Radioactive | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 08/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Radioactive


00:05:12 1 History of discovery
00:07:50 2 Early health dangers
00:08:07 2.1 X-rays
00:09:49 2.2 Radioactive substances
00:10:44 2.3 Radiation protection
00:12:29 3 Units of radioactivity
00:13:45 4 Types of decay
00:22:26 5 Radioactive decay rates
00:25:05 6 Mathematics of radioactive decay
00:25:36 6.1 Universal law of radioactive decay
00:25:46 6.1.1 One-decay process
00:27:12 6.1.2 Chain-decay processes
00:31:29 6.1.3 Alternative decay modes
00:36:44 6.2 Corollaries of the decay laws
00:36:55 6.3 Decay timing: definitions and relations
00:38:11 6.3.1 Time constant and mean-life
00:42:17 6.3.2 Half-life
00:42:42 6.4 Example
00:42:53 7 Changing decay rates
00:43:04 7.1 GSI anomaly
00:43:15 8 Theoretical basis of decay phenomena
00:45:10 9 Occurrence and applications
00:45:46 9.1 Szilard–Chalmers effect
00:46:41 10 Origins of radioactive nuclides
00:49:24 11 Decay chains and multiple modes
00:50:03 12 Associated hazard warning signs
00:52:04 13 See also
00:55:54 14 Notes
00:56:55 15 References
00:59:57 15.1 Inline
01:03:10 15.2 General
01:03:39 16 External links
01:04:34 undefined
01:07:21 undefined
01:07:31 undefined



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SUMMARY
=======
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity or nuclear radiation) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy (in terms of mass in its rest frame) by emitting radiation, such as an alpha particle, beta particle with neutrino or only a neutrino in the case of electron capture, or a gamma ray or electron in the case of internal conversion. A material containing such unstable nuclei is considered radioactive. Certain highly excited short-lived nuclear states can decay through neutron emission, or more rarely, proton emission.
Radioactive decay is a stochastic (i.e. random) process at the level of single atoms. According to quantum theory, it is impossible to predict when a particular atom will decay, regardless of how long the atom has existed. However, for a collection of atoms, the collection's expected decay rate is characterized in terms of their measured decay constants or half-lives. This is the basis of radiometric dating. The half-lives of radioactive atoms have no known upper limit, spanning a time range of over 55 orders of magnitude, from nearly instantaneous to far longer than the age of the universe.
A radioactive nucleus with zero spin can have no defined orientation, and hence emits the total momentum of its decay products isotropically (all directions and without bias). If there are multiple particles produced during a single decay, as in beta decay, their relative angular distribution, or spin directions may not be isotropic. Decay products from a nucleus with spin may be distributed non-isotropically with respect to that spin direction, either because of an external influence such as an electromagnetic field, or because the nucleus was produced in a dynamic process that constrained the direction of its spin. Such a parent process could be a previous decay, or a nuclear reaction.The decaying nucleus is called the parent radionuclide (or parent radioisotope), and the process produces at least one daughter nuclide. Except for gamma decay or internal conversion from a nuclear excited state, the decay is a nuclear transmutation resulting in a daughter containing a different number of protons or neutrons (or both). When the number of protons changes, an atom of a different chemical element is created.
The first decay processes to be discovered were alpha decay, beta decay, and gamma decay. Alpha decay occurs when the nucleus ejects an alpha particle (helium nucleus). This is the most common process of emitting nucleons, but highly excited nuclei can eject single nucleons, or in the case of cluster decay, specific light nuclei of other elements. Beta decay occurs in two ways:
(i) beta-minus decay, when the nucleus emits an electron and an antineutrino in a process that changes a neutron to a proton, ...