Lamarckism | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-17

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamarckism


00:02:59 1 Early history
00:03:10 1.1 Origins
00:05:46 1.2 Darwin's pangenesis
00:08:10 1.3 Lamarck's evolutionary framework
00:09:48 1.4 Lamarck's discussion of heredity
00:14:33 1.5 Weismann's experiment
00:18:20 2 Textbook Lamarckism
00:20:04 3 Neo-Lamarckism
00:20:14 3.1 Context
00:23:47 3.2 19th century
00:25:57 3.3 Early 20th century
00:26:54 3.4 Late 20th century
00:29:35 3.5 Ideological neo-Lamarckism
00:30:17 3.6 Critique
00:35:03 4 Mechanisms resembling Lamarckism
00:35:36 4.1 Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
00:42:01 4.2 Somatic hypermutation and reverse transcription to germline
00:45:11 4.3 Hologenome theory of evolution
00:46:32 4.4 Baldwin effect
00:48:03 5 In sociocultural evolution



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SUMMARY
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Lamarckism (or Lamarckian inheritance) is the hypothesis that an organism can pass on characteristics that it has acquired through use or disuse during its lifetime to its offspring. It is also known as the inheritance of acquired characteristics or soft inheritance. It is inaccurately named after the French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829), who incorporated the action of soft inheritance into his evolutionary theories as a supplement to his concept of orthogenesis, a drive towards complexity. The theory is cited in textbooks to contrast with Darwinism. This paints a false picture of the history of biology, as Lamarck did not originate the idea of soft inheritance, which was known from the classical era onwards, and it was not the primary focus of Lamarck's theory of evolution. Further, in On the Origin of Species (1859), Charles Darwin supported the idea of "use and disuse inheritance", though rejecting other aspects of Lamarck's theory; and his pangenesis theory implied soft inheritance.
Many researchers from the 1860s onwards attempted to find evidence for the theory, but these have all been explained away either by other mechanisms such as genetic contamination, or as fraud. On the other hand, August Weismann's experiment is now considered to have failed to disprove Lamarckism as it did not address use and disuse. Later, Mendelian genetics supplanted the notion of inheritance of acquired traits, eventually leading to the development of the modern synthesis, and the general abandonment of Lamarckism in biology. Despite this, interest in Lamarckism has continued.
Studies in the field of epigenetics, genetics and somatic hypermutation have highlighted the possible inheritance of traits acquired by the previous generation. The characterization of these findings as Lamarckism has been disputed. The inheritance of the hologenome, consisting of the genomes of all an organism's symbiotic microbes as well as its own genome, is also somewhat Lamarckian in effect, though entirely Darwinian in its mechanisms.