Mongol World Empire | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-17

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire


00:04:10 1 Name
00:05:11 2 History
00:05:20 2.1 Pre-empire context
00:07:16 2.2 Rise of Genghis Khan
00:09:19 2.3 Early organization
00:10:56 2.3.1 Push into Central Asia
00:11:42 2.3.2 Religious policies
00:13:30 2.4 Death of Genghis Khan and expansion under Ögedei (1227–1241)
00:16:20 2.4.1 Invasions of Kievan Rus' and central China
00:19:30 2.4.2 Push into central Europe
00:20:34 2.5 Post-Ögedei power struggles (1241–1251)
00:23:31 2.5.1 Death of Güyük (1248)
00:25:52 2.6 Rule of Möngke Khan (1251–1259)
00:27:23 2.6.1 Administrative reforms
00:29:59 2.6.2 New invasions of the Middle East and Southern China
00:32:12 2.6.3 Death of Möngke Khan (1259)
00:33:19 2.7 Disunity
00:33:28 2.7.1 Dispute over succession
00:35:07 2.7.2 Mongolian Civil War
00:37:08 2.7.3 Campaigns of Kublai Khan (1264–1294)
00:39:08 2.8 Disintegration into competing entities
00:41:46 2.8.1 Development of the khanates
00:46:44 2.9 Relict states of the Mongol Empire
00:50:31 3 Military organization
00:53:46 4 Society
00:53:56 4.1 Law and governance
00:55:51 4.2 Religions
00:57:04 4.3 Arts and literature
00:58:13 4.4 Mail system
01:00:32 5 Silk Road
01:03:42 6 Legacy
01:11:35 7 See also



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SUMMARY
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The Mongol Empire (Mongolian: Mongolyn Ezent Güren listen ; Mongolian Cyrillic: Монголын эзэнт гүрэн; Mongolian pronunciation: [mɔŋɡ(ɔ)ɮˈiːŋ ɛt͡sˈɛnt ˈɡurəŋ]; also Орда, 'the Horde' in  Russian  chronicles) existed during the 13th and 14th centuries; it became the largest contiguous land empire in history. Originating in Mongolia, the Mongol Empire eventually stretched from Eastern Europe and parts of Central Europe to the Sea of Japan, extending northwards into Siberia; eastwards and southwards into the Indian subcontinent, Indochina and the Iranian Plateau; and westwards as far as the Levant and the Carpathian Mountains.
The Mongol Empire emerged from the unification of several  nomadic tribes in the Mongol homeland under the leadership of Genghis Khan (c.  1162 - 1227), whom a council proclaimed ruler of all the Mongols in 1206. The empire grew rapidly under his rule and that of his descendants, who sent out invading armies in every direction. The vast transcontinental empire connected the East with the West in an enforced Pax Mongolica, allowing the dissemination and exchange of trade, technologies, commodities and ideologies across Eurasia.The empire began to split due to wars over succession, as the grandchildren of Genghis Khan disputed whether the royal line should follow from his son and initial heir  Ögedei or from one of his other sons, such as Tolui,  Chagatai, or Jochi. The Toluids prevailed after a bloody purge of Ögedeid and Chagataid factions, but disputes continued among the descendants of Tolui. A key reason for the split was the dispute over whether the Mongol Empire would become a sedentary, cosmopolitan empire, or would stay true to the Mongol nomadic and steppe-based lifestyle. After Möngke Khan died (1259), rival kurultai councils simultaneously elected different successors, the brothers Ariq Böke and Kublai Khan, who fought each other in the Toluid Civil War (1260–1264) and also dealt with challenges from the descendants of other sons of Genghis. Kublai successfully took power, but civil war ensued as he sought unsuccessfully to regain control of the  Chagatayid and  Ögedeid families.
During the reigns of Genghis and Ögedei, the Mongols suffered the occasional defeat when a less skilled general received a command. The Siberian Tumeds defeated the Mongol forces under Borokhula around 1215–1217; Jalal al-Din defeated  Shigi-Qutugu at the Battle of Parwan in 1221; and the  Jin generals Heda and Pu'a defeated Dolqolqu in 1230. In each case ...