Thirty Years' War | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-20

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War


00:05:49 1 Origins of the war
00:19:24 2 Beginnings (1618–1625)
00:19:37 2.1 Bohemian Revolt
00:24:33 2.2 Ottoman support for Transylvania
00:27:17 2.3 Catholic intervention
00:32:33 2.4 Huguenot rebellions
00:34:55 3 Danish intervention (1625–1630)
00:41:40 4 Swedish intervention (1630–1635)
00:49:19 5 French intervention and continued Swedish participation (1635–1648)
00:59:06 6 The war in the Iberian Peninsula: Spain, Catalonia, Portugal  (1640–1648)
01:04:41 7 Peace of Westphalia (1648)
01:05:29 8 Casualties and disease
01:11:00 9 Witch-hunts
01:15:36 10 Political consequences
01:20:12 11 Outside Europe
01:21:18 12 Involvement
01:21:27 13 In fiction
01:21:36 13.1 Novels
01:25:43 13.2 Theatre
01:26:20 13.3 Film
01:27:08 13.4 Other
01:27:47 14 Gallery
01:27:57 15 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
The Thirty Years' War was a war fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. One of the most destructive conflicts in human history, it resulted in eight million fatalities not only from military engagements but also from violence, famine, and plague. Casualties were overwhelmingly and disproportionately inhabitants of the Holy Roman Empire, most of the rest being battle deaths from various foreign armies. In terms of proportional German casualties and destruction, it was surpassed only by the period January to May 1945; one of its enduring results was 19th-century Pan-Germanism, when it served as an example of the dangers of a divided Germany and became a key justification for the 1871 creation of the German Empire.Initially a war between various Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmented Holy Roman Empire, it gradually developed into a more general conflict involving most of the European great powers. These states employed relatively large mercenary armies, and the war became less about religion and more of a continuation of the France–Habsburg rivalry for European political pre-eminence.
The war was preceded by the election of the new Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II, who tried to impose religious uniformity on his domains, forcing Roman Catholicism on its peoples. The northern Protestant states, angered by the violation of their rights to choose, which had been granted in the Peace of Augsburg, banded together to form the Protestant Union. Ferdinand II was a devout Roman Catholic and much more intolerant than his predecessor, Rudolf II, who ruled from the largely Protestant city of Prague. Ferdinand's policies were considered strongly pro-Catholic and anti-Protestant.
These events caused widespread fears throughout northern and central Europe, and triggered the Protestant Bohemians living in the then relatively loose dominion of Habsburg Austria (and also with the Holy Roman Empire) to revolt against their nominal ruler, Ferdinand II. After the so-called Defenestration of Prague deposed the Emperor's representatives in Prague, the Protestant estates and Catholic Habsburgs started gathering allies for war. The Protestant Bohemians ousted the Habsburgs and elected the Calvinist Frederick V, Elector of the Rhenish Palatinate as the new king of the Kingdom of Bohemia. Frederick took the offer without the support of the Protestant Union. The southern states, mainly Roman Catholic, were angered by this. Led by Bavaria, these states formed the Catholic League to expel Frederick in support of the Emperor. The Empire soon crushed the perceived Protestant rebellion in the Battle of White Mountain, executing leading Bohemian aristocrats shortly after. Protestant rulers across Europe unanimously condemned the Emperor's action.
After the atrocities committed in Bohemia, Saxony finally gave its support to the Protestant Union and decided to fight back. Sweden, at the time a ris ...