Child labour | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 03/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Child labour


00:02:09 1 History
00:02:18 1.1 Child labour in preindustrial societies
00:03:29 1.2 The Industrial Revolution
00:07:24 1.3 Early 20th century
00:08:52 1.3.1 Household enterprises
00:10:37 1.4 21st century
00:14:52 2 Causes of child labour
00:15:02 2.1 Primary causes
00:16:12 2.2 Cultural causes
00:17:02 2.3 Macroeconomic causes
00:18:10 3 Child labour by country
00:18:20 3.1 Colonial empires
00:20:43 3.2 Africa
00:23:22 3.3 Australia
00:24:30 3.4 Brazil
00:27:44 3.5 Britain
00:30:34 3.6 Cambodia
00:31:26 3.7 Ecuador
00:32:03 3.8 India
00:35:33 3.9 Ireland
00:36:04 3.10 Japan
00:36:43 3.11 The Netherlands
00:37:07 3.12 Soviet Union and Russia
00:38:48 3.13 Switzerland
00:40:39 4 Child labour laws and initiatives
00:44:41 4.1 Exceptions granted
00:46:22 4.2 More laws vs. more freedom
00:50:10 5 Child labour incidents
00:50:20 5.1 Cocoa production
00:53:20 5.2 Mining in Africa
00:56:00 5.3 Meatpacking
00:57:06 5.4 GAP
00:58:06 5.5 H&amp;M and Zara
00:59:00 5.6 Silk weaving
01:00:00 5.7 Primark
01:01:25 6 Eliminating child labour
01:06:04 7 Statistics
01:06:13 7.1 Number of children involved in ILO categories of work, by age and gender in 2002
01:06:27 8 Potential positives of children working
01:08:57 9 See also



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SUMMARY
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Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organisations. Legislation across the world prohibit child labour. These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour; exceptions include work by child artists, family duties, supervised training, certain categories of work such as those by Amish children, some forms of child work common among indigenous American children, and others.Child labour has existed to varying extents, through most of history. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, many children aged 5–14 from poorer families still worked in Europe, the United States and various colonies of European powers. These children mainly worked in agriculture, home-based assembly operations, factories, mining and in services such as news boys. Some worked night shifts lasting 12 hours. With the rise of household income, availability of schools and passage of child labour laws, the incidence rates of child labour fell.In the world’s poorest countries, around 1 in 4 children are engaged in child labour, the highest number of whom (29 percent) live in sub-saharan Africa.  In 2017, four African nations (Mali, Benin, Chad and Guinea-Bissau) witnessed over 50 percent of children aged 5–14 working.  Worldwide agriculture is the largest employer of child labour. The vast majority of child labour is found in rural settings and informal urban economy; children are predominantly employed by their parents, rather than factories. Poverty and lack of schools are considered as the primary cause of child labour.Globally the incidence of child labour decreased from 25% to 10% between 1960 and 2003, according to the World Bank. Nevertheless, the total number of child labourers remains high, with UNICEF and ILO acknowledging an estimated 168 million children aged 5–17 worldwide, were involved in child labour in 2013.