Horses in warfare | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-04

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_warfare


00:03:50 1 Types of horse used in warfare
00:05:53 1.1 Light-weight
00:07:16 1.2 Medium-weight
00:08:54 1.3 Heavy-weight
00:09:56 1.4 Ponies
00:10:46 1.5 Other equids
00:11:50 2 Training and deployment
00:14:17 3 Technological innovations
00:15:04 3.1 Harness and vehicles
00:16:30 3.2 Riding equipment
00:19:19 4 Tactics
00:20:29 4.1 Chariot warfare
00:23:07 4.2 Cavalry
00:26:00 4.3 Horse artillery
00:27:22 5 Asia
00:27:31 5.1 Central Asia
00:28:34 5.2 India
00:31:26 5.3 East Asia
00:32:49 5.4 Middle East
00:35:01 6 Europe
00:35:10 6.1 Antiquity
00:35:19 6.2 Middle Ages
00:37:34 6.2.1 Uses
00:38:58 6.2.2 Transition
00:41:03 6.3 Early modern period
00:44:51 6.4 19th century
00:47:44 7 Sub-Saharan Africa
00:50:32 8 The Americas
00:54:21 9 20th century
00:55:02 9.1 World War I
00:57:03 9.2 World War II
00:59:17 10 Recognition
01:00:34 11 Modern uses
01:01:23 11.1 Active military
01:02:50 11.2 Law enforcement and public safety
01:04:13 11.3 Ceremonial and educational uses
01:05:45 11.4 Equestrian sport
01:07:16 12 See also



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SUMMARY
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The first use of horses in warfare occurred over 5,000 years ago. The earliest evidence of horses ridden in warfare dates from Eurasia between 4000 and 3000 BC. A Sumerian illustration of warfare from 2500 BC depicts some type of equine pulling wagons. By 1600 BC, improved harness and chariot designs made chariot warfare common throughout the Ancient Near East, and the earliest written training manual for war horses was a guide for training chariot horses written about 1350 BC. As formal cavalry tactics replaced the chariot, so did new training methods, and by 360 BC, the Greek cavalry officer Xenophon had written an extensive treatise on horsemanship. The effectiveness of horses in battle was also revolutionized by improvements in technology, including the invention of the saddle, the stirrup, and later, the horse collar.
Many different types and sizes of horse were used in war, depending on the form of warfare. The type used varied with whether the horse was being ridden or driven, and whether they were being used for reconnaissance, cavalry charges, raiding, communication, or supply. Throughout history, mules and donkeys as well as horses played a crucial role in providing support to armies in the field.
Horses were well suited to the warfare tactics of the nomadic cultures from the steppes of Central Asia. Several East Asian cultures made extensive use of cavalry and chariots. Muslim warriors relied upon light cavalry in their campaigns throughout North Africa, Asia, and Europe beginning in the 7th and 8th centuries AD. Europeans used several types of war horses in the Middle Ages, and the best-known heavy cavalry warrior of the period was the armoured knight. With the decline of the knight and rise of gunpowder in warfare, light cavalry again rose to prominence, used in both European warfare and in the conquest of the Americas. Battle cavalry developed to take on a multitude of roles in the late 18th century and early 19th century and was often crucial for victory in the Napoleonic wars. In the Americas, the use of horses and development of mounted warfare tactics were learned by several tribes of indigenous people and in turn, highly mobile horse regiments were critical in the American Civil War.
Horse cavalry began to be phased out after World War I in favour of tank warfare, though a few horse cavalry units were still used into World War II, especially as scouts. By the end of World War II, horses were seldom seen in battle, but were still used extensively for the transport of troops and supplies. Today, formal battle-ready horse cavalry units have almost disappeared, though the United States Army Special Forces used horses in battle during the 200 ...