Electron | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: Subhajit Sahu
Date: 11/01/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron


00:03:28 1 History
00:03:37 1.1 Discovery of effect of electric force
00:04:20 1.2 Discovery of two kinds of charges
00:07:05 1.3 Discovery of free electrons outside matter
00:11:42 1.4 Atomic theory
00:14:26 1.5 Quantum mechanics
00:17:57 1.6 Particle accelerators
00:19:20 1.7 Confinement of individual electrons
00:19:34 2 Characteristics
00:20:12 2.1 Classification
00:20:21 2.2 Fundamental properties
00:21:13 2.3 Quantum properties
00:25:05 2.4 Virtual particles
00:26:18 2.5 Interaction
00:27:07 2.6 Atoms and molecules
00:29:42 2.7 Conductivity
00:34:18 2.8 Motion and energy
00:37:08 3 Formation
00:41:21 4 Observation
00:43:22 5 Plasma applications
00:43:40 5.1 Particle beams
00:48:23 5.2 Imaging
00:50:50 5.3 Other applications
00:51:00 6 See also
00:53:31 7 Notes
00:56:00 8 References
00:57:17 9 External links



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SUMMARY
=======
The electron  is a subatomic particle, symbol e− or β−, whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge. Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family, and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no known components or substructure.  The electron has a mass that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton. Quantum mechanical properties of the electron include an intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of a half-integer value, expressed in units of the reduced Planck constant, ħ. As it is a fermion, no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state, in accordance with the Pauli exclusion principle. Like all elementary particles, electrons exhibit properties of both particles and waves: they can collide with other particles and can be diffracted like light. The wave properties of electrons are easier to observe with experiments than those of other particles like neutrons and protons because electrons have a lower mass and hence a longer de Broglie wavelength for a given energy.
Electrons play an essential role in numerous physical phenomena, such as electricity, magnetism, chemistry and thermal conductivity, and they also participate in gravitational, electromagnetic and weak interactions. Since an electron has charge, it has a surrounding electric field, and if that electron is moving relative to an observer, it will generate a magnetic field. Electromagnetic fields produced from other sources will affect the motion of an electron according to the Lorentz force law. Electrons radiate or absorb energy in the form of photons when they are accelerated. Laboratory instruments are capable of trapping individual electrons as well as electron plasma by the use of electromagnetic fields. Special telescopes can detect electron plasma in outer space. Electrons are involved in many applications such as electronics, welding, cathode ray tubes, electron microscopes, radiation therapy, lasers, gaseous ionization detectors and particle accelerators.
Interactions involving electrons with other subatomic particles are of interest in fields such as chemistry and nuclear physics. The Coulomb force interaction between the positive protons within atomic nuclei and the negative electrons without, allows the composition of the two known as atoms. Ionization or differences in the proportions of negative electrons versus positive nuclei changes the binding energy of an atomic system. The exchange or sharing of the electrons between two or more atoms is the main cause of chemical bonding. In 1838, British natural philosopher Richard Laming first hypothesized the concept of an indivisible quantity of electric charge to explain the chemical properties of atoms. Irish physicist George Johnstone Stoney named this charge 'electron' in 1891, and J. J. Thomson and his team of British physicists identified it as a particle in 1897.  Electrons can ...