Tax | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 26/03/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax


00:01:01 1 Overview
00:02:59 2 Purposes and effects
00:05:18 3 Types
00:09:43 3.1 Income
00:10:08 3.1.1 Income tax
00:15:32 3.1.2 Negative income
00:16:06 3.1.3 Capital gains
00:16:14 3.1.4 Corporate
00:18:01 3.2 Social-security contributions
00:18:24 3.3 Payroll or workforce
00:19:29 3.4 Wealth
00:19:54 3.5 Property
00:21:28 3.5.1 Property taxes
00:21:50 3.5.2 Inheritance
00:23:09 3.5.3 Expatriation
00:23:47 3.5.4 Transfer
00:27:01 3.5.5 Wealth (net worth)
00:27:42 3.6 Goods and services
00:28:27 3.6.1 Value added
00:29:32 3.6.2 Sales
00:30:02 3.6.3 Excises
00:30:11 3.7 Tariff
00:32:06 3.8 Other
00:34:59 3.8.1 License fees
00:37:08 3.8.2 Poll
00:38:35 3.8.3 Other
00:38:43 3.9 Descriptive labels
00:39:04 3.9.1 Ad valorem and per unit
00:40:45 3.9.2 Consumption
00:41:09 3.9.3 Environmental
00:41:18 3.9.4 Proportional, progressive, regressive, and lump-sum
00:42:10 3.9.5 Direct and indirect
00:42:35 3.10 Fees and effective
00:43:19 4 History
00:45:07 4.1 Trends
00:46:27 4.2 Forms
00:48:11 5 Economic effects
00:51:40 5.1 Incidence
00:54:07 5.2 Increased economic welfare
00:57:06 5.2.1 Government spending
00:58:40 5.2.2 Pigovian
01:01:38 5.2.3 Reduced inequality
01:01:48 5.3 Reduced economic welfare
01:02:19 5.3.1 Cost of compliance
01:03:11 5.3.2 Deadweight costs
01:03:29 5.3.3 Perverse incentives
01:03:55 6 In developing countries
01:04:35 6.1 Key facts
01:06:54 6.2 Tax administration in developing countries
01:08:01 6.3 Summary
01:14:41 7 Views
01:18:58 7.1 Support
01:19:21 7.2 Opposition
01:20:21 7.3 Socialist view
01:20:30 7.4 Choice
01:23:37 7.5 Geoist View
01:24:53 8 Theories
01:25:39 8.1 Laffer curve
01:26:41 8.2 Optimal
01:30:08 8.3 Rates
01:30:17 9 See also
01:32:15 9.1 By country or region
01:33:41 10 References
01:35:01 11 Further reading
01:35:09 12 External links
01:35:19 === By country or region



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SUMMARY
=======
A tax (from the Latin taxo) is a mandatory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed upon a taxpayer (an individual or other legal entity) by a governmental organization in order to fund various public expenditures. A failure to pay, along with evasion of or resistance to taxation, is punishable by law. Taxes consist of direct or indirect taxes and may be paid in money or as its labour equivalent.
Most countries have a tax system in place to pay for public, common or agreed national needs and government functions. Some levy a flat percentage rate of taxation on personal annual income, but most scale taxes based on annual income amounts. Most countries charge a tax both on corporate income and dividends. Countries or subunits often also impose wealth taxes, property taxes, sales taxes, value-added taxes, payroll taxes or tarrifs.