Proposition | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 08/01/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition


00:01:40 1 Historical usage
00:01:50 1.1 By Aristotle
00:02:36 1.2 By the logical positivists
00:04:07 1.3 By Russell
00:05:02 2 Relation to the mind
00:06:34 3 Treatment in logic
00:09:22 4 Objections to propositions
00:10:57 5 See also
00:12:41 6 References



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SUMMARY
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A proposition is a tentative and conjectural relationship between constructs that is stated in a declarative form. An example of a proposition is: “An increase in student intelligence causes an increase in their academic achievement.” This declarative statement does not have to be true, but must be empirically testable using data, so that we can judge whether it is true or false. Propositions are generally derived based on logic (deduction) or empirical observations (induction). Because propositions are associations between abstract constructs, they cannot be tested directly. Instead, they are tested indirectly by examining the relationship between corresponding measures (variables) of those constructs. The empirical formulation of propositions, stated as relationships between variables, is called hypotheses . The term proposition has a broad use in contemporary analytic philosophy. It is used to refer to some or all of the following: the primary bearers of truth-value, the objects of belief and other "propositional attitudes" (i.e., what is believed, doubted, etc.), the referents of that-clauses, and the meanings of declarative sentences. Propositions are the sharable objects of attitudes and the primary bearers of truth and falsity. This stipulation rules out certain candidates for propositions, including thought- and utterance-tokens which are not sharable, and concrete events or facts, which cannot be false.