Fluid and crystallized intelligence | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 13/01/2019

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_and_crystallized_intelligence


00:01:55 1 History
00:02:38 2 Theoretical development
00:03:39 2.1 Fluid versus crystallized
00:05:31 2.2 Factor structure
00:06:54 3 Measurement of fluid intelligence
00:11:41 4 Development and physiology
00:12:50 5 Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory
00:14:46 6 See also



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SUMMARY
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In psychology, fluid and crystallized intelligence (respectively abbreviated Gf and Gc) are factors of general intelligence, originally identified by Raymond Cattell. Concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence were further developed by Cattell's student John L. Horn.
Fluid intelligence or fluid reasoning is the capacity to reason and solve novel problems, independent of any knowledge from the past. It is the ability to analyze novel problems, identify patterns and relationships that underpin these problems and the extrapolation of these using logic. It is necessary for all logical problem solving. Fluid reasoning includes inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning.
Crystallized intelligence is the ability to use skills, knowledge, and experience. It does not equate to memory, but it does rely on accessing information from long-term memory. Crystallized intelligence is one's lifetime of intellectual achievement, as demonstrated largely through one's vocabulary and general knowledge.  This improves somewhat with age, as experiences tend to expand one's knowledge. Crystallized intelligence is indicated by a person's depth and breadth of general knowledge, vocabulary, and the ability to reason using words and numbers. It is the product of educational and cultural experience in interaction with fluid intelligence.
Crystallized and fluid intelligence are believed to be separate neural and mental systems. Fluid and crystallized intelligence are thus correlated with each other, and most IQ tests attempt to measure both varieties. For example, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) measures fluid intelligence on the performance scale and crystallized intelligence on the verbal scale. The overall IQ score is based on a combination of these two scales.