Hydrological geoengineering | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-07-07

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_engineering


00:03:18 1 General
00:04:29 2 History
00:05:14 3 Proposed strategies
00:05:39 3.1 Solar radiation management
00:07:33 3.2 Carbon dioxide removal
00:08:59 4 Justification
00:09:09 4.1 Tipping points and positive feedback
00:10:31 4.2 Buying time
00:10:56 4.3 Costs
00:11:58 4.4 Ethics and responsibility
00:13:39 4.5 Politics
00:14:48 5 Risks and criticisms
00:15:22 5.1 Ineffectiveness
00:16:00 5.2 Moral hazard or risk compensation
00:16:55 6 Governance
00:19:22 7 Implementation issues
00:21:13 8 Public perception
00:22:51 9 Evaluation of climate engineering
00:26:43 9.1 National Academy of Sciences
00:28:34 9.2 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change



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SUMMARY
=======
Climate engineering or climate intervention, commonly referred to as geoengineering, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth's climate system, usually with the aim of mitigating the adverse effects of global warming. Climate engineering is an umbrella term for measures that mainly fall into two categories: greenhouse gas removal and solar radiation management. Greenhouse gas removal approaches, of which carbon dioxide removal represents the most prominent subcategory addresses the cause of global warming by removing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.
Climate engineering approaches are sometimes viewed as additional potential options for limiting climate change or its impacts, alongside mitigation and adaptation. There is substantial agreement among scientists that climate engineering cannot substitute for climate change mitigation. Some approaches might be used as accompanying measures to sharp cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Given that all types of measures for addressing climate change have economic, political, or physical limitations, some climate engineering approaches might eventually be used as part of an ensemble of measures, which can be referred to as climate restoration. Research on costs, benefits, and various types of risks of most climate engineering approaches is at an early stage and their understanding needs to improve to judge their adequacy and feasibility.Almost all research into solar radiation management has to date consisted of computer modelling or laboratory tests, and an attempt to move to outdoor experimentation has proven controversial.  Some carbon dioxide removal practices, such as afforestation, ecosystem restoration and bio-energy with carbon capture and storage projects, are underway to a limited extent. Their scalability to effectively affect global climate is, however, debated. Ocean iron fertilization has been investigated in small-scale research trials. These experiments have proven controversial. The World Wildlife Fund has criticized these activities.Most experts and major reports advise against relying on climate engineering techniques as a main solution to global warming, in part due to the large uncertainties over effectiveness and side effects. However, most experts also argue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous global warming.  Interventions at large scale may run a greater risk of disrupting natural systems resulting in a dilemma that those approaches that could prove highly (cost-)effective in addressing extreme climate risk, might themselves cause substantial risk. Some have suggested that the concept of engineering the climate presents a moral hazard because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction, which could exacerbate overall climate risks; others assert that the threat of climate engineering could spur emissions cuts. 
Some are in favour of a  ...