Electroporation | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 13/01/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroporation


00:03:06 1 Laboratory practice
00:05:58 2 Medical applications
00:09:29 2.1 N-TIRE
00:10:37 2.2 Reversible electroporation
00:13:13 2.3 H-FIRE
00:13:55 2.4 Drug and gene delivery
00:15:27 3 Physical mechanism
00:18:10 3.1 Electrotransfer
00:19:33 4 History



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SUMMARY
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Electroporation, or electropermeabilization, is a microbiology technique in which an electrical field is applied to cells in order to increase the permeability of the cell membrane, allowing chemicals, drugs, or DNA to be introduced into the cell (also called electrotransfer). In microbiology, the process of electroporation is often used to transform bacteria, yeast, or plant protoplasts by introducing new coding DNA. If bacteria and plasmids are mixed together, the plasmids can be transferred into the bacteria after electroporation, though depending on what is being transferred cell-penetrating peptides or CellSqueeze could also be used. Electroporation works by passing thousands of volts across a distance of one to two millimeters of suspended cells in an electroporation cuvette (1.0 – 1.5 kV, 250 – 750 V/cm). Afterwards, the cells have to be handled carefully until they have had a chance to divide, producing new cells that contain reproduced plasmids. This process is approximately ten times more effective than chemical transformation.Electroporation is also highly efficient for the introduction of foreign genes into tissue culture cells, especially mammalian cells. For example, it is used in the process of producing knockout mice, as well as in tumor treatment, gene therapy, and cell-based therapy.  The process of introducing foreign DNA into eukaryotic cells is known as transfection.  Electroporation is highly effective for transfecting cells in suspension using electroporation cuvettes.  Electroporation has proven efficient for use on tissues in vivo, for in utero applications as well as in ovo transfection.  Adherent cells can also be transfected using electroporation, providing researchers with an alternative to trypsinizing their cells prior to transfection. One downside to electroporation, however, is that after the process the gene expression of over 7,000 genes can be affected. This can cause problems in studies where gene expression has to be controlled to ensure accurate and precise results.
Cell fusion is of interest not only as an essential process in cell biology, but also as a useful method in biotechnology and medicine. Artificially induced fusion can be used to investigate and treat different diseases, like diabetes regenerate axons of the central nerve system, and produce cells with desired properties, such as in cell vaccines for cancer immunotherapy. However, the first and most known application of cell fusion is production of monoclonal antibodies in hybridoma technology, where hybrid cell lines (hybridomas) are formed by fusing specific antibody-producing B lymphocytes with a myeloma (B lymphocyte cancer) cell line.