July 20, 1969 (Apollo 11), and a series of catastrophic N1 failures, both Soviet programs were eventually brought to an end. The Proton-based  Zond program was canceled in 1970, and the N1 / L3 program was de facto terminated in 1974 and officially canceled in 1976. Details of both Soviet programs were kept secret until 1990 when the government allowed them to be published under the policy of glasnost.