River ecosystem | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 06/05/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_ecosystem


00:01:39 1 Abiotic factors
00:01:59 1.1 Water flow
00:04:25 1.2 Light
00:05:46 1.3 Temperature
00:06:51 1.4 Chemistry
00:07:40 1.4.1 Dissolved ions and nutrients
00:09:04 1.4.2 Dissolved gases
00:10:14 1.4.3 Suspended matter
00:11:09 1.5 Substrate
00:12:18 2 Biotic factors
00:12:45 2.1 Biofilm
00:13:12 2.2 Bacteria
00:13:51 2.3 Primary producers
00:15:49 2.4 Insects and other invertebrates
00:18:08 2.5 Fish and other vertebrates
00:20:20 3 Trophic relationships
00:20:30 3.1 Energy inputs
00:23:02 3.2 Invertebrates
00:24:21 3.3 Fish
00:25:45 4 Community patterns and diversity
00:25:56 4.1 Local species richness
00:26:39 4.2 Resource partitioning
00:29:22 4.3 Persistence and succession
00:30:34 4.4 River continuum concept
00:35:11 5 Human impacts
00:35:20 5.1 Pollution
00:37:27 5.2 Flow modification
00:38:41 5.3 Invasive species
00:39:41 6 See also



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SUMMARY
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River ecosystems are flowing waters that drain the landscape, and include the biotic (living) interactions amongst plants, animals and micro-organisms, as well as abiotic (nonliving) physical and chemical interactions of its many parts. River ecosystems are part of larger watershed networks or catchments, where smaller headwater streams drain into mid-size streams, which progressively drain into larger river networks. 
River ecosystems are prime examples of lotic ecosystems. Lotic refers to flowing water, from the Latin lotus, meaning washed. Lotic waters range from springs only a few centimeters wide to major rivers kilometers in width. Much of this article applies to lotic ecosystems in general, including related lotic systems such as streams and springs. Lotic ecosystems can be contrasted with lentic ecosystems, which involve relatively still terrestrial waters such as lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Together, these two ecosystems form the more general study area of freshwater or aquatic ecology.
The following unifying characteristics make the ecology of running waters unique among aquatic habitats.
Flow is unidirectional.
There is a state of continuous physical change.
There is a high degree of spatial and temporal heterogeneity at all scales (microhabitats).
Variability between lotic systems is quite high.
The biota is specialized to live with flow conditions.