Proteins | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 05/05/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein


00:04:51 1 Biochemistry
00:07:53 1.1 Interactions
00:08:15 1.2 Abundance in cells
00:10:03 2 Synthesis
00:10:13 2.1 Biosynthesis
00:14:20 2.2 Chemical synthesis
00:15:34 3 Structure
00:19:38 3.1 Protein domains
00:20:16 3.2 Sequence motif
00:21:04 4 Cellular functions
00:24:38 4.1 Enzymes
00:26:42 4.2 Cell signaling and ligand binding
00:30:09 4.3 Structural proteins
00:31:44 5 Methods of study
00:32:45 5.1 Protein purification
00:35:32 5.2 Cellular localization
00:39:31 5.3 Proteomics
00:40:55 5.4 Bioinformatics
00:42:37 5.5 Structure determination
00:45:56 5.6 Structure prediction and simulation
00:48:29 5.6.1 Protein disorder and unstructure prediction
00:49:06 6 Nutrition
00:51:54 7 History and etymology



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SUMMARY
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Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, providing structure to cells and organisms, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.
A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by post-translational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable protein complexes.
Once formed, proteins only exist for a certain period and are then degraded and recycled by the cell's machinery through the process of protein turnover. A protein's lifespan is measured in terms of its half-life and covers a wide range. They can exist for minutes or years with an average lifespan of 1–2 days in mammalian cells. Abnormal or misfolded proteins are degraded more rapidly either due to being targeted for destruction or due to being unstable.
Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyse biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. In animals, proteins are needed in the diet to provide the essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized. Digestion breaks the proteins down for use in the metabolism.
Proteins may be purified from other cellular componen ...