Kidney | Wikipedia audio article
Channel: wikipedia tts
Date: 2019-05-06

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney


00:02:41 1 Structure
00:05:22 1.1 Gross anatomy
00:07:09 1.2 Blood supply
00:09:54 1.3 Nerve supply
00:10:45 1.4 Microanatomy
00:11:31 1.5 Gene and protein expression
00:12:44 1.6 Development
00:13:13 2 Function
00:13:40 2.1 Mechanism
00:13:48 2.1.1 Filtration
00:14:27 2.2 Reabsorption
00:15:39 2.2.1 Secretion
00:16:01 2.2.2 Excretion
00:16:34 2.3 Homeostasis
00:18:16 2.3.1 Acid-base balance
00:18:59 2.3.2 Regulation of osmolality
00:21:08 2.3.3 Hormone secretion
00:21:54 2.3.4 Blood pressure regulation
00:23:17 2.4 Calculations of function
00:23:36 2.4.1 Filtration fraction
00:24:12 2.4.2 Renal clearance
00:24:49 2.5 Mathematical modelling of function
00:25:11 3 Clinical significance
00:26:44 3.1 Acquired
00:28:28 3.2 Kidney injury and failure
00:29:08 3.3 Dialysis
00:30:08 3.4 Congenital disease
00:32:05 3.5 Diagnosis
00:33:09 3.5.1 Imaging
00:33:35 3.5.2 Biopsy
00:35:18 4 Other animals
00:38:28 4.1 Evolutionary adaptation
00:39:02 5 Society and culture
00:39:12 5.1 Significance
00:39:21 5.1.1 Egyptian
00:39:54 5.2 Hebrew
00:40:56 5.2.1 India: Ayurvedic system
00:41:55 5.2.2 Medieval Christianity
00:42:41 5.3 As food
00:43:26 6 Additional images
00:43:35 7 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs found in vertebrates. They are located on the left and right in the retroperitoneal space, and in adult humans are about 11 centimetres (4.3 in) in length.  They receive blood from the paired renal arteries; blood exits into the paired renal veins. Each kidney is attached to a ureter, a tube that carries excreted urine to the bladder.
The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. Each human adult kidney contains around 1 million nephrons, while a mouse kidney contains only about 12,500 nephrons. The kidney participates in the control of the volume of various body fluid compartments, fluid osmolality, acid-base balance, various electrolyte concentrations, and removal of toxins. Filtration occurs in the glomerulus: one-fifth of the blood volume that enters the kidneys is filtered. Examples of substances reabsorbed are solute-free water, sodium, bicarbonate, glucose, and amino acids.  Examples of substances secreted are hydrogen, ammonium, potassium and uric acid. The kidneys also carry out functions independent of the nephron. For example, they convert a precursor of vitamin D to its active form, calcitriol; and synthesize the hormones erythropoietin and renin.
Renal physiology is the study of kidney function. Nephrology is the medical specialty which addresses diseases of kidney function:  these include chronic kidney disease, nephritic and nephrotic syndromes, acute kidney injury, and pyelonephritis. Urology addresses diseases of kidney (and urinary tract) anatomy: these include cancer, renal cysts, kidney stones and ureteral stones, and urinary tract obstruction.Procedures used in the management of kidney disease include chemical and microscopic examination of the urine (urinalysis), measurement of kidney function by calculating the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the serum creatinine; and kidney biopsy and CT scan to evaluate for abnormal anatomy. Dialysis and kidney transplantation are used to treat kidney failure; one (or both sequentially) of these are almost always used when renal function drops below 15%. Nephrectomy is frequently used to cure renal cell carcinoma.