Realism (international relations) | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-23

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)


00:02:31 1 Common assumptions
00:06:44 2 Realism in statecraft
00:08:25 3 Historical branches and antecedents
00:09:35 3.1 Classical realism
00:10:05 3.2 Liberal realism or the English school or rationalism
00:10:57 3.3 Neorealism or structural realism
00:12:25 3.4 Neoclassical realism
00:14:39 3.5 Left realism
00:15:21 3.6 Realist constructivism
00:16:12 4 Criticisms
00:16:21 4.1 Democratic peace
00:16:56 4.2 Hegemonic peace
00:17:22 4.3 Federalism
00:18:33 4.4 Post-realism
00:19:05 5 See also



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SUMMARY
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Realism is a school of thought in international relations theory, theoretically formalising the Realpolitik statesmanship of early modern Europe. Although a highly diverse body of thought, it can be thought of as unified by the belief that world politics ultimately is always and necessarily a field of conflict among actors pursuing power. Crudely, realists are of three kinds in what they take the source of ineliminable conflict to be. Classical realists believe that it follows from human nature, neorealists focus upon the structure of the anarchic state system, and neoclassical realists believe that it is a result of a combination of the two and certain domestic variables. Realists also disagree about what kind of action states ought to take to navigate world politics and neorealists are divided between defensive realism and offensive realism. Realists have also claimed that a realist tradition of thought is evident within the history of political thought all the way back to antiquity to Thucydides.
Jonathan Haslam characterizes realism as "a spectrum of ideas." Regardless of which definition is used, the theories of realism revolve around four central propositions:
That states are the central actors in international politics rather than individuals or international organizations,
That the international political system is anarchic as there is no supranational authority that can enforce rules over the states,
That the actors in the international political system are rational as their actions maximize their own self-interest, and
That all states desire power so that they can ensure their own self-preservation.Realism is often associated with Realpolitik as both are based on the management of the pursuit, possession, and application of power. Realpolitik, however, is an older prescriptive guideline limited to policy-making (like foreign policy), while realism is a particular paradigm, or wider theoretical and methodological framework, aimed at describing, explaining and, eventually, predicting events in the international relations domain. The theories of Realism are contrasted by the cooperative ideals of liberalism.
Realism is one of the dominant strains of thought in modern foreign policy. As an academic pursuit, realism is not tied to ideology; it does not favor any particular moral philosophy, nor does it consider ideology to be a major factor in the behavior of nations. Priorities of realists have been described as "Machiavellian", with the primary focus being increasing the relative power of one's own nation over others.