Roman salute | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Roman salute


00:02:01 1 Early Roman sources and images
00:05:16 2 18th–19th centuries France
00:09:27 3 19th–20th centuries United States
00:10:48 4 Early 20th century in theatre and film
00:13:50 5 Adoption during the 20th century
00:14:01 5.1 Italy
00:16:43 5.2 Germany
00:18:09 5.3 Elsewhere
00:20:58 6 Post World War II
00:21:07 6.1 Italy
00:24:44 6.2 Germany
00:25:12 6.3 Greece
00:25:42 6.4 The Levant
00:26:45 6.5 South Africa
00:27:22 6.6 Red Hand of Ulster Salute
00:27:53 6.7 Popular culture
00:30:04 7 See also



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SUMMARY
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The Roman salute (Italian: saluto romano) is a gesture in which the arm is fully extended, facing forward, with palm down and fingers touching. In some versions, the arm is raised upward at an angle; in others, it is held out parallel to the ground. In contemporary times, the former is widely considered a symbol of fascism that is commonly perceived to be based on a custom in ancient Rome. However, no Roman text gives this description, and the Roman works of art that display salutational gestures bear little resemblance to the modern Roman salute.Beginning with Jacques-Louis David's painting The Oath of the Horatii (1784), an association of the gesture with Roman republican and imperial culture emerged.  The gesture and its identification with Roman culture were further developed in other neoclassic artworks. This was further elaborated upon in popular culture during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in plays and films that portrayed the salute as an ancient Roman custom. These included a 1914 Italian film called Cabiria based upon a screenplay by the nationalist poet Gabriele d'Annunzio. In 1919, d'Annunzio adopted the cinematographically depicted salute as a neo-imperial ritual when he led the occupation of Fiume.
Through d'Annunzio's influence, the gesture soon became part of the rising Italian Fascist movement's symbolic repertoire. In 1923 the salute was gradually adopted by the Italian Fascist regime. It was then adopted and made compulsory within the Nazi Party in 1926, and gained nationwide prominence in the German state when the Nazis took power in 1933. It was also adopted by other fascist movements.
Since World War II, the Nazi variant has been a criminal offence in Germany and Austria. Legal restrictions on its use in Italy are more nuanced, and use there has generated controversy. The gesture and its variations continue to be used in neo-fascist, neo-Nazi and Falangist contexts.