Female genital mutilation | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-10-03

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation


00:02:26 1 Terminology
00:05:09 2 Methods
00:06:25 3 Classification
00:06:34 3.1 Variation
00:07:57 3.2 Types
00:08:52 3.2.1 Type I
00:09:28 3.2.2 Type II
00:10:01 3.2.3 Type III
00:14:34 3.2.4 Type IV
00:16:13 4 Complications
00:16:22 4.1 Short-term and late
00:19:43 4.2 Pregnancy, childbirth
00:21:35 4.3 Psychological effects, sexual function
00:22:45 5 Distribution
00:22:54 5.1 Household surveys
00:24:00 5.2 Type of FGM
00:25:26 5.3 Prevalence
00:28:41 5.4 Rural areas, wealth, education
00:29:24 5.5 Age, ethnicity
00:31:26 6 Reasons
00:31:35 6.1 Support from women
00:35:14 6.2 Social obligation, poor access to information
00:37:19 6.3 Religion
00:39:21 7 History
00:39:30 7.1 Antiquity
00:44:33 7.2 Europe and the United States
00:47:22 8 Opposition
00:47:31 8.1 Colonial opposition in Kenya
00:51:35 8.2 Growth of opposition
00:56:27 8.3 United Nations
00:58:02 8.4 Non-practising countries
00:58:12 8.4.1 Overview
00:58:58 8.4.2 North America
01:01:19 8.4.3 Europe
01:03:53 9 Criticism of opposition
01:04:03 9.1 Tolerance versus human rights
01:06:48 9.2 Comparison with other procedures
01:06:58 9.2.1 Cosmetic procedures
01:09:45 9.2.2 Intersex children, male circumcision
01:11:02 10 See also
01:11:13 11 Sources



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
Speaking Rate: 0.9965968029964479
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-D


"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Female genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female genital cutting and female circumcision, is the ritual cutting or removal of some or all of the external female genitalia. The practice is found in Africa, Asia and the Middle East, and within communities from countries in which FGM is common. UNICEF estimated in 2016 that 200 million women living today in 30 countries—27 African countries, Indonesia, Iraqi Kurdistan and Yemen—have undergone the procedures.Typically carried out by a traditional circumciser using a blade, FGM is conducted from days after birth to puberty and beyond. In half the countries for which national figures are available, most girls are cut before the age of five. Procedures differ according to the country or ethnic group. They include removal of the clitoral hood and clitoral glans; removal of the inner labia; and removal of the inner and outer labia and closure of the vulva. In this last procedure, known as infibulation, a small hole is left for the passage of urine and menstrual fluid; the vagina is opened for intercourse and opened further for childbirth.The practice is rooted in gender inequality, attempts to control women's sexuality, and ideas about purity, modesty and beauty. It is usually initiated and carried out by women, who see it as a source of honour and fear that failing to have their daughters and granddaughters cut will expose the girls to social exclusion. Adverse health effects depend on the type of procedure; they can include recurrent infections, difficulty urinating and passing menstrual flow, chronic pain, the development of cysts, an inability to get pregnant, complications during childbirth, and fatal bleeding. There are no known health benefits.There have been international efforts since the 1970s to persuade practitioners to abandon FGM, and it has been outlawed or restricted in most of the countries in which it occurs, although the laws are poorly enforced. Since 2010 the United Nations has called upon healthcare providers to stop performing all forms of the procedure, including reinfibulation after childbirth and symbolic "nicking" of the clitoral hood. The opposition to the practice is not without its critics, particularly among anthropologists, who have raised difficult questions about cultural relativism and the universality of human rights.