Radioactive waste | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_waste


00:01:41 1 Nature and significance
00:02:17 1.1 Physics
00:04:12 1.2 Pharmacokinetics
00:06:48 2 Sources
00:07:37 2.1 Nuclear fuel cycle
00:07:47 2.1.1 Front end
00:09:43 2.1.2 Back end
00:12:17 2.1.3 Fuel composition and long term radioactivity
00:15:15 2.1.4 Proliferation concerns
00:18:44 2.2 Nuclear weapons decommissioning
00:21:54 2.3 Legacy waste
00:24:33 2.4 Medicine
00:26:08 2.5 Industry
00:26:36 2.6 Naturally occurring radioactive material
00:29:02 2.6.1 Coal
00:30:45 2.6.2 Oil and gas
00:31:37 3 Classification
00:32:04 3.1 Mill tailings
00:33:13 3.2 Low-level waste
00:34:57 3.3 Intermediate-level waste
00:36:03 3.4 High-level waste
00:40:10 3.5 Transuranic waste
00:42:42 4 Prevention
00:43:30 5 Management
00:47:10 5.1 Initial treatment
00:47:20 5.1.1 Vitrification
00:50:29 5.1.2 Ion exchange
00:51:41 5.1.3 Synroc
00:52:58 5.2 Long term management
00:53:52 5.2.1 Above-ground disposal
00:54:32 5.2.2 Geologic disposal
01:01:13 5.2.3 Transmutation
01:05:10 5.2.4 Re-use
01:07:17 5.2.5 Space disposal
01:08:38 5.3 National management plans
01:11:50 5.3.1 Mongolia
01:13:54 5.4 Illegal dumping
01:15:20 6 Accidents
01:19:51 7 Associated hazard warning signs



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SUMMARY
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Radioactive waste is waste that contains radioactive material. Radioactive waste is usually a by-product of nuclear power generation and other applications of nuclear fission or nuclear technology, such as research and medicine. Radioactive waste is hazardous to all forms of life and the environment, and is regulated by government agencies in order to protect human health and the environment.
Radioactivity naturally decays over time, so radioactive waste has to be isolated and confined in appropriate disposal facilities for a sufficient period until it no longer poses a threat. The time radioactive waste must be stored for depends on the type of waste and radioactive isotopes.  Current  approaches to managing radioactive waste have been segregation and storage for short-lived waste, near-surface disposal for low and some intermediate level waste, and deep burial or partitioning / transmutation for the high-level waste.
A summary of the amounts of radioactive waste and management approaches for most developed countries are presented and reviewed periodically as part of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management.