R-7 (rocket family) | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-7_(rocket_family)


00:02:09 1 Summary of variants
00:02:31 2 Korolev Cross
00:03:15 3 See also



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SUMMARY
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The R-7 family of rockets (Russian: Р-7) is a series of rockets, derived from the Soviet R-7 Semyorka, the world's first ICBM. More R-7 rockets have been launched than any other family of large rockets.
When Soviet nuclear warheads became lighter, the R-7 turned out to be impractical as a ballistic missile. It was not necessary to launch such heavy payloads in a military application. The rockets became useful in the Soviet, and later, Russian space programmes with long-term development. Their purpose shifted primarily to launching satellites, probes, manned and unmanned spacecraft, and other non-threatening payloads. The R-7 family consists of both missiles and orbital carrier rockets. Derivatives include the Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz rockets, which as of 2017 have been used for all Soviet, and later Russian manned spaceflights.  The type has a unique configuration where four break-away liquid-fueled engines surround a central core.  The core acts as, in effect, a "second stage" after the other four engines are jettisoned.
These rockets are expendable.
Later modifications were standardised around the Soyuz design. The Soyuz-FG and Soyuz-2 are currently in use. The official Russian press announced that the Soyuz-FG is to be retired by 2019 or 2020 in favour of the Soyuz-2.1a. R-7 rockets are launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Guiana Space Centre (since 2011, see Soyuz at the Guiana Space Centre), and the Vostochny Cosmodrome (first launch 2016).
After the R-7/Soyuz-U and the Thor and Delta rocket families, the Kosmos launch vehicle , the best known of which is the Kosmos-3M, holds the 3rd place record for number of successful orbital launch attempts, that is, of placing a satellite in orbit.