Byzantine | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2018-12-15

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Byzantine


00:04:02 1 Nomenclature
00:07:23 2 History
00:07:32 2.1 Early history
00:08:24 2.2 Decentralization of power
00:09:45 2.3 Recentralisation
00:12:46 2.4 Loss of the Western Roman Empire
00:14:45 2.5 Justinian dynasty
00:21:48 2.6 Shrinking borders
00:21:56 2.6.1 Early Heraclian dynasty
00:24:27 2.6.2 The First Arab Siege of Constantinople (674–678) and the theme system
00:26:22 2.6.3 Late Heraclian dynasty
00:28:02 2.6.4 The Second Arab Siege of Constantinople (717–718) and the Isaurian dynasty
00:29:40 2.6.5 Religious dispute over iconoclasm
00:30:53 2.7 Macedonian dynasty and resurgence (867–1025)
00:32:05 2.7.1 Wars against the Arabs
00:36:20 2.7.2 Wars against the Bulgarian Empire
00:39:40 2.7.3 Relations with the Kievan Rus'
00:41:38 2.7.4 Campaigns against Georgia
00:45:14 2.7.5 Apex
00:47:10 2.7.6 Split between Orthodox Christianity and Catholicism (1054)
00:48:26 2.8 Crisis and fragmentation
00:52:29 2.9 Komnenian dynasty and the crusaders
00:54:32 2.9.1 Alexios I and the First Crusade
00:57:43 2.9.2 John II, Manuel I and the Second Crusade
01:01:19 2.9.3 12th-century Renaissance
01:03:27 2.10 Decline and disintegration
01:03:36 2.10.1 Angelid dynasty
01:07:04 2.10.2 Fourth Crusade
01:09:04 2.10.3 Crusader sack of Constantinople (1204)
01:10:49 2.11 Fall
01:10:57 2.11.1 Empire in exile
01:12:12 2.11.2 Reconquest of Constantinople
01:13:38 2.11.3 Rise of the Ottomans and fall of Constantinople
01:15:48 2.12 Political aftermath
01:20:30 3 Government and bureaucracy
01:22:19 3.1 Diplomacy
01:24:33 4 Science, medicine and law
01:33:02 5 Culture
01:33:11 5.1 Religion
01:38:04 5.2 The arts
01:38:12 5.2.1 Art and literature
01:40:33 5.2.2 Music
01:43:19 5.3 Cuisine
01:44:47 5.4 Flags and insignia
01:45:30 5.5 Language
01:48:54 5.6 Recreation
01:50:18 6 Economy
01:52:54 7 Legacy
01:55:34 8 See also
01:56:09 9 Annotations



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SUMMARY
=======
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. Both "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" are historiographical terms created after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire simply as the Roman Empire (Greek: Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων, tr. Basileia Rhōmaiōn; Latin: Imperium Romanum), or Romania (Ῥωμανία), and to themselves as "Romans".Several signal events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the period of transition during which the Roman Empire's Greek East and Latin West divided. Constantine I (r. 324–337) reorganised the empire, made Constantinople the new capital, and legalised Christianity. Under Theodosius I (r. 379–395), Christianity became the Empire's official state religion and other religious practices were proscribed. Finally, under the reign of Heraclius (r. 610–641), the Empire's military and administration were restructured and adopted Greek for official use instead of Latin. Thus, although the Roman state continued and its traditions were maintained, modern historians distinguish Byzantium from ancient Rome insofar as it was centred on Constantinople, oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture, and characterised by Orthodox Christianity.The borders of the empire evolved significantly over its existence, as it went through several cycles of decline and recovery. During the reign of Justinian I (r. 527–565), the Empire reached its greatest extent after reconquering much of the historically Roman western Mediterranean coast, in ...