Soul | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-03-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul


00:02:27 1 Etymology
00:03:31 2 Synonyms
00:05:58 3 Religious views
00:06:08 3.1 Ancient Near East
00:06:13 3.2 Bahá'í
00:06:24 3.3 Buddhism
00:06:37 3.4 Christianity
00:07:39 3.4.1 Trichotomy of the soul
00:07:49 3.4.2 Origin of the soul
00:08:44 3.4.3 Various denominations
00:13:06 3.4.4 Mortality or immortality
00:15:33 3.5 Hinduism
00:16:56 3.6 Islam
00:17:59 3.7 Jainism
00:20:34 3.8 Judaism
00:20:44 3.9 Scientology
00:22:50 3.10 Shamanism
00:24:07 3.11 Sikhism
00:25:59 3.12 Taoism
00:28:00 3.13 Zoroastrianism
00:28:37 3.14 Other religious beliefs and views
00:28:55 3.15 Spirituality, New Age, and new religions
00:30:55 3.15.1 Brahma Kumaris
00:31:40 3.15.2 Theosophy
00:31:50 3.15.3 Anthroposophy
00:33:05 3.15.4 Miscellaneous
00:33:16 4 Philosophical views
00:33:40 4.1 Socrates and Plato
00:34:57 4.2 Aristotle
00:35:44 4.3 Avicenna and Ibn al-Nafis
00:36:47 4.4 Thomas Aquinas
00:37:51 4.5 Immanuel Kant
00:39:37 4.6 Philosophy of mind
00:43:40 4.7 James Hillman
00:46:13 5 Science
00:47:38 5.1 Neuroscience
00:48:30 5.2 Physics
00:48:54 6 Parapsychology
00:50:05 6.1 Weight of the soul
00:50:50 7 See also
00:53:32 8 References
00:54:33 9 Further reading
00:55:07 10 External links



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"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
The soul, in many religious, philosophical, and mythological traditions, is the incorporeal essence of a living being. Soul or psyche (Ancient Greek: ψυχή psūkhḗ, of ψύχειν psū́khein, "to breathe") are the mental abilities of a living being: reason, character, feeling, consciousness, memory, perception, thinking, etc. Depending on the philosophical system, a soul can either be mortal or immortal. In Judeo-Christianity, only human beings have immortal souls (although immortality is disputed within Judaism and may have been influenced by Plato). For example, the Catholic theologian Thomas Aquinas attributed "soul" (anima) to all organisms but argued that only human souls are immortal.Other religions (most notably Hinduism and Jainism) hold that all living things from the smallest bacterium to the largest of mammals are the souls themselves (Atman, jiva) and have their physical representative (the body) in the world. The actual self is the soul, while the body is only a mechanism to experience the karma of that life. Thus if we see a tiger then there is a self-conscious identity residing in it (the soul), and a physical representative (the whole body of the tiger, which is observable) in the world. Some teach that even non-biological entities (such as rivers and mountains) possess souls. This belief is called animism. Greek philosophers, such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, understood that the soul (ψυχή psūchê) must have a logical faculty, the exercise of which was the most divine of human actions. At his defense trial, Socrates even summarized his teaching as nothing other than an exhortation for his fellow Athenians to excel in matters of the psyche since all bodily goods are dependent on such excellence (Apology 30a–b).
The current consensus of modern science is that there is no evidence to support the existence of the soul when traditionally defined as the spiritual breath of the body. In metaphysics, the concept of "Soul" may be equated with that of "Mind" in order to refer to the consciousness and intellect of the individual.