Euro | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 25/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro


00:02:15 1 Administration
00:03:24 2 Issuing modalities for banknotes
00:04:32 3 Characteristics
00:04:42 3.1 Coins and banknotes
00:08:20 3.2 Payments clearing, electronic funds transfer
00:09:09 3.3 Currency sign
00:10:23 4 History
00:10:32 4.1 Introduction
00:14:19 4.2 Eurozone crisis
00:16:18 5 Direct and indirect usage
00:16:28 5.1 Direct usage
00:17:59 5.2 Use as reserve currency
00:19:47 5.3 Currencies pegged to the euro
00:21:59 6 Economics
00:22:08 6.1 Optimal currency area
00:23:13 6.2 Transaction costs and risks
00:24:13 6.3 Price parity
00:24:53 6.4 Macroeconomic stability
00:27:35 6.4.1 Trade
00:28:26 6.4.2 Investment
00:29:18 6.4.3 Inflation
00:30:16 6.4.4 Exchange rate risk
00:30:55 6.4.5 Financial integration
00:31:53 6.4.6 Effect on interest rates
00:33:10 6.4.7 Price convergence
00:33:54 6.4.8 Tourism
00:34:12 7 Exchange rates
00:34:21 7.1 Flexible exchange rates
00:35:06 7.2 Against other major currencies
00:36:24 8 Linguistic issues
00:37:27 9 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the European Union, as well as some of the territories of the EU.  This group of states is known as the eurozone or euro area. 
It is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar. The euro is subdivided into 100 cents.
The currency is also officially used by the institutions of the European Union and its territories, four other European countries, as well as unilaterally by two others, and is consequently used daily by some 343 million Europeans as of  2018. Outside Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency. Additionally, 240 million people worldwide as of  2018 use currencies pegged to the euro.
The euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar.
As of  August 2018, with more than €1.2 trillion in circulation, the euro has one of the highest combined values of banknotes and coins in circulation in the world, having surpassed the U.S. dollar.The name euro was officially adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid. The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999, replacing the former European Currency Unit (ECU) at a ratio of 1:1 (US$1.1743). Physical euro coins and banknotes entered into circulation on 1 January 2002, making it the day-to-day operating currency of its original members, and by March 2002 it had completely replaced the former currencies. While the euro dropped subsequently to US$0.83 within two years (26 October 2000), it has traded above the U.S. dollar since the end of 2002, peaking at US$1.60 on 18 July 2008. In late 2009, the euro became immersed in the European sovereign-debt crisis, which led to the creation of the European Financial Stability Facility as well as other reforms aimed at stabilising and strengthing the currency.