Human microbiota | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-27

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_microbiota


00:01:51 1 Terminology
00:02:27 2 Relative numbers
00:03:42 3 Study
00:06:26 3.1 Shotgun Sequencing
00:06:56 3.1.1 Collection of samples and DNA extraction
00:07:35 3.1.2 Preparation of the library and sequencing
00:08:04 3.1.3 Metagenome assembly
00:08:40 3.1.4 Contig binning
00:09:22 3.1.5 Analysis after the processing
00:10:13 3.2 Marker gene analysis
00:13:09 3.3 Phylogenetic Analysis
00:14:46 4 Types
00:14:55 4.1 Bacteria
00:17:23 4.2 Archaea
00:18:07 4.3 Fungi
00:18:37 4.4 Viruses
00:19:05 5 Anatomical areas
00:19:15 5.1 Skin
00:20:43 5.2 Conjunctiva
00:21:32 5.3 Gut
00:24:33 5.4 Urethra and bladder
00:25:20 5.5 Vagina
00:26:55 5.6 Placenta
00:27:16 5.7 Uterus
00:27:44 5.8 Oral cavity
00:31:11 5.9 Lung
00:32:46 5.10 Biliary tract
00:33:22 6 Disease and death
00:33:40 6.1 Cancer
00:36:25 6.2 Inflammatory bowel disease
00:36:58 6.3 Human immunodeficiency virus
00:38:08 6.4 Death
00:38:31 7 Environmental health
00:38:55 8 Migration
00:39:22 9 See also
00:39:31 10 Bibliography



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SUMMARY
=======
The human microbiota is the aggregate of microorganisms that resides on or within any of a number of human tissues and biofluids, including the skin, mammary glands, placenta, seminal fluid, uterus, ovarian follicles, lung, saliva, oral mucosa, conjunctiva, biliary and gastrointestinal tracts. They include bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists and viruses. Though micro-animals can also live on the human body, they are typically excluded from this definition. The human microbiome refers specifically to the collective genomes of resident microorganisms.Humans are colonized by many microorganisms; the traditional estimate is that the average human body is inhabited by ten times as many non-human cells as human cells, but more recent estimates have lowered that ratio to 3:1 or even to approximately the same number. Some microorganisms that colonize humans are commensal, meaning they co-exist without harming humans; others have a mutualistic relationship with their human hosts. Conversely, some non-pathogenic microorganisms can harm human hosts via the metabolites they produce, like trimethylamine, which the human body converts to trimethylamine N-oxide via FMO3-mediated oxidation. Certain microorganisms perform tasks that are known to be useful to the human host but the role of most of them is not well understood. Those that are expected to be present, and that under normal circumstances do not cause disease, are sometimes deemed normal flora or normal microbiota.The Human Microbiome Project took on the project of sequencing the genome of the human microbiota, focusing particularly on the microbiota that normally inhabit the skin, mouth, nose, digestive tract, and vagina. It reached a milestone in 2012 when it published its initial results.