Electricity sector of the United States | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-01-02

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_of_the_United_States


00:03:55 1 Electricity consumption
00:08:24 2 Electricity generation
00:12:01 2.1 Coal and Gas
00:12:39 2.2 Nuclear power
00:13:57 2.3 Renewable energy
00:16:24 3 Energy efficiency and conservation
00:16:47 4 Responsibilities in the electricity sector
00:16:59 4.1 Policy and regulation
00:19:13 4.2 Deregulation and competition
00:21:37 4.3 Service provision
00:22:37 4.3.1 Generation
00:23:51 4.3.2 Transmission
00:27:41 4.3.3 Distribution
00:28:03 5 Economic and financial aspects
00:28:14 5.1 Tariffs and affordability
00:30:50 5.2 Revenues
00:31:27 5.3 Investment
00:31:35 5.4 Financing
00:31:59 5.5 Subsidies and tax incentives
00:33:45 6 See also



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SUMMARY
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The electricity sector of the United States includes a large array of stakeholders that provide services through electricity generation, transmission, distribution and marketing for industrial, commercial, public and residential customers. It also includes many public institutions that regulate the sector.
In 1996, there were 3,195 electric utilities in the United States, of which fewer than 1,000 were engaged in power generation. This leaves a large number of mostly smaller utilities engaged only in power distribution. There were also 65 power marketers. Of all utilities, 2,020 were publicly owned (including 10 Federal utilities), 932 were rural electric cooperatives, and 243 were investor-owned utilities. The electricity transmission network is controlled by Independent System Operators or Regional Transmission Organizations, which are not-for-profit organizations that are obliged to provide indiscriminate access to various suppliers in order to promote competition.
The four above-mentioned market segments of the U.S. electricity sector are regulated by different public institutions with some functional overlaps: The federal government sets general policies through the Department of Energy, environmental policy through the Environmental Protection Agency and consumer protection policy through the Federal Trade Commission. The safety of nuclear power plants is overseen by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Economic regulation of the distribution segment is a state responsibility, usually carried out through Public Utilities Commissions; the inter-state transmission segment is regulated by the federal government through the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
Principal sources of US electricity in 2014 were: coal (39%), natural gas (27%), nuclear (19%), Hydro (6%), and other renewables (7%). Over the decade 2004—2014, the largest increases in electrical generation came from natural gas (2014 generation was 412 billion kWh greater than 2004), wind (increase of 168 billion kWh) and solar (increased 18 billion kWh). Over the same decade, annual generation from coal decreased 393 billion kWh, and from petroleum decreased 90 billion kWh.In 2008 the average electricity tariff in the U.S. was 9.82 Cents/kilowatt-hour (kWh).  In 2006-07 electricity tariffs in the U.S. were higher than in Australia, Canada, France, Sweden and Finland, but lower than in Germany, Italy, Spain, and the UK. Residential tariffs vary significantly between states from 6.7 Cents/kWh in West Virginia to 24.1 Cents/kWh in Hawaii. The average residential bill in 2007 was US$100/month. Most investments in the U.S. electricity sector are financed by private companies through debt and equity. However, some investments are indirectly financed by taxpayers through various subsidies ranging from tax incentives to subsidies for research and development, feed-in tariffs for renewable energy and support to low-income households to pay their electric bills.