Chloroplast | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 26/03/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast


00:02:18 1 Discovery
00:02:56 2 Chloroplast lineages and evolution
00:03:53 2.1 Cyanobacterial ancestor
00:04:57 2.2 Primary endosymbiosis
00:08:13 2.2.1 Glaucophyta
00:09:39 2.2.2 Rhodophyceae (red algae)
00:10:59 2.2.3 Chloroplastida span(green algae and plants)
00:12:49 2.2.4 iPaulinella chromatophora/i
00:14:20 2.3 Secondary and tertiary endosymbiosis
00:16:03 2.3.1 Green algal derived chloroplasts
00:16:42 2.3.1.1 Euglenophytes
00:17:27 2.3.1.2 Chlorarachniophytes
00:18:47 2.3.1.3 Prasinophyte-derived dinophyte chloroplast
00:19:44 2.3.2 Red algal derived chloroplasts
00:19:54 2.3.2.1 Cryptophytes
00:20:59 2.3.2.2 Haptophytes
00:21:27 2.3.2.3 Heterokontophytes span(stramenopiles)
00:22:28 2.3.2.4 Apicomplexans, chromerids, and dinophytes
00:28:03 2.3.2.5 Fucoxanthin-containing (haptophyte-derived) dinophyte chloroplasts
00:29:20 2.3.2.6 Diatom-derived dinophyte chloroplasts
00:31:05 2.4 Kleptoplastidy
00:31:32 2.4.1 Cryptophyte-derived dinophyte chloroplast
00:32:31 3 Chloroplast DNA
00:33:25 3.1 Molecular structure
00:34:07 3.1.1 Inverted repeats
00:35:35 3.1.2 Nucleoids
00:36:31 3.2 DNA repair
00:37:09 4 DNA replication
00:37:18 4.1 The leading model of cpDNA replication
00:39:01 4.2 Deamination
00:40:06 4.3 Alternative model of replication
00:41:38 4.4 Gene content and protein synthesis
00:42:23 4.4.1 Chloroplast genome reduction and gene transfer
00:44:42 4.4.2 Protein synthesis
00:45:15 4.5 Protein targeting and import
00:47:20 4.5.1 Transport proteins and membrane translocons
00:48:44 5 Structure
00:51:41 5.1 Outer chloroplast membrane
00:53:07 5.2 Intermembrane space and peptidoglycan wall
00:53:58 5.3 Inner chloroplast membrane
00:54:39 5.3.1 Peripheral reticulum
00:55:34 5.4 Stroma
00:56:15 5.4.1 Chloroplast ribosomes
00:57:21 5.4.2 Plastoglobuli
00:59:21 5.4.3 Starch granules
01:00:28 5.4.4 RuBisCO
01:01:06 5.5 Pyrenoids
01:02:00 5.6 Thylakoid system
01:02:36 5.6.1 Granal structure
01:04:42 5.6.2 Thylakoids
01:07:21 5.6.3 Pigments and chloroplast colors
01:07:51 5.6.3.1 Chlorophylls
01:09:03 5.6.3.2 Carotenoids
01:09:52 5.6.3.3 Phycobilins
01:10:47 5.7 Specialized chloroplasts in Csub4/sub plants
01:13:47 6 Location
01:13:56 6.1 Distribution in a plant
01:15:32 6.2 Cellular location
01:15:41 6.2.1 Chloroplast movement
01:17:43 7 Function and chemistry
01:17:53 7.1 Guard cell chloroplasts
01:18:15 7.2 Plant innate immunity
01:20:38 7.3 Photosynthesis
01:21:36 7.3.1 Light reactions
01:21:59 7.3.1.1 Energy carriers
01:22:36 7.3.1.2 Photophosphorylation
01:23:51 7.3.1.3 NADPsup+/sup reduction
01:24:39 7.3.1.4 Cyclic photophosphorylation
01:25:30 7.3.2 Dark reactions
01:26:11 7.3.2.1 Carbon fixation and G3P synthesis
01:27:10 7.3.2.2 Sugars and starches
01:28:43 7.3.2.3 Photorespiration
01:29:53 7.4 pH
01:31:02 7.5 Amino acid synthesis
01:31:45 7.6 Other nitrogen compounds
01:32:15 7.7 Other chemical products
01:34:13 8 Differentiation, replication, and inheritance
01:36:28 8.1 Plastid interconversion
01:37:32 8.2 Chloroplast division
01:41:24 8.2.1 Regulation
01:42:35 8.3 Chloroplast inheritance
01:44:20 8.3.1 Transplastomic plants



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SUMMARY
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Chloroplasts  are organelles that conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight, converts it, and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water in plant and algal cells. They then use the ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide in a process known as the Calvin cycle. Chloroplasts carry out a number of other functions, including fatty acid synthesis, much amino acid synthesis, and the immune response in plants. The number of chloroplasts per cell varies from one, in unicellular algae, up to 100 in plants like Arabidopsis  ...