Europe | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: Subhajit Sahu
Date: 2018-12-25

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe


00:04:10 1 Name
00:06:38 2 Definition
00:06:47 2.1 Contemporary definition
00:07:56 2.2 History of the concept
00:08:05 2.2.1 Early history
00:10:17 2.2.2 Modern definitions
00:13:36 3 History
00:13:44 3.1 Prehistory
00:16:13 3.2 Classical antiquity
00:19:10 3.3 Early Middle Ages
00:23:15 3.4 High and Late Middle Ages
00:27:52 3.5 Early modern period
00:32:31 3.6 18th and 19th centuries
00:36:05 3.7 20th century to the present
00:43:57 4 Geography
00:45:28 4.1 Climate
00:47:06 4.2 Geology
00:49:36 4.3 Flora
00:52:47 4.4 Fauna
00:55:15 5 Politics
00:56:32 6 List of states and territories
00:57:46 7 Economy
00:59:45 7.1 Economic history
01:03:25 8 Demographics
01:04:32 8.1 Ethnic groups
01:05:35 8.2 Migration
01:07:19 8.3 Languages
01:09:32 8.4 Major cities
01:10:23 9 Culture
01:11:22 9.1 Religion
01:13:52 10 Sport
01:14:00 11 Housing
01:14:09 12 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia.
Since around 1850, Europe is most commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Although the term "continent" implies physical geography, the land border is somewhat arbitrary and has been redefined several times since its first conception in classical antiquity. The division of Eurasia into two continents reflects East-West cultural, linguistic and ethnic differences which vary on a spectrum rather than with a sharp dividing line. The geographic border also does not follow political boundaries, with Turkey, Russia and Kazakhstan being transcontinental countries.  A strict application of the Caucasus Mountains boundary also places two comparatively small countries, Azerbaijan and Georgia, in both continents.
Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres (3,930,000 sq mi), or 2% of the Earth's surface (6.8% of land area). Politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a total population of about 741 million (about 11% of the world population) as of  2016. The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent, even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast.
Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD and the subsequent Migration Period marked the end of ancient history and the beginning of the Middle Ages. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art and science led to the modern era. Since the Age of Discovery started by Portugal and Spain, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at various times the Americas, almost all of Africa and Oceania and the majority of Asia.
The Age of Enlightenment, the subsequent French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars shaped the continent culturally, politically and economically from the end of the 17th century until the first half of the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to radical economic, cultural and social change in Western Europe and eventually the wider world. Both world wars took place for the most part in Europe, contributing to a decline in Western European dominanc ...