Confirmation bias | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 06/05/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias


00:03:01 1 Definition and context
00:04:23 1.1 Biased search for information
00:12:05 1.2 Biased interpretation
00:18:27 1.3 Biased memory
00:24:07 2 Individual differences
00:27:39 3 Historical Observations
00:31:38 4 Initial hypothesis-testing studies
00:37:08 5 Information processing explanations
00:37:31 5.1 Cognitive versus motivational explanations
00:40:36 5.2 Cost-benefit explanation
00:43:04 5.3 Exploratory versus confirmatory explanations
00:44:42 5.4 Make-believe explanation
00:45:31 6 Real-world effects
00:45:41 6.1 Social media
00:46:49 6.2 Finance
00:47:48 6.3 Physical and mental health
00:49:26 6.4 Politics and law
00:51:52 6.5 Science
00:54:56 6.6 Social psychology (the self)
00:56:04 6.7 Paranormal beliefs
00:57:43 7 Related effects
00:57:53 7.1 Polarization of opinion
01:03:34 7.2 Persistence of discredited beliefs
01:06:33 7.3 Preference for early information
01:08:54 7.4 Illusory association between events
01:11:32 8 See also



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"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses. It is a type of cognitive bias and a systematic error of inductive reasoning. People display this bias when they gather or remember information selectively, or when they interpret it in a biased way. The effect is stronger for desired outcomes, emotionally charged issues, and for deeply entrenched beliefs. Confirmation bias is of particular current interest because of the increasing polarisation between left-wing and right-wing political viewpoints, and the gullible acceptance of the current rapid spread of fake news.People also tend to interpret ambiguous evidence as supporting their existing position. Biased search, interpretation and memory have been invoked to explain attitude polarization (when a disagreement becomes more extreme even though the different parties are exposed to the same evidence), belief perseverance (when beliefs persist after the evidence for them is shown to be false), the irrational primacy effect (a greater reliance on information encountered early in a series) and illusory correlation (when people falsely perceive an association between two events or situations).
A series of psychological experiments in the 1960s suggested that people are biased toward confirming their existing beliefs. Later work re-interpreted these results as a tendency to test ideas in a one-sided way, focusing on one possibility and ignoring alternatives. In certain situations, this tendency can bias people's conclusions. Explanations for the observed biases include wishful thinking and the limited human capacity to process information. Another explanation is that people show confirmation bias because they are weighing up the costs of being wrong, rather than investigating in a neutral, scientific way. However, even scientists and intelligent people can be prone to confirmation bias.Confirmation biases contribute to overconfidence in personal beliefs and can maintain or strengthen beliefs in the face of contrary evidence. Poor decisions due to these biases have been found in political and organizational contexts.