Transistor | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 25/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor


00:01:59 1 History
00:08:07 2 Importance
00:09:48 3 Simplified operation
00:11:22 3.1 Transistor as a switch
00:13:27 3.2 Transistor as an amplifier
00:14:30 4 Comparison with vacuum tubes
00:14:53 4.1 Advantages
00:16:14 4.2 Limitations
00:17:08 5 Types
00:19:17 5.1 Bipolar junction transistor (BJT)
00:22:11 5.2 Field-effect transistor (FET)
00:25:32 5.3 Usage of bipolar and field-effect transistors
00:26:21 5.4 Other transistor types
00:31:40 6 Part numbering standards/specifications
00:32:03 6.1 Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS)
00:32:57 6.2 European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association (EECA)
00:34:01 6.3 Joint Electron Device Engineering Council (JEDEC)
00:34:54 6.4 Proprietary
00:36:20 6.5 Naming problems
00:37:21 7 Construction
00:37:30 7.1 Semiconductor material
00:41:34 7.2 Packaging
00:44:12 7.2.1 Flexible transistors
00:44:35 8 See also
00:44:44 9 Directory of external websites with datasheets



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SUMMARY
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A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.
The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Julius Edgar Lilienfeld patented a field-effect transistor in 1926 but it was not possible to actually construct a working device at that time. The first practically implemented device was  a point-contact transistor invented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley. The transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things. The transistor is on the list of IEEE milestones in electronics, and Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement.Most transistors are made from very pure silicon or germanium, but certain other semiconductor materials can also be used. A transistor may have only one kind of charge carrier, in a field effect transistor, or may have two kinds of charge carriers in  bipolar junction transistor devices. Compared with the vacuum tube, transistors are generally smaller, and require less power to operate. Certain vacuum tubes have advantages over transistors at very high operating frequencies or high operating voltages.  Many types of transistors are made to standardized specifications by multiple manufacturers.