Deformation (engineering) | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-07-04

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformation_(engineering)


00:02:09 1 Types of deformation
00:03:04 1.1 Elastic deformation
00:05:26 1.2 True stress and strain
00:10:13 1.3 Plastic deformation
00:18:27 1.3.1 Metal fatigue
00:19:57 1.3.2 Compressive failure
00:21:38 1.4 Fracture
00:22:27 2 Misconceptions
00:22:56 3 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
In materials science, deformation refers to any changes in the shape or size of an object due to 

an applied force (the deformation energy in this case is transferred through work) or
a change in temperature (the deformation energy in this case is transferred through heat).The first case can be a result of tensile (pulling) forces, compressive (pushing) forces, shear, bending or torsion (twisting).
In the second case, the most significant factor, which is determined by the temperature, is the mobility of the structural defects such as grain boundaries, point vacancies, line and screw dislocations, stacking faults and twins in both crystalline and non-crystalline solids. The movement or displacement of such mobile defects is thermally activated, and thus limited by the rate of atomic diffusion.Deformation is often described as strain.
The concept of deformation is also linked to the study of the stability of an elastic material by using the method of incremental deformations, based on a superposed small deformation on an equilibrium solution.
As deformation occurs, internal inter-molecular forces arise that oppose the applied force. If the applied force is not too great, these forces may be sufficient to completely resist the applied force and allow the object to assume a new equilibrium state and to return to its original state when the load is removed. A larger applied force may lead to a permanent deformation of the object or even to its structural failure.
In the figure it can be seen that the compressive loading (indicated by the arrow) has caused deformation in the cylinder so that the original shape (dashed lines) has changed (deformed) into one with bulging sides. The sides bulge because the material, although strong enough to not crack or otherwise fail, is not strong enough to support the load without change. As a result, the material is forced out laterally. Internal forces (in this case at right angles to the deformation) resist the applied load.
The concept of a rigid body can be applied if the deformation is negligible.