Second Happy Time | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 14/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Second Happy Time


00:01:47 1 Campaign
00:01:55 1.1 Background
00:03:45 1.2 Opening moves
00:06:21 1.3 Allied response
00:09:25 1.3.1 Operation Drumbeat
00:12:14 1.3.2 Operation Neuland
00:13:33 1.4 U.S. propaganda
00:14:08 2 Chronology of attacks
00:45:14 3 Allied counter-measures
00:50:53 4 See also



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SUMMARY
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The Second Happy Time, also known among German submarine commanders as the "American shooting season", was the informal name for a phase in the Battle of the Atlantic during which Axis submarines attacked merchant shipping and Allied naval vessels along the east coast of North America. The first "Happy Time" was in 1940–41 in the North Atlantic and North Sea. Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini declared war on the United States on 11 December 1941 so their navies could begin the Second Happy Time.The Second Happy Time lasted from January 1942 to about August of that year and involved several German naval operations including Operation Paukenschlag (or Operation Drumbeat) and Operation Neuland. German submariners named it the happy time or the golden time as defense measures were weak and disorganized, and the U-boats were able to inflict massive damage with little risk. During this period, Axis submarines sank 609 ships totaling 3.1 million tons and the loss of thousands of lives, mainly those of merchant mariners, against a loss of only 22 U-boats. Although less than losses during the 1917 campaign of the First World War, it was roughly one quarter of all shipping sunk by U-boats during the entire Second World War.
Historian Michael Gannon called it "America's Second Pearl Harbor" and placed the blame for the nation's failure to respond quickly to the attacks on the inaction of Admiral Ernest J. King, commander-in-chief of the U.S. fleet. Others however have pointed out that the belated institution of a convoy system was at least in substantial part due to a severe shortage of suitable escort vessels, without which convoys were seen as actually more vulnerable than lone ships.