Black carbon | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 17/06/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_carbon


00:01:35 1 Overview
00:03:22 1.1 Early mitigation attempts
00:05:16 1.2 Influence on Earth's atmosphere
00:07:19 1.3 Measuring and modeling spatial distribution
00:10:58 1.4 Presence in soils
00:12:39 1.5 Presence in waters
00:13:09 2 Emission sources
00:13:19 2.1 By region
00:15:50 2.2 By source
00:19:07 3 Impacts
00:19:47 3.1 Public health impacts
00:22:47 3.2 Climate impacts
00:24:43 3.2.1 Radiative forcing
00:26:38 3.2.2 Effects on Arctic ice and Himalayan glaciers
00:32:01 3.3 Global warming
00:38:00 4 Control technologies
00:45:32 5 Biodegradation
00:45:56 6 Policy options
00:47:41 7 See also



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SUMMARY
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Chemically, black carbon (BC) is a component of fine particulate matter (PM ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter). Black carbon consists of pure carbon in several linked forms.  It is formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuel, and biomass, and is emitted in both anthropogenic and naturally occurring soot.Black carbon causes human morbidity and premature mortality.In climatology, black carbon is a climate forcing agent. Black carbon warms the Earth by absorbing sunlight and heating the atmosphere and by reducing albedo when deposited on snow and ice (direct effects) and indirectly by interaction with clouds, with the total forcing of 1.1 W/m2. Black carbon stays in the atmosphere for only several days to weeks, whereas carbon dioxide (CO2) has an atmospheric lifetime of more than 100 years.The term black carbon is also used in soil sciences and geology, referring either to deposited atmospheric black carbon or to directly incorporated black carbon from vegetation fires. Especially in the tropics, black carbon in soils significantly contributes to fertility as it is able to absorb important plant nutrients.