Helium-3 | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 25/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium-3


00:02:03 1 Physical properties
00:03:45 2 Fusion reactions
00:07:41 3 Neutron detection
00:09:08 4 Cryogenics
00:12:14 5 Medical lung imaging
00:13:45 6 Industrial production
00:16:36 7 Natural abundance
00:16:46 7.1 Solar nebula (primordial) abundance
00:17:43 7.2 Terrestrial abundance
00:22:28 8 Extraction from extraterrestrial sources
00:25:00 9 Power generation
00:28:55 10 References in science fiction
00:29:36 11 See also
00:29:47 12 Notes and references
00:29:57 12.1 Bibliography
00:31:55 13 External links



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SUMMARY
=======
Helium-3 (3He, see also helion) is a light, non-radioactive isotope of helium with two protons and one neutron (common helium having two protons and two neutrons). Its hypothetical existence was first proposed in 1934 by the Australian nuclear physicist Mark Oliphant while he was working at the University of Cambridge Cavendish Laboratory. Oliphant had performed experiments in which fast deuterons collided with deuteron targets (incidentally, the first demonstration of nuclear fusion).  Helium-3 was thought to be a radioactive isotope until it was also found in samples of natural helium,  which is mostly helium-4, taken both from the terrestrial atmosphere and from natural gas wells. Other than protium (ordinary hydrogen), helium-3 is the only stable isotope of any element with more protons than neutrons.
Helium-3 occurs as a primordial nuclide, escaping from the Earth's crust into the atmosphere and into outer space over millions of years. Helium-3 is also thought to be a natural nucleogenic and cosmogenic nuclide, one produced when lithium is bombarded by natural neutrons, which can be released by spontaneous fission and by nuclear reactions with cosmic rays. Some of the helium-3 found in the terrestrial atmosphere is also a relic of atmospheric and underwater nuclear weapons testing.
Much speculation has been made over the possibility of helium-3 as a future energy source.  Unlike most other nuclear fusion reactions, the fusion of helium-3 atoms releases large amounts of energy without causing the surrounding material to become radioactive.  However, the temperatures required to achieve helium-3 fusion reactions are much higher than in traditional fusion reactions, and the process may unavoidably create other reactions that themselves would cause the surrounding material to become radioactive.The abundance of helium-3 is thought to be greater on the Moon than on Earth, having been embedded in the upper layer of regolith by the solar wind over billions of years, though still lower in abundance than in the solar system's gas giants.