Zero-point energy | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 24/12/2018

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-point_energy


00:02:29 1 Etymology and terminology
00:03:36 2 Overview
00:05:15 3 History
00:08:40 3.1 Early aether theories
00:08:49 3.2 Second quantum theory
00:11:28 3.3 Quantum field theory and beyond
00:18:34 4 The uncertainty principle
00:27:57 5 Atomic physics
00:32:10 6 Quantum field theory
00:32:17 6.1 The quantum electrodynamic vacuum
00:32:27 6.1.1 Redefining the zero of energy
00:34:43 6.1.2 The electromagnetic field in free space
00:34:50 6.1.3 Necessity of the vacuum field in QED
00:36:33 6.2 The quantum chromodynamic vacuum
00:37:45 6.3 The Higgs field
00:37:55 7 Experimental observations
00:38:22 7.1 Casimir effect
00:44:32 7.2 Lamb shift
00:49:44 7.3 Fine structure constant
00:50:02 7.4 Vacuum birefringence
01:02:10 8 Speculated involvement in other phenomena
01:15:05 8.1 Dark energy
01:24:17 8.2 Cosmic inflation
01:37:21 9 Alternative theories
01:38:26 10 Chaotic and emergent phenomena
01:39:41 11 Purported applications
01:40:33 11.1 Casimir batteries and engines
01:41:49 11.2 Single heat baths
01:43:27 11.3 Space travel and gravitational shielding
01:44:43 12 See also
01:48:09 13 References
01:51:53 13.1 Notes
01:52:04 13.2 Articles in the press
01:54:23 13.3 Bibliography
01:55:43 14 External links
01:58:18 Chaotic and emergent phenomena
02:07:24 Purported applications
02:08:35 Casimir batteries and engines
02:12:41 Single heat baths
02:15:23 Space travel and gravitational shielding



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SUMMARY
=======
Zero-point energy (ZPE) is the difference between the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical system may have, and the classical minimum energy of the system. Unlike in classical mechanics, quantum systems constantly fluctuate in their lowest energy state due to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. As well as atoms and molecules, the empty space of the vacuum has these properties. According to quantum field theory, the universe can be thought of not as isolated particles but continuous fluctuating fields: matter fields, whose quanta are fermions (i.e. leptons and quarks), and force fields, whose quanta are bosons (e.g. photons and gluons). All these fields have zero-point energy. These fluctuating zero-point fields lead to a kind of reintroduction of an aether in physics, since some systems can detect the existence of this energy. However this aether cannot be thought of as a physical medium if it is to be Lorentz invariant such that there is no contradiction with Einstein's theory of special relativity.Physics currently lacks a full theoretical model for understanding zero-point energy; in particular the discrepancy between theorized and observed vacuum energy is a source of major contention. Physicists Richard Feynman and John Wheeler calculated the zero-point radiation of the vacuum to be an order of magnitude greater than nuclear energy, with a single light bulb containing enough energy to boil all the world's oceans. Yet according to Einstein's theory of general relativity any such energy would gravitate and the experimental evidence from both the expansion of the universe, dark energy and the Casimir effect show any such energy to be exceptionally weak. A popular proposal that attempts to address this issue is to say that the fermion field has a negative zero-point energy while the boson field has positive zero-point energy and thus these energies somehow cancel each other out. This idea would be true if supersymmetry were an exact symmetry of nature. However, the LHC at CERN has so far found no evidence to support supersymmetry. Moreover, it is known that if supersymmetry is valid at all, it is at most a broken symmetry, only true at very high energies, and no one has been able to show a theory where zero-point cancellations occur in the low energy universe we observe today. This discrepancy is known as the cosmological constant  ...