July Crisis | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-06-26

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Crisis


00:05:25 1 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian irredentists (28 June)
00:07:33 1.1 Investigation and accusations
00:11:27 2 Austria-Hungary edges towards war with Serbia (29 June – 1 July)
00:13:09 2.1 Debate in Vienna
00:15:43 3 The German "Blank Cheque"  (1 July – 6 July)
00:15:59 3.1 German officials reassure Austria of its support
00:18:38 3.2 Hoyos visits Berlin (5-6 July)
00:26:03 3.3 German thinking
00:30:00 4 Austria-Hungary considers an ultimatum
00:33:27 4.1 Tisza alone opposes war with Serbia
00:45:47 4.2 Austrian military decides that it cannot go to war before 25 July
00:50:11 4.3 Austria finalizes the ultimatum (19 July)
00:58:30 5 France backs Russia (20–23 July)
01:01:42 6 Austro-Hungarian ultimatum (23 July)
01:06:18 7 Serbian reply
01:12:00 8 Britain offers to mediate (23 July)
01:14:24 9 Germany considers military scenarios (23–24 July)
01:20:27 10 A full-blown Crisis
01:21:07 10.1 Serbia and Austria mobilise, France takes preparatory steps (24–25 July)
01:23:01 10.2 Russia orders a partial mobilisation (24–25 July)
01:25:55 10.2.1 Russian thinking
01:28:59 10.3 Diplomatic maneuvering to avoid or localize war (26 July)
01:36:53 10.4 Wilhelm has second thoughts (26 July)
01:40:55 10.5 Austria-Hungary makes final preparations for war (27 July)
01:49:52 11 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia (28 July)
02:00:18 11.1 Britain rejects German attempts to ensure British neutrality (29 July)
02:04:53 11.2 Germany urges Austria-Hungary to accept the Serbian offer (28-30 July)
02:09:35 12 Russian general mobilisation (30 July)
02:13:46 12.1 German response to Russian mobilization
02:18:01 12.2 Austria pursues the Serbian war, France and Britain urge restraint (30-31 July)
02:19:52 13 German mobilization (1–3 August)
02:25:27 13.1 Germany declares war on Russia, France, and Belgium (1–4 August)
02:28:39 14 Britain declares war on Germany (4 August)
02:31:54 14.1 British thinking
02:34:35 15 Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia (August 6)
02:34:59 16 See also
02:35:55 17 Notes
02:36:04 18 Footnotes
02:36:14 19 Sources
02:46:02 19.1 Historiography



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SUMMARY
=======
The July Crisis was a series of interrelated diplomatic and military escalations among the major powers of Europe in the summer of 1914 that was the penultimate cause of World War I. The crisis began on June 28, 1914, when Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb, assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne. A complex web of alliances, coupled with miscalculations by many leaders that war was in their best interests or that a general war would not occur, resulted in a general outbreak of hostilities among almost every major European nation in early August 1914; every major European nation was involved by May 1915.
Austria-Hungary viewed the irredentist movements of South Slavs, as promoted by Serbia, to be a threat to the unity of the nation. Following the assassination, Austria sought to inflict a military blow on Serbia to demonstrate strength and so Serbia would be more cautious about supporting Yugoslav nationalism. However, it was wary of the reaction of the Russian Empire, who were a major supporter of Serbia, so sought a guarantee from its ally Germany that it would support Austria in any conflict. Germany guaranteed its support, but urged Austria to attack quickly, while world sympathy for the murdered heir was high, in order to localize the war and avoid drawing in Russia. Some German leaders believed that growing Russian economic power would change the balance of power between the two nations, that a war was inevitable, and that Germany would be better off if a war happened soon. However, rather than a quick attack with available military forces, A ...